Community Now

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F
24,7/8 250
Community-based facilities
management Keith Alexander


and dene the concept of community-based facilities management (CbFM) and


and dene the concept of community-based
facilities management (CbFM), to


also be extended to the community and society.
Historical precedent for


regionalism and
locality, economic and community regeneration, environmental quality and sustainable


account of the factors of community, purpose and the environment. The


accounting standards and reporting regulations.
Community-
based facilities management
251 Figure


a need to reinvest in community facilities and systems, and provide


for the benet of the community (Roberts, 2004). The paper draws


of higher education institutions and community-led initiatives.
Realignment with the


strategy and operations; and local communities and their economies. Discourse about


its
public purpose and local communities and their economies. In exploring


public purpose and in a community setting. His paper developed a


its associated services and urban community support, mostly arising out of


private sectors consider and deliver community services. The planning and management


The planning and management of community facilities has emerged as a


relationship of government, markets and communities is re-negotiated. Some researchers


an era when governments and communities are demanding more community there


and communities are demanding more community there are limited conceptual and


create prosperous,
inclusive and sustainable communities for the twenty-rst century


quality of life for all.
Community-
253
F


Many of the UKs poorest communities face daunting problems such as


So, instead of viewing these communities as unproductive, no-go areas


from
all parts of the community the public sector, the voluntary


most of all, the business community to build strategies based on


disadvantage experienced by ethnic minority communities. These are coordinated initiatives and


of built assets in a
community; and as professionals, together with


and lowest skilled members of
Community-
CbFM case study: New East


Manchester.
the driver folk cbfm community based fm place
The successful


and enterprise support, driven by community demand and supported by research


in regeneration and in
providing community infrastructure and services, and by


for genuine involvement of the communities in the design and
Figure


often a prelude to greater community pride and, for example, reduced


of the social value of community facilities is needed and
facilities


seeking to achieve, for example: .
Community identity. People with a sense


act cuscustomerstomers Economic Econo
National community
sha
suppliers shareholder
su E


HumaHuman Rightsn Rights C r
Community regeneration
SSocialocial E Environmentnvironment
the


to the local economy and community. For example, our economic models


management push outwards towards the community, or to consider where the


social dimension, plays out through communities affected from local to regional


2000) developed indicators for sustainable communities and have
proposed a strategy


distributed intelligence. Their strategy for community indicators is based upon the


the overall health of a community or region. At a tactical


a system of indicators. Each community and region should develop a


organisations can be seen as communities of practice, and to
function


to developing practical methodologies for community-based indicators, and promotes the


dimensions of new economics include community nance, local money ows, participative


in the UK and internationally
Community-
257
F


and a stable society and community.
All organisations must balance the


the environment, impact on local communities and business relationships with suppliers


Facilities management as social and community enterprise
A social enterprise is


the business or in the community, rather than being driven by


CbFM Framework A framework for
Community-based Facilities Management Governance and


its sustainability issues.
folk cbfm community based fm place work Source


teams, can be extended to community-managed facilities. The engagement of


lack of engagement with local communities
during the feasibility stages of


uk) working against the very communities that will be required to


fully engaged with employees, local communities and positive relationships with suppliers


of economic benefits within the community where the organisation is operating


the social development of the community (beyond economic development) and to


to employees, local businesses, and community and monitoring impact on social


monitoring impact on social development.
Community-
259 Figure


the workforce. cbfm
folk cbfm community based fm place impact
Since


Council
Source
Business In the Community http://www.bitc.org.uk


20
in the provision of community services. The second trend is


health services, voluntary services and community and media information services. The


Urban
FM the idea that community management can be wholly externalised


the need to reinvest in community facilities and systems, and provide


for the benet of the community. Private and community values need


of the community. Private and community values need to be blended


are diverse, and include local community enterprises, social rms,
mutual organizations


are emerging, e.g. the community
interest company, to enable the


liability partnerships) in creating a community-based facilities value chain to


that will allow private and community values to be blended into


blended into a common purpose.
Community-based facilities management
The environment


broader public good. Yet most
Community-
261
F


political issue. The global business community has increasingly embraced the idea


focus. Addressing these social and community aspects is a difcult mindset


end-user organisation requires a community or social focus to delivery


consideration of the social and community context in which these activities


of services to reect
the community and environment in which they


issues from a social and community perspective, and has introduced four


quality of life for the community. Recognition of these dimensions provides


of CbFM as
(Figure 9): Community-
263 Figure


workplace, market place, environment and community
F
24,7/8 264


Figure 8. The scope of community-based FM
... theprocessesbywhichall the stakeholders


