Table Of Contents

S.No. Contents : Page No:

1. Cover Page
2. Abstract
3. Acknowledgement
4. R.D.S.O
a) About R.D.S.O 2
b) Organisation 3
c) Infrastructure 5
d) Quait! Ob"ecti#es $
5. Tecnolog! "#ss#on on Ra#lwa! safet! %
$. %lectron#cs &ab
a) Roe of &ransducer in '. (ab )2
b) (.*.D.& )+
c) Acceero,eter )-
d) Osciation .onitoring S!ste, )$
e) Data Ac/uisition S!ste, )0
f) 12ee (oad I,3act Detection 23
g) 4ot A5e and 4ot 6ar Detector 2-
2) &rac7 Side 6ogie .onitoring S!ste, 2%
)
'. Comm(n#cat#on &ab
a) O3tica 8ibre 39
Abo(t R.D.S.O
)*TROD+CT)O*
Rai:a!s :ere introduced in India in )%53 and as t2eir de#eo3,ent 3rogressed t2roug2 to t2e
t:entiet2 centur!; se#era co,3an! ,anaged and state<o:ned rai:a! s!ste,s gre: u3. &o enforce
standardi=ation and co<ordination a,ongst #arious rai:a! s!ste,s; t2e Indian Rai:a! Conference
Association >IRCA) :as set u3 in )093; foo:ed b! t2e Centra Standards Office >CSO) in )039; for
3re3aration of designs; standards and s3ecifications. 4o:e#er; ti inde3endence; ,ost of t2e designs
and ,anufacture of rai:a! e/ui3,ents :as entrusted to foreign consutants. 1it2 Inde3endence and
t2e resutant 32eno,ena increase in countr!?s industria and econo,ic acti#it!; :2ic2 increased t2e
de,and of rai trans3ortation < a ne: organi=ation caed Rai:a! &esting and Researc2 Centre >R&RC)
:as setu3 in )052 at (uc7no:; for testing and conducting a33ied researc2 for de#eo3,ent of rai:a!
roing stoc7; 3er,anent :a! etc.
Central Standards Off#ce ,CSO- and t2e Ra#lwa! Test#ng and Researc Centre ,RTRC- :ere
integrated into a singe unit na,ed Researc Des#gns and Standards Organ#.at#on ,RDSO- in )05$;
under .inistr! of Rai:a!s at (uc7no:.
2




OR/A*)SAT)O*

RDSO is 2eaded b! a Director @enera. &2e Director @enera is assisted b! Additiona Director
@enera; Sr. '5ecuti#e Directors and '5ecuti#e Directors; 2eading different directorates. RDSO 2as
#arious directorates for s,oot2 functioning:

6ridges A Structures
Carriage
Defence Researc2
'ectrica (oco
'.B A Po:er Su33!
'ngine De#eo3,ent
8inance A Accounts
@eo<tec2nica 'ngineering
Quait! Assurance
.etaurgica A C2e,ica
.oti#e Po:er
Ps!c2o<tec2nica
Researc2
Signa
&eeco,,unication
&rac7
&esting
&rac7 .ac2ines A .onitoring
&raction Instaation
&raffic
1agon


A t2e directorates of RDSO e5ce3t Defence Researc2 are ocated at (uc7no:. Ces for Rai:a!
Production Bnits and industries; :2ic2 oo7 after iaison; ins3ection and de#eo3,ent :or7; are ocated
at 6angaore; 62arat3ur; 62o3a; .u,bai; 6urn3ur; Co7ata; C2ittaran"an; Ca3urt2aa; D2ansi;
C2ennai; Sa2ibabad; 62iai and Ne: De2i.
0+A&)T1 PO&)C1

&o de#eo3 safe; ,odern and cost effecti#e Rai:a! tec2noog! co,3!ing :it2 Statutor! and
Reguator! re/uire,ents; t2roug2 e5ceence in Researc2; Designs and Standards and Continua
i,3ro#e,ents in Quait! .anage,ent S!ste, to cater to gro:ing de,and of 3assenger and freig2t
traffic on t2e rai:a!s.
2+*CT)O*S

3
RDSO is t2e soe RAD organi=ation of Indian Rai:a!s and functions as t2e tecn#cal
adv#sor to Ra#lwa! 3oard; Eona Rai:a!s and Production Bnits and 3erfor,s t2e foo:ing
i,3ortant functions :

De#eo3,ent of ne: and i,3ro#ed designs.
De#eo3,ent; ado3tion; absor3tion of ne: tec2noog! for use on Indian Rai:a!s.
De#eo3,ent of standards for ,aterias and 3roducts s3ecia! needed b! Indian Rai:a!s.
&ec2nica in#estigation; statutor! cearances; testing and 3ro#iding consutanc! ser#ices.
Ins3ection of critica and safet! ite,s of roing stoc7; oco,oti#es; signaing A
teeco,,unication e/ui3,ent and trac7 co,3onents.
RDSO?s ,utifarious acti#ities 2a#e aso attracted attention of rai:a! and non<
rai:a!
organi=ations in India and abroad

/O4%R*)*/ CO+*C)&
@o#erning Counci co,3rises of C2air,an; Rai:a! 6oard as C2air,anF and 8inancia
Co,,issioner; .e,ber 'ngineering; .e,ber .ec2anica; .e,ber Staff; .e,ber 'ectrica;
.e,ber &raffic; Add. .e,ber >Pg)G Rai:a! 6oard and Director @enera; RDSO as its ,e,bers.
&2e functions of @o#erning Counci are:

&o identif! and a33ro#e t2e RAD 3ro"ects for tec2noog! de#eo3,ent on Indian Rai:a!s.
&o re#ie: t2e 3rogress of 3ro"ects.
&o deter,ine t2e /uantu, of direct in#est,ent in tec2noog! de#eo3,ent :it2in t2e o#era
aocation of funds under t2e 3an 2ead HRai:a! Researc2H.
&o gi#e direction for i,3ro#ing t2e :or7ing of RDSO.


C%*TRA& 3OARD O2 RA)&5A1 R%S%ARC6

Centra 6oard of Rai:a! Researc2 >C6RR) consist of D@GRDSO as C2air,an; Add. .e,ber
>Ci#i 'ngg.); Add. .e,ber >.ec2anica 'ngg); Add. .e,ber >'ect.); Add. .e,ber >Sig); Add.
.e,ber >traffic); Ad#isor>8inance); '5ecuti#e Director >'AR); '5ecuti#e Director >Pg.)GRai:a!
6oard as ,e,bers and Add. Director @eneraGRDSO as ,e,ber secretar!. Non< Rai:a!s ,e,bers
of C6RR consist of e,inent scientists; tec2noogists; engineers and senior e5ecuti#es of ot2er researc2
organisations; acade,ic institutions and industria units reated to rai:a! tec2noog! and ,aterias.
8unctions of C6RR are:

&o consider and reco,,end t2e 3rogra, of researc2 on Indian Rai:a!s.
&o re#ie: t2e researc2 3rogra, fro, ti,e to ti,e.
&o ensure coordination and assistance fro, ot2er researc2 aboratories.
&o re#ie: t2e ongoing 3ro"ects fro, t2e tec2nica ange.

)*2RASTR+CT+R%

RDSO 2as a nu,ber of aboratories :2ic2 are :e e/ui33ed :it2 researc2 and testing faciities
for de#eo3,ent; testing and design e#auation of #arious rai:a! reated e/ui3,ents and ,aterias.
So,e of t2ese are:
+

A#r 3rake &aborator! is e/ui33ed :it2 faciities for si,uating o3eration of air bra7es on freig2t
trains u3 to )02 :agons and 3 oco,oti#es as aso for si,uation of 3assenger trains u3 to 39 coac2es.

3rake D!namometer &aborator! 2as faciities to de#eo3 and test bra7e friction ,aterias for
oco,oti#es; coac2es and :agons. A uni/ue faciit! in India; t2is aborator! 2as aso been used b!
RAD organi=ations of .inistr! of Defence i7e D.R(; DRD( and 4A( for indigeni=ation of bra7e
3ads for defence aircraft.

37S &aborator! 2as a -,5)+, 2ea#!Gtesting foor on :2ic2 fu scae ,odes of bea, >s3ans u3 to
)9 ,; sabs; cou,ns; to:ers; s2es and ot2er co,3onents ,ade of concrete; stee; bric7 etc can be
tested under static; d!na,ic or 3usating oads. A 2ig2 fre/uenc! ranging 259<$99 c!cesG,in 3usator
for t2e a33ication of a 3usating oads #ar!ing fro, 2 to 29 tonnes and a ,a5i,u, static oad of +9
tonnnes on 2ea#! dut! testing foor. &2e (aborator! is e/ui33ed :it2 anaogue strain indicator; ,uti
c2anne d!na,ic strain recording s!ste,; s:itc2ing A baancing units; acoustic e,ission e/ui3,ent;
data ac/uisition s!ste, etc. for recording #arious 3ara,eters.

