NAVI - ENGLISH DICTIONARY v. 12.

313
Compiled by Mark Miller (Mark) and Corey Scheideman (Tirea Aean)
www.LearnNavi.org
Last updated: October 2
nd
, 2011
This is the denitive dictionary for Navi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer for
James Camerons lm, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Dr.
Frommer.
Some notes: The traditional Navi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintained
throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inected words and loan
words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the ofcial
corpus. Some inected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly use-
ful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modier, but are bound as a sufx if situated
after it.
Bold indicates Navi word. Italics indicate English denition. Plain text indicates gramma-
tical categorization: parentheses such as x represents an inx, where tpre-rst1ar2on
are the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots to
show inx positions (for beginners), as in [ta.Ron]. Irregular inxes are marked with (ii). Tran-
sitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive, or their
transitivity is unable to be deduced. Known modal verbs and verbs known to use modal syn-
tax are marked with vim, vtrm, or vm, depending upon transitivity according to the previous
note. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes will be assumed. Monosyllabic words
are not noted for having a single primary stress in the IPA; if an enclitic as added, the root will
be assumed to have primary stress. Note also that allomorphs, where specied, are subject
only to personal preference, and not syntactic or morphological rules. There are several useful
appendices that hold further information.
Abbreviations:
= morpheme boundary
+ = leniting morpheme boundary
= inx morpheme
adj. = adjective
adp. = adposition
adv. = adverb
conj. = conjunction
c.w. = compound word
dem. = demonstrative
intj. = interjection
inter. = interrogative
n. = noun
nfp. = not for people
num. = number
ofp. = only for people
part. = particle
ph. = phrase
pn. = pronoun
prop. n. = proper noun
v. = verb
svin. = stative intransitive verb
vtr. = transitive verb
vin. = intransitive verb
vm. = modal verb
vim. = intransitive modal verb
vtrm. = transitive modal verb
1
An English - Navi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are pro-
vided, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in Estonian,
German, Hungarian, Portugus and Swedish. There are also other, unnished translations in
other languages available.
Sources
We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after
the IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictiona-
ry was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in early
March, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been added
as it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer has
solicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the Lexical
Expansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the can-
non lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modied by unproductive
afxes that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modied
semantic meaning due to a productive afx. Order of canonicity, from most to least:
PF = Dr. Paul Frommer
M = The Movie
JC = James Cameron
G = the Avatar Games
ASG = The Survival Guide
PND = Pandorapedia.com
The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which
are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly From-
merian, and are thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many
words, which Dr. Frommer then legalized. Dr. Frommer legalized some pronunciation errors
made during lming: these, like osss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approved seve-
ral constructions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources.
These sources are as follows: CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for
Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zo Saldana, CM for Carla Meyer and Skx-
awng. LN is for LearnNavi, specied when the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.
Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always
use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is no
rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [
>
tsun] or [
>
tsUn],
but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],
[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI

], [aI

], [EU

], and [aU

].
Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions have been split in
accordance with the Maximum Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers can
be difcult to differentiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at."kE].
Please note the subtle difference between the characters for ejective, and "for stress.
This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any,
let us know here or by email to mark@learnnavi.org, and we will correct them. As for version
number, well change the rst digit when there is a big change. Well update .0x0 when we
make a signicant, but not large change. Finally, Well edit the .00x number when weve made
tiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for explanation.
2
We would like to take this opportunity to recognize those who have been instrumental
in the creation and maintenance of this dictionary. First, thanks to Dr. Paul Frommer for his
monumental effort in creating this amazing language. Eternal thanks to Richard Littauer for
originally creating and maintaining this document. Thanks also to Tuiq, who applied signi-
cant time and skills to put this dictionary into an online database to help other translators and
to make the process of updating this dictionary much easier. Finally, thanks to everyone in the
community on the Learn Navi web site who are helping Navi to bloom!
- Mark Miller (Mark), et alia
3
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4
P
aaw: ["Pa.Paw]
PF
adj. a few, several (Used
with countable nouns in the singular form)
akra: ["Pak.ra]
PF
n. soil (fertile)
aku: ["Pa.ku]
PF
vtr. remove, take away, take off
ali: [Pa."liP.]
PF
n. collar / choker
ampi: ["Pam.pi]
PF
vtr. touch
ango: ["Pa.No]
PF
adj. soft (of a sound)
are: ["Pa.RE]
PF
n. poncho, cape, shawl
aw: [Paw]
PF
num. one
awkx: [Pawk]
PF
n. cliff
awlie: [Paw."li.E]
PF
adv. once (in the past)
awlo: ["Paw.lo]
PF
adv. once
awm: [Pawm]
PF
n. camp
awnm: [P"aw.nIm]
PF
vtr. avoid (c.w. from
awn remain and alm distance)
awpo: ["Paw.po]
PF
pn. one individual
awsiteng: [Paw.si."tEN]
PF
adv. together (c.w.
from aw one and teng same, equal)
awstengyem: [Paw.stEN."jEm]
PF
vtr. join two
things together (ii) (c.w. from awsiteng to-
gether and yem put)
awve: ["Paw.vE]
PF
adj. rst (ordinal) (derived
from aw one)
: [PP]
PF
intj. oops!
nsyem: [Pn."sjEm]
PF
adj. complete
rp: ["P.RIp^]
PF
vtr. move
eal: ["PE.Pal]
PF
adj. worst
efu: ["PE.fu]
PF
vtr. feel, sense, perceive
eko: ["PE.ko]
PF
vtr. attack
ekong: ["PE.koN]
PF
n. beat (rhythmic)
em: [PEm]
PF
vtr. cook
emyu: ["PEm.ju]
PF
n. cook, cooker (derived
from em cook)
en: [PEn]
PF
n. guess, informed guess, hunch, in-
tuition
engeng: ["PEN.EN]
PF
adj. level
en si: ["PEn "si]
PF
vin. make an informed guess
(derived from en guess)
eoio: ["PE.o.i.o]
PF
adj. ceremonious
etnaw: ["PEt.naw]
PF
n. shoulder
evan: ["PE.van]
PF
n. boy (colloquial) (derived
from evengan boy)
eve: ["PE.vE]
PF
n. girl (colloquial) (derived
from evenge girl)
eveng: ["PE.vEN]
PF
n. child
evengan: ["PE.vE.Nan]
PF
n. boy (derived from
eveng child)
evenge: ["PE.vE.NE]
PF
n. girl (derived from
eveng child)
evi: ["PE.vi]
PF
n. kid (affectionate form of
eveng child)
ewan: ["PE.wan]
PF
adj. young
ewll: ["PE.wl
"
]
PF
n. plant
eylan: ["PEj.lan]
PF
n. friend
eyng: [PEjN]
PF
v. answer, respond
eyt: [PEjt^]
PF
n. the symbol 8 (not the value
eight)
ia: ["PiP.a]
PF
vin. end, conclude
ia: ["Pi.a]
PF
vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense)
it: [Pit^]
PF
n. bit, a small amount
itan: ["Pi.tan]
JC,PF
n. son
ite: ["Pi.tE]
JC,PF
n. daughter
itetsyp: ["Pi.tE.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. little daughter (term
of endearment) (derived from ite daughter)
awn: [PI."Pawn]
PF
vin. remain, stay
heyu: [PI."hE.ju]
PF
n. spiral
n: [PIn]
PF
vin. be busy, be occupied
o: [PoP]
PF
adj. bringing fun, exciting
ok: [Pok^]
PF
n. remembrance
okrol: [Pok."Rol]
PF
n. history (ancient) (deri-
ved from ok remembrance and rol sing)
okvur: [Pok."vuR]
PF
n. history (non-ancient)
(derived from ok remembrance and vur sto-
ry)
om: [Pom]
PF
adj. violet, purple, magenta
ompin: ["Pom.pin]
PF
n. violet, purple, magenta
(derived from om purple)
ong: [PoN]
PF
v. unfold, blossom
ongokx: ["Po.Nok]
PF
vin. be born (c.w. from
ong unfold and nokx give birth to)
opin: ["Po.pin]
PF
n. color, colour
ora: ["Po.Ra]
PF
n. lake
otxang: [Po"taN]
PF
n. musical instrument (ge-
neric term)
u: [Pu]
PF
n. thing (object, fact, abstraction)
uo: ["Pu.o]
PF
pn. something
upe: ["Pu.pE]
PF
inter. what (thing) (c.w. from
u thing and pe inter. marker)
upxare: [Pu."pa.RE]
PF
n. message
5
A
a: [a]
PF
sbd. which, that
a: [a]
PF
afx adjectival attribution and
subordination marker
akrrmaw: [a."kr
"
.maw]
PF
conj. after (temporal)
allomorph of mawkrra (c.w. from krr time
and maw after)
akrrta: [a."kr
"
.ta]
PF
conj. since (temporal) allo-
morph of takrra (c.w. from krr time and ta
from)
alaksi: [a."lak.si]
PF
adj. ready
alm: [a."lIm]
PF
adv. far away, at a distance (de-
rived from lm far, be far)
alo: ["a.lo]
PF
n. time, turn, instance, one of a
number of repeated or recurring actions
alu: ["a.lu]
PF
conj. that is, in other words (deri-
ved froma subordinator and lu be) (Used for
adpositions)
alunta: [a."lun.ta]
PF
conj. because, from the rea-
son
ama: [am."Pa]
PF
n. doubt
apxa: [a."pa]
PF
adj. large
asim: [a."sim]
PF
adv. nearby, at close range (de-
rived from sim near, be near)
atan: [a."tan]
JC
n. light
atanvi: [a."tan.vi]
PF
n. ray (derived from atan
light)
atxkxe: [at."kE]
PF
n. land
atxkxerel: [at."kE.REl]
PF
n. map (c.w. from
atxkxe land and rel picture)
au: ["a.u]
JC
n. drum (made of skin)
au: [a."u]
LA
intj. exclamation of consternation
aungia: [a."u.Ni.a]
PF
n. sign, omen
awnga: [aw."Na]
PF
pn. we (derived from ayo-
eng we)
ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo]
PF
pn. they (derived
from po he, she)
aylaru: [aj."la.Ru]
PF
pn. to the others (contrac-
tion of ay+laheru)
aynga: [aj."Na]
PF
pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived
from nga you)
ayoe: [aj."o.E]
PF
pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived
from oe I)
ayoeng: [aj."wEN]
PF
pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-
rived from oe I) (ayoenga base for sufx-
es)
ayu: [a."ju]
PF
n. things (derived from u thing)
(never plural u)

ie: [."i.E]
PF
n. vision (spiritual)
o: [".o]
PF
adp. below
txle: [."t.lE]
PF
n. request
txle si: [."t.lE "si]
PF
vin. request (with
tsn clause for object) (derived from txle
request)
E
eampin: ["E.am.pin]
PF
n. blue, green (derived
from ean blue, green)
ean: ["E.an]
PF
adj. blue, green
ekxan: [E."kan]
PF
n. barricade, obstruction
eltu: ["El.tu]
PF
n. brain
eltu lefngap: ["El.tu lE."fNap^]
Prr
n. computer
(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic)
eltur ttxen si: ["El.tuR tI."tEn si]
PF
vin. be
interesting, intriguing (derived from eltu-r
brain (dative) and ttxen awakeness)
eltu si: ["El.tu si]
PF
vin. pay attention, quit goo-
ng off (derived from eltu brain)
emrey: [Em."REj]
PF
vin. survive
emzau: [Em."za.Pu]
PF
vtr. pass (a test), over-
come (c.w. from zau come)
eo: ["E.o]
PF
adp. before, in front of (place)
etrp: ["Et.RIp^]
PF
adj. favourable, favorable,
auspicious
eyawr: [E."jawR]
PF
adj. correct, right
eyk: [Ejk^]
JC,PF
vtr. lead
eyktan: ["Ejk.tan]
JC
n. leader (derived from
eyk lead)
6
F
fa: [fa]
PF
adp. with, by means of
fahew: [fa."hEw]
PF
n. smell
fay+: [faj]
PF
prex these (c.w. from f this and
ay+ plural)
fayluta: [faj."lu.ta]
PF
n. these words (contrac-
tion of fay+lut a, patientive case)
fpa: ["f.pa]
PF
n. top
fe: [fEP]
PF
adj. bad
fekem: ["fE.kEm]
PF
n. accident (c.w. from fe
bad and kem action)
few: [fEw]
PF
adp. across, aiming for the oppo-
site side of
fewi: ["fE.wi]
PF
vtr. chase
fewtusok: ["fEw.