employees, service partners and the community to manage economic, environmental and


and emphasis from: .
. . .
organisation to community; workplace to neighbourhood;
business service


to neighbourhood;
business service to community resource; and advocate of the


of facilities to business and community. Facilities managers can take a


and delivered by the local community.
The aim of One Central


incubate new businesses.
folk cbfm community based fm place work
One


and new opportunities in the community of East Manchester. It will


address the challenges presented by Community-based Facilities Management and to


case study one central park
Community-
265
F


foster partnership with the business community; Service Performance Knowledge Collaboration Balanced


regional economy, in the local community, in environmental protection, and in


and responsibility, urban FM and community-based planning. These themes are


E. (2000), Indicators for sustainable communities: a strategy building on complexity


No. 1, pp. 65-82.
Community-
267
F


Collapse and Revival of American Community, Simon and Schuster, New York


2004), FM: new urban and community alignments, Facilities, Vol. 22 Nos

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BUILDING COMMUNITIES FROM THE INSIDE OUT: A


TOWARD FINDING AND MOBILIZING A COMMUNITYS ASSETS
JOHN P. KRETZMAN - JOHN


L. MCKNIGHT
The Asset-Based Community Development Institute Institute for Policy


a guide about rebuilding troubled communities. It is meant to be


guide is devoted to spreading community-building success stories. These stories


call this strategy asset-based community development. Before beginning to outline


how so many of our communities came to be so devastated


often failed.
The Problem: Devastated Communities
No one can doubt that


to rebuilding their lives and communities, new openings toward opportunity, are


begins by focusing on a communitys needs, deficiencies and problems, is


clear commitment to discovering a communitys capacities and assets, and which


actual conditions of a troubled community. But they are not regarded


funding directed to lower income communities by foundations and the United


a wall between lower income communities and the rest of society


their lives and of their communitys future. But other consequences flow


map. For example:
Viewing a community as a nearly endless list


It also denies the basic community wisdom which regards problems as


of the breakdown of a communitys own problem-solving capacities.
Targeting


on the nature of local community leadership. If, for example, one


denigrate their neighbors and their community by highlighting their problems and


no longer those inside the community, those neighbor-to-neighbor links


again, the glue that binds communities together is weakened.
Reliance on


or more intractable than other communities, if funding is to be


be renewed.
Serious change or community development, this orientation must be


historic evidence indicates that significant community development takes place only when


takes place only when local community people are committed to investing


effort. This observation explains why communities are never built from the


assistance can be provided to communities that are actively developing their


to arrive from outside the community. The hard truth is that


must start from within the community and, in most of our


that wherever there are effective community development efforts, those efforts are


understanding, or map, of the communitys assets, capacities and abilities. For


needs and deficiencies, the regenerating community can begin to assemble its


production.
The Assets of a Community: Individuals, Associations, Institutions
Each community


Community: Individuals, Associations, Institutions
Each community boasts a unique combination of


skills and capacities of the communitys residents. Household by household, building


which are being mobilized for community-building purposes. This basic truth


often find themselves marginalized by communities. It is essential to recognize


or too poor. In a community whose assets are being fully


as full contributors to the community-building process.
In addition to


households and families, the committed community builder will compile an inventory


of associational life in any community is vastly underestimated. This is


particularly true of lower income communities. In fact, however, though some


very low-income neighborhoods; most communities continue to harbor significant numbers


athletic, recreational and other purposes. Community builders soon recognize that these


to the development process.
5
Community Assets Map Local Institutions Businesses


Libraries Schools Cultural Groups Hospitals Community Colleges 6
Beyond the individuals


up the asset base of communities are all of the more


which are located in the community. Private businesses; public institutions such


and formal part of a communitys fabric. Accounting for them in


them in the process of community development, is essential to the


success of the process. For community builders, the process of mapping


the institutional assets of the community will often be much simpler


the health of the local community, along with mechanisms that allow


along with mechanisms that allow communities to influence and even control


much more difficult. Nevertheless, a community that has located and mobilized


the asset base of every community. They will also provide the


highlight other aspects of a communitys assets, including its physical characteristics


and infrastructure upon which the community rests. And because so much


because so much of a communitys well-being depends upon the


can contribute economically.
An Alternative Community Development Path: Asset-Based, Internally


guide is designed to help communities not only to recognize and


elements of an asset-based community development process, it is important


the assets of lower income communities does not imply that these


does not imply that these communities do not need additional resources


effectively used if the local community is itself fully mobilized and


The assets within lower income communities, in other words, are absolutely


the discussion of asset-based community development is intended to affirm


across the country. Asset-based community development acknowledges and embraces particularly