D#esel %ng#ne Develo8ment &aborator! 2as four test beds ca3abe of testing diese engines fro, )99
to -999 4P :it2 fu! co,3uteri=ed s!ste,s for recording of o#er )2% test 3ara,eters at a ti,e. &2is
faciit! 2as aread! enabed RDSO to de#eo3 tec2noogies for i,3ro#ing fue efficienc!; reiabiit! and
a#aiabiit! of diese engines as :e as to e5tract 2ig2er out3ut fro, e5isting diese engines.

2at#g(e Test#ng &aborator! for testing 3rotot!3e oco,oti#e and roing stoc7 bogies; s3rings and
ot2er rai:a! e/ui3,ents sub"ected to stress and fatigue so as to ascertain t2eir e53ected ife in ser#ice.

/eo9tecn#cal %ng#neer#ng &aborator! is e/ui33ed :it2 faciities for deter,ining strengt2 3ara,eters
of soi in ab and fied condition. &2e State<of<art Sub<surface Interface Radar >SIR) s!ste,; (aser
based soi 3artice ana!=er; and co,3uteri=ed consoidation test a33aratus 2a#e been instaed in t2e
ab. &2e ab aso 2as co,3uteri=ed Static &ria5ia S2ear a33aratus for deter,ining t2e strengt2 of soi as
:e as t2e design of e,ban7,ent.

"etall(rg#cal 7 Cem#cal &aborator! is ca3abe of destructi#e and non<destructi#e testing of ,etas;
3o!,ers; co,3osites; 3etroeu, 3roducts and 3aints for 3ro#iding infor,ation to be used in design and
aso for ,onitoring 3erfor,ance of ,aterias in ser#ice.

&2e .AC aborator! incude Scanning 'ectron .icrosco3e; Direct reading s3ectro,eter;
Btrasonic 8a: Detector and ot2er non destructi#e e5a,ination e/ui3,ent; 3o!,er and co,3osite
e#auation faciities; t2er,a ana!=er; corrosion engineering e#auation faciities incuding :eat2er
,eter; static $-9 2our AR test rig for grease testing. *28 d!na,ic test rig for grease testing; ube oi
fiter e#auation rig Cetane rating ,ac2ine A 59t ,ac2ine for rubber defection c2aracteristics.

Ps!co9Tecn#cal &aborator! for assess,ent of critica 3s!c2o<32!sica attributes of o3erationa staff
suc2 as dri#ers; s:itc2,en and station ,asters for efficient o3eration. &2e ergono,ic aborator! of
3s!c2o<tec2nica Dte is aso e/ui33ed :it2 bio<feedbac7 s!ste, for assess,ent of '.@; @SR
>@a#anic S7in Resistance) te,3erature; 3use and res3iration rate A is used for stress ,anage,ent
e5ercises.

S#gnal Test#ng &aborator! for testing of a t!3es of signaing e/ui3,ents suc2 as safet! signaing
rea!s; boc7 instru,ents; 3o:er su33! e/ui3,ents; 3oint ,ac2ines; signaing cabes; eectro<
,ec2anica signaing e/ui3,entsG co,3onents etc. &2ere is an e5cusi#e en#iron,enta testing section
e/ui33ed :it2 en#iron,enta testing faciities as 3er )SO:;<<<. &2ese incude; 3rogra,,abe 2eat;
2u,idit! A cod c2a,bers; ,oud gro:t2; dust; rain c2a,bers. Signaing '/ui3,ent De#eo3,ent
5
Centre 2as been set u3 in t2e Signaing (ab. In t2is Centre; :or7ing signaing e/ui3,ent A s!ste,s
2a#e been set u3. &2e :or7ing s!ste,s incude SSI; uni#ersa a5e counter; *(SI a5e counter; A8&Cs;
boc7 instru,ents etc. In addition; e/ui3,ent de#eo3ed b! RDSO; suc2 as signaing rea!s; 3o!<
carbonate enses; ('D signa a,3s; tri3e 3oe doube fia,ent a,3s; 3o:er su33! e/ui3,ent etc.;
2a#e aso been dis3a!ed. &2is centre :i be used for testing ,inor i,3ro#e,ents in designs of SSI;
a5e counters etc.; as :e as for i,3arting training to ne:! inducted Ins3ectors.

Track &aborator! for testing fu scae trac7 3ane under d!na,ic oad 3atterns si,iar to t2ose
encountered in ser#ice. Stresses at t2e #arious ocations of trac7 co,3onents under si,uated oad
conditions are ,easured and recorded for ana!sis. &2is 2as 2e3ed in rationai=ing and o3ti,i=ing
design of trac7 structures for Indian conditions. &2e faciit! of fatigue testing of :eded rai "oints is
aso a#aiabe.

In connection :it2 "oint researc2 3ro"ect of BIC on rai defect ,anage,ent; RDSO 2as been
entrusted :it2 ab testing of rai sa,3es fro, #arious :ord rai:a!s under si,uated oading
conditions. S3ecia rai tensioning s!ste, for a33ication of ongitudina forces on rai sa,3es to
si,uate t2e t2er,a forces of t2e fied 2as indigenous! been de#eo3ed; instaed and co,,issioned in
trac7 ab. &2is s!ste,; :it2 ca3acit! of u3 to )59 tonne in static condition; is being used to conduct
testing of different rai sa,3es.

"ob#le Test 2ac#l#t#es for recording of trac7 3ara,eters; oco,oti#e 3o:er and conducting
osciogra32 trias for e#auating #e2ice<trac7 interaction as aso for ,onitoring trac7 conditions.
8or condition ,onitoring of O4' under i#e ine and to faciitate directed ,aintenance
of eectrification; a Net:or7 of testing and recording a33aratus >N'&RA) car; first of its 7ind ;
de#eo3ed b! RDSO is acti#e! in ser#ice for scanning O4' in Rai:a!.

4e#cle Caracter#.at#on &aborator! for conducting #e2ice c2aracteri=ation tests on rai:a!
#e2ices to stud! t2e be2a#ior of sus3ension s!ste,s and to deter,ine natura fre/uencies.

Centre for Advanced "a#ntenance Tecnolog! at /wal#or for u3grading ,aintenance tec2noogies;
and ,et2odoogies. Aso to ac2ie#e i,3ro#e,ents in 3roducti#it! and 3erfor,ance of a rai:a!
assets and ,an3o:er. &2is co#ers reiabiit!; a#aiabiit!; utii=ation and efficienc!.

&)3RAR1
Considerabe efforts and resources :ere de#oted on t2e de#eo3,ent of an outstanding (ibrar!
coection to ,eet t2e e53anding needs of Researc2 and De#eo3,ent. &2e (ibrar! 2as ,ore t2an ).$9
a72 #ou,es :2ic2 incudes boo7s; re3orts; s3ecifications; and transations on Science; 'ngineering;
&ec2noog!; .anage,ent and Rai:a!s. About )99 tec2nica "ournas and ,aga=ines bot2 Indian and
foreign origin are recei#ed in t2e (ibrar! reguar!.
0+A&)T1 O3=%CT)4%S

-
Safet!: De#eo3,ent of cras2:ort2! design of coac2es for en2anced safet! of 3assengers.
De#eo3,ent of );25;999 7, of trac7 to be recorded b! &RC?s in t2e !ear 2995<9- for 3ro#iding basic
feed bac7 for ,aintenance of &rac7 on Indian Rai:a!s. De#eo3,ent of anti<#anda PSC see3er A
'astic Rai ci3 so as to dea! t2e re,o#a ti,e of rai fro, t2e trac7 b! one 2our. De#eo3,ent of
4ig2 S3eed Sef Pro3eed Accident Reief &rain for faster tra#e to accident site. Design and
de#eo3,ent of indigenous 'ectronic interoc7ing s!ste, using 2 out of 3 arc2itecture :it2 ob"ect
controer. 8ire<retardant coac2es. De#eo3,ent of co,3uteri=ed 3s!c2oogica test 3ac7age for
rai:a!s. Pro#ision of &rain Actuated 1arning De#ice >&A1D). &o de#eo3 'art2 Qua7e codes and
re2abiitation guideines.

Traff#c growt: De#eo3,ent of 3<32ase 2ig2 staring tor/ue traction ,otor for 1A@<0G1AP<$
oco,oti#es. Design of 6CN4 :agon :it2 s2orter engt2 as co,3ared to 6CNA for increasing ra7e
t2roug23ut for co#ered :agons.

%nv#ronment: Bse of eco<friend! refrigerant on under<sung AC coac2es. Co,,issioning of
dedicated '52aust ',ission ,easure,ent faciit! on t2e test beds as 3er Internationa standards.
.odification in &oiet Disc2arge S!ste, in Coac2es to 3re#ent rai corrosion.