>
tsok^]
PF
adj. opposite, on the
opposite side (derived from few across)
f: [fI]
PF
prex this
fu: [fI."Pu]
PF
pn. this (thing) (derived fromu
thing)
ffya: [fI."fja]
PF
adv. this way, like this (derived
from fyao path)
fkem: [fI."kEm]
PF
pn. this (action) (derived
from kem action, deed)
fpo: ["fI.po]
PF
pn. this one (person or thing)
(derived from po he, she)
ftrr: [fI."tr
"
]
PF
adv. today (derived fromtrr day)
ftseng(e): [fI."
>
tsEN(E)]
PF
adv. here, this place
(derived from tseng place)
ftxan: [fI."tan]
PF
adv. so, to such an extent (de-
rived from txan great, much)
ftxon: [fI."ton]
PF
adv. tonight (derived from
txon night)
fkarut: ["fka.Rut^]
PF
v. peel
fkay: [fkaj]
PF
adj. hateful
fkew: [fkEw]
PF
adj. mighty
fkeytok: ["fkEj.tok^]
PF
vin. exist (derived
from kifkeyti tok be in the world)
fkip: [fkip^]
PF
adp. up among
fko: [fko]
PF
pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-
specied agent)
fkxake: ["fka.kE]
PF
v. itch
fkxen: [fkEn]
PF
n. vegetable (food)
fkxile: ["fki.lE]
PF
n. bib necklace
: [fl]
PF
vin. succeed
ew: [flEw]
PF
n. throat
fmal: [fmal]
PF
vtr. sustain
fmawn: [fmawn]
PF
n. news, something to report
fmawnta: [fmawnta]
PF
n. that news (contrac-
tion of fmawnit a)
fmetok: ["fmE.tok^]
PF
v. test
fmi: [fmi]
PF
vtrm. try, attempt (with the
subjunctive)
fnan: [fnan]
PF
vtr. be good at
fnawe: [fna."wEP]
PF
adj. cowardly
fnawetu: [fna."wEP.tu]
PF
n. coward (derived
from fnawe cowardly)
fne: [fnE]
PF
prex kind, type (derived from
fnel kind, type)
fnel: [fnEl]
PF
n. kind, type
fnepe: ["fnE.pE]
PF
inter. which kind allomorph
of pefnel
fngap: [fNap^]
PF
n. metal
fnu: [fnu]
PF
v. quiet, be quiet
fo: [fo]
PF
pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted
plural leniting morpheme and po he/she)
fpak: [fpak^]
PF
v. hold off, suspend action
fpe: [fpEP^]
PF
vtr. send
fpeio: [fpE."i.o]
PF
n. challenge (ceremonial)
fpi+: [fpi]
PF
adp. for the sake of, for the benet
of
fpl: [fpIl]
PF
vtr. think
fplfya: ["fpIl.fja]
PF
n. thought pattern, way of
thinking (c.w. fromfpl think and fyao path)
fpom: [fpom]
PF
n. well-being, peace, happiness
fpomtokx: [fpom."tok]
PF
n. health (physical)
(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body)
fpxkm: ["fp.kIm]
PF
v. enter
frau: ["fRa.Pu]
PF
pn. everything (derived from
u thing)
frakrr: ["fRa.kr
"
]
PF
adv. always, all the time (de-
rived from krr time)
fralo: ["fRa.lo]
PF
adv. every time, every instance,
each time (derived from alo time)
frapo: ["fRa.po]
PF
pn. everyone (derived from
po he/she)
frato: ["fRa.to]
PF
part. superlative marker than
all (behaves like an adp.)
fratrr: [fRa."tr
"
]
PF
adv. daily, every day (derived
from trr day)
fratseng: ["fRa.
>
tsEN]
PF
adv. everywhere (deri-
ved from tseng place)
fratxon: [fRa."ton]
PF
adv. every night (derived
from txon night)
7
frawzo: [fRaw."zo]
PF
intj. all is well, everything
is ne or OK (derived from frau everything
and zo be well)
frp: [fRIp^]
PF
vtr. bite
frrfen: ["fr
"
.fEn]
PF
vtr. visit
frrtu: ["fr
"
.tu]
PF
n. guest, visitor
ftang: [ftaN]
PF
vim. stop
ftawnemkrr: [ftaw."nEm.kr
"
]
PF
n. past (c.w.
from ftawnem pass by (passive participle
form) and krr time)
ftr: [ftR]
PF
adj. left (not right)
fte: [ftE]
PF
conj. so that, in order to (with
subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
fteke: ["ftE.kE]
PF
conj. so that not, lest (c.w.
from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-
ctive verb in dependant clause)
ftem: [ftEm]
PF
vtr. pass by (something)
ftia: [fti."a]
PF
vtr. study
ftu: [ftu]
PF
adp. from (direction)
ftue: ["ftu.E]
PF
adj. easy, simple
ftxavang: ["fta.vaN]
PF
adj. passionate
ftxey: [ftEj]
PF
vtr. choose
ftxey: [ftEj]
PF
conj. whether, or
ftx: [ftI]
PF
n. tongue
ftxlor: [ftI."loR]
PF
adj. delicious, good tasting
(c.w. from ftx tongue and lor beautiful)
ftxv: [ftI."vP]
PF
adj. bad tasting (c.w. from
ftx tongue and v noisome)
ftxoz: [fto."z]
PF
n. celebration, happy occa-
sion
ftxoz si: [fto."z si]
PF
v. celebrate (derived
from ftxoz celebration)
fu: [fu]
PF
conj. or
fuke: [fu."kE]
PF
conj. or not (c.w. from fu or
and ke not)
fula: ["fu.la]
PF
pn., sbd. that (c.w. from ful
this (agentive) and a subordinator)
furia: ["fu.Ri.a]
PF
pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
furi this (topical) and a subordinator)
futa: ["fu.ta]
PF
pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fu-t
this (patientive) and a subordinator)
fwa: [fwa]
PF
pn., sbd. that (subordinate clause
marker) (c.w. from fu this (subjective) and a
subordinator)
fwefwi: ["fwE.fwi]
PF
vin. whistle
fwel: [fwEl]
PF
adj. broken
fwew: [fwEw]
PF
vtr. look for, seek, search
fyao: ["fja.Po]
PF
n. path, way, manner
fyape: ["fja.pE]
PF
inter. how allomorph of pe-
fya
fyawntxu: [fja.wIn."tu]
PF
vin. guide (with
dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fyao path
and wntxu show)
fyeyn: [fjEjn]
PF
adj. ripe, mature, adult
fyeyntu: ["fjEjn.tu]
PF
n. adult person (derived
from fyeyn ripe, mature)
H
ha: [ha]
PF
adv. so, in that case
hangir: [haP."NiR]
PF
n. afternoon
hahaw: ["ha.haw]
PF
vin. sleep
ham: [ham]
PF
adj. previous
hamalo: [ha."ma.lo]
PF
adv. last time (c.w. from
ham previous and alo time)
hangham: ["haN.ham]
PF
vin. laugh
hapx: [ha."pI]
PF
n. part
hapxtu: [ha."pI.tu]
PF
n. member (derived
from hapx part)
hasey: [ha."sEj]
PF
adj. done, nished
hasey si: [ha."sEj "si]
PF
v. accomplish, bring to
a conclusion (derived from hasey done, -
nished)
hawl: [hawl]
PF
v. prepare
hawng: [hawN]
PF
n. overabundance
hawngkrr: ["hawN.kr
"
]
PF
adv. late (c.w. from
hawng overabundance and krr time)
hawntsyokx: [hawn."
>
tsjok]
PF
n. glove (c.w.
from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand)
hawnu: ["haw.nu]
PF
vtr. protect, shelter
hawnven: [hawn."vEn]
PF
n. shoe (c.w. from
hawnu protect and venu foot)
hawre: [haw."REP]
PF
n. hat (c.w. from hawnu
protect and reo head)
hawtsyp: ["haw.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. nap (derived from
hahaw sleep)
hay: [haj]
PF
adj. next
hayalo: [ha."ja.lo]
PF
adv. next time (c.w. from
hay next and alo time)
hek: [hEk^]
PF
vin. be curious, odd, strange, un-
expected
hermeyp: [hER."mEjp^]
PF
n. snow urry (deri-
ved from herw snow and meyp weak)
hertxayo: ["hER.ta.jo]
PF
n. snow eld (derived
from herw snow and txayo eld)
8
herw: ["hER.wI]
PF
n. snow
herwva: ["hER.wI.va]
PF
n. snowake (derived
from herw snow and lva ake)
hewne: ["hEw.nE]
PF
adj. soft (of an object)
heyn: [hEjn]
PF
vin. sit
hiyk: ["hi.jIk^]
PF
adj. funny, strange
hang: ["hI.PaN]
PF
n. insect (c.w. from hi
small and ioang animal)
hi: ["hI.Pi]
PF
adj. small, little (in size)
hkrr: ["hI.kr
"
]
PF
n. second, very short time (c.w.
from hi little, small and krr time)
hm: [hIm]
PF
adj. small (in quantity)
hmtxampe: [hIm."tam.pE]
PF
inter. how much
allomorph of pmtxan
hmtxan: [hIm."tan]
PF
n. amount (c.w. from
hm small and txan much)
hno: [hI."no]
PF
adj. ne, detailed, precise, intri-
cate (of things)
htxoa: [hI."to.a]
PF
intj. excuse me (derived
from hi small and txoa forgiveness)
hol: [hol]
PF
adj. few
holpxay: [hol."paj]
PF
n. number (c.w. from
hol few and pxay many)
holpxaype: [hol."paj.pE]
PF
inter. how many
(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)
hrrap: ["hr
"
.ap^]
PF
n. danger
hu: [hu]
PF
adp. with (accompaniment)
hufwa: [hu."fwa]
PF
conj. although
hufwe: [hu."fwE]
PF
n. wind
hufwetsyp: [hu."fwE.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. zephyr (deri-
ved from hufwe wind)
hultstxem: [hul."
