UNIT 10

Imperative
O modo imperativo deve ser usado toda vez que se pretende expressar:
1- Ordem ou pedido:
Shut the door. (Feche a porta)
Open your book on page 123. (Abra seu livro na pgina 123).
Speak only English during our class. (Fale somente ingls durante nossa aula).
Dont talk during the class. (No converse durante a aula).
Tidy up your bedroom. (Organize seu quarto).
Come to my house tomorrow at 8:00. (Venha minha casa, amanh s 8h).
2- Convite:
Lets go watch the game at Susans house? (Vamos assistir ao jogo na casa da Susan?).
Lets make a surprise party to Bob? (Vamos fazer uma festa surpresa para o Bob?).
Lets swim at my new swimming pool? (Vamos nadar na minha piscina nova?).
Come see my new video game. (Venha ver meu novo videogame).
possvel notar nos exemplos acima que para elaborar uma frase no modo imperativo, basta utilizar o verbo
no infinitivo sem o to. Nas frases afirmativas, o verbo vem na maioria das vezes no incio da frase. E nas
frases negativas, deve-se acrescentar o dont antes do verbo. No entanto, h uma exceo: quando utilizar
o Lets, no necessrio colocar o dont nas frases negativas, basta apenas acrescentar o not.
Exemplo da forma correta:
Lets not drink anymore. (No vamos beber mais).
Lets not wait for our friends anymore. (No vamos mais esperar pelos nossos amigos).
Em frases imperativas, o uso do always (sempre) e never (nunca), pode ser usado sempre antes do verbo
principal.
Always bring your book, notebook and pencil case to the class. (Sempre traga seu livro, caderno e estojo
para a aula)
Never sleep so late. (Nunca durma to tarde).

Should
Should is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use should mainly to:
give advice or make recommendations
talk about obligation
talk about probability and expectation
express the conditional mood
replace a subjunctive structure
Structure of Should
subject + should + main verb
The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to").
Subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ He Should go.
- He should not go.
shouldn't
? Should He go?
Notice that:
Should is invariable. There is only one form of should.
The main verb is always the bare infinitive.
The main verb is always the bare infinitive. We cannot say:
He should to go.

There is no short form for should. The negative should not can be shortened to shouldn't.
Use of Should
should: Giving advice, opinions
We often use should when offering advice or opinions (similar to ought to):
You should see the new James Bond movie. It's great!
You should try to lose weight.
John should get a haircut.
He shouldn't smoke. And he should stop drinking too.
What should I wear?
They should make that illegal.
There should be a law against that.
People should worry more about global warming.






UNIT 11
Connectors
ADDITION
both ... and
either ... or
equally important
further
furthermore
in addition (to)
indeed
last but not least
likewise
neither ... nor
next
not only ... but also
not to mention
not to speak of
on top of that
or
plus
similarly
together with
what's more
again
also
and (then)

as well as
at the same time
besides


CONTRAST
considering that
conversely
despite
even so
even though
for all that
for (my, his, ...) part
given that
however
in contrast
in (the) face of
in (the) light of
in spite of (that)
meanwhile
nevertheless
on the other hand
still
then again
though
unlike
whereas
while
yet
after (all)
alternatively
although
as opposed to
at the same time
but
by contrast


RESULT
for this reason
for which reason
hence
in short
so much (so) that
so that
such ... that
that is why
then
thereby
therefore
thus
accordingly
as a consequence
as a result
consequently


UNIT 12
Word Building
Affixation

Prefixes
Type of Prefixes Meaning Example
un-
dis-
il- (+l)
im- (+m or p)
in
ir-(+r)
non-
un-

anti-
mis-
mono-

opposite




against
wrongly
one/single
many
too much
unclear, unfriendly
dislike, disadvantage
illegal, illegible
impossible
injustice, indirect
irregular, irreverent
non-stop, non-native
uncertain

anti-government, anti-social
misunderstanding, misjudge
monolingual
multi-
over-
re-
inter-
mini-
semi-
under-
trans-
again
between
small
half
too little
across
multifunctional, multitask
overscheduled, overuse
reunion, rewrite
international, interactive
minicomputer
semi-detached
underestimate, underpaid
translate