Cost C(tt#ng: Design of cost<effecti#e Au,inu, :agon<6O6RA( Reduction of ,aintenance ti,e of
Osciogra32 recorders and Signa conditioners b! 2I.

%>8ort?#m8ort s(bst#t(t#on: Indigeni=ation of eectrics of @. '.D oco,oti#es.
De#eo3,ent of Indigenous tec2noog! for Digita a5e counter.

Asset Rel#ab#l#t!: Reduction in a#erage re3air ti,e of Osciation .onitoring S!ste, >O.S) b! 5I
:it2 res3ect to 3re#ious !ear. Quait! Audit of Rai:a! 1or7s2o3s and ot2er Bnits as 3er t2e sc2edue
gi#en b! Rai:a! 6oard. Radia and Sef<Steering 6ogie. &o de#eo3 continuous 2eat2 ,onitoring
s!ste, using o3tica fiber tec2noog! for bridges.

Passenger comfort? 2aster travel: De#eo3,ent of .icro3rocessor contro for better :or7ing of air
conditioning s!ste, of AC coac2es. De#eo3,ent of air s3ring for e5isting bogies. &ig2t (oc7 C6C
cou3ers :it2 Anti<Ci,bing features in coac2es. I,3ro#ed 4ig2 S3eed &urnouts.

)nfrastr(ct(re develo8ment: Co,,issioning of t:o Nos. 2ig2<s3eed sef 3ro3eed Btrasonic Rai
testing cars and 6ra7e D!na,o,eter for 6ra7e D!na,o,eter (aborator!. Construction of dedicated
test trac7 for RDSO.

%nerg! eff#c#enc!: De#eo3,ent of energ! efficient dua #otage 3<32ase '.B in .u,bai Area J
>a) 64'( 3ro"ect >b) @P J)0+ 3ro"ect.