strong neighborhood- rooted traditions of community organizing, community economic development and


rooted traditions of community organizing, community economic development and neighborhood planning


caveats understood, then asset-based community development deserves a little more


asset-based. That is, this community development strategy starts with what


what is present in the community, the capacities of its residents


problematic, or with what the community needs.
Because this community development


the community needs.
Because this community development process is asset-based


attract additional resources to these communities. Rather this strong internal focus


hope and control.
If a community development process is to be


central challenges for asset-based community developers is to constantly build


associations and local institutions.
Skilled community organizers and effective community developers


Skilled community organizers and effective community developers already recognize the importance


which form the basis for community-based problem solving have been


of view of lower income communities, increasing dependence upon outside, professionalized


and strength has weakened. For community builders who are focused on


most promising route toward successful community development. This guide will stress


person and group in the community, and will underline the necessity


this guideit is a community-building path which is asset


conditions and challenges of particular communities.
After this initial overview, the


address the major categories of community-based assetsindividuals, citizens associations


capacities, for example, sections introduce community development activities which successfully
incorporate


about mobilizing schools, parks, libraries, community colleges and even local police


even local police stations for community-building purposes.
These three chapters


relevance to the readers particular community. Not every chapter will be


useful in every context. Each communitys collections of assets will be


really creative work remains for community leadership to perform.
The fourth


to take seriously a devastated communitys already existing economic assets? How


full economic potential of every community be harnessed for developmental purposes


related to the asset-based community development process. It outlines a


of the representatives of a communitys asset base in constructing a


the numerous stories of creative community-building that are included in


the details of
9
particular community-building strategies. Rather they are


encountered in every readers own community.
COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS
Before we can


in every readers own community.
COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS
Before we can go


can go out into the community looking for support, we need


to reach out to the community, it makes sense that we


who are important to the community in their own right. We


To begin understanding who our communities are, lets begin by identifying


as you can on the community mind maps. As you think


of who makes up your community, write their names or titles


a living document of the community which visually describes the breadth


and diversity of our respective communities. Then, well be ready to


identify which ones of these community power brokers we already have


To accomplish the task of communicating with the public and generating


accomplishing the shared tasks of community outreach programs. To assist you


the social fabric of the community; a person with an extended


Council of Churches (Ministerial Assn.)
Community Services (United Way, Family Services


MAIN ASSN. MEMBER CONTACT PERSON
COMMUNITY PROFILE
A. What is the


main economic base of the community? (Light manufacturing, farming, heavy industry


centers (and locations) of the community?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
E. Approximate number of households


number of households in the community _______________________________ Where do people
congregate that


the private schools within the community ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ Number
of registered voters
Republican


a crisis ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
14
H. Considering community issues and concerns
Who are


citizens, housing)
Men
_______________________________ _______________________________
Women _______________________________ _______________________________
Culture (community theater, art, Music, festivals)
Men

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emeraldinsight.com/0263-2772.htm
Community facilities, community building and local


0263-2772.htm
Community facilities, community building and local government
an


to examine the connections between community and community facilities, and the


the connections between community and community facilities, and the implications for


nancing, planning and management of community facilities has emerged as a


has brought renewed focus on community, and policy outputs, particularly at


level, are increasingly framed around community strengthening.
Research limitations/implications The


Australia over the deterioration of community facilities. While the impact of


around 80 per cent of community facilities in Australia, dened here


all levels of government in community. Broadly dened, community has two


government in community. Broadly dened, community has two characteristics: belonging and


2003) identies three modes of community are spatial, cultural or identity


with the increasing inuence of communication technologies and globalisation) communicative. A


of communication technologies and globalisation) communicative. A staple of sociology and


of sociology and urban studies, community has been mobilised in public


as governmental communitiarianism argue that community now invariably takes the place


their entitlements. Another perspective views community as a re-scaling of


economies of scale through amalgamation, community has been recently re-associated


to local infrastructure policy, adopted community as an overarching administrative logic


of the Department for Victorian Communities. In 2004, the President of


Australian Local Government Association identied community cohesion as a prime responsibility


authorities, and policy rhetoric around community strengthening, social capital and partnerships


examines the impact of the community turn in public policy on


the
current context in which community facilities are planned and managed


of policy demands for more community in a period of crisis


awareness of the relationship between community facilities and strengthening (Brown, 1995


