International Conference on Advancements and Futuristic Trends in Mechanical and Materials Engineering (October 5-7, 2012)

Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar-Kapurthala Highway, Kapurthala, Punjab-144601 (INDIA) 209

ROLE OF CRYOGENICS IN ELECTRIC DISCHARGE MACHINING: A
REVIEW
Rachin Goyal
1
, Sehijpal Singh
2
, Harmesh Kumar Kansal
3

1
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, CEC, Landran, Mohali, India
2
Professor & Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, G.N.D. Engg. College, Ludhian, India
3
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, UIET, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
E- Mail (Corresponding Author): rachin4u2@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

In electrical discharge machining (EDM), material is removed by a series of electrical discharges between the
electrode (tool) and the workpiece that develops a temperature of about 8,000
0
C to 12,000
0
C. Due to such range of
high temperature of the sparks, work material is melted and vaporized, at the same time the electrode material is
also eroded by melting and vaporization. Consumption of electrodes and the resulting cost involved in
manufacturing the electrodes is very high and needs to be reduced. Thus, the wear of electrode (tool) has become a
serious issue in recent past for the researchers. In the present paper a review of past work in the field of cryogenic
cooling and cryogenic treatment of electrodes used in EDM has been summarized and the scope of cryogenics in
improving the productivity of EDM has been suggested.

Keywords: cryogenic cooling and cryogenic treatment

1. Introduction
Electrical discharge machining is basically a
nonconventional material removal process which is
widely used to produce dies, punches, and molds. It
is widely used for finishing parts for aerospace and
automotive industry and surgical components [1].
This process can be successfully employed to
machine electrically conductive parts irrespective of
their hardness, shape, and toughness [2]. Electrical
Discharge Machining (EDM) is a thermoelectric
process that is based on removing material from a
conducting workpiece by means of a series of
repeated electrical discharges between tool electrode
(cathode) and the workpiece (anode) in the presence
of a dielectric fluid. The electrode is moved towards
the workpiece by servo controlled feed until the gap
is small enough in the region of 25-50 m, so that the
applied voltage ionizes the dielectric. Short duration
discharges of the order of 0.5 2s to 4000 2s are
generated in a liquid dielectric gap. The material is
removed with the erosive effect of the electrical
discharges from electrode and workpiece. Thermal
energy generates a channel of plasma between the
cathode and anode at a temperature in the range of
8000 to 20000C initializing a substantial amount of
heating and melting of material at the surface of each
pole. When the pulsating direct current supply is
turned off, the plasma channel breaks down. This
causes a sudden reduction in the temperature
allowing the circulating dielectric fluid to implore the
plasma channel and flush the molten material from
the pole surfaces in the form of microscopic debris.
In EDM, there is no direct contact between the
electrode and the workpiece so mechanical stresses,
chatter and vibration problems during machining are
eliminated [3]. Materials of any hardness can be
machined as long as the material can conduct
electricity [4]. Similarly, Electrode used for the
purpose should be electrically conductive. In EDM,
electrode also gets worn out by the impingement of
highly accelerated ions. In most of the EDM
operations, the contribution of the tool cost to the
total operation cost is more than 70% [5]. Thus, the
electrode wear is a major problem in EDM process.
Some effective measures need to devised, so as to
lower down this electrode wear. Many attempts have
been made using different research methodologies, to
optimize the parameters which affect the EDM, to
attain maxim MRR, Surface Finish etc. but very less
attempts are available in literature about the
minimization of electrode wear and thus the
suggested methods regarding it. Benefits of
cryogenics have been exploited in various
conventional machining processes like turning to
reduce the tool wear and the results have been
International Conference on Advancements and Futuristic Trends in Mechanical and Materials Engineering (October 5-7, 2012)

Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar-Kapurthala Highway, Kapurthala, Punjab-144601 (INDIA) 210
reported. But, the role of cryogenic cooling and
cryogenic treatment needs to be fully understood and
explore in non conventional machining processes like
EDM. This would require a lot of research work to
optimize the process for various materials and to
summarize the same on a platform. The aim of this
review is to summarize the most significant findings
till now in the role of cryogenics in machining, in
general and electric discharge machining in specific.