0(al#t! management s!stem #m8rovement: &o Issue 8ina Ins3ection Certificate :it2in $ :or7ing
da!s of ins3ection of 3roducts. Reduction in custo,er co,3aints cosure ti,e b! )9I.
$
Tecnolog! "#ss#on on Ra#lwa! Safet! ,T"RS-
)ntrod(ct#on
Rai:a!s 2a#e been t2e engine of econo,ic and tec2nica gro:t2 and de#eo3,ent in India.
Rai:a! Safet! is not ,ere! an area of nationa concern but aso 3oses c2aenges to t2e engineering
and researc2 co,,unit! of t2e countr!. A &ec2noog! .ission 2as been aunc2ed to focus nationa
attention and dri#e ,odern tec2noogies of ,onitoring; contro; co,,unications; design; eectronics
and ,aterias for Rai:a! Safet!. &2e earier nationa 3rogra,s on s3ace and defense researc2 2a#e not
,ere! ac2ie#ed goas s3ecific to t2e ,issions; but 2a#e aso 3ro#ided i,3etus to tec2noog! endea#ors
in institutions a across t2e countr!. A &ec2noog! .ission on Rai:a!s :i si,iar! 2e3 to initiate
and incubate design and de#eo3,ent 3ro"ects of significant nationa i,3ortance.
&ec2noog! issues on Rai:a! safet! and econo,! reate to ,utitude of engineering
disci3ines. &2e ,ission :i 2e3 to 3oo ree#ant engineering 7no:edge; e53ertise and resources
a#aiabe in #arious researc2 organi=ations and acade,ic institutions in order to address t2ese issues in
an efficient ,anner.
"#ss#on /oals
&o de#eo3 and ado3t state<of< t2e<art safet! and contro tec2noogies defined b! needs reated
to Indian conditionsF to i,3e,ent 3ro"ects ai,ed at ac2ie#ing 2ig2er t2roug23ut; o:er cost of
trans,ission and safer train ,o#e,ent.
&o encourage and initiate R A D acti#ities 3ertinent to Indian Rai:a!s in acade,ic institutions
and aboratories and estabis2 con#ergence and s!nerg! a,ong t2e,.
&o e#o#e and estabis2 t2e acade,ia<researc2 institution<industr! consortiu, a33roac2 as a
#iabe and #ibrant ,ission ,ode of researc2 and de#eo3,ent.
&o disse,inate tec2noogies t2roug2 3artici3ator! a33roac2 to ot2er a33ication areas
"#ss#on A88roac
II& Can3ur and RDSO (uc7no: are t2e ,a"or coaborators in t2e ,ission. A trident consortiu,
co,3rising of
%
Acade,ic and Researc2 institutions
Rai:a! Organi=ations
Industr!
2as been for,ed for effecti#e definition and i,3e,entation of 3ro"ects. &2e constituents of t2e
consortiu, coaborate to bring e53ertise and s2are res3onsibiities. RDSO 3ro#ides do,ain 7no:edge
and e53erience to articuate 3robe,s and conce3tuai=e 3ro"ects. Acade,ic institutions i7e II&s and
CSIR aboratories contribute to:ards 3robe, ana!sis; design s!nt2esis and 3rotot!3e de#eo3,entF
t2e industr! is 3ro#iding in3uts ree#ant for ado3tion of tec2noog! and its co,,erciai=ation.
Pro@ects (nder T"RS sceme :
1. Track S#de 3og#e "on#tor#ng S!stem
&2e ob"ecti#es of t2is 3ro"ect incude
a) De#eo3,ent of an auto,ated s!ste, to be instaed aong t2e trac7 for detecting fauts in bogies of
roing stoc7 >on<ine ,onitoring of t2e condition of bogies).
b) .easure,ent of atera and #ertica rai forces.
c) Auto,atic #e2ice identification using R8IDs.
d) De#eo3,ent of instru,entation for detection of co,3onents of t2e roing stoc7 :2ic2 ,a! cause
derai,ent.
2. Dera#lment Detect#on Dev#ces
&2is 3ro"ect en#isages de#eo3,ent of On<6oard e/ui3,ent for sensing derai,ent
3ossibiities of roing stoc7. De#eo3,ent incudes a33ro3riate instru,entation and signa
3rocessing strateg! and its integration :it2 t2e e5isting bra7e ,ec2anis, for ,ini,i=ing osses
due to dragging of deraied #e2ice. Present! t2ere is no instru,entation on Indian Rai:a!s for
detecting derai,ent 3ossibiities.
&2e 3rocess of derai,ent is c2aracteri=ed b! 2ea#! ,isaign,ent of t2e a5e aong :it2
arge osciations and "er7s. *e2ice d!na,ics soft:are 3ac7ages are being e,3o!ed to carr!
out si,uation of #e2ices running on ne: or :orn :2ees. .'.S sensors for detecting #ertica;
2ori=onta acceerations and titing 2a#e been identified and test runs are being conducted on
Nort2ern Rai:a!s. Recorded data is to be e,3o!ed to arri#e at a suitabe criteria for
derai,ent detection.
3. Sensors for Detect#ng 6otbo>es and 6ot 5eels
0
.ost derai,ents can be traced to eit2er t2e faiure of :2ee bearings or bra7e binding.
6ot2 conditions ead to o#er2eating foo:ed b! sei=ure :2ic2 in turn can cause :2ee fats;
trac7 da,age and derai,ent. 4ot A5e and 6o5 Detection >4A6D) s!ste,s are used goba!
for t2e 3ur3ose. &2ese re! on re,ote ,easure,ent of te,3eratures of t2e bearing bo5es and t2e
:2ees. &2ese s!ste,s 2a#e to be ca3abe of ,easuring t2e te,3eratures #er! fast >at 299 7,32
t2e ,easure,ent of a ,ini,u, of )9 3oints 2as to be ,ade :it2in 9.99+ second). An! s!ste,
to be used in India 2as to be designed to co3e :it2 ci,atic e5tre,es.
4. On 3oard D#agnost#cs
&2e ob"ecti#e of t2e 3ro"ect is to de#eo3 an On<board Diagnostics for Diese and
'ectric oco,oti#es t2roug2 a net:or7 based rea ti,e contro s!ste,. &2e e5ercise incudes
de#eo3,ent of a33ro3riate instru,entation and signa 3rocessing strateg! for #arious
e/ui3,ents :2ic2 for, 3art of t2e trans,ission and aso for ot2er au5iiar! ,ac2ines on board
t2e oco,oti#es. It :i enabe rea ti,e ,onitoring of #ita oco,oti#e e/ui3,ents i7e 3ri,e
,o#er; rotating ,ac2ines; traction ,otor sus3ension bearings; a5e bearings; radiator dri#e; air
co,3ressor; transfor,er; ta3 c2anger; 3antogra32; etc on eectricGdiese oco,oti#es. &2e
s!ste, :i aso 2a#e sef<diagnostic features.
&2e diagnostic s!ste, :i incude on<ine data ac/uisition and dis3a! o#er ,uti3e
c2annes si,utaneous!; 8re/uenc! ana!sis and Rea<ti,e 88& dis3a!; On<ine trending
ana!sis; On<screen trend dis3a!; Data storage :it2 date<ti,e infor,ation; Safe and toerabe
i,its for a c2annes; Auto,atic #isua and audio aar, in case of i,it crossing. &2e s!ste,
aso incudes agorit2,ic diagnosis and co,,unication t2roug2 ,obie net:or7 fro, t2e
oco,oti#e to centra contro unit.
A. %nv#ronment 2r#endl! Ra#lwa! Coac To#let S!stem
&2e Indian Rai:a! runs se#era ong distance trains in#o#ing "ourne!s u3 to t2ree nig2ts. &2e
e5isting coac2 toiet s!ste, consists of a a#ator! in :2ic2 t2e e5creta are disc2arged direct! to t2e
ground t2roug2 t2e a#ator! c2ute. 4o:e#er; t2e 3resent s!ste, 2as so,e ,a"or concerns due to
disc2arge of feca ,atter on t2e trac7. &2ese concerns incude: da,age to t2e rais; unacce3tabe
aest2etic and 2!gienicGsanitar! conditions; 3articuar! on t2e rai:a! stations; and non co,3iance to
t2e en#iron,ent reguationsGstandardsG3ractices. An e5ercise is being carried out in t2is ,ission to
conce3tuai=e; design; and indigenous! de#eo3 a :or7ingGread! to insta en#iron,ent<friend! coac2
toiet s!ste, for Indian Rai:a!sH 3assenger trains.
&2e toiet s!ste, :i 2a#e t2e foo:ing attributes:
Con#enient to a #ariet! of users; robust; and ,ini,u, o3eration and ,aintenance
co,3ications.
Pre#ent da,age to t2e rai:a! trac7 and coac2es.
.aintain 2!gienicGsanitar! conditions
Co,3iance :it2 goba en#iron,enta reguationsGstandardG 3ractices.
$. Corros#on Prevent#on of Ra#ls
)9
Corrosion 3robe, of rais concerns:
rai foot corrosion under t2e gass fied n!onG,id stee iner due to accu,uation of corrosi#e
en#iron,ent under t2e iners.
"a,,ing of t2e eastic rai ci3 >'RC) in t2e insert
corrosion of t2e :ed region
&2e gradua t2inning of rai foot eads to fre/uent rai re3ace,ents and is a safet! issue. Corrosion of
t2e 'RC in t2e insert eads to "a,,ing of 'RC; resuting in oss of toe oad. Anot2er ai, of t2e 3ro"ect
is t2e de#eo3,ent of ne: corrosion resistant rai stee ao! c2e,istr! to ,ini,i=e corrosion of rais
under iner ocations. &2is is being done in coaboration :it2 SAI(; t2e industr! 3artner in t2e 3ro"ect.
Ne: corrosion resistant rai stees :i be identified based on aborator! e53eri,ents of tria
co,3ositions. &ria rais :i be ,anufactured and sub"ected to fied studies. 6ased on t2ese resuts; t2e
corrosion resistant rais can be ado3ted b! Indian Rai:a!s.
'. 2og 4#s#on )nstr(mentat#on
&2e 3ro"ect en#isages de#eo3,ent of instru,entation for i,3ro#ing t2e #isibiit! during fogg!
:eat2er; nig2t and bad :eat2er conditions b! de#eo3ing a 8og #ision s!ste,. &rain ,o#e,ent gets
se#ere! 2a,3ered during fogg! ci,atic conditions. &2e :eat2er conditions consistent! :orsen
:it2 fog getting ,ore o3a/ue and suc2 :eat2er conditions e5tends for ,ont2s. Instru,entation
tec2noog! needs to be de#eo3ed to enabe t2e train dri#er to see t2roug2 t2e fog for uninterru3ted
and safe train o3eration. After e5a,ining se#era o3tions suc2 as Radar >,,<:a#e); Radio,eter
>,,<:a#e); Radio,eter >infrared); Sonar>utrasonic); etc; it 2as been concuded t2at aser based
#ie:ing s!ste,s :i be ,ost suited for t2e 8og *ision A33ication. Infor,ation i7e 3osition of
obstaces on t2e trac7 a2ead s2oud be ,ade a#aiabe on t2e gra32ica consoe dis3a!. &2e
distance co#ered s2oud be at east e/ua to t2e nor,a distance #isibe due to t2e dri#er under
nor,a nig2t conditions. O3tica #isibiit! ,a! beco,e near! =ero in se#ere fog conditions. 4ence;
sensors :it2 fog 3enetration ca3abiit! s2oud be de#eo3ed and data fro, t2e, 3rocessed to gi#e
an en2anced i,age of t2e trac7 a2ead on a consoe. &2ere ,a! be re/uire,ent for de#eo3ing
,uti3e t!3es of sensors to cater to different scenarios. In suc2 cases; data fro, ,uti3e sensors
s2oud be used inteigent! to gi#e a singe dis3a! on t2e consoe. Acti#e Infrared stereo #ision
using gating :i enabe t2e en2ance,ent of infrared #ie:ing under 2ea#! attenuation in fogg!
conditions.
B. Satell#te )mag#ng for Ra#l *av#gat#on ,S)"RA*-
&2e ob"ecti#e of t2is 3ro"ect is to
>i) De#eo3 an effecti#e :a! to coect and disse,inate infor,ation d!na,ica! of e#er! train in a
gi#en geogra32ica boundar! for its ocation; s3eed and direction of ,o#e,ent.
>ii) 'nsure better and seecti#e disse,ination of infor,ation to 3assengers. &rain trac7ing s!ste,
using @oba Positioning S!ste, >@PS) is being de#eo3ed. 'ac2 train :i 2a#e a train ocator
unit to recei#e infor,ation fro, @PS sateites and continuous! identif! t2e 3osition of t2e train
:it2 infor,ation about its ocation >atitude and ongitude #aues). @S. is to be used for
))
connecti#it! and :2ere#er needed as an aternate ocation identifier. &2e data ogger can aso be
used to 3ro#ide ser#ices for a centra train en/uir! s!ste,; anti< coision de#ice; train c2arting
etc.
)2
Role of Transd(cer #n %lectron#cs &ab
&ransducer 2as a #er! i,3ortant roe in an! 'ectronics ab. In brief &ransducer is a 2eart of an!
'ectronic s!ste,. An 'ectronics Instru,entation S!ste, consists of a nu,ber of co,3onents :2ic2
toget2er are used to 3erfor, a ,easure,ent and record t2e resut. An Instru,entation S!ste, consists
of t2ree ,a"or ee,ents.
)) In3ut de#ice .
2) Signa Conditioning or 3rocessing de#ice.
3) Out3ut de#ice.
&2e 7ind of s!ste, de3ends on :2at is to be ,easured and 2o: t2e ,easure,ent resut is to be
3resented.
)n8(t Dev#ce
&2e in3ut /uantit! for ,ost instru,entation s!ste, is non eectrica.In order to use eectrica ,et2ods
and tec2ni/ues for .easure,ent ,ani3uation or contro; t2e non<eectrica /uantit! is con#erted in to
an eectrica signa b! a de#ice caed &ransducer.
One definition states a &ransducer is a de#ice :2ic2; :2en actuated b! energ! in one
trans,ission s!ste,; su33ies energ! in t2e sa,e for, or in ot2er for, to a second trans,ission
s!ste,.
&2is energ! trans,ission ,a! be 'ectrica; .ec2anica; C2e,ica; O3tica or &2er,a. 8or
e5a,3e de#ice t2at con#ert ,ec2anica force or dis3ace,ent into an eectrica signa. .an! ot2er
32!sica 3ara,eters suc2 as 2eat; ig2t; 2u,idit! ,a! aso be con#erted into eectrica signas b! ,eans
of transducers.
T1P% O2 TRA*SD+C%RS
)) 'ectrica
2) .ec2anica
In an 'ectronics Instru,entation S!ste, on! 'ectrica &ransducer are used .
3AS)C R%0+)R%"%*T O2 %&%CTR)CA& TRA*SD+C%RS:
#- R(ggedness : Abiit! to 1it2stand o#eroad
)3
##- &#near#t! : Abiit! to re3roduce in3ut<out3ut c2aracteristics s!,,etrica! and inear! .
###- Re8eatab#l#t! : Abiit! to re3roduce an out3ut signa e5act! ;:2en sa,e ,easured is a33ied
re3eated! at east 3 ti,es under sa,e en#iron,enta conditions .
#v- Stab#l#t! and Rel#ab#l#t! : 4ig2 ; for ,ini,u, error in ,easure,ent; unaffected b!
&e,3erature; #ibration; and ot2er en#iron,enta conditions.
v- /ood D!nam#cs Res8onse : Out3ut is fait2fu to t2e in3ut :2en ta7en as a function of &i,e .
v#- %>cellent "ecan#cal Caracter#st#cs
v##- Conven#ent )nstr(mentat#on
S%&%CT)*/ A TRA*SD+C%R
In a ,easure,ent s!ste, t2e transducer is t2e in3ut ee,ent :it2 t2e critica function of
transfor,ing so,e 32!sica /uantit! to a 3ro3ortiona eectrica signa. Seection of t2e a33ro3riate
transducers t2erefore t2e first and 3er2a3s ,ost i,3ortant ste3 in obtaining accurate resut. A nu,ber of
ee,entar! /uestions s2oud be as7ed before a transducer can be seected.
)) 12at is t2e 32!sica /uantit! to be ,easuredK
2) 12ic2 &ransducer 3rinci3e can be used to ,easure t2e /uantit!K
3) 12at accurac! is re/uired for t2is ,easure,entK
8irst /uestion can be ensured b! deter,ining t2e t!3e A range of ,easure,ent.
Ans:er to t2e Second /uestion re/uires t2e IGO c2aracteristic of t2e transducer be co,3atibe :it2 t2e
recording s!ste,