>
tstEm]
PF
vtr. hinder
hum: [hum]
PF
v. leave, depart
I
ien: ["iP.En]
JC
n. stringed instrument
inan: [i."nan]
PF
vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gain
knowledge from sensory input (stress moves
to rst syllable with inxation)
io: ["i.o]
PF
adp. above
ioang: [i."o.aN]
PF
n. animal, beast
ioi: [i."o.i]
PF
n. adornment, or ceremonial apparel
(item of)
ioi si: [i."o.i si]
PF
vin. adorn (derived from ioi
adornment)
irayo: [i."Ra.jo]
JC
n., intj. thank you, thanks
irayo si: [i."Ra.jo "si]
PF
vin. thank, give thanks
(derived from irayo thanks)

: [I:]
PF
ller um, er
l+: ["I.l] or [I."l]
PF
adp. by, via, following
ley: [I."lEj]
LA
intj. war cry
lva: ["Il.va]
PF
n. ake, drop, chip
pxa: [I."pa]
RL,PF
n. fern
K
ka: [ka]
PF
adp. across, covering thoroughly
kakrel: [kak."REl]
PF
adj. blind (derived from
rel image, picture)
kalin: [ka."lin]
PF
adj. sweet
kaltx: [kal."tI]
PF
intj. hello
kaltx si: [kal."tI "si]
PF
vin. say hello, greet (de-
rived from kaltx hello)
kam: [kam]
PF
adp. ago
kame: ["ka.mE]
PF
vtr. see, see into, understand,
know (spiritual sense)
kan: [kan]
PF
vm. aim
kann: ["kan.PIn]
PF
vtr. focus on, specialize in,
be particularly interested in (derived from n
be busy)
kangay: [ka."Naj]
PF
adj. valid (cognate with
ngay true)
kanu: ["ka.nu]
PF
adj. smart, intelligent (for a
person)
kar: [kaR]
PF
vtr. teach
karyu: ["kaR.ju]
PF
n. teacher (derived from kar
teach)
kato: ["ka.to]
PF
n. rhythm
kavuk: [ka."vuk^]
PF
n. treachery
kavuk si: [ka."vuk^ "si]
PF
vin. betray (derived
from kavuk treachery)
kawit: [kaw."Pit^]
PF
adv. at all, not at all (see
ke...kawit not...at all) (c.w. from ke aw not
one and it bit)
9
kawkrr: ["kaw.kr
"
]
PF
adv. never (c.w. from ke
aw not one and krr time)
kawng: [kawN]
PF
adj. bad, evil
kawngsar: ["kawN.saR]
PF
vtr. exploit
kawtseng: ["kaw.
>
tsEN]
PF
adv. nowhere (c.w.
from ke aw not one and tseng place)
kawtu: ["kaw.tu]
PF
pn. no-one (c.w. from ke
aw not one and tute person)
kay: [kaj]
PF
adp. from now (in the future)
kaym: [kajm]
PF
n. evening (before twilight), late
afternoon
k: [k]
PF
vin. go
krp: [k."P.RIp^]
PF
vtr. push (c.w. from
k go and rp move)
kmakto: [k."mak.to]
PF
v. ride out (c.w.
from k go and makto ride)
kpx: [k."pI]
PF
n. rear (part or section) (c.w.
from k go and hapx part)
ksatseng: [k."sa.
>
tsEN]
PF
adv. out there (c.w.
from k go and tseng place)
kteng: ["k.tEN]
PF
vin. spend time with, hang
out with
ke: [kE]
PF
adv. not
keaw: [kE."Paw]
PF
adj. divided, torn apart,
strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and aw one)
keu: ["kE.Pu]
PF
pn., adv. not a thing, nothing at
all, not at all (c.w. from ke not and u thing)
kea: ["kE.a]
PF
adj. no (before a noun)
keftxo: [kE."fto]
PF
adj., intj. unhappy, upset,
How sad!
kefyak: [kE."fjak^]
PF,Prr
part. isnt it?, right?
(c.w. from kefya not the way and srak ques-
tion marker)
kehe: ["kE.hE]
PF
part., intj. no
kekem: ["kE.kEm]
PF
pn., adv. no action or acti-
vity (c.w. from ke not and kem activity)
kelfpomtokx: [kEl."fpom.tok]
PF
adj. unhealt-
hy (c.w. from ke not and fpomtokx health)
kelku: ["kEl.ku]
PF
n. home, house
kelku si: ["kEl.ku "si]
PF
vin. live, dwell (deri-
ved from kelku home)
keltsun: [kEl."
>
tsun]
PF
adj. impossible (c.w.
from ke not and tsun be able)
kem: [kEm]
PF
n. thing (action), deed
kemlu: ["kEm.lI.Pu]
PF
n. verb (c.w. from kem
action and lu word)
kemluvi: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi]
PF
n. inx (derived
from kemlu verb)
kempe: ["kEm.pE]
PF
inter. what (action) allo-
morph of pehem (c.w. from kem action,
deed)
kem si: ["kEm "si]
PF
vin. do (derived from
kem action, deed)
keng: [kEN]
PF
adv. even, so much as
kenong: ["kE.noN] or ["kE.noN]
PF
v. model, re-
present, exemplify (ii) (c.w. from ke not and
nong follow)
kerusey: ["kE.Ru.sEj]
PF
adj. dead (c.w. from ke
not and rusey alive (participle inx))
keteng: ["kE.tEN]
PF
adj. different (c.w. from ke
not and teng same, equal)
ketsuktswa: [kE.
>
tsuk."
>
tswaP^]
PF
adj. unforget-
table (derived from tswa forget)
ketuwong: ["kE.tu.woN]
PF
n. alien
kew: [kEw]
PF
num. zero
kewong: ["kE.woN]
PF
adj. alien
key: [kEj]
PF
n. face
keyawr: [kE."jawR]
PF
adj. incorrect, not right
(c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)
keyeung: [kE."jE.PuN]
PF
n. insanity
keyrel: ["kEy.REl] n. facial expression (c.w. from
key face and rel image)
ki: [ki]
PF
conj. but rather, but instead
kifkey: [ki."fkEj]
PF
n. world (physical, solid)
kilvan: [kil."van]
PF
n. river
kin: [kin]
PF
vtr. need
kinam: [ki."nam]
PF
n. leg
kinamtil: [ki."nam.til]
PF
n. knee (c.w. from ki-
nam leg and til joint)
kin: ["ki.n]
PF
num. seven
kintrr: ["kin.tr
"
]
PF
n. week (derived from kin
seven and trr day)
kintrram: ["kin.tr
"
am]
PF
n. last week (derived
from kintrr week)
kintrray: ["kin.tr
"
aj]
PF
n. next week (derived
from kintrr week)
kip: [kip^]
PF
adp. among
kive: ["ki.vE]
PF
adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived
from kin seven)
kong: [kI."PoN]
PF
adj. slow
km: [kIm]
PF
v. spin
kng: [kIN]
PF
n. thread
ktee: [kI.tE."PE]
PF
n. service
ktee si: [kI.tE."PE "si]
PF
vin. serve (derived
from ktee service)
kllfro: [kl
"
."fRoP]
PF
vin. be responsible
kllk: [kl
"
."k]
PF
v. descend (c.w. from k go)
10
kllkulat: [kl
"
."ku.lat^]
PF
vtr. dig up
kllkxem: [kl
"
."kEm]
PF
v. stand
kllpa: ["kl
"
.pa]
PF
n. bottom
kllpxltu: [kl
"
."pIl.tu]
PF
n. territory
kllte: ["kl
"
.tE]
PF
n. ground
klltseng: ["kl
"
.
>
tsEN]
PF
n. position (derived from
tseng place)
kllvawm: ["kl
"
.vawm]
PF
adj. brown (c.w. from
kllte ground and vawm dark)
ko: [ko]
PF
part. solicit agreement
koak: ["ko.ak^]
PF
adj. old, aged (for living
things)
koaktan: ["ko.ak.tan]
PF
n. old man (derived
from koak old, aged)
koakte: ["ko.ak.tE]
PF
n. old woman (derived
from koak old, aged)
koaktu: ["ko.ak.tu]
PF
n. old person (derived
from koak old, aged)
kop: [kop^]
PF
adv. too, also
koren: [ko."REn]
PF
n. rule, guideline
kosman: [ko."sman]
PF
adj. wonderful, terric,
fantastic
krr: [kr
"
]
PF
n. time
krrnekx: [kr
"
."nEk]
PF
v. take/consume time (ii)
(c.w. from krr time and nekx consume)
krrpe: ["kr
"
.pE]
PF
inter. when allomorph of pe-
hrr (c.w. from krr time)
kuup: ["ku.Pup^]
PF
adj. heavy (physical weight)
kurakx: [ku."Rak]
PF
vtr. drive out
Kx
kxa: [ka]
PF
n. mouth
kxam: [kam]
PF
n. middle, midpoint
kxaml: ["kam.l]
PF
adp. through (via the
middle of) (derived from kxam middle)
kxamtrr: ["kam.tr
"
]
PF
n. mid-day, noon (c.w.
from kxam middle and trr day)
kxamtrrmaw: ["kam.tr
"
.maw]
PF
n. the time
immediately after noon, early afternoon (c.w.
from kxamtrr noon and maw after)
kxamtseng: ["kam.
>
tsEN]
PF
n. center, place in
the middle (c.w. fromkxammiddle and tseng
place)
kxamtxomaw: ["kam.to.maw]
PF
n. after mid-
night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and
maw after)
kxamtxon: ["kam.ton]
PF
n. midnight (c.w.
from kxam middle and txon night)
kxangangang: ["kaN.aN.aN]
PF
intj. boom (ono-
matopoeic)
kxan: ["ka.nI]
PF
adj. forbidden
kxawm: [kawm]
PF
adv. perhaps, maybe
kxayl: [kajl]
PF
adj. high
kxener: ["kE.nER]
PF
n. smoke
kxetse: ["kE.