2. Cryogenics

2.1 About Cryogenics
The word Cryogenics is derived from the Greek
words 'Kryos" (meaning cold) and "Genes" (meaning
born). There are no "official" definitions of the term
cryogenic processing. Controlled Thermal
Processing, Inc. considers the definition of the
process to be The modification of a material or
component using cryogenic temperatures." Cryogenic
treatments temperatures are defined by the Cryogenic
Society of America as being temperatures below
1200K (-2440F, -1530C). This is different from cold
treatments which works down to temperatures of
1780K (-1400F, -960C).

2.2. Origin and Evolution of Cryogenics
Archeological evidence shows that humans have
been using heat on metals for over 75 centuries.
Extreme cold has only been available for roughly 100
years. So it is almost intuitive that you use heat to
change metals not cold.
Artificial refrigeration occurred at the University
of Glasgow in 1748. William Cullens work relied on
the vapor-compression refrigeration process
explained by Michael Faraday [5].
In 1845 refrigeration units became available,
strangely as a cure for malaria. Dr. Goerie felt that
malaria was the result of bad air, and if he could
condition the air malaria would not occur. It was
wrong cure, but it did advance the art of cooling. The
first ones were only capable of making ice.
The discovery by Cailletet in 1877 that gasses
could be cooled by sudden expansion and the
discovery by Pictet of the cascade cooling method led
to Sir James Dewar's research which led to the
discovery that air could be liquefied and stored in
Dewar flasks. It was in late 1800s when the first ASU
(air separation unit) were produced.
While different processes were investigated until
the late 19th century, Carl von Linde's invention of a
continuous process of liquefying gases in large
quantities formed a basis for todays refrigeration
technology. The almost simultaneous invention of
air liquefaction processes in Britain, Germany,
France and the United States led to the production of
liquid gasses in quantity. This happened in 1895.
Cryogenics was first observed around 1894 by a
fellow named Kamerlingh Onnes to describe his
Leiden Cryogenic Laboratory. He was a professor of
Physics from 1882 to 1923 at the University of
Liden. In 1904 he founded a very large cryogenics
laboratory and invited other researchers to the
location, which made him highly regarded in the
scientific community. He was the first physicist to
liquefy helium in 1908.
The science of refrigeration had to develop before
the process could go ahead. It was around mid 1930's
that refrigeration got to the point where economical
quantities of liquid oxygen could be made. For a
long time, the liquid nitrogen, which was a byproduct
of the liquid oxygen production, was simply vented
to the atmosphere.

2.3. History of Cryogenics in Machining
In 1930's, Adolph Luerker, an engineer of Junkers
Company in Germany used Cryo processing on
components of their Jumo aircraft engines for the
first time.
In late1940s Adolph Luerker immigrated to
California, US. He worked for McCulloch Chain Saw
Company and suggested the use of Cryo treatment on
chain saw blades and company kept it as a secret
from its rivals. During this period many Companies
worked on similar lines of using cryo treatment of
razor blades and knives by simply immersing into
liquid nitrogen, but failed.
In 1950s, Cryogenic processing had its US origins
at the Watertown Arsenal Watertown, Mass. during
World War II under the guidance of Clarence Zener,
who would go on to develop the Zener diode among
other advances in solid state physics. The method
was straight forward. Steel cutting tools were
immersed in liquid nitrogen for a brief period of time,
removed from the liquid, allowed to warm up, and
placed into service in the arsenal's production lines.
Occasionally tools would crack or chip as a result of
the thermal shock associated with the rapid rate of
cooling. Some tools also became brittle because of
the newly formed, untempered martensite and
chipped in service. Of the tools that survived this
crude quenching, many exhibited dramatically
enhanced service life. In 1957 edition of Tooling and
Production Magazine, an article on cryogenic
treatment was published for very first time. Then,
several people picked up the thread.
In 1965 Gruman Aircraft Engineering, observed
that cryogenic coolants speeds up, titanium
machining.
International Conference on Advancements and Futuristic Trends in Mechanical and Materials Engineering (October 5-7, 2012)

Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar-Kapurthala Highway, Kapurthala, Punjab-144601 (INDIA) 211
Uehara et. al. in 1969-70, observed chip
formation, surface roughness, cutting forces and tool
wear characteristics in cryogenic machining.
Fillipi et. al. in 1971, observed the effects on
facing milling at -180
0
C
In 1974, Dr. Randall F. Barron of Louisiana
Technical University, most notable and persistent
researcher in cold and cryo treatment observed that
metallurgical aspects of cryogenic treatment confers
better wear resistance and consequently higher tool
lives as well as contradictory results that are also
encountered lead to many doubts and questions
involving the practical application of cold treatment.
Another early pioneer in the industry is Dr. Hugh
E. Trucks, specialist at General Dynamics
Corporation. He wrote several articles on the subject,
notably one for Die Casting Engineer,
September/October, 1988. A third pioneer is Ed
Busch, who founded Cryo-Tech, Inc., who has been
preaching the industrial use of cryogenics for over 30
years.