C&ASS)2)CAT)O*
&ransducer ,a! be cassified according to t2eir a33ication ,et2od of energ! con#ersion; nature of
t2e out3ut signa and so on ..ain! eectrica transducers cassified in t:o categories.
)) AC&I*' &RANSDBC'R 2) PASSI*' &RANSDBC'R
ACT)4% TRA*SD+C%R: &2e acti#e transducers are sef generating t!3e; 3roducing anaog #otage
or current :2en si,uated b! so,e 32!sica for, of energ!. Acti#e transducer does not re/uire e5terna
3o:er su33!. Suc2 transducer can con#ert a 32!sica /uantit! in to an eectrica /uantit!
'5a,3es:< &2er,ocou3e; .o#ing coi generator; 3ei==o eectric 3ic7u3 >sound #ibration;
acceeration etc) ; P2otoce .
PASS)4% TRA*SD+C%R: Passi#e transducer re/uire e5terna 3o:er su33! . Suc2 Passi#e
transducer 3roduce a #ariation in so,e eectric 3ara,eter suc2 as resistance ;ca3acitance inductance ;etc
:2ic2 can be ,easured as #otage or current #ariation '5a,3es:< Strain gauges ;(*D& ;String Pot .etc
)+
&#near 4ar#able D#fferent#al Transformer ,&4DT-
5at )s An &4DTC
&2e etters (*D& are an acron!, for (inear *ariabe Differentia &ransfor,er; a co,,on t!3e of
eectro,ec2anica transducer t2at can con#ert t2e rectiinear ,otion of an ob"ect to :2ic2 it is cou3ed
,ec2anica! into a corres3onding eectrica signa. (*D& inear 3osition sensors are readi! a#aiabe
t2at can ,easure ,o#e,ents as s,a as a fe: ,iiont2s of an inc2 u3 to se#era inc2es; but are aso
ca3abe of ,easuring 3ositions u3 to L29 inc2es >L9.5 ,). 8igure ) s2o:s t2e co,3onents of a t!3ica
(*D&. &2e transfor,erHs interna structure consists of a 3ri,ar! :inding centered bet:een a 3air of
identica! :ound secondar! :indings; s!,,etrica! s3aced about t2e 3ri,ar!. &2e cois are :ound
on a one<3iece 2oo: for, of t2er,a! stabe gass reinforced 3o!,er; enca3suated against ,oisture;
:ra33ed in a 2ig2 3er,eabiit! ,agnetic s2ied; and t2en secured in a c!indrica stainess stee
2ousing. &2is coi asse,b! is usua! t2e stationar! ee,ent of t2e 3osition sensor. &2e ,o#ing
ee,ent of an (*D& is a se3arate tubuar ar,ature of ,agnetica! 3er,eabe ,ateria caed t2e core;
:2ic2 is free to ,o#e a5ia! :it2in t2e coiHs 2oo: bore; and ,ec2anica! cou3ed to t2e ob"ect
:2ose 3osition is being ,easured. &2is bore is t!3ica! arge enoug2 to 3ro#ide substantia radia
cearance bet:een t2e core and bore; :it2 no 32!sica contact bet:een it and t2e coi. In o3eration; t2e
(*D&Hs 3ri,ar! :inding is energi=ed b! aternating current of a33ro3riate a,3itude and fre/uenc!;
7no:n as t2e 3ri,ar! e5citation. &2e (*D&Hs eectrica out3ut signa is
t2e differentia AC #otage bet:een t2e t:o secondar! :indings; :2ic2 #aries :it2 t2e a5ia 3osition of
t2e core :it2in t2e (*D& coi. Bsua! t2is AC out3ut #otage is con#erted b! suitabe eectronic
circuitr! to 2ig2 e#e DC #otage or current t2at is ,ore con#enient to use.
)5
Advantages of &4DT
(*D&s 2a#e certain significant features and benefits; ,ost of :2ic2 deri#e fro, its funda,enta
32!sica 3rinci3es of o3eration or fro, t2e ,aterias and tec2ni/ues used in its construction.
2r#ct#on92ree O8erat#on
One of t2e ,ost i,3ortant features of an (*D& is its friction<free o3eration. In nor,a use;
t2ere is no ,ec2anica contact bet:een t2e (*D&Hs core and coi asse,b!; so t2ere is no rubbing;
dragging or ot2er source of friction. &2is feature is 3articuar! usefu in ,aterias testing; #ibration
dis3ace,ent ,easure,ents; and 2ig2 resoution di,ensiona gaging s!ste,s.
)nf#n#te Resol(t#on
Since an (*D& o3erates on eectro,agnetic cou3ing 3rinci3es in a friction<free structure; it
can ,easure infinitesi,a! s,a c2anges in core 3osition. &2is infinite resoution ca3abiit! is i,ited
on! b! t2e noise in an (*D& signa conditioner and t2e out3ut dis3a!Hs resoution. &2ese sa,e factors
aso gi#e an (*D& its outstanding re3eatabiit!.
+nl#m#ted "ecan#cal &#fe
6ecause t2ere is nor,a! no contact bet:een t2e (*D&Hs core and coi structure; no 3arts can
rub toget2er or :ear out. &2is ,eans t2at an (*D& features uni,ited ,ec2anica ife. &2is factor is
es3ecia! i,3ortant in 2ig2 reiabiit! a33ications suc2 as aircraft; sateites and s3ace #e2ices; and
nucear instaations. It is aso 2ig2! desirabe in ,an! industria 3rocess contro and factor!
auto,ation s!ste,s.
)-
ACC%&%RO"%T%R
An acceero,eter ,easures 3ro3er acceeration; :2ic2 is t2e acceeration it e53eriences reati#e to
freefa and is t2e acceeration fet b! 3eo3e and ob"ects. Put anot2er :a!; at an! 3oint in s3ace ti,e t2e
e/ui#aence 3rinci3e guarantees t2e e5istence of a oca inertia fra,e; and an acceero,eter ,easures
t2e acceeration reati#e to t2at fra,e. Suc2 acceerations are 3o3uar! ,easured in ter,s of g<force.
An acceero,eter at rest reati#e to t2e 'art2Hs surface :i indicate a33ro5i,ate! ) g upwards; because
an! 3oint on t2e 'art2Hs surface is acceerating u3:ards reati#e to t2e oca inertia fra,e >t2e fra,e of
a free! faing ob"ect near t2e surface). &o obtain t2e acceeration due to ,otion :it2 res3ect to t2e
'art2; t2is Mgra#it! offsetM ,ust be subtracted.
Conce3tua!; an acceero,eter be2a#es as a da,3ed ,ass on a s3ring. 12en t2e acceero,eter
e53eriences an acceeration; t2e ,ass is dis3aced to t2e 3oint t2at t2e s3ring is abe to acceerate t2e
,ass at t2e sa,e rate as t2e casing. &2e dis3ace,ent is t2en ,easured to gi#e t2e acceeration.
Internal Structure of an Accelerometer
Seis,ic t!3e acceero,eters 2as ,ass on t2e s3ring ,ounted in a case. Strain gage are t2e
sensing ee,ents :2ic2 gi#es t2e eectrica out3ut 3ro3ortiona to t2e ,otion bet:een ,ass and case.
&2is transducer ,easures t2e acceeration of t2e ,o#ing bod! o#er :2ic2 it is 3aced. &2e resistance
t!3e strain gages are fi5ed on cantie#er stri3. Due to acceeration; stresses are 3roduced in t2e stri3 on
:2ic2 gages are ce,ented. &2e c2ange in resistance occurs due to c2ange of stresses. 8ina! t2e signa
in t2e out3ut of t2e 12eat Stone 6ridge a33ears at out3ut ter,inas. &2is out3ut signa is caibrated in
ter,s of acceeration.
Stiffness of stri3 7N:GdN,gGd
dN,gG7
dNg since , and 7 are constant
:2ere dNdefection in t2e ,ass
7N Stiffness of stri3
:N:eig2t of t2e sus3ended
)$
4ence t2e acceeration is direct! 3ro3ortiona to t2e defection. Due to t2is defection strains are
3roduced in t2e stri3s in :2ic2 gages are ,ounted. Strain 3roduced in t2e stri3 is transferred to t2e
strain gages 2ence t2ere is c2ange in resistance of t2e strain gages.
OSC)&&AT)O* "O*)TOR)*/ S1ST%" ,O"S-
&2e ob"ecti#e of trac7 ,aintenance is to 3ro#ide a safe and co,fortabe riding to t2e 3assengers. &2e
acceeration e53erienced b! t2e 3assengers :2ie tra#eing in #e2ices a direct ,easure of t2e riding
co,fort. Acceeration is e53erienced in a directions b! t2e #e2ice but can be reso#ed into t2ree ,ain
directions #i= ongitudina; atera and #ertica. 4ere e#e of acceeration is nor,a! o: in
ongitudina direction. 4o:e#er in t2e #ertica and atera direction it is co,3arati#e! 2ig2er. Suc2
acceeration is e53erienced due to riding c2aracteristics of t2e #e2ice as :e as due to t2e irreguarities
in t2e trac7. As suc2 ot2er 3ara,eters re,aining t2e sa,e; t2e #ertica and atera acceerations
e53erienced are direct! reated to trac7 irreguarities. 6ased on t2e e53eri,enta studies a s!ste, :as
de#eo3ed to find out t2e irreguarities of a trac7. &2is s!ste, :as 7no:n as Osciation .onitoring
S!ste, >O.S<2999). &2is 3ortabe O.S2999 is a ,icro3rocessor<based s!ste, for trac7 ,onitoring
b! ,easure,ent of t2e foo:ing 3ara,eters:
). S3eed
2. *ertica and atera acceerations on ocoGcoac2 foor.
3. S3ering Ride Inde5.
&2e abo#e t2ree 3ara,eters are ,onitored in rea ti,e and resuts are 3roduced in t2e for, of a 3rint
out on a a32a nu,eric 3rinter. 12ene#er an! of t2e abo#e 3ara,eters e5ceeds a 3reset i,it; an
e5ce3tion re3ort is 3rinted out. 6esides t2is; t2e data coected during t2e run is stored in a batter!<
bac7ed ra, and ,a! be transferred to a 3ersona co,3uter :it2 t2e 2e3 of soft:are.
&2e s3eed of t2e train is ,easured b! using a tac2o,eter :2ic2 dri#en b! a fe5ibe s2aft connected to
t2e :2ee. &ac2o,eter generates 3uses; :2ic2 are fed to O.S 2999. &2e gear ratio of t2e dri#ing
arrange,ent of t2e tac2o,eter and t2e e5terna tac2o sotted 3ate >nor,a! - sots) s2oud be suc2
t2at one 3use is generated e#er! 9.3+ ,eters.
&2e *ertica and atera acceeration e#es on t2e coac2 foor are ,onitored using t:o acceero,eters
,ounted in a transducer asse,b! &2ere is a buit in instru,entation a,3ifier to condition t2e ra:
signas co,ing fro, t2e acceero,eters. &2e sa,e acceeration signas are used to detect arge
acceeration 3ea7s. And for cacuating Ride Inde5. &2e Ride Inde5 is cacuated according to S3ering
for,uae i,3e,ented as 3er R D S O (uc7no: ,et2od.
&2e re3orts generated b! O.S 2999 can be used for directing t2e trac7 ,aintenance efforts to t2e
e5act s3ots :2ere 2ig2 d!na,ic acti#it! 2as been noticed.
SA&)%*T 2%AT+R%S
)) Portabe. &ota :eig2t ess t2an )% Cgs incuding batter! and transducer asse,b!.
)%
2) 6atter! o3erated. Rec2argeabe batter! is su33ied aong :it2 a c2arger. On a fu! c2arged batter!
t2e s!ste, can o3erate continuous! for ,ore t2an )2 2ours. &2e s!ste, can be o3erated on ))9 *
DC; :2ic2 is a#aiabe in coac2es. &2e s!ste, is su33ied :it2 a .uti In3ut Po:er Su33! Cu,
6atter! >.IPS) .&2e in3ut to t2is .IPS is ))9* ACGDCA229* AC; t2e out3ut is )2* DC.
3) 6uit in instru,entation a,3ifier for transducer. No ,ess! connections to be ,ade during t2e run.
+) 6uit in batter! bac7ed Rea ti,e coc7; 3rints date and ti,e at t2e start of eac2 run to ease record
7ee3ing.
5) In case a tac2o,eter is connected; C. and distance in ,eters fro, t2e ast C. 3ost is 3rinted on
t2e 3rintout .In case tac2o,eter is not connected ;C. teegra32 3ost nu,ber fro, t2e ast C, 3ost
and ti,e of occurrence of eac2 3ea7 >in seconds u3 to 2 deci,a 3aces) is 3rinted out for easi!
ocating bad stretc2 of trac7. 8ro, t2e ti,e of successi#e 3ea7s it is aso 3ossibe to cacuate t2e
fre/uenc! of osciations buit u3 in t2e coac2.
-) 8aciit! to 3rint ground features >Points and crossings; 6ridges and e#e crossing) on t2e 3rint out.
$) Accurate resuts. S3ering Ride Inde5 for,ua i,3e,ented e5act!.
%) Co,3ete re3ort is generated during t2e run itsef. No tedious cacuations to be done ater on.
8aciit! for 3rinting A'N GP1I :ise su,,ar! re3orts at t2e end of t2e run using t2e data stored in
t2e batter! bac7ed ra,.
0) Stores data during t2e run in batter! bac7ed C.OS RA.; :2ic2 can be transferred to a co,3uter at
t2e end of t2e run for ana!sis :it2 t2e 2e3 of soft:are.
)9) Si,3e o3eration. Can be o3erated b! se,i s7ied staff aso.
))) Rugged; does not re/uire air conditioning.
SC6%"AT)C D)A/RA" O2 T6% S1ST%"
)0
)2 * DC
'5t. soc7et
)n8(t
;<92$<
4AC?DC
S.PS
based
.IPS
Signa Conditioner
A
Auto CA( Card
Ce! 6oard
&ac2o
Contro
Bnit
(CD
Dis3a!
Port for 2+ cou,n
A32a Nu,eric
3rinter
DC<DC
Con#erter
Card
CPB
A
.e,or!
Card
Soid state
.e,or!
.odue
) .6
&ac2o,eter
Sensing unit
'#ent .ar7er
G&P S:itc2
Accelerometer
S(b9assembl#es
S!ste,
Cabinet
.ot2er 6oard
Sc2e,atic 6oc7 Diagra, of .icro<Controer based Osciation ,onitoring S!ste, >O.S)
RS<232
Seria 3ort
12 4 *#9" 3atter!
Soc7et for c2arging
Data AcD(#s#t#on S!stem
Data acD(#s#t#on >abbre#iated DA0) is t2e 3rocess of sa,3ing of rea :ord 32!sica
conditions and con#ersion of t2e resuting sa,3es into digita nu,eric #aues t2at can be ,ani3uated
b! a co,3uter. Data ac/uisition and data ac/uisition s!ste,s >abbre#iated :it2 t2e acron!, DAS)
t!3ica! in#o#es t2e con#ersion of anaog :a#efor,s into digita #aues for 3rocessing. &2e
co,3onents of data ac/uisition s!ste,s incude:
Sensors t2at con#ert 32!sica 3ara,eters to eectrica signas.
Signa conditioning circuitr! to con#ert sensor signas into a for, t2at can be con#erted to digita
#aues.
Anaog<to<digita con#erters; :2ic2 con#ert conditioned sensor signas to digita #aues.
Data ac/uisition a33ications are controed b! soft:are 3rogra,s de#eo3ed using #arious
genera 3ur3ose 3rogra,,ing anguages suc2 as 6ASIC; C; 8ortran; Da#a; (is3; Pasca.
29
DAQ 2ard:are is :2at usua! interfaces bet:een t2e signa and a PC. It coud be in t2e for, of
,odues t2at can be connected to t2e co,3uterHs 3orts >3arae; seria; BS6; etc.) or cards connected to
sots >S<)99 bus; A33e6us; ISA etc.) in t2e ,ot2er board. Bsua! t2e s3ace on t2e bac7 of a PCI card
is too s,a for a t2e connections needed; so an e5terna brea7out bo5 is re/uired. &2e cabe bet:een
t2is bo5 and t2e PC can be e53ensi#e due to t2e ,an! :ires; and t2e re/uired s2ieding.
DAQ cards often contain ,uti3e co,3onents >,uti3e5er; ADC; DAC; &&(<IO; 2ig2 s3eed
ti,ers; RA.). &2ese are accessibe #ia a bus b! a ,icrocontroer; :2ic2 can run s,a 3rogra,s. A
controer is ,ore fe5ibe t2an a 2ard :ired ogic; !et c2ea3er t2an a CPB so t2at it is arig2t to boc7 it
:it2 si,3e 3oing oo3s. 8or e5a,3e: 1aiting for a trigger; starting t2e ADC; oo7ing u3 t2e ti,e;
:aiting for t2e ADC to finis2; ,o#e #aue to RA.; s:itc2 ,uti3e5er; get &&( in3ut; et DAC
3roceed :it2 #otage ra,3. .an! ti,es reconfigurabe ogic is used to ac2ie#e 2ig2 s3eed for s3ecific
tas7s and Digita signa 3rocessors are used after t2e data 2as been ac/uired to obtain so,e resuts. &2e
fi5ed connection :it2 t2e PC ao:s for co,fortabe co,3iation and debugging. Bsing an e5terna
2ousing a ,oduar design :it2 sots in a bus can gro: :it2 t2e needs of t2e user.
&2e factors t2at decide t2e 2ard:are configuration of DAQ s!ste,s are
&ransducer to be used in s!ste,
&rans,ission 3at2 of signas
Signa conditioning re/uire,ents
Nu,ber of c2annes to be ,onitored
.OD' > Singe or Differentia ) ended
Range
Resoution and accurac!
Noise
'n#iron,enta conditions
Cost
Sa,3ing rate 3er c2anne
ST%P 2 E )dent#f#cat#on of s#gnal cond#t#oner
Anaog in3ut c2annes
Nu,ber of ee,ents
IG3 signa range
2)
.a5 :or7ing #otage
O#er #otage 3rotection
Accurac!
Offset error
@ain error
In3ut i,3edance
In3ut bias current
In3ut offset current
C..R
6and:idt2
Setting ti,e
S!ste, noise
Stabiit!
1ar, u3ti,e
Offset te,3. coeff.
Out3ut c2aracteristics
Nu,ber of c2annes
Resoution
Reati#e accurac!
Offset error
@ain error
Range>OGP)
Out3ut cou3ing
Out3ut i,3edance
Setting ti,e
&e,3 coeff
22
Digita OGP
Digita ogic e#e
P2!sica di,ensions
IGO connectors
O3erating te,3
Reati#e 2u,idit!
&2e signa conditioner 2a#e to a,3if!; isoate and fiter t2e signa and to 3ro#ide e5citation for
sensors.
ST%P 39 Select#on of a88ro8r#ate DA0 Dev#ce
&2e criteria suc2 as accurac!; ac/uisition rates; no. of c2annes; fe5ibiit!; reiabiit!; e53andibiit!; and
co,3uter 3atfor, are used to deter,ine t2e best DAQ IGO de#ice.
6us J 3ug A 3a!
Instru,entation features< counterGti,er; 2ig2 s3eed setting ti,e; ,uti function s!nc2roni=ation
Anaog in3uts
In3ut c2annes
.a5 sa,3ing rate
Resoution
Range
@ain
Anaog out3ut
23
Out3ut c2annes
Resoution
Digita IGO
Digita IGO c2annes
CountersGti,ers
&riggers
Anaog trigger
Digita trigger
2+

