ELECTROMAGNETIC

FIELDS & WAVES

EEEB 253
CHAPTER 3
Semester I 2013/14
27
th
May 6
th
Sept. 2013
College of Engineering
2
Chapter 3: Vector calculus
1. Line integral
2. Surface and volume integral
3. Del, Divergence, Curl and Laplacian
Deals with integration and differentiation of vectors (Calculus)
Learning the mathematical techniques in this chapter, which will be useful for the
EM applications in subsequent chapters
Differential normal area
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
3
3.1: Line integral
Integration concept extension to an integrand which is a vector
Vector field A AA A; Line integral is the integral
of the tangential component of A AA Aalong curve L
We can define the integral as
For a closed path abca, closed contour integral
Example 3.2
PE 3.2
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
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3.2: Surface and volume integral
Vector A AA Acontinuous in a region containing a
smooth surface S
Surface integral or flux of A AA Athrough S
or
At any point on S, a aa a
n
is the unit vector normal to the surface S
For a closed surface that defining a volume,
The volume integral , scalar over volume v
Problem 3.2 (d)
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
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3.3: Del, Divergence, Curl, and
Lapacian
The Del operator , also known as gradient operator
This operator is useful in defining:
in Cartesian coordinate
In cylindrical coordinate, using transformation
In spherical coordinate,
Divergence of A AA A at any given point P, is the outward flux per unit
volume as the volume shrinks about P
Net outflow of flux of a vector field A from a closed surface is obtained
from the surface integral
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
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3.3: Del, Divergence, Curl, and
Lapacian
Divergence of A can be written as , is the volume
enclosed by the closed surface where the P is located
Imaginedivergence as a measure of how much the fields diverge or
emanate from a point P
+ve at a source point diverge
ve at a sink point converge
Neither sink nor source Zero
Divergence of A AA Aat point P in a Cartesian system
In cylindrical coordinate
In spherical coordinate
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
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3.3: Del, Divergence, Curl, and
Lapacian
Properties of the divergence of a vector field:
It is a scalar product; Divergence of a scalar makes no sense;
;
Divergence theorem: the total outward flux of a vector field A AA Athrough
a closed surface S is the same as the volume integral of the divergence
of A AA A
Example 3.6 P.E. 3.7
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
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3.3: Del, Divergence, Curl, and
Lapacian
Curl of vector A AA A is an axial or rotational vector whose magnitude is
the maximum circulation of A per unit area as the area tends to zero and
whose direction is the normal direction of the area when the area is
oriented so as to make the circulation maximum
is the area bounded by curve L, is the unit vector normal to the
surface , determined by the right hand rule
is independent on the coordinate system
Cartesian
Cylindrical
What about spherical?? Try this!
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
9
3.3: Del, Divergence, Curl, and
Lapacian
Properties of the curl:
Stokes theorem
Example 3.8 Determine the curl vectors
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
10
3.3: Del, Divergence, Curl, and
Lapacian
Example 3.8
Example 3.9
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
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3.3: Del, Divergence, Curl, and
Lapacian
Example 3.9
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
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3.3: Del, Divergence, Curl, and
Lapacian
Laplacian operator is the composite of the gradient and divergence
Definition:
Laplacian of a scalar field is another scalar field
In Cartesian:
In cylindrical:
In spherical:
A scalar field vector V is said to be harmonic in a given region if its
Laplacian vanishes in that region. i.e.
Laplacian of a vector NOT the divergence of the gradient of A AA Abut the
gradient of the divergence of A AA A
In Cartesian only, it becomes
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
13
3.3: Del, Divergence, Curl, and
Lapacian
Example 3.11
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
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3.3: Del, Divergence, Curl, and
Lapacian
P.E. 3.11
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
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Chapter 3 Conclusion
Line integral, surface and volume integrals
Del operator used in divergence, curl and Laplacian
Divergence of a vector results in a scalar quantity; total outward
flux through a closed surface (Dot)
Curl of a vector results in a rotational vector (Cross)
Laplacian of a scalar field results in another scalar; divergence of
a gradient of a vector
Tutorial questions: 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.10, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.19, 3.24, 3.29,
3.30
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
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PE 3.2
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PE 3.7
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Curl of vector A in spherical
Ker Pin Jern Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power