>
tsE]
PF
n. tail
kxeyey: ["kE.jEj]
PF
n. error, mistake
kxitx: [kit]
PF
n. death
kxll: [kl
"
]
PF
n. charge, running attack
kxll si: ["kl
"
"si]
PF
vin. charge (derived from
kxll charge)
kxu: [ku]
PF
n. harm
kxuke: ["ku.kE]
PF
adj. safe (c.w. from kxu
harm and ke not)
kxutu: ["ku.tu]
PF
n. enemy (derived fromkxu
harm)
L
lahe: ["la.hE]
PF
adj. other, else
lam: [lam]
PF
vin. seem, appear
lapo: ["la.po]
PF
pn. other one (person or thing)
(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)
laro: ["la.Ro]
PF
adj. clean
latem: ["la.tEm]
PF
vin. change (leykatem
vtr. change)
latsi: [la."
>
tsi]
LA
v. keep up with someone
law: [law]
PF
adj. clear, certain
lawk: [lawk^]
PF
vtr. discourse on, talk about,
say something concerning
lawr: [lawr]
PF
n. melody
law si: ["law "si]
PF
vin. make clear (derived
from law clear)
layompin: [la."jom.pin]
PF
n. black (derived
from layon black)
layon: [la."jon]
PF
adj. black
le: [lE]
PF
adjective deriving afx
leaw: [lE."Paw]
PF
adj. only
leen: [lE."PEn]
PF
adj. speculative, intuitive (of
an action, not a person) (derived from en
guess)
11
lefkrr: [lE.f"kr
"
]
PF
adj. current (derived from
fkrr this time)
lefngap: [lE."fNap^]
PF
adj. metallic (derived
from fngap metal)
lefpom: [lE."fpom]
PF
adj. happy, peaceful, joy-
ous (not for people), pleasant (derived from
fpom happiness, peace)
lefpomtokx: [lE."fpom.tok]
PF
adj. healthy (de-
rived from fpomtokx health)
lehawng: [lE."hawN]
PF
adj. excessive (derived
from hawng overabundance)
lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr
"
]
PF
adj. late (derived
from hawngkrr late)
lehrrap: [lE."hr
"
.ap^]
PF
adj. dangerous (derived
from hrrap danger)
lek: [lEk^]
PF
v. heed, obey
lekin: [lE."kin]
PF
adj. necessary (derived from
kin need)
lekoren: [lE.ko."REn]
PF
adj. lawlike (derived
from koren rule)
lekyeung: [lEk."jE.PuN]
PF
adj. insane, crazy
(derived from keyeung insanity)
lelfya: [lE."lIP.fja]
PF
adj. concerning language,
regarding language (derived from lfya lan-
guage)
lemrey: [lEm."REj]
PF
adj. surviving (e.g. of enti-
ties from a group some of whom have died) (de-
rived from emrey survive)
lemweypey: [lEm."wEj.pEj]
PF
adj. patient (de-
rived from maweypey be patient)
len: [lEn]
PF
vin. happen, occur
leNavi: [lE."naP.vi]
PF
adj. having to do with the
Navi, the People (derived from Navi the Pe-
ople)
leno: [lE."no]
PF
adj. thorough, detail-orientated
(of a person)
lenomum: [lE."no.mum]
PF
adj. curious (deri-
ved from newomum be curious)
lepwopx: [lEp."wop]
PF
adj. cloudy (derived
from pwopx cloud)
lerk: [lE."RIk^]
PF
adj. leafy (derived from rk
leaf )
leronsrel: [lE."Ron.sREl]
PF
adj. imaginary (deri-
ved from ronsrelngop imagine)
lertu: ["lER.tu]
PF
n. colleague
lesar: [lE."saR]
PF
adj. useful (derived from sar
use)
leskxir: [le"skiR]
PF
adj. wounded (derived
from skxir wound)
letam: [lE."tam]
PF
adj. sufcient (derived from
tam sufce)
letokx: [lE."tok]
PF
adj. bodily, physical (deri-
ved from tokx body)
letrr: [lE."tr
"
]
RL
adj. daily (derived from trr day)
letrrtrr: [lE."tr
"
.tr
"
]
PF
adj. ordinary (derived
from trr day)
letsranten: [lE."
>
tsRan.tEn]
PF
adj. important
(derived from tsranten matter)
letsunslu: [lE."
>
tsun.slu]
PF
adj. possible (deri-
ved from tsunslu may, be possible)
letwan: [lEt."wan]
PF
adj. dodgy, sneaky (of a
person) (derived from tute person and wan
hide)
lew: [lEw]
PF
n. cover, lid
lewte: [lE.w."tE]
PF
adj. disagreeable, argu-
mentative (of an agent) (derived from wte
argue)
lew si: ["lEw "si]
PF
vin. cover (derived from
lew cover)
leyapay: [lE."ja.paj]
PF
adj. foggy, misty (deri-
ved from yapay fog)
leyekrr: [lE."jEP.kr
"
]
PF
adj. early (derived from
yekrr early)
leyn: [lEjn]
PF
vtr. repeat, do again
li: [li]
PF
adv. already
lisre+: ["li.sRE]
PF
adp. by, before, up to but not
after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)
lfya: ["lIP.fja]
PF
n. language (c.w. from lu
word and fyao way)
lfyaolo: ["lIP.fja.o."loP]
PF
n. language group,
language users (c.w. fromlfya language and
olo clan)
lfyavi: ["lIP.fja.vi]
PF
n. expression, bit of lan-
guage (derived from lfya language)
lu: ["lI.Pu]
PF
n. word
lupam: ["lI.Pu.pam]
PF
n. accent, pronuncia-
tion (c.w. from lu word and pam sound)
lupe: [lI."Pu.pE]
PF
inter. what (word, utteran-
ce) allomorph of pelu
lm: [lIm]
PF
svin. far, be far
lng: [lIN]
PF
vin. oat in the air, hover
lok: [lok^]
PF
v. approach
lok: [lok^]
PF
adp. close to
lom: [lom]
PF
adj. missing, missed (as an absent
person who is longed for)
lomtu: ["lom.tu]
PF
n. missed person (derived
from lom missing, missed)
lonu: [lo."nu]
PF
vtr. release, let go
12
lor: [loR]
PF
adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses
(for things or parts of a person)
lrrtok: ["lr
"
.tok^]
PF
n. smile
lrrtok si: ["lr
"
.tok^ "si]
PF
vin. smile (derived
from lrrtok smile)
lu: [lu]
PF
vin., svin. be, am, is, are (predica-
tive copula, existential verb) (signies pos-
session with dative of possessor)
luke: ["lu.kE]
PF
adp. without
lukpen: [luk."pEn]
PF
adj. without clothing, na-
ked (c.w. fromluke without and pen clothing
(plural))
lumpe: ["lum.pE]
PF
inter. why allomorph of
pelun
lun: [lun]
PF
n. reason
M
ma: [ma]
PF
part. O (vocative marker)
makto: ["mak.to]
PF
vtr. ride
masat: ["ma.sat]
PF
n. breastplate (armor)
maw: [maw]
PF
adp. after (time)
mawey: [ma."wEj]
CM
adj. calm
maweypey: [ma."wEj.pEj]
PF
svin. be patient
(ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait)
mawkrr: ["maw.kr
"
]
PF
adv. after, afterwards
(c.w. from maw after and krr time)
mawkrra: [maw."kr
"
.a]
PF
conj. after (temporal)
allomorph of akrrmaw (c.w. from krr time
and maw after)
mawl: [mawl]
PF
n. half
may: [majP]
PF
vtrm. try, sample, evaluate,
check out, test-drive
mkxu: [m."ku]
PF
vtr. interrupt, throw out
of harmonious balance (derived from kxu
harm)
meem: [mE."PEm]
PF
adj. harmonious
mefo: ["mE.fo]
PF
pn. they, those two (derived
from me+ dual marker and po he/she)
mekre: ["mEk.RE]
PF
n. supplies
melo: ["mE.lo]
PF
adv. twice (derived fromme+
dual marker and alo time)
menari: [mE."na.Ri]
PF
n. eyes (two) (derived
from me+ dual and nari eye)
meoauniaea: [mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a]
PF
n. harmo-
ny, living at one with nature
meuia: [mE."u.i.a]
PF
n. honor (honour)
meuianga: [mE."u.i.a.NaP^]
PF
adj. honourable,
honorably (derived from meuia honour, ho-
nor and nga contain)
meyp: [mEjp^]
PF
adj. weak
mi: [mi]
PF
adv. yet, still, as before
miktsang: ["mik.
>
tsaN]
PF
n. earring (c.w. from
mikyun ear and tsang piercing)
mikyun: ["mik.jun]
JC
n. ear
mip: [mip^]
PF
adj. new
m+: [mI]
PF
adp. in, on
mfa: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa]
PF
n., adv. inside
mftxele: [mI."ftE.lE]
PF
adv. in this regard, re-
lated to this matter
mkam: [mI."kam]
PF
adp. between
mn: [mIn]
PF
vin. turn, spin
mnyu: ["mIn.ju]
PF
n. turner (derived from
mn turn)
mso: [mI."so]
PF
adv. away (position) (derived
from m in)
mllan: [ml
"
."Pan]
PF
vtr. accept
mllte: [ml
"
."tE]
PF
v. agree
moe: ["mo.E]
PF
pn. we two, us two (exclusive)
(derived from me+ dual and oe I)
mok: [mok^]
PF
vtr. suggest
mokri: ["mok.Ri]
PF
n. voice
mowan: [mo."wan]
PF
adj. pleasing, enjoyable
(physically, sexually)
mrr: [mr
"
]
PF
num. ve
mrrtrr: ["mr
"
.tr
"
]
PF
n. ve day work week (deri-
ved from mrr ve and trr day)
mrrve: ["mr
"
.vE]
PF
adj. fth (ordinal) (derived
from mrr ve)
mui: [mu."i.]