the extensive theoretical debates surrounding community (see
Delanty, 2003 for a


paper maps changing conceptions of community that have underpinned the provision


on case-study research on community facilities and a series of


identify three key issues for community facility management: ownership, change management


management and governance.
Who owns community facilities? The association of community


community facilities? The association of community and facility has substantive and


and normative aspects that locate community facility management as a distinctive


normative aspect, which underpins much community-focussed policy, ascribes an instrumental


or the current rhetoric of community building. Blurred sectoral roles and


questions about the denition of community facilities. Local government reform initiatives


and private. Current denitions of community facilities (Brackertz and Kenley, 2002


ownership status. The topography of community facilities in Victoria suggests the


of social infrastructure such as community halls, libraries and recreational assets


a civil sector which accommodated communal differences (notably religious sectarianism), and


service varies, its identication with communities of interest, such as faith


heritage value for place-based communities. In the words of one


forms part of the local community texture. In recent years, changing


nancial values, the inability of community groups to maintain facilities, and


supplement public funding, and encourage community identity in new tract housing


by encouraging local sporting and community associations to construct pavilions and


voluntary labour contributions and innovative community nance schemes. Local authorities often


of the current stock of community facilities in Australia was built


to decide the future of community facilities, when their status is


adjustment to the concept of community sketched above can be seen


saw a wider redenition of community as a culturally-based construct


over the future of their community facilities (or are they ours


century, Delanty suggests, theories of community based
on culture and identity


elsewhere this renewed concern with community dened by sameness rather than


al., 2005). Renewed interest in community as a public policy objective


called attention to the role community facilities and public spaces play


and public spaces play in community strengthening[1]. While neighbourhood renewal


operated on interventionist notions of community as sites of disadvantage, an


a locationally-based concept of community can, though, mobilise old
forms


mobile and discursive formulation of community (that is, belonging through communicative


community (that is, belonging through communicative activities rather than location or


major task for managers of community facilities and public spaces.
Change


management The co-location of community facilities and services is arguably


a desire to encourage wide community use, brings an emphasis on


the
successful redevelopment of a community hall and kindergarten in outer


residents were involved in the community-planning process, which sought to


earlier tradition of a neighbourhood community centre with new requirements for


of the site and the community contribution. The process, with its


renewal proposal conicted with local community
preferences, suggests that earlier policy


have a signicant inuence on community reception of municipal-level plans


joined-up in this sense. Community consultation in a rural shire


policy and operational questions for community facility managers. The concept of


a long-standing feature of community facility management.
Commonly, this has


they reinforced the position of community facilities within the public sphere


innovation in this area for community facility management, in Victoria and


appears to be only one community-based association providing such services


complex policy environment in
which community facilities operate an unstable mix


neighbourhood houses (a type of community centre) in Victoria are employers


on the management committees of community facilities in Australian jurisdictions is


2002) observes, a commitment to community governance may require facility managers


as networking, relationship management and community consultation. Enthusiasm for citizen consultation


Logan, 1986). The prole of community-based cultural planning, which has


processes, and the retreat of community consultation and integrated planning. In


engaged in more broadly-based community consultation, perceived as the domain


administrations, and private organisations and community groups beyond. The rst factor


measure the social outcomes and community value of facilities. Third, decision


local budget outlays for interventionist community and health services grow. Fourth


decisions over the future of community facilities, local authorities are now


examples in Australia where the community, cultural or social values of


a majority or strongly held community preference. On the face of


this may give social or community-based goals limited traction against


satisfaction ratings as indicators of community value. Victorian local authorities have


infrastructure, and its contribution to community strengthening. However, the current policy


the current policy focus on community is only one input to


by a rhetorical engagement with community. Rather, policy commitment to the


satisfactory resolution. The use of community in public policy has been


the elected representatives) and open communication (through local newspapers and town


as property owners, customers, citizens, community members suggests the cross-cutting


and the limits of privileging community building as a rationale for


building as a rationale for community facilities.
Notes
1. The title


policy sentiment: Better Facilities, Stronger Communities.
2. www.manninghamrecreation.com.au


and Kenley, R. (2002), Evaluating community facilities in local government: managing


T. and Jones, A. (Eds), Community and Local Governance in Australia


205-25.
Delanty, G. (2003), Community, Routledge, London.
Geddes, M. (2005


T. and Jones, A. (Eds), Community and Local Governance in Australia


City Council (2002), Discussion Paper: Community Assets, Financial Sustainability, Glen Eira