3. Role of Cryogenics in Machining

After a thorough literature survey, it can be
concluded that cryogenics has played a very vital role
in enhancing the wear resistance of tool materials and
productivity of the machining operations. The role of
cryogenics in machining based upon the literature
review can be classified in following ways:
Cryogenically cooling
Cryogenic Treatment

3.1 Cryogenic Cooling
In cryogenic cooling, liquid nitrogen, most
oftenely used cryogenic liquid, is allowed to pass
through the tool or tool-work interface, through some
attachment, which affects the cutting life of tool in
very positive way.
3.1.1 Summary of Research work in
Cryogenic Cooling
Copper electrode has low electrical and thermal
resistance, resulting in a more effective energy
transfer to the work piece [6]. Significant
contributions have been made in evaluating the effect
of cryogenic cooling on various materials during
machining. Dhar et al. [7] investigated the role of
cryogenic cooling by liquid nitrogen jet on cutting
temperature in turning plain carbon steel under
varying cutting speed and feed. Silva et al. [8] studied
on cryogenically treated high speed steel tools
showing micro-structural changes in the material that
can influence tool lives and productivity
significantly. The study was aimed to verify the
effect of cryogenic treatment on M2 grade high speed
steel tools after using either laboratory or shop floor
tests in an automotive industry. Improvements were
found for the treated tools in some of these tests. Paul
and Chattopadhyay [9] employed liquid nitrogen in
the form of jet in the surface grinding of various steel
specimens and compared it with the surface ground
under dry conditions and with soluble oil. They found
appreciable improvement in the chip formation
mechanism and reduction in specific energy
requirement, grinding temperature and residual stress
in cryogrinding when compared with dry grinding
and grinding with soluble oil. Kumar and Choudhury
[10] investigated dry cutting conditions and
cryogenic LN2 spraying in machining of stainless
steel 202 with a carbide insert in terms of tool wear.
They observed an improvement of about 37.39% in
the flank wear with cryogenic machining over the dry
cutting. They also observed about 14.83%
improvement over dry cutting with cryogenic LN2
spraying by a nozzle in machining of stainless steel
202. Ahmed et al. modified a tool to apply liquid
nitrogen as coolant through a hole made in the tool so
that liquid nitrogen can be directly applied to the
machining zone during machining of stainless steel
with carbide tools coated with titanium carbonitride.
It was found that the tool life increased by more than
four times on the application of liquid nitrogen using
the modified tool. Application of this cryogenic
cooling was found to be more effective at higher
cutting speeds. It was also observed that cryogenic
cooling is efficient at a higher feed rate rather than a
higher depth of cut. Kim and Ramulu used
cryogenically treated carbide tools in drilling
thermoplastic composites for investigating
machinability in terms of the drilled hole quality and
tool wear. The cryogenically treated carbide tools
produced better hole qualities than the conventional
carbide tools but the conventional carbide tools
showed better wear resistance than the cryogenic
treated carbide tools.

3.2 Cryogenic Treatment
Cryogenic Treatment (CT) is essentially an
extension of standard heat treatment processes,
rather, a complementary process to heat-treatment
that optimizes the material characteristics. CT is an
inexpensive one-time treatment that influences the
core properties of the components. Depending upon
the application of the temperature it may be classified
as:
1. Cold treatment, which is also recognized as
Shallow Cryogenic Treatment (SCT), is to gradually
cool the work piece in the range 84
0
C.
International Conference on Advancements and Futuristic Trends in Mechanical and Materials Engineering (October 5-7, 2012)

Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar-Kapurthala Highway, Kapurthala, Punjab-144601 (INDIA) 212
2. CT or Cryotreatment may also be explored as
Deep Cryogenic Treatment (DCT) is carried out at
about 195
0
C.
3.2.1 Summary of Research work in
Cryogenic Treatment
The effects of cryogenic temperatures on
properties of materials have been examined
extensively in terms of mechanical, thermal and
electrical properties. It is reported for several
engineering materials that mechanical properties such
as the yield strength, tensile strength, fatigue
strength, impact strength, hardness and elastic
modulus increase as the temperature decrease [11].
Another study reports that the thermal conductivity
decreases as the temperature is lowered for certain
alloys such as titanium alloy-TC4 and impure metals
such as magnesium-AZ31B [12]. Positive effects of
low temperatures on mechanical, thermal and electric
properties of materials has lead to the cold/sub-zero
and cryogenic treatments of wide variety of cutting
tools and mechanic parts in manufacturing and
automotive industry to increase their strength,
hardness and wear resistance and thus substantial
savings were recorded.


Figure 1: A typical cryogenic treatment cycle [13]

In the beginning, cryogenic treatment was tried by
immersing of tools into liquid nitrogen; however, it
resulted in damaging of tools by thermal shocks. So,
more effective and controlled techniques including
programmable temperature controllers, a solenoid
valve to control liquid nitrogen flow and a
thermocouple to monitor the work temperature were
used [14]. Generally, cold and cryogenic treatment
processes are operated in three main stages, as seen
in Figure 1, including slow cooling stage (the cool-
down cycle/period) in which the parts are cooled
from ambient temperature to cold/cryogenic
temperatures during a time period (degrees per hour
or minute), soaking stage in which the parts are
maintained at cold/cryogenic temperatures for a
given duration (hour) and tempering/warming stage
(warm-up cycle/period) in which the parts are heated
from cold/cryogenic temperatures to tempering
temperatures during another time period (degrees per
hour or minute). Characteristics of these stages
depend on the desired properties, time-cost and the
shape and size of the parts to be treated [15].
3.2.2.1 Cooling Stage
It has been determined that the cooling stage had
little effect on the final properties of the material
being treated [16]. So, it has been recommended that
the materials are supposed to be cooled as rapidly as
possible to the treatment temperature without causing
thermal shocks to minimize the treatment time and
thus to reduce the cost.
3.2.2.2 Soaking Stage
It was stated that the soaking time in which the
material is subjected to stay in the cold or cryogenic
temperatures is important for the final properties and
this soaking time is required for the atoms in the
material to disperse to new locations [16]. For the
soaking time, some findings showed that the variable
cryogenic holding times did not affect hardness of D2
tool steel, but hardness of H13 tool steel increased
with the time. However, it also revealed that
increased time at cryogenic temperatures improved
wear resistance of D2 tool steel [17]. A minimum
soaking time of 24 hours at cryogenic temperature
has been recommended to derive maximum benefit
from cryogenic treatment in terms of carbide count
and consequently wear resistance. The conclusion is
that the longer the holding time at the cryogenic
temperature, the finer the carbide distribution is and
the greater the increase in wear resistance for tool
steels. A comparison made between 24 hours and 48
hours soaking times for the T1 and M2 high speed
steels showed that the impact toughness and bending
strength of T1 tool steel increased by 48 hours
soaking, but the effect of this extended soaking time
on M2 tool steel were negligible [18]. An
investigation on the effect of cold and cryogenic
treatment on the wear Characteristics of M2, T1 and
D3 tool steels showed that the samples treated at 163
K for 24 hours were better than the samples treated at
93 K for 6 hours which suggests that soaking time is
more important than lowering the temperature [19].
However, another study [20] conducted on a 7075 Al
alloy with different soaking time (2-hours and 48-
hours soaking) did not show significant difference in
the properties such as yield, ultimate/tensile strength,
elongation and hardness. It appears that the effects of
soaking time vary, depending on material
characteristics.

3.2.2.3 Warming and Tempering Stage
Tempering is usually performed after cryogenic
treatment to improve impact resistance of treated
materials. It can be carried out as a single, double or
triple cycles depending on material characteristics
and desired properties [15]. However, for the ultimate
International Conference on Advancements and Futuristic Trends in Mechanical and Materials Engineering (October 5-7, 2012)

Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar-Kapurthala Highway, Kapurthala, Punjab-144601 (INDIA) 213
effect, no tempering prior to treatment process is
recommended and the greatest benefit was derived
when cryogenic treatment had been inserted between
hardening (quenching) and tempering. Additionally,
warming stage should take place slowly and it has
been reported that increasing the temperature above
500C for the tempering could remove the beneficial
effects of cold treatment [16].