PF
adj. proper, fair, right, justi-
ed
muni: [mun."Pi]
PF
v. cut
mune: ["mu.nE]
PF
num. two
munge: ["mu.NE]
PF
vtr. take, bring
mungwrr: [muN."wr
"
]
PF
adp. except
muntrr: ["mun.tr
"
]
PF
n. weekend (derived from
mune two and trr day)
muntrram: ["mun.tr
"
am]
PF
n. last weekend (de-
rived from muntrr weekend)
muntrray: ["mun.tr
"
.aj]
PF
n. next weekend (de-
rived from muntrr weekend)
muntxa: [mun."ta]
PF
adj. mated, married
muntxa si: [mun."ta "si]
PF
vin. mate (with so-
meone), marry (derived from muntxa mated)
13
muntxatan: [mun."ta.tan]
PF
n. husband, male
spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
muntxate: [mun."ta.tE]
PF
n. wife, female
spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
muntxatu: [mun."ta.tu]
PF
n. spouse (derived
from muntxa mated)
muve: ["mu.vE]
PF
adj. second (ordinal) (deri-
ved from mune two)
muwntxu: [mu.wIn."tu]
PF
vtr. introduce,
present (derived from wntxu show)
N
na: [na]
PF
adp. like, as
narng: ["naP.RIN]
PF
n. forest
naer: [na."ER]
PF
n. drink, something able to be
drunk
nafu: [na.fI."Pu]
PF
adj. such (c.w. from na as
and fu this)
nang: [naN]
PF
part. surprise, exclamation, en-
couragement (mirative)
nari: ["na.Ri]
PF
n. eye
nari si: ["na.Ri si]
PF
vin. watch out, be careful
(derived from nari eye)
natkenong: [nat."kE.noN]
PF
conj. for example,
as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tke-
nong example)
nawm: [nawm]
PF
adj. great, noble
nawmtu: ["nawm.tu]
PF
n. great person (deri-
ved from nawm great)
nayn: [najn]
PF
n. the symbol 9 (not the value
nine)
nk: [nk^]
PF
vtr. drink
ne: [nE]
PF
adp. to, towards (direction)
nem: [nE."PIm]
PF
adv. back (direction)
nef: [nE."f]
PF
adv. up (direction)
nekll: [nE."kl
"
]
PF
adv. down (direction)
nekx: [nEk]
PF
vtr. burn, consume
nemfa: ["nEm.fa]
PF
adp. into, inside (c.w.
from ne towards and mfa inside)
nemrey: [nEm."REj]
PF
adv.,intj. in a fashion as if
ones life were at stake (derived from emrey
survive)
neto: [nE."to]
PF
adv. away (direction) (derived
from ne to)
netrp: ["nEt.RIp^]
PF
adv. luckily, happily
new: [nEw]
PF
vtrm. want
newomum: [nEw."o.mum]
PF
vin. be curious,
want to know (c.w. from new want and
omum know)
neympin: ["nEjm.pin]
PF
n. light color (derived
from neyn light, shade of white)
neyn: [nEjn]
PF
adj. light colors, shades of white
ni: [ni."]
PF
vtr. grab
nikre: ["nik.RE]
PF
n. hair
nikroi: [nik."Ro.i]
PF
n. hair adornment (c.w.
from nikre hair and ioi adornment)
nim: [nim]
PF
adj. timid, shy
ninan: ["ni.nan]
PF
adv. by reading (derived
from inan read)
nitram: [nit."Ram]
PF
adj. happy (of people)
n: [nI]
PF
adverbial deriving afx
naw: [nI."Paw]
PF
adv. only (derived fromaw
one)
nawtu: [nI."Paw.tu]
PF
adv. alone (as one per-
son) (c.w. from aw one and tute person)
nawve: [nI."Paw.vE]
PF
adv. rst (derived
from awve rst)
nen: [nI."PEn]
PF
adv. making an informed
guess, acting on intuition (derived from en
guess)
neng: [nI."PEN]
PF
adv. equally, on the same le-
vel (derived from engeng level)
neoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o]
PF
adv. ceremoniously (de-
rived from eoio ceremonious)
neveng: [nI."PE.vEN]
PF
adv. like a child, imma-
turely (derived from eveng child)
neyng: [nI."PEjN]
PF
adv. back, in response, in
answer (derived from eyng answer)
nia: [nI."PiP.a]
PF
adv. nally, at long last (de-
rived from ia end)
nit: [nI."Pit^]
PF
adv. a bit, a small amount (ab-
stract) (derived from it bit, a small amount)
no: [nI."PoP]
PF
adv. in a manner which is en-
joyable, enjoyably (derived from o exciting)
nul: [nI."Pul]
PF
adv. more
nawnomum: [nI.aw."no.mum]
PF
adv. as
you know, as is known (casual speech
[naw."no.mum]) (derived from awn passi-
ve participle inx and omum know)
nayoeng: [nI.aj."wEN]
PF
adv. like us, as we do
(casual speech [naj."wEN]) (derived fromayo-
eng us (inclusive))
14
nfe: [nI."fEP]
PF
adv. badly (derived from fe
bad)
nfkrr: [nI."fkr
"
]
PF
adv. lately, currently (deri-
ved from fkrr this time)
nfrakrr: [nI."fra.kr
"
]
PF
adv. as always (derived
from frakrr always)
nftue: [nI."ftu.E]
PF
adv. easily (derived from
ftue easy)
nftxan: [nI."ftan]
PF
adv. so, to such an extent
(derived from ftxan so, to such an extent)
nftxavang: [nI."fta.vaN]
PF
adv. passionately,
with all heart (derived from ftxavang passio-
nate)
nfwefwi: [nI."fwE.fwi]
PF
adv. by whistling, in
a whistling manner (derived from fwefwi
whistle)
nfyao: [nI."fja.Po]
PF
adv. in a manner (deri-
ved from fyao way)
nfyeyntu: [nI."fjEjn.tu]
PF
adv. like an adult,
maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult)
nhawng: [nI."hawN]
PF
adv. too, excessively
(derived from hawng overabundance)
nhay: [nI."haj]
Prr
adv. next (derived fromhay
next)
nhek: [nI."hEk^]
PF
adv. strangely, oddly (deri-
ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not
manner, adverbial)
nhol: [nI."hol]
PF
adv. few, not many (derived
from hol few)
nkong: [nIk."PoN]
PF
adv. slowly (derived
from kong slow)
nkanu: [nI."ka.nu]
PF
adv. intelligently, in a
smart way (derived from kanu smart)
nkeftxo: [nI.kE."fto]
PF
adv. unfortunately,
sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy)
nksman: [nIk."sman]
PF
adv. wonderfully (de-
rived from kosman wonderful)
nlam: [nI."lam]
PF
adv. apparently (derived
from lam seem)
nlaw: [nI."law]
PF
adv. clearly (derived from
law clear)
nli: [nI."li]
PF
adv. in advance (derived from li
already)
nlkeftang: [nIl.kE."ftaN]
PF
adv. continuously,
incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from luke
without and ftang stop)
nltsan: [nIl."
>
tsan]
PF
adv. well (derived from
sltsan good)
nlun: [nI."lun]
PF
adv. of course, logically,
following common sense
nmun: [nI."mun]
PF
adv. again
nmwey: [nIm."wEj]
PF
adv. calmly, peacefully
(derived from mawey calm)
nmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj]
PF
adv. patiently
(derived from maweypey be patient)
nn: [nIn]
PF
vtr. look at
nNavi: [nI."naP.vi]
PF
adv. like the Navi,
Navi-ly (derived from Navi the People)
nnk: [nI."nk^]
PF
adv. by drinking, in a liquid
way (derived from nk drink)
nngay: [nI."Naj]
PF
adv. truly (derived from
ngay true)
nno: [nI."no]
PF
adv. in detail, expansively, tho-
roughly
nprrte: [nI."pr
"
.tEP]
PF
adv. pleasurably, wel-
come (assumed zolau), gladly, with pleasure
(derived from prrte pleasurable)
npxay: [nI."paj]
PF
adv. many, manily (deri-
ved from pxay many)
npxi: [nI."pi]
PF
adv. especially, pointedly, un-
ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp)
npxim: [nI."pim]
PF
adv. erectly, rightly (deri-
ved from pxim erect, upright)
nrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal]
PF
adv. wish (contrary to
fact, with perfect or imperfective subjunctive)
(derived from rangal wish)
nronsrel: [nI."Ron.sREl]
PF
adv. in imagination,
by imagination (derived from ronsrelngop
imagine)
nslele: [nI."slE.lE]
PF
adv. by swimming (deri-
ved from slele swim)
nsngum: [nIs."Num]
PF
adv. worryingly, fretful-
ly (derived from sngum worry)
nsteng: [nI."stEN]
PF
adv. similarly (derived
from steng similar)
nsti: [nI."sti]
PF
adv. angrily (derived from sti
be angry)
nsung: [nI."suN]
PF
adv. besides, additionally,
furthermore (derived from sung add)
nswey: [nI."swEj]
PF
adv. optimally, best (deri-
ved from swey best)
nsyayvi: [nI."sjaj.vi]
PF
adv. by chance or coin-
cidence (derived from syayvi luck)
nsyen: [nI."sjEn]
PF
adv. lastly (derived from
syen last)
ntam: [nI."tam]
PF
adv. enough (after an adjecti-
ve) (derived from tam sufce)
15
nteng: [nI."tEN]
PF
adv. too, also, as well, likewi-
se (derived from teng same, equal)
ntengfya: [nI."tEN.fja]
PF
adv. as, same way as
(similar action) (derived from tengfya as, sa-
me way as (conj.))
ntrrtrr: [nI."tr
"
.tr
"
]
PF
adv. on a daily basis, regu-
larly (derived from trr day)
ntssy: [nI."
>
tsI.syI]
PF
adv. by whispering, in a
whisper (derived from tssy whisper, v.)
ntut: [nI."tut^]
PF
adv. continually (derived
from tut continuation marker)
ntxan: [nI."tan]
PF
adv. much (abstract), very
(derived from txan much)
nvingkap: [nI."viN.kap]
PF
adv. by the way, in-
cidentally (derived from vingkap occur to
one, pop into ones mind)
nwan: [nI."wan]
PF
adv. secretly, in hiding, by
hiding (derived from wan hide)
nwawe: [nI.wa."wE]
PF
adv. meaningfully, sig-
nicantly (derived from wawe meaning, sig-
nicance)
nw: [nI."w]
PF
adv. on the contrary, conver-
sely
nwte: [nI.w."tE]
PF
adv. disagreeably, be-
grudgingly (derived from wte argue)
nwin: [nI."win]
PF
adv. fast (derived fromwin
fast)
nwok: [nI."wok^]
PF
adv. loudly (derived from
wok loud)
nwotx: [nI."wot]
PF
adv. all (of), in toto, com-
pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole)
nzawnong: [nI."zaw.noN]
PF
adv. safely (deri-
ved from awn passive participle inx and
zong save)
nokx: [nok]
PF
vtr. give birth to
nong: [noN]
PF
v. follow, proceed after
nulkrr: [nul."kr
"
]
PF
adv. longer (time) (derived
from krr time)
nulnew: [nul."nEw]
PF
v. prefer (ii) (derived
from new want)
nume: ["nu.mE]
PF
v. learn
numeyu: ["nu.mE.ju]
PF
n. student (derived
from nume learn)
numtseng: ["num.