Block Diagram of DAS
25
5eel &oad )m8act Detect#on ,5)&D-
Te Ob@ect#ve:
O &o 3rotect Rai Infrastructure; a#oid derai,ents A Accidents.
O Detection of Defecti#e 12ees.
5)&D Conce8t:
O 12en t2e :2ee is 3erfect! round; it a33ies a unifor, oad on t2e rai.
O 12en a :2ee is 2a#ing fat 3aceGOut of roundnessGDefect in sus3ension s!ste,G.iss<aign,ent of
bogies G S7e:nes in t2e car bod! etc.; or co,bination of an!Ga of t2ese :i gi#e a 2uge i,3act
oad on t2e rai :2ene#er t2e defect 3ortion 2its t2e rai.
O 12ee I,3act (oad Detector is used to catc2 t2e defects in t2e ear! stage and t2ereb! 3rotecting
Rai infrastructure; a#oid derai,ent and accidents.
5at 5)&D Cons#stsC
O Instru,ented &rac7s
O Signa conditioning unit
O Rea ti,e ',bedded controer
O I,3act (oad Ana!=er Soft:are
O 1ireess data transfer
O Po:er bac7 u3
)nstr(mented Track:
2-
Exit
Trigger
Sensor
6 Channels (R1~R6) 6 Channels (R7~R12)
6 Channels (L1~L6) 6 Channels (L7~L12)
Signal Conditioning
Modules
Real Time
Controller
Control &
Sit!hing
Cir!uits
"a!#u$
%e&i!e
'SM
Modem
E" (oer)
(rimar* (oer
Solar (oer)
Se!ondar*
(oer
+T S,TE
,nstrumented
Tra!#
O &rac7s are :ired :it2 strain gauges to ,easure t2e oad 3attern of t2e :2ee on t2e rai
O &2e trac7 consists of )2 see3ers J strain<,easuring =ones.
O 'ac2 =one 2as a fu bridge consisting of + Rosette t!3e strain gauges.
O &2e rai engt2 of )2 see3ers is arri#ed to ca3ture t:o fu rotation of t2e :2ee on rai.
)nstr(mented Track Conce8t D#agram:
)nstr(mented Track P#ct(res
2$
Stra#n ga(ge "o(nt#ng:
O 359 O2, strain gauge
O % strain gauges eectrica! connected to gi#e a fu bridge configuration
O 'ac2 ar, of t2e bridge consists of t:o gauges
O &2e indi#idua ar,s A gauges :ired in a :a! to add u3 t2e radia oad and to negate t2e a5ia oad
on t2e rai.
S!stem ca8ab#l#t#es:
). Counts nu,ber of a5es fro, #arious ,easure,ent c2annes
2. .easures A#erage D!na,ic 12ee (oad for a :2ees
3. Deter,ines .a5i,u, D!na,ic 12ee (oad >1A) for a 3oints of contact
+. Cacuates I,3act (oad 8actor >I(8) for a :2ees
5. Cacuates s3eed of eac2 a5e and t2e a#erage s3eed of train
-. Identifies and counts defecti#e :2ees as 3er s3ecified I(8 and 1A t2res2ods and rates t2e,
according to t2e se#erit! of defect
$. 4as soar 3ane 3ro#iding a 3o:er bac7u3
%. Identifies and count nu,ber of 'ngines; Coac2es G 1agons and 6ra7e *ans.
0. Reates eac2 a5e :it2 engine or coac2 G :agon or bra7e #an. Aso it?s 3osition in t2e identified
roing stoc7.
)9. O3erates 2+5$ :it2out an! 2u,an assistance.
)). &rans,its run re3orts to desired ocations in s3ecified 4&.( for,at o#er :ireess.
)2. Can o3erate fro, a o: s3eed of 39C,G2r
A(tomat#on 2eat(res:
). Auto,atic Diagnosis of faut! c2annes and s:itc2ing t2e, off to a#oid erroneous data at e#er!
start
2. Auto,atic sef nuing and s2unt caibration at e#er! start
3. Auto,atic start of Data Ac/uisition >DAQ) on t2e arri#a of train in res3onse to t2e start trigger
s:itc2
+. Auto,atic sto3 of DAQ after t2e 3assage of train b! inteigent! identif!ing t2e e#ent
5. B3oads ana!=ed data to re,ote ser#er
Software 2low:
Starts ac/uisition once train trigger is recei#ed
(ogs a t2e data in to fie for ana!sis
Sto3s ac/uisition and ogging after t2e train crosses t2e instru,ented trac7
Cas an ana!sis 3rogra, t2at oads eac2 c2anne data and furnis2es 3rocessed data
4&.( re3ort is 3roduced and is trans,itted to re,ote ser#er.
Ser#er stores t2e re3ort and 3ubis2es in t2e :ebsite.
2%
A 5)&D S!stem #s s(ccessf(ll! r(nn#ng at Arakkonam.
6ot A>le and 6ot 3ar Detector
4ot bo5 occurs :2en inade/uate :2ee bearing ubrication or ,ec2anica fa:s cause an increase in
te,3erature. If undetected; t2e bearing te,3erature can continue to rise unti t2ere is a bearing Pburn<
offQ :2ic2 can cause "ourna brea7age resuting in derai,ent. Anot2er 3robe, is bra7e binding; due to
:2ic2 t2e te,3erature of :2ee tread rises. &2is can ead to s7idded :2ees; ,eta de3osition on :2ee
tread causing :2ee irreguarit! and ot2er safet! 3robe,s. Aso; a :2ee :it2 te,3erature o:er t2an
t2e a#erage is a case of ineffecti#e bra7es. A detection s!ste, is t2erefore re/uired to be de#eo3ed to
sense abnor,a te,3eratures of a5e bo5es and :2ees on a running train and co,,unicate :it2 centra
contro for correcti#e action.
4ot bo5 2ot :2ee detector s!ste, detects A5e bo5es running 2ot due to bearing faiure and :2ees
2a#ing abnor,a! 2ig2 te,3eratures due to bra7e<binding. It can aso detect #e2ices :it2 ineffecti#e
bra7es b! detecting cod :2ees. &2e s!ste, uses infra<red sensors 2a#ing fast res3onse ti,e and can
reiab! ,easure te,3eratures of a5e bo5es A :2ees of a train tra#eing u3to 2997,32.
3as#c Plan of Act#on
&arget: &rain s3eeds u3 to 299732
O 8irst De#eo3ed P!ro,eters 6ased S!ste, for o:er s3eed u3 to %9G09 C,32 >res3onse ti,e
N).5,s)
O De#eo3ed s!ste,s for :2ee G bo5 using 3!ro,eters
O Second! De#eo3ed .C& based sensing s!ste, A :2ic2 re3ace 3!ro,eters b! .C&>res3onse
ti,e 2<3 Rs)
6ot 3o> Sens#ng
Aar, to be raised if rise in bo5 te,3erature S25C
.ain 3robe, J need for fast sensing
J 6o5 di,ension T229,,
J S3eed of train 2997,32
J &ransit &i,e T+,s >sensing in )<2,sU)
Nor,a sensors >39<299VC) ta7e >29 ,s
O P!ro,eter 3aced aong t2e trac7 :it2 :2ee sensor.
O Pro5i,it! sensor is re/uired for gating of data.
"eas(rement of 5eel tem8erat(re
Re8lace 8!rometers w#t "CT sensors
P!ro,eters 2a#e res3onse ti,e of ).5 ,s
.C& sensors 2a#e a res3onse ti,e of 2<3 RsW
20
Rev#sed geometr! w#t or#.ontal v#s(al#.at#on of 3o>
Advantages
O Paces unit T 599,, abo#e t2e rai surface.
O A,ost ei,inates ris7 of i,,ersion during rains.
O Protects fro, &oiet Disc2arge.
O Reduces ris7 of da,age due to ,is2andingG during trac7 ,aintenance.
R2 "odems
O &2e s!ste, 2as been :eb enabed
O 2 t!3es of R8 ,ode,s 2a#e been 3rocured:
J fc%)9e
J fc%99c
O O3erating 8re/uenc! :(icense 8ree 2.+ @4=
O &rans,itter Range: ).- 7, :it2 suitabe antennae.
O Data &rans,ission rate: ,ore t2an )) .b3s
39
Tracks#de 3og#e "on#tor#ng S!stem ,T3"S-
Ob@ect#ve:
De#eo3,ent of a s!ste, instaed aong t2e trac7:
- &o detect fauts in bogies >6ogie Para,eters) of Roing Stoc7.
- &o detect oose! 2anging 3arts using dragging e/ui3,ent detector.
- &o de#eo3 s!ste, for auto,atic #e2ice identification using R8ID.
- Co,,unication to dri#er and Contro.
- .onitors atera force; #ertica force using strain gauges.
- &o ,easure Ange of Attac7.
Angle of Attack 7 Track#ng Pos#t#on
Angle of Attack ,AOA- of a weel set
3enef#t:
&2e s!ste, identifies bogies :it2 ,isaigned :2ee<sets; ao:ing ,aintenance staff to ,a7e ti,e!
re3airs; :2ic2 can:
- Reduce derai,ent ris7 F
- Reduce :2ee<set re3ace,ent F
- Reduce rai :ear F
- Reduce traction energ! consu,3tion.
3)
TRACFS)D% 3O/)% "O*)TOR)*/ S1ST%" Pro8osed S!stem :
&2e 3ro3osed s!ste, co,3rises of:
- &aser range f#nder: &o ,easure ange of attac7 and trac7ing 3osition of a ,o#ing :2ee set of
a train.
- )nstr(mented ra#l w#t Data AcD(#s#t#on S!stem: &2e condition of t2e bogie :i be
,onitored b! ,easuring atera force; #ertica force: :it2 t2e 2e3 of strain gauges.
- R2)D s!stem: for auto,atic #e2ice identification.
- Dragg#ng eD(#8ment detector: for detecting oose! 2anging 3arts of a ,o#ing #e2ice.
- 5eel sensors: for actuating t2e s!ste,; counting t2e a5es; esti,ating t2e a5e s3eed and
correation of data.
- R2 modem: for :ireess trans,ission of data
Scemat#c &a!o(t
Scann#ng of 8ass#ng weel for meas(r#ng angle of attack and track#ng error