Suffixes

Noun-
forming Suffixes
Verb-
forming Suffixes
Adjective-forming Suffixes
Adverb-forming
Suffixes
-ing, ity, -ence, -ance, -or, -er, -
ment, -list, -ism, -ship, -ency, -
sion, -tion, -ness, -hood, -dom, -
ant/-ent, -an/ian, -ee
Examples:understanding,
productivity,existence, distance,
editor, driver, employment,
journalist, pluralism, hardship,
consistency, discussion,
production, illness, likelihood,
freedom, student, electrician,
employee
-en, -ify, -ize, -ate



Examples:

widen, identify,
privatize, generate











-able, -ible, -al, -tial, -ly, -
ful, -ous, -ive, -less, -ish

Examples:

valuable, terrible,
professional, potential,
friendly, successful,
dangerous, exclusive,
hopeless, childish




-ly



Examples:

internationally













Conversion
Conversion is the process or shifting a word into a different word class without adding an affix (that would
usually be called "derivation"). Next, we'll discuss how to form nouns denoting actions out of actional verbs.
Verbs of action into nouns
The rule: a verb becomes a noun: to swim -> a swim. Spelling does not change, neither is anything added.
The verb giving rise to this word formation must denote an action: to swim, to walk, to run, to read.
Examples:
to go for a walk, a long run, in the long run (long-term), a good stay, work (denoting the act of working as
such), dislike, doubt, to be in the know (to know; only such use), laugh, offer, bore (person or thing that
bores), rebel, sneak, drink (what someone drinks), find, reject, cure, polish, wrap, dump (where something is
dumped), haunt, stop
Concrete Nouns into Verbs
Here, I'll demonstrate a widely used possibility to employ verbal expressions instead of nominal ones.
Concrete nouns, usually denoting things, are converted into verbs meaning something related to the noun, as
an action. This definition might sound abstract and weird, but the following examples will make the point
clear:
Many drivers regularly floor the pedal when driving this road (to floor the pedal = to press it so that it
reaches the floor of a car). The satellite failed to deorbit (to deorbit = to leave its path round the earth and
return). It is necessary to balance ones accounts (to balance = to arrange something [i.e. an account] so that
things (expenditures/deposits) are in balance).
Other examples: to Xerox (to copy), to fax, to phone, to screen, to water, to fan, to litter, to bridge, to link, to
cap, to bottle, to ID.
Compounding
Noun+Noun
The most common type of word formation is the combination of two (or more) nouns in order to form a
resulting noun:
Noun + Noun = Noun Examples: landmine, wallpaper, toothbrush
Note that compound nouns usually appear as two separate words, only those more commonly used, those
found in every-day language, and usually compounds with no more than three syllables are found as one
word. Hyphens (-) between the segments of a compound noun are absolutely exceptional. Examples:
doorkey (a key for the door), bookpage (a page in a book), silverspoon (a spoon made of silver), waterpipe
(a pipe that carries water), dockyard (a yard for docks), fireman (somebody who fights fire), wallpaper
("paper" one glues to walls), Independence Day (anniversary of the Declaration of Independence), office
supply (goods for office use), water shortage (shortage of water), labour riot (employees rioting), television
set (a set for watching television), headache (an aching head), snowfall (snow falling), answerphone (a
phone that answers), air-conditioner (a machine conditioning air), gunfight (a fight carried out with guns)
Verb+Noun
Here verbs describe what is done with an object or what a subject "does", in short, a new noun is formed,
usually referring to something concrete, and the verb defines the action related to it:
Verb + Noun = Noun: draw + bridge = drawbridge.
A drawbridge is a bridge that can be inclined in order to allow ships to pass, or "drawn". Here, the noun is
the direct object.
hitman = a man who carries out "dirty jobs", or, who "hits". Here, the word as part of speech is the subject.
walkway (a way to walk on), divecenter (a place where one goes diving), runway (a strip of flat land where
aircraft start or land ["run"]), filter-paper (paper used for filtering liquids or gases), driveway (a road leading
to a garage or a building), payday (the day one receives his or her salary), paycheck (a check used for the
payment of wages or salaries),