>
tsEN]
PF
n. school (c.w. from
nume learn and tseng place)
numtsengvi: ["num.
>
tsEN.vi]
PF
n. classroom, di-
vision of a school (derived from numtseng
school)
Ng
nga: [Na]
PF
pn. you
nga: [NaP^]
PF
vtr. contain
ngatsyp: ["Na.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
pn. little you, you little
(derived from nga you)
ngawng: [NawN]
PF
n. worm
ngay: [Naj]
PF
adj. true
ngaytxoa: [Naj."to.a]
PF
intj. sorry, my apologi-
es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w.
from ngey your and txoa forgiveness)
ngng: [NN]
PF
n. stomach
ngzk: ["N.zIk^]
PF
adj. difcult, hard
ngenga: [NE."Na]
PF
pn. you (honoric (honouri-
c) form) (derived from nga you)
ngeyn: [NEjn]
PF
adj. tired
ngian: [Ni."an]
PF,SW
adv. however
ngim: [Nim]
PF
adj. long (physical length)
ngimpup: [Nim."pup^]
PF
n. length (derived
from ngim long and pup short)
ngop: [Nop^]
PF
vtr. create
ngopyu: ["Nop.ju]
PF
n. creator (derived from
ngop create)
ngrr: [Nr
"
]
PF
n. root
ngrrpongu: [Nr
"
.po.Nu]
PF
n. grassroots move-
ment (c.w. from ngrr root and pongu party)
ngul: [Nul]
PF
adj. grey, drab
ngulpin: ["Nul.pin]
PF
n. grey (derived from
ngul grey, drab)
nguway: ["Nu.waj]
PF
n. howl, viperwolf cry (de-
rived from way song)
16
O
oe: ["o.E]
PF
pn. I, me
oeng: ["wEN]
PF
pn. we two, us two (dual inclu-
sive), you and I (derived from oe I)
oetsyp: ["wE.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
pn. little me, little I (de-
rived from oe I)
oeyk: [o."Ejk^]
PF
n. cause
oeyktng: [o."Ejk.tIN]
PF
v. explain (why) (ii)
(c.w. from oeyk cause and tng give)
ohakx: [o."hak]
PF
adj. hungry
ohe: ["o.hE]
PF
pn. I (deferential or ceremonial
form)
osss: [o.I"s:]
LA
intj. angry snarl, watch it!
olo: [o."loP]
PF
n. clan
oloeyktan: [o.lo."PEjk.tan]
JC
n. clan leader
(c.w. from olo clan and eyktan leader)
omum: [o."mum]
PF
vtr. know (stress moves
to rst syllable with inxation)
ontsang: ["on.
>
tsaN]
PF
n. nose ring (c.w. from
ontu nose and tsang piercing)
ontu: ["on.tu]
JC
n. nose
P
pao: ["pa.Po]
PF
n. side
pak: [pak^]
PF
part. disparagement
pam: [pam]
PF
n. sound
pamrel: [pam."REl]
PF
n. writing (c.w. from
pam sound and rel image)
pamrelfya: [pam."REl.fja]
PF
n. spelling (deri-
ved from pamrel writing and fyao way)
pamrel si: [pam."REl "si]
PF
vin. write (derived
from pamrel writing)
pamtseo: ["pam.
>
tsE.o]
PF
n. music (c.w. from
pam sound and tseo art)
pamtseo si: ["pam.
>
tsE.o "si]
PF
vin. play music
(with fa for instrument played) (derived from
pamtseo music)
pamtseotu: ["pam.
>
tsE.o.tu]
PF
n. musician (de-
rived from pamtseo music)
pan: [pan]
PF
n. third, one third
pate: ["pa.tE]
ZS
v. get to a place, arrive
pawm: [pawm]
PF
v. ask
pay: [paj]
PF
n. water, liquid
pay+: [paj]
PF
prex plural inter. marker
(from pe+ and ay+)
payfya: ["paj.fja]
PF
n. stream (c.w. from pay
water and fyao way)
payva: ["paj.I.va]
PF
n. drop of water (derived
from pay water and lva drop)
paynga: ["paj.NaP^]
PF
adj. moist, humid, damp
(derived from pay water and nga contain)
payoang: [paj."o.aN]
PF
n. sh (c.w. from pay
water and ioang animal)
phem: ["p.hEm]
PF
vin. arrive
pngkxo: [pN."ko]
PF
vin. chat, converse, ha-
ve a conversation
pngkxoyu: [pN."ko.ju]
PF
n. chatter, conver-
ser (derived from pngkxo chat)
pngkxoyu lekoren: [pN."ko.ju lE.ko."REn]
PF
n. lawyer (c.w. from pngkxoyu chatter
and lekoren lawlike)
pnu: ["p.nu]
PF
n. promise
pnutng: ["p.nu.tIN]
PF
vtr. promise (a thing
to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pnu promise and
tng give)
pe+: [pE]
PF
afx inter. marker
peun: ["pE.Pun]
PF
vtr. decide
pefnel: [pE."fnEl]
PF
inter. which kind allo-
morph of fnepe
pefya: [pE."fja]
PF
inter. how allomorph of fy-
ape
pehem: [pE."hEm]
PF
inter. what (action) allo-
morph of kempe (c.w. from kem action,
deed)
pehrr: [pE."hr
"
]
PF
inter. when allomorph of krr-
pe (c.w. from krr time)
pelu: [pE."lI.Pu]
PF
inter. what (word, utteran-
ce) allomorph of lupe
pelun: [pE."lun]
PF
inter. why allomorph of
lumpe
peng: [pEN]
PF
vtr. tell
peseng: [pE."sEN]
PF
inter. where allomorph of
tsengpe
pesomwew: [pE.som."wEw]
PF
inter. what tem-
perature? (derived from somwew tempera-
ture)
pesu: [pE."su]
PF
inter. who allomorph of tupe
peu: [pE."u]
PF
inter. what (thing) allomorph of
upe
17
pewn: [pEwn]
PF
n. neck
pey: [pEj]
PF
v. wait, wait for
piak: [pi."ak^]
PF
adj. open, clear (for cloudless
skies)
piak si: [pi."ak^ si]
PF
vin. open (derived from
piak open)
pil: [pil]
PF
n. facial stripe
pizayu: ["pi.za.ju]
PF
n. ancestor
pmtxan: [pIm."tan]
PF
inter. how much allo-
morph of hmtxampe
pwopx: [pI."wop]
PF
n. cloud
pllngay: [pl
"
."Naj]
PF
vin. admit
plltxe: [pl
"
."tE]
PF
v. speak
po: [po]
PF
pn. he, she
poan: [po."an]
PF
pn. he (no plural form: use
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
poe: [po."E]
PF
pn. she (no plural form: use
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
polpxay: [pol."paj]
PF
inter. how many (c.w.
from holpxay number and pe how)
pom: [pom]
PF
v. kiss
pongu: ["po.Nu]
PF
n. group of people, party (de-
rived from po he/she)
prrkxentrrkrr: [pr
"
.kEn.tr
"
.kr
"
]
Skxawng
n. day ti-
me smoking pleasure, vibrating tongue (Navi
idiom) (c.w. from prrte pleasurable, kxener
smoke, trr day and krr time)
prrnen: ["pr
"
.nEn]
PF
n. infant, baby
prrnesyul: ["pr
"
.nE.sjul]
PF
n. bud (c.w. from
prrnen baby and syulang ower)
prrte: ["pr
"
.tEP]
PF
adj. pleasurable (of an activi-
ty)
prrwll: ["pr
"
.wl
"
]
Prr
n. moss (c.w. from prrnen
baby and ewll plant)
pukap: ["pu.kap^]
PF
num. six
pum: [pum]
PF
pn. one (place-holder pronoun
referring to a previously mentioned noun
or pronoun)
pup: [pup^]
PF
adj. short (physical length)
puve: ["pu.vE]
PF
adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived
from pukap six)
Px
pxan: [pan]
PF
adj. worthy
pxask: ["pa.sIk^]
PF
intj. screw that!, no way!
(vulgar)
pxasul: ["pa.sul]
PF
adj. fresh, appealing as food
pxaw: [paw]
PF
adp. around
pxawpa: ["paw.pa]
PF
n. perimeter, circumfe-
rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around and
pao side)
pxawpxun: ["paw.pun]
PF
n. armband (c.w.
from pxaw around and pxun arm)
pxay: [paj]
PF
adj. many (used with singular
or plural noun forms)
pxel: [pEl]
PF
adp. like, as
pxelo: ["pE.lo]
PF
adv. thrice, three times (deri-
ved from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)
pxen: [pEn]
PF
n. functional clothing (item of)
pxey: [pEj]
PF
num. three
pxeyve: ["pEj.vE]
PF
adj. third (ordinal) (deri-
ved from pxey three)
pxi: [pi]
PF
adj. sharp
pxim: [pim]
PF
adj. erect, upright
pximaw: [pi."maw]
PF
adp. right after (c.w.
from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)
pxiset: [pi."sEt^]
PF
adv. right now (c.w. from
set now and pxi sharp)
pxisre+: [pi."sRE]
PF
adp. right before (c.w. from
sre before (time) and pxi sharp)
pxiswawam: [pi.swaw."am]
PF
adv. just a mo-
ment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and am
past)
pxiswaway: [pi.swaw."aj]
PF
adv. in just a se-
cond from now (c.w. from swaw moment and
ay future marker)
pxiyern: [pi."jEP.RIn]
PF
adv. immediately (not
as soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from yern soon
and pxi sharp)
pxm: [pIm]
PF
adv. often
pxor: [poR]
PF
vin. explode
pxorpam: ["poR.pam]
PF
n. ejective consonant
(c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound)
pxun: [pun]
PF
n. arm
pxuntil: ["pun.til]
PF
n. elbow (c.w. from pxun
arm and til joint)
18
R
ral: [Ral]
PF
n. meaning
ralpeng: [Ral."pEN]
PF
vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w.
from ral meaning and peng tell)
ram: [Ram]
PF
n. mountain
ramtsyp: ["Ram.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. hill (derived from
ram mountain)
ramunong: [Ra."mu.noN]
PF
n. well
rangal: ["Ra.Nal]
PF
v. wish
raspu: [Ra."spuP]
PF
n. leggings (used in war)
rawke: ["Raw.kE]
PF
intj. alarm cry, call to defen-
se
r: [R."P]
PF
part. do not (for negative impe-
ratives, commands only)
reo: ["RE.Po]
PF
n. head
rel: [REl]
PF
n. image, picture
reltseo: ["REl.