32
O8t#cal 2#ber Cable
A fiber o3tic cabe is a c!indrica 3i3e. It ,a! be ,ade out of gass or 3astic or a co,bination of gass
and 3astic. It is fabricated in suc2 a :a! t2at t2is 3i3e can guide ig2t fro, one end of it to t2e ot2er.
6asica!; a fiber o3tic cabe is co,3osed of t:o concentric a!ers ter,ed t2e core and t2e cadding.
&2ese are s2o:n on t2e rig2t side of t2e figure. &2e core and cadding 2a#e different indices of
refraction :it2 t2e core 2a#ing n
)
and t2e cadding n
2
. (ig2t is 3i3ed t2roug2 t2e core. A fiber o3tic
cabe 2as an additiona coating around t2e cadding caed t2e "ac7et. Core; cadding and "ac7et are a
s2o:n in t2e t2ree di,ensiona #ie: on t2e eft side of t2e figure. &2e "ac7et usua! consists of one or
,ore a!ers of 3o!,er. Its roe is to 3rotect t2e core and cadding fro, s2oc7s t2at ,ig2t affect t2eir
o3tica or 32!sica 3ro3erties. It acts as a s2oc7 absorber. &2e "ac7et aso 3ro#ides 3rotection fro,
abrasions; so#ents and ot2er conta,inants. &2e "ac7et does not 2a#e an! o3tica 3ro3erties t2at ,ig2t
affect t2e 3ro3agation of ig2t :it2in t2e fiber o3tic cabe.