Cheshire, Melbourne.
Meadowcroft, J. (2001), Community politics, representation and the limits


and Jones, A. (Eds) (2005), Community and Local Governance in Australia

<Internals\\lit review\\pdf file\\Ngowi & Mselle 1998> - 88 references coded [1.88% Coverage]


Community
participation in facility management
A


facility managers to involve the community from the early stages of


down fashion in which local communities, the main beneciaries of the


and are often opposed by community groups or are received reluctantly


of these facilities the same communities are expected to take part


extra effort to educate the community about the project and then


train the members of the community on how to manage and


the 1980s towards small-scale community-based projects.
Against this


a framework for this purpose.
Community participation
Facilities Volume 16 Number


This can be achieved through community participation, which according to Cernea


client groups
Vilnius GTU 314
Community participation in facility management A


groups is a hallmark of community participation; and that community participation


of community participation; and that community participation refers to a process


project benets. In other words, community participation can be said to


such joint action.
Objective of community participation
In the context of


In the context of development, community participation may be viewed as


1987): In the broadest sense, community participation may be thought


process and outcomes of development.
Community participation may serve a more


segment of it themselves.
Community participation contributes to increased project


con- straints.
Another objective of community participation is the desire


undertake to maintain the project.
Community participation may improve project efciency


because of timely beneciary inputs. Community participation could be used to


simultaneously pursue several objectives. While community participation can be used in


of a project.
Characteristics of community participation
Community participation can be


project.
Characteristics of community participation
Community participation can be divided into


four levels of intensity in community participation may be distinguished


may be made exclusively
315


their development. The intensity of community participation in this case may


proposed or assigned to them.
Community participation at the implementa- tion


make those members of the community who will benet from the


to let members of the community freely make donations according to


Projects aimed at improving essential community services, such as water works


for construction of essential community facilities, such as childrens play


projects, members of the community will usually carry out the


As a project nears completion, community
participation varies greatly depending upon


at this stage as the community will carry out the day


all the necessary maintenance requirements.
Community-managed infrastructure facilities in Botswana


village in Botswana showed that community participation could improve the way


suited;
the capacity of the community to take specic tasks;
the


give the members of the community the opportunity to express


opportunity the members of the community in the village gave their


of the project.
Problems facing community-based facilities
In spite of


when the members of the community participate in all the stages


of the society are
316


number of members of the community participating in such schemes. In


and energy to the task. Community-based activities, therefore, tend


momentum in many small- sized community units. Also, governments have been


times, governments have spon- sored community activities of their own initia


of improving the civic minimum, community-wide basic physical services. Improving


traced to misleading assumptions about community and participation informing these approaches


assumption is that a distinct community exists, and approaches commonly focus


IUNC/WWF/UNEP, 1991). Such communities are seen as relatively homogenous


is important to recognize that communities are not bounded, homogenous


318
cross-cut so-called community boundaries. Rather than shared beliefs


when conceiving projects in which community participation forms a part. It


of these problems may give community-based projects a chance to


A framework for incorporation of community participation in facility development
Most


policies that are supportive of community participation, but do not have


The nature and scope of community participation may vary by sector


and social settings.
The framework
Community participation feasibility should be assessed


beneciaries, role of the community, power relations, etc.
During identication


designing the project to match community needs and capacities. It is


on the feasible objectives of community participation in the project. Information


useful at this stage.
317


objective has been identied for community participation during the participation


could be started with the community on its role in the


to assess the progress of community participation and the delivery of


delivery of input to the community to perform its role. Again


judgement. Assistance to solve the community participation problems on the


disbursement problems. Under this framework, community partici-
pation may be incorporated


incorporated in any project. However, community participation is not a risk


less enterprise. To start with, community participation may tend to raise


the consequences of failure of community participation are also pretty high


power is considerable in the community where community participation is practised


considerable in the community where community participation is practised. The likely


likely impact of inequality on community participation therefore deserves special atten


the design stage.
Conclusions
All communities need a variety of facilities


advantages may be attached to community-based facilities, but critics have


categories of the community. Community participation should, therefore, be practised


of the members of the communities and the actual power structure


actual power structure in the community in question. A study of


in question. A study of community-managed infra-
structure facilities in


it should be clear that community participation is not a cost


policies that are
supportive of community participation, but do not have


Scoones, I. (1997), Challenges to Community-Based Sustainable Development, Institute Development


401.
Ngowi, A.B. (1997), Community -managed infrastructure facilities, Facilities, Vol


and McGee, T.G. (Eds), Community Participation in Delivering Urban Services


Ottawa, Canada.
Paul, S. (1987), Community Participation in Development Projects, The

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