>
tsE.o]
PF
n. visual art (c.w. from
rel image and tseo art)
reltseotu: ["REl.
>
tsE.o.tu]
PF
n. artist (derived
from reltseo art)
reng: [REN]
PF
adj. shallow (physically)
renten: ["REn.tEn]
PF
n. goggles, (made from in-
sect wings, carved from wood, etc)
renu: ["RE.nu]
PF
n. pattern
rewon: ["RE.won]
PF
n. morning
rey: [REj]
PF
vin. live
reyeng: [REj."PEN]
PF
n. the Balance of Life (de-
rived from rey live)
reypay: ["REj.paj]
PF
n. blood (c.w. from rey live
and pay water)
rikx: [Rik]
PF
vin. move, shift position
rim: [Rim]
PF
adj. yellow
rimpin: ["Rim.pin]
PF
n. yellow (derived from
rim yellow)
rina: [Ri."naP]
PF
n. seed (derived from atoki-
rina seeds of the great tree)
rr: ["rI.Ir]
PF
n. reection
rr si: ["rI.Ir si]
PF
vin. reect, imitate (derived
from rr reection)
rk: [RIk^]
PF
n. leaf
rkean: ["RI.kE.an]
PF
adj. leaf green (c.w. from
rk leaf and ean green)
ro+: [Ro]
PF
adp. at (locative)
rofa: ["Ro.fa]
PF
adp. beside, alongside
rol: [Rol]
PF
v. sing (reykol play music, make
to sing (poetic))
rolun: [Ro."lun]
PF
intj. Eureka! Ive found it!
ronsem: ["Ron.sEm]
PF
n. mind
ronsrel: ["Ron.sREl]
PF
n. something imagined
(derived from ronsrelngop imagine)
ronsrelngop: ["Ron.sREl.Nop^]
PF
vtr. imagi-
ne, envision (c.w. of ronsem mind, rel
picture, ngop create, casual pronunciation
["Ron.sREw.Nop^] )
rum: [Rum]
PF
n. ball
run: [Run]
PF
vtr. nd, discover
rusey: [Ru."sEj]
PF
adj., n. alive, living, living
thing (c.w. from rey live and us active par-
ticiple inx)
rutxe: [Ru."tE]
PF
intj. please
S
sanok: ["saP.nok^]
PF
n. mother (from
saatenuk
C
)
sanu: ["saP.nu]
PF
n. mum, mommy (affectiona-
te form of sanok mother)
sanutsyp: ["saP.nu.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. little mommy
(used for young girls) (derived from sanu
mommy)
sasem: ["saP.sEm]
PF
n. parent or set of parents
(derived from sanok mother and sempul
father)
saa: ["sa:]
LA
intj. threatening cry
salew: [sa."lEw]
PF
v. proceed, go
san: [san]
PF
adv. saying, quote
sang: [saN]
PF
adj. warm
sar: [saR]
PF
vtr. use
sat: [sat^]
PF
pn. that (lenited form of tsat, irre-
gularly lenited after ftu from)
sau: [sa."u]
LA
intj. exclamation upon exertion,
urgh
sayrp: ["saj.RIp^]
PF
adj. handsome, good looking
(normally used for men)
s: [s]
PF
prex instrumental noun (c.w. from
snume teaching and sspxin disease)
so: ["s.Po]
PF
n. tool, utensil
sfpl: [s."fpIl]
PF
n. idea
snume: [s."nu.mE]
PF
n. teaching, instruction
(derived from nume learn)
19
snumvi: [s."num.vi]
PF
n. lesson (derived
from snume teaching)
somum: [s."o.mum]
PF
n. (piece of) informa-
tion (derived from omum know)
splltxe: [s.pl
"
."tE]
PF
n. statement
splltxevi: [s.pl
"
."tE.vi]
PF
n. comment (deri-
ved from splltxe statement)
sspxin: [s."spin]
PF
n. disease, sickness, ill-
ness (derived from spxin sick)
sspxintsyp: [s."spin.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. minor ail-
ment (derived from sspxin illness)
ssrtx: [s."srt]
PF
n. annoyance (derived
from srtx annoy)
ssuln: [s."su.lIn]
PF
n. hobby, pleasure-
yielding activity (derived from suln be busy
(positive sense))
stssy: [s."
>
tsI.syI]
PF
n. whisper (derived
from tssy whisper, v.)
swte: [s.w."tE]
PF
n. point of contention,
source of argument, thing disputed (derived
from wte argue)
szrp: [s."z.RIp^]
RL,PF
n. face lead, rein
(derived from zarp pull)
sekrr: ["sE.kr
"
]
PF
n. present (c.w. from set now
and krr time)
sempu: ["sEm.pu]
PF
n. daddy (affectionate
form of sempul father)
sempul: ["sEm.pul]
PF
n. father
set: [sEt^]
PF
adv. now
sevin: [sE."vin]
PF
adj. pretty (primarily of fema-
les, for people only)
seykxel: [sEj."kEl]
PF
adj. strong (emotionally,
spiritually, not physical), condent
seyri: ["sEj.Ri]
JC
n. lip
seysonltsan: [sEj.so.nIl."
>
tsan]
PF
intj. well do-
ne! (derived from hasey soli nltsan accom-
plished well)
si: [si]
PF
auxiliary verb, postpositional non-
bound verb do, make deriving afx
sim: [sim]
PF
svin. near, be near
s: [sI]
PF
conj. and (connects two things, can
be attached as s: for clauses use ulte and)
sk: [sIk^]
PF
adv. unquote
slpey: [sIl."pEj]
PF
vin. hope (with tsn for thing
hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w.
from sltsan good and pey wait)
slronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm]
PF
adj. clever, smart
(thing) (c.w. from sltsan good and ronsem
mind)
sltsan: [sIl."
>
tsan]
PF
adj. good (of its kind), well
done
sn: [sIn]
PF
adp. on, onto
skaa: [ska."Pa]
PF
vtr. destroy
skepek: ["skE.pEk^]
PF
adj. formal
skien: ["ski.En]
PF
adj. right (not left)
skxakep: ["ska.kEp^]
PF
adj., adv. probable, pro-
bably
skxawng: [skawN]
PF
n. moron, idiot
skxir: [skiR]
PF
n. wound
skxir si: ["skiR "si]
PF
vin. wound (derived
from skxir wound)
skxirtsyp: ["skiR.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. cut, bruise, minor
wound (derived from skxir wound)
skxom: [skom]
PF
n. chance, opportunity
slatsu: ["slaP.
>
tsu]
PF
vtr. describe
sl: [sl]
PF
conj. but
slele: ["slE.lE]
PF
vin. swim
sleyku: [slEj."ku]
PF
vtr. produce (derived from
slu become and eyk causative inx)
sloan: [slo."an]
PF
vtr. pour
slu: [slu]
PF
vin. become (noun predicate with
ne in ambiguous constructions)
smar: [smaR]
PF
n. prey, hunted thing
smon: [smon]
PF
vin. be familiar, be known
(with dative)
snaytx: [snajt]
PF
vtr. lose
sngap: [sNap^]
PF
vtr. sting
sngi: ["sN.Pi]
PF
vim. begin, start
sngikrr: ["sN.Pi.kr
"
]
PF
n. beginning, starting
time (c.w. from sngi begin and krr time)
sngiyu: ["sN.Pi.ju]
PF
n. beginner (derived
from sngi begin)
sngel: [sNEl]
PF
n. garbage, trash, rubbish
sngeltseng: ["sNEl.
>
tsEN]
PF
n. rubbish place, gar-
bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage and
tseng place)
sngum: [sNum]
PF
n. worry
sno: [sno]
PF
pn. his own, her own, its own (re-
exive, genitive form sney)
snumna: ["snu.mI.na]
CP
adj. dim ofp. (refers
to a dim person)
soaia: [so."a.i.a]
PF
n. family (irregular genitive
form soai)
sok: [sok^]
PF
adj. recent
som: [som]
PF
adj. hot
somwew: [som."wEw]
PF
n. temperature (deri-
ved from som hot and wew cold)
20
somwewpe: [som."wEw.pE]
PF
inter. what tem-
perature? (more common) (derived from
somwew temperature)
sop: [sop^]
PF
vin. travel
sopyu: ["sop.ju]
PF
n. traveller (derived from
sop travel)
spaw: [spaw]
PF
vtr. believe
sp: [sp]
PF
v. jump
spee: [spE."PE]
PF
vtr. capture
speetu: [spE."PE.tu]
PF
n. captive (derived
from spee capture)
speng: [spEN]
PF
v. restore
spule: ["spu.lE]
PF
vtr. propel
spuwin: ["spu.win]
PF
adj. old (not for people),
former
spxam: [spam]
PF
n. mushroom, fungus
spxin: [spin]
PF
adj. sick
srak(e): ["sRak(E)]
PF
part. inter. marker for yes
or no questions
sran: [sRan]
PF
part., intj. yes (colloquial)
srane: ["sRa.nE]
PF
part., intj. yes
sraw: [sRaw]
PF
adj. painful
srtx: [srt]
PF
vtr. annoy, bother
sre+: [sRE]
PF
adp. before (time)
sre: [sREP]
PF
n. tooth
srefey: [sRE."fEj]
PF
vtr., vin. expect (c.w. from
sre+ before and pey wait)
srekamtrr: [sRE."kam.tr
"
]
PF
n. the time before
noon (c.w. from sre before and kxamtrr mid-
day)
srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.ton]
PF
n. before mid-
night (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon
midnight)
srekrr: [sRE."kr
"
]
PF
adv. before, already, ahead of
time (c.w. from sre before and krr time)
sresea: [sRE.sE."Pa]
PF
v. prophetize, prophesi-
ze, prophesy (c.w. from sre+ before and tsea
see)
sresrrong: [sRE.sr
"
."PoN]
PF
n. before dawn (c.w.
from sre before and trrong dawn)
sretonong: [sRE.ton."PoN]
PF
n. dusk, evening
before sunset (c.w. from sre before and tx-
onong night-fall)
srew: [sREw]
PF
vin. dance
srung: [sRuN]
PF
n. help, assistance
srung si: ["sRuN "si]
PF
vin. help (derived from
srung help)
starsm: ["staR.sIm]
PF
vtr. gather, collect
stawm: [stawm]
PF
vtr. hear
stn: ["stP.nI]
PF
vtr. catch
steftxaw: [stE."ftaw]
PF
vtr. examine, check
steng: [stEN]
PF
adj. similar
steyki: [stEj."ki]
PF
vtr. anger, make someone an-
gry (derived from sti be angry and eyk
causative inx)
sti: [sti]
PF
vin. anger (intransitive), be angry
sto: [sto]
PF
v. refuse (to do something)
stum: [stum]
PF
adv. almost
stxeli: ["stE.li]
PF
n. gift
stxenu: ["stE.nu]
PF
n. offer (c.w. from stxeli
gift and lonu release)
stxenutng: ["stE,nu,tIN]
PF
vtr. offer (derived
from stxenu offer, n.)