4. Cryogenics in Electric Discharge
Machining (EDM)

4.1 Die Sinking EDM
As discussed earlier, Benefits of cryogenics have
been exploited in various conventional machining
processes like turning to reduce the tool wear and the
results have been reported. But, the role of cryogenic
cooling and cryogenic treatment needs to be fully
understood and explore in non conventional
machining processes like EDM. Limited literature
available on this topic indicates the potential for the
application of cryogenics for the improvement of
processes such as EDM [21, 22].In these studies,
cryogenic temperatures have been used for treatment
of cutting tools or cooling purposes. In an earlier
study, it was reported that material removal rate of
EDM process was improved by employing
cryogenically treated copper electrodes. Another
study [22] showed a reduction in electrode wear and
surface roughness by application of cryogenic
cooling on copper electrodes during EDM of titanium
alloy workpiece. Improvements in traditional
machining processes by Cryogenic treatment are
attributed to the increased hardness and wear
resistance of cutting tools after the treatment
processes. In addition, it has been reported that
electrical and thermal properties of the materials are
also improved by cryogenic treatment and better
electrical properties are also essential for workpiece
materials in EDM. All of the related literature
suggests that in general either cryogenic cooling or
cryogenic treatment improve the mechanical,
electrical and thermal properties of subjected
materials and increase the wear resistance of
electrode and consequently its life is enhanced.
Yildiz et. al. carried out an experimental
study. In this study, Be-Cu alloy workpieces were
subjected to around -150 F for cold treatment and to
around -300 F for cryogenic treatment and the
effects of cold and cryogenic treatments on their
machinability in EDM have been investigated.
Experimental results showed about 20- 30 % increase
in material removal rate by cold and cryogenic
treatment processes. Variations in electrode wear
rate, surface roughness and average white layer
thickness were found to be marginal.
Abdulkareem et al. [22] studied the cooling effect
of copper electrode on the die-sinking of electrical
discharge machining of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V).
Current intensity, pulse on time, pulse off-time and
gap voltage were considered as the machining
parameters, while electrode wear and surface
roughness were the responses. Analysis of the
influence of cooling on the responses was carried out
and presented in their work. It was found that
electrode wear ratio reduced up to 27% by electrode
cooling. Surface roughness was also reduced while
machining with electrode cooling. It can be observed
from the literature survey that many attempts have
been made to use cryogenic liquid in conventional
machining processes like turning, grinding etc.,
however only one attempt [22] appears to be made in
EDM where the fluid has been introduced into the
electrode (tool) as coolant.
Srivastava and Pandey studied The effect of
cryogenic cooling of copper electrode in electric
discharge machining of M2 grade high speed steel
and found that the out of roundness of the
cryogenically cooled electrode is lesser than the out
of roundness of electrode used in conventional EDM.
The scanning electron microscopy images also give
an insight into the changes in the profile of electrode
with the use of liquid nitrogen. The electrode retains
its shape by using liquid nitrogen. There is very little
distortion in electrode shape as compared to the
electrode which is used for experiment without liquid
nitrogen.

4.2 Wire Cut EDM
Apart from the die sinking EDM, researchers have
also explored various possibilities of using the low
temperature engineering for improving and
modifying the processes like wire electric discharge
machining (WEDM).
In WEDM, material is removed by series of
discreet discharges between wire electrode and work
piece in the presence of dielectric. For those
materials, which require high strength and good wear
resistance (Die materials and press tools etc.),
WEDM has been widely adopted. Surface generated
by WEDM includes many defects such as craters due
to electrical sparks, alloying of tool electrode
material on work piece surface. The surface
characteristics of work piece machined by WEDM
plays a vital role in determining the quality of the
material. There is a migration of work piece element
to tool at low and high current intensities. The quality
of surfaces generated by various machining methods
and machining parameters can be studied by scanning
International Conference on Advancements and Futuristic Trends in Mechanical and Materials Engineering (October 5-7, 2012)

Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar-Kapurthala Highway, Kapurthala, Punjab-144601 (INDIA) 214
electron microscope (SEM) photographs.Few
attempts have been made to investigate the effect of
high performance wire electrodes on performance
characteristics in WEDM. High performance
electrical discharge machining wire is expected to
provide high cutting speed, better accuracy and
improved surface finish.
Aoyama et al [23] and Kuroda et al. [24]
developed high performance coated wire having high
conductivity for better flusibility. High performance
Coated brass wire electrodes improves the cutting
speed and surface finish significantly [25, 26]. But
these high performance wires are not only costlier but
also cause many impurities in dielectric fluid and
other problems such as environmental hazards [27].
For many years, sub zero treatment of metals has
been used as a means of improving the surface
hardness and thermal stability of the metals [28]. The
literature survey indicates that most of the research
has been directed towards surface characterization of
WEDMed workpieces with plain brass or coated wire
electrodes. Few attempts (Aoyama et al. [23], kuroda
et al. [24] and Okada et al. [29] have been made to
study the performance of WEDM with high
performance wire electrodes as these electrodes have
high thermal and electrical conductivities as
compared to plain brass wire electrodes. Machining
speed of Wire-EDM is related with conductivity of
wire electrodes and cryogenic treatment enhances
this property. Keeping this in view, Kapoor et. al.
conducted many experiments to investigate the
effects of cryogenic treated brass wire electrode on
surface roughness of workpiece and concluded that
Within the range of parameters selected for study,
type of wire, pulse width and wire tension
significantly affect the Surface roughness in WEDM.
Also, a strong interaction was observed between
Type of Wire and Wire Tension; Pulse Width and
Wire Tension [30].





5. Conclusions
The important conclusions of this review study are
the following:

1. Much useful work has been reported by the
researchers, but due to skepticism about the
process, change in mechanism is still
unpredictable. Parameters like
austenitization temperature, quenching,
cooling temperature, soaking duration,
warming-up cycle, and tempering cycle
needs further investigations to optimize the
process for various materials.
2. Cryoprocessing is not a substitute for heat-
treating. Rather, it is an extension of heat
treatment process.
3. Cryoprocessing is an inexpensive one-time
permanent treatment affecting the entire
section of the cutting tool unlike coatings;
therefore, similar lives can be expected after
each regrinding of tools.
4. Cryogenic treatment improves mechanical
properties like wear resistance, toughness
and resistance to fatigue cracking.
5. Overall, cryoprocessing has significant
favorable influence on the performance of
cutting tool steels and carbides. Hence,
cryoprocessing is a good alternative for
having productivity enhancement.
6. Further development of cryoprocessing is
required through investigating the
machining conditions in order to maximize
its beneficial effects related to surface
roughness of work piece and tool wear from
cost point of view in order to justify its
application to the industrial use.














References


1. K. H. Ho, S. T. Newman, State of the art electrical discharge
machining (EDM) (2003), Int. J. Mach. Tools & Manuf., vol.
43, pp. 1287-1300.

2. Kansal HK, Sehijpal S, Pradeep K (2007) Technology and
research developments in powder mixed electric discharge
machining (PMEDM). J Mater Process Technol 184:3241.

International Conference on Advancements and Futuristic Trends in Mechanical and Materials Engineering (October 5-7, 2012)

Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar-Kapurthala Highway, Kapurthala, Punjab-144601 (INDIA) 215
3. P. K. Mishra, Nonconventional Machining; Narosa Publishing
House, London, 1997, ch.8.

4. H. Ramasawmy, L. Blunt (2004),Effect of EDM process
parameters on 3D surface topography, J. Mat. Process.
Tech., vol. 148, pp. 155-164, 2004.

5. Ozgedik, C. Cogun (2006), An experimental investigation of
tool wear in electric discharge machining, Int. J. Adv.
Manuf. Tech., vol. 27, pp. 488-500.

6. G. C. Onwubolu (2005), A note on surface roughness
prediction model in machining of carbon steel by PVD coated
cutting tools, Amer. J. App. Sci., vol. 2 no. 6, pp. 1109-1112.
7. N. R. Dhar, S. Paul, A. B. Chattopadhyay (2002,)Role of
Cryogenic Cooling on Cutting Temperature in Turning Steel,
Trans. of ASME, vol. 124 no. February, pp. 146-154.
8. F. J. da Silva, S. D. Franco, A.R. Machado, E. O. Ezugwu, A.
M. Souza Jr (2006)., Performance of cryogenically treated
HSS tools, Wear, vol. 261, pp. 674-685.

9. S. Paul, A. B. Chattopadhyay (1995), A study of effects of
cryo-cooling in grinding, Int. J. Mach. Tools & Manuf., vol.
35 no. 1, pp. 109-117.