2#g(re sow#ng bas#c str(ct(re of O8t#cal 2#ber
&2e iustration on t2e eft side of 8igure 2<2 is so,e:2at si,3istic. In actuait!; t2ere ,a! be a
strengt2 ,e,ber added to t2e fiber o3tic cabe so t2at it can be 3ued during instaation. &2is :oud be
added "ust inside t2e "ac7et. &2ere ,a! be a buffer bet:een t2e strengt2 ,e,ber and t2e cadding. &2is
3rotects t2e core and cadding fro, da,age and ao:s t2e fiber o3tic cabe to be bunded :it2 ot2er
fiber o3tic cabes. Neit2er of t2ese is s2o:n.
6ow #s l#gt g(#ded down te f#ber o8t#c cable #n te coreC
&2is occurs because t2e core and cadding 2a#e different indices of refraction :it2 t2e inde5 of t2e core;
n
)
; a:a!s being greater t2an t2e inde5 of t2e cadding; n
2
. 8igure s2o:s 2o: t2is is e,3o!ed to effect
t2e 3ro3agation of ig2t do:n t2e fiber o3tic cabe and confine it to t2e core. As iustrated a ig2t ra! is
in"ected into t2e fiber o3tic cabe on t2e rig2t. If t2e ig2t ra! is in"ected and stri7es t2e core<to<cadding
interface at an ange greater t2an an entit! caed t2e critica ange t2en it is refected bac7 into t2e core.
Since t2e ange of incidence is a:a!s e/ua to t2e ange of refection t2e refected ig2t :i again be
refected. &2e ig2t ra! :i t2en continue t2is bouncing 3at2 do:n t2e engt2 of t2e fiber o3tic cabe. If
t2e ig2t ra! stri7es t2e core<to<cadding interface at an ange ess t2an t2e critica ange t2en it 3asses
33
into t2e cadding :2ere it is attenuated #er! ra3id! :it2 3ro3agation distance.
(ig2t can be guided do:n t2e fiber o3tic cabe if it enters at ess t2an t2e critica ange. &2is ange is
fi5ed b! t2e indices of refraction of t2e core and cadding and is gi#en b! t2e for,ua:
Q
c
N arc cosine >n
2
Gn
)
).

Pro8agat#on of a l#gt ra! down a f#ber o8t#c cable
3+