APPENDIX B

GAUSSIAN PULSE-SHAPING FILTER

The Gaussian low-pass lter has a transfer function given by
H( f ) exp (a
2
f
2
) (B:1)
The parameter a is related to B, the 3-dB bandwidth of the baseband Gaussian
shaping lter. It is commonly expressed in terms of a normalized 3-dB
bandwidth-symbol time product (BT
s
):
a

ln (2)
p

2
p
T
s
BT
s
(B:2)
As a increases, the spectral occupancy of the Gaussian lter decreases and the impulse
response spreads over adjacent symbols, leading to increased ISI at the receiver. The
impulse response of the Gaussian lter in the continuous-time domain is given by
h(t)

p
p
a
exp
p
a
t
_ _
2
_ _
(B:3)
which could easily be rearranged (Eq. B.4) to reveal its t with the canonical form of a
zero-mean Gaussian random variable with standard deviation s
h
a
_
2
p
p:
h(t)
1

2p
p
(a
_
2
p
p)
exp
t
2
2(a
_
2
p
p)
2
_ _
(B:4)
Its integral from 1 to 1 is, of course, 1.
232
All-Digital Frequency Synthesizer in Deep-Submicron CMOS, by Robert Bogdan Staszewski and
Poras T. Balsara
Copyright #2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Let us now express the Gaussian lter in the discrete-time domain. Let t
0

T
s
=OSR be an integer oversample of the symbol duration and t kt
0
, k being
the sample index. The discrete-time impulse response becomes
h(kt
0
)

p
p
a
exp
p
a
kt
0
_ _
2
_ _
(B:5)
Substituting Eq. B.2 and dropping explicit dependence on t
0
results in
hk

2p
p

ln (2)
p
BT
s
T
s
.,,.
h
max
exp

2
p
p

ln (2)
p BT
s
k
OSR
_ _
2
_ _
(B:6)
The rst factor in Eq. B.6 is the peak of the impulse frequency response:
h
max

p
p
a

2p
p

ln (2)
p
BT
s
T
s
(B:7)
For BLUETOOTH, with BT
s
0:5 and T
s
1 ms, we obtain h
max
1:5054 MHz.
For GSM, with BT
s
0:3 and T
s
3:692 ms, we obtain h
max
244:62 kHz.
For reasons described in Chapter 5, it is more efcient to operate on the cumula-
tive coefcients
Ck

k1
l0
hl (B:8)
which could be precalculated and stored in a look-up table, with k 0
OSR 1 being the index. The minimum value of Ck is approximately zero
and the maximum value is approximately 1, since the integral of Eq. B.4 is
unity.
Figure B.1 shows the impulse hk, step Ck, and di-bit responses (difference
between step and symbol-delayed step responses) of the BLUETOOTH GFSK
lter (BT
s
0:5) with a length of three symbols, each symbol oversampled
by 8.
Similarly, Fig. B.2 shows the impulse, step, and di-bit responses of the GSM
GMSK lter (BT
s
0:3) with a length of four symbols, each symbol oversampled
by 8. It reveals much more intersymbol interference (ISI) than in the case of
BLUETOOTH.
Figures B.3 and B.4 show the frequency responses of the BLUETOOTH and
GSM lters with varying lter lengths of three, four, and ve symbols. A lter
length of three symbols is completely adequate for precise containment of the
APPENDIX B: GAUSSIAN PULSE-SHAPING FILTER 233
Figure B.1 Time response of a BLUETOOTH GFSK lter of four-symbol length
(BT
s
0:3, OSR 8).
Figure B.2 Time response of a GSM GMSK lter of four-symbol length
(BT
s
0:3, OSR 8).
234 APPENDIX B: GAUSSIAN PULSE-SHAPING FILTER
modulated output spectrum and sufcient attenuation of frequency components in
adjacent channels. However, due to the higher amount of ISI and much tougher
requirements for the modulated output spectrum, the GSM-standard lter would
require a lter length of at least four symbols.
Figure B.3 Frequency response of a BLUETOOTH GFSK lter for lter lengths of three,
four, and ve symbols (BT
s
0:5, OSR 8).
Figure B.4 Frequency response of a GSM GMSK lter for lter lengths of three, four, and
ve symbols (BT
s
0:3, OSR 8).
APPENDIX B: GAUSSIAN PULSE-SHAPING FILTER 235
Figure B.5 shows the spectrum of the baseband GMSK lter output FCW and RF
port R{e
ju
} with pseudorandom input data, in which
Df k FCWk
f
R
2
W
F
(B:9)
and
u k
2p
OSR

k1
l0
Df k (B:10)
Figure B.5 Baseband (top) and RF (bottom) spectra of GMSK lter output with
pseudorandom input (ve-symbol length, BT
s
0:3, OSR 96).
236 APPENDIX B: GAUSSIAN PULSE-SHAPING FILTER