10. K. V. B. S. K. Kumar, S. K. Choudhury (2008) Investigation
of tool wear and cutting force in cryogenic machining using
design of experiments, J. Mat. Process. Tech., vol. 203 no. 1-
3, pp. 95-101.

11. Barron, R.-F., (1985), Cryogenic systems, Oxford
University Press, New York.

12. Jiao, X.-D., Li, L.-F., Liu, H.-J., Yang, K., (2006),
Mechanical Properties of Low Density Alloys at Cryogenic
Temperatures, Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, AIP
Conference Proceedings, 52A: 69-76.

13. Vaccari, J.-A., (1986), Deep freeze improves products,
American Machinist & Automated Manufacturing, 130/3:90-
92.

A. Levine, J., (2001), Cryoprocessing Equipment, Heat
Treating Progress, 2/1:42-52.Carlson, E.-A., (1991), Cold
Treating and Cryogenic Treatment of Steel, ASM Handbook,
Volume 4, pp. 203-206.

14. Reitz, W., Pendray, J., (2001), Cryoprocessing of Materials:
A Review of Current Status, Materials and Manufacturing
Processes, 16/6:829-840.

15. Collins, D.-N., Dormer, J., (1997), Deep Cryogenic
Treatment of D2 Cold-work Tool Steel, Heat Treatment of
Metals, 24/3:71-74.

16. Dong, Y., UN, X., Xiao, H., (1998), Deep cryogenic
treatment of high-speed steel and its mechanism, Heat
Treatment of Metals, 25/3:55-59.

17. Mohan, L.D., Renganarayanan, S., Kalanidhi, A., (2001),
Cryogenic treatment to augment wear resistance of tool and
die steels, Cryogenics, 41:149-155.

18. Lulay, K.-E., Khan, K., Chaaya, D., (2002), The Effect of
Cryogenic Treatments on 7075 Aluminum Alloy, Journal of
Materials Engineering and Performance, 11/5:479-480.

19. Sundaram, M.-M., Yildiz, Y., Rajurkar, K.-P.
(2009),Experimental Study of the Effect of Cryogenic
Treatment on the Performance of Electro Discharge
Machining, MSEC 2009, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

20. Y. Yildiz, M.M. Sundaram, K.P. Rajurkar, M. Nalbant, The
Effects of Cold and Cryogenic Treatments on the
Machinability of Beryllium-Copper Alloy in Electro Discharge
Machining, 44
th
CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems,
May 31June 3, 2011, Madison, WI, USA.

21. V. Srivastava, P. M. Pandey, Study of the Cryogenically
Cooled Electrode Shape in Electric Discharge Machining
Process, World Academy of Science, Engineering and
Technology, 60, 2011, 1017-1021.

22. Abdulkareem, S., Khan, A., Konneh, M. (2009), Reducing
electrode wear ratio using cryogenic cooling during electrical
discharge machining, IJAMPT, 45/11:1146-1151.

23. Aoyama, S., Tamura, K. and Sato, T. (1999) High-
performance coated wire electrodes for high-speed cutting
and accurate machining, Hitachi Cable Review No.18.

24. Kuroda, H., Aoyama, S., kimura, T., Sawahata, K., Sato, T.,
Kimura, T., Sawahata, K., Nagai, T (2007), Development of
high performance coated wire electrodes for high-speed
cutting and accurate machining, Hitachi Cable Review No.
22.

25. Tomalin, D. (2007), EDM wir, US Patent No. 0295695 A1.

26. Patric, B., Michel, L.and Gerald, S. (2008), Composite wire for
electrical discharge machining, US Patent No. 20080061038.

27. Kern R (2007), Improving wire EDM productivity, EDM Today,
March/April Issue.

28. Molinari A., Pellizzari M., Gialenella S., Straffelini G and,
Stiasny KH.(2001), Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the
mechanical properties of tool steels, Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, Vol. 118, pp. 350355.

29. Okada, A., Yamauchi, T., Arizono, K.and Uno, Y. (2008),The Effect of surface
quality of brass coating wire on wire EDM characteristics, Journal of advance
mechanical design and manufacturing, Vol. 2, No.4, pp 735-741.

30. Kapoor,J., Khamba ,J.S., Singh, S., (2010), The effect of
machining parameters on surface roughness and material
removal rate with cryogenic treated wire in WEDM, Proc. of
2
nd
CPIE- 2010, pp. 725-732.