stxong: [stoN]
PF
adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk-
nown
suln: ["su.lIn]
PF
vin. be busy (positive sense),
be engrossed in something one nds especially
pleasant and energizing (derived from n be
busy)
sung: [suN]
PF
vtr. add
sunu: ["su.nu]
PF
vin. be pleasing or likeable,
bring enjoyment
sutx: [sut]
PF
vtr. track, follow, lock up
swaw: [swaw]
PF
n. moment
swawtsyp: ["swaw.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. little moment,
second (derived from swaw moment)
swey: [swEj]
PF
adj. best
sweylu: ["swEj.lu]
PF
v. should (derived from
swey best and lu is)
swir: [swi."R]
PF
n. creature
swizaw: [swi."zaw]
PF
n. arrow
swok: [swok^]
PF
adj. sacred
swotu: ["swo.tu]
PF
n. sacred place
syaw: [sjaw]
PF
vin. call
syay: [sjaj]
PF
n. fate
syayvi: ["sjaj.vi]
PF
n. luck, chance (derived
from syay fate)
sy: ["sj.P]
PF
adj. bitter
syen: [sjEn]
PF
adj. last, nal
syep: [sjEp^]
PF
vtr. trap
syo: [sjo]
PF
adj. light (physical weight),
lightweight
syulang: ["sju.laN]
PF
n. ower
syuve: ["sju.vE]
PF
n. food (collective noun, can-
not be pluralised)
21
T
ta: [ta]
PF
adp. from (locative), from (temporal
sense with other time words)
taem: [ta."PEm]
PF
adv. from above
taleng: ["taP.lEN]
PF
n. skin
talengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an]
PF
adj. skin blue
(c.w. from taleng skin and ean blue)
tafkip: [ta."fkip^]
PF
adp. from up among (c.w.
from ta from and fkip up among)
tafral: [ta."fRal]
PF
adv. therefore, because of that
takip: [ta."kip^]
PF
adp. from among (c.w. from
ta from and kip among)
takrra: [ta."kr
"
.a]
PF
conj. since (temporal) allo-
morph of akrrta (c.w. from krr time and ta
from)
takuk: ["ta.kuk^]
PF
vtr. strike
talun(a): [ta."lun(a)]
PF
conj. because, from the
reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)
tam: [tam]
PF
vin., intj. that will sufce, that
will do, OK
tam tam: ["tam "tam]
M
intj. calm, be content,
there there
tangek: ["ta.NEk^]
PF
n. trunk (of a tree)
tanh: [tan."hI]
PF
n. star, bioluminescent freckle
taron: ["ta.Ron]
JC,PF
vtr. hunt
taronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju]
JC,PF
n. hunter (c.w. from
taron hunt and yu agent sufx)
taronyutsyp: ["ta.Ron.ju.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. little hun-
ter (derived from taronyu hunter)
tatep: ["ta.tEp^]
PF
vtr. lose track, lose aware-
ness of something
tatlam: [tat."lam]
PF
adv. apparently (derived
from lam seem)
taw: [taw]
PF
n. sky
taweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)]
PF
conj. because, based
on the cause
tawng: [tawN]
PF
vin. duck, dive
tftxu: [t."ftu]
PF
vtr. weave
tftxuyu: [t."ftu.ju]
PF
n. weaver (derived
from tftxu weave and yu agent sufx)
ttxaw: [t."taw]
PF
vin. return
te: [tE]
JC
part. used in full names
tel: [tEl]
PF
vtr. receive
telem: [tE."lEm]
PF
n. cord
tem: [tEm]
PF
vin. shoot
temrey: [tEm."REj]
PF
n. survival (derived from
emrey survive)
teng: [tEN]
PF
adj. same, equal
tengfya: ["tEN.fja]
PF
conj. as, same way as (situ-
ational similarity) (c.w. from teng same, equal
and fyao path)
tengkrr: [tEN."kr
"
]
PF
conj. while, same time as
(c.w. from teng same, equal and krr time)
teri: [tE."Ri]
PF
adp. about, concerning
terkup: ["tER.kup^]
PF
vin. die
teswotng: [tE."swo.tIN]
PF
vtr. grant (ii) (c.w.
from tng give)
tete: ["tE.tE]
PF
adj. dull (as a blade)
tewng: [tEwN]
PF
n. loincloth
tewti: ["tEw.ti]
PF
intj. wow, expression of surpri-
se and pleasure
teya: [tE."ja]
PF
adj. full
teya si: [tE."ja "si]
PF
vin. ll (with dative of
thing lled) (derived from teya full)
teynga: ["tEjN.a]
PF
n. that answer (contraction
of teyng a)
teyngla: ["tEjN.la]
PF
n. that answer (agentive)
(contraction of teyngl a)
teyngta: ["tEjN.ta]
PF
n. that answer (patientive)
(contraction of teyngit a)
teyr: [tEjR]
PF
adj. white
teyrpin: ["tEjR.pin]
PF
n. white (derived from
teyr white)
til: [til]
PF
n. joint, hinge
tinan: ["ti.nan]
PF
n. reading (derived from in-
an read)
tirea: [ti."RE.a]
PF
n. spirit
tireafyao: [ti."RE.a.fja.Po]
PF
n. spirit path (c.w.
from tirea spirit and fyao path)
tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.o.aN]
PF
n. spirit animal
(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)
tireapngkxo: [ti."RE.a.pN.ko]
PF
v. commu-
ne (c.w. from tirea spirit and pngkxo chat)
tawm: [tI."Pawm]
PF
n. camping (derived
from awm camp)
tawm si: [tI."Pawm "si]
PF
vin. camp (derived
from awm camp)
tawpo: [tI."Paw.po]
PF
n. individuality (nega-
tive connotation), selshness (derived from
awpo one individual)
tefu: [tI."PE.fu]
PF
n. feeling (derived from
efu feel)
tem: [tI."PEm]
PF
n. the art of cooking (derived
from em cook)
22
teylan: [tI."PEj.lan]
PF
n. friendship (derived
from eylan friend)
teyng: [tI."PEjN]
PF
n. answer, response (deri-
ved from eyng answer)
tiavay: [tI."PiP.a.vaj]
PF
adv. until the end
(c.w. from ia end and vay until)
to: [tI."PoP]
PF
n. fun, excitement (derived
from o exciting)
tong: [tI."PoN]
PF
n. blooming, unfolding (deri-
ved from ong bloom)
tfkeytok: [tI."fkEj.tok"]
PF
n. state, condition,
situation (derived from fkeytok exist)
tfmetok: [tI."fmE.tok^]
PF
n. test (derived from
fmetok test)
tfnu: [tI."fnu]
PF
n. quiet, silence (derived from
fnu quiet)
tftang: [tI."ftaN]
PF
n. stopping, the glottal stop
(derived from ftang stop)
tftang si: [tI."ftaN s]
PF
vin. stop (derived
from tftang stopping)
tftia: [tI.fti".a]
PF
n. study (derived from ftia
study)
tftia kifkey: [tI.fti".a ki."fkE.j]
PF
n. science,
the study of the physical world (c.w. from tf-
tia study and kifkey world)
tftxavang: [tI."fta.vaN]
PF
n. passion (derived
from ftxavang passionate)
tftxey: [tI."ftEj]
PF
n. choice (derived fromftx-
ey choose)
tfyawntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."tu]
PF
n. guidance
(derived from fyawntxu guide)
tfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn]
PF
n. ripeness, maturity, full
fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)
thawl: [tI."hawl]
PF
n. preparations, plan (deri-
ved from hawl prepare)
thawnu: [tI."haw.nu]
PF
n. protection (derived
from hawnu protect, shelter)
thawnu si: [tI."haw.nu "si]
PF
vin. protect (de-
rived from thawnu protection)
tkn: [tIk."PIn]
PF
n. free time, the absence of bu-
siness (derived from n be busy)
tkan: [tI."kan]
PF
n. aim, goal, purpose, target
(derived from kan aim)
tkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm]
PF
n. work (derived
from kem action, deed)
tkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm "si]
PF
vin. work
(derived from tkangkem work)
tkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi]
PF
n. project, pie-
ce of work (derived from tkangkem work)
tkanu: [tI."ka.nu]
PF
n. intelligence (derived
from kanu smart)
tkawng: [tI."kawN]
PF
n. evil (derived from
kawng bad)
tkenong: [tI."kE.noN]
PF
n. example (derived
from kenong model)
tketeng: [tI."kE.tEN]
PF
n. difference (c.w. from
ke not and teng same)
tkin: [tI."kin]
PF
n. need (derived from kin
need)
tkusar: [tI.ku."saR]
PF
n. teaching (the act) (de-
rived from kar teach)
tkxey: [tI."kEj]
PF
n. incorrectness, mistakeness
(derived from kxeyey mistake)
tkxey si: [tI."kEj "si]
PF
vin. mess up, foul, do
wrong (derived from tkxey incorrectness)
tlam: [tI."lam]
PF
n. appearance (derived from
lam seem)
tlen: [tI."lEn]
Prr
n. event, happening (derived
from len happen)
tlor: [tI."loR]
PF
n. beauty (derived from lor
beautiful)
tm: [tIm]
PF
adj. low
tmeem: [tI."mE.PEm]
PF
n. harmony (general
sense) (derived from meem harmonious)
tmllan: [tI.ml
"
."Pan]
PF
n. acceptance (derived
from mllan accept)
tmok: [tI."mok^]
PF
n. suggestion (derived
from mok suggest)
tmuntxa: [tI.mun."ta]
PF
n. mating, marriage
(derived from muntxa mated)
tmweypey: [tIm."wEj.pEj]
PF
n. patience (deri-
ved from maweypey be patient)
tn: [tIn]
PF
n. activity that keeps one busy (deri-
ved from n be busy)
tng: [tIN]
PF
vtr. give
tngay: [tI."Naj]
PF
n. truth (derived from ngay
true)
tngzk: [tI."N.zIk^]
PF
n. difculty, problem
(derived from ngzk difcult)
tng lawr: [tIN lawr]
PF
vin. sing wordlessly, gi-
ve out a tune or melody (derived from lawr
melody)
tng mikyun: ["tIm "mik.jun]
PF
vin. listen (de-
rived from tng give and mikyun ear)
tng nari: ["tIN "na.Ri]
PF
vin. look (derived
from tng give and nari eye)
tngop: [tI."Nop^]
PF
n. creation (derived from
ngop create)
23
tng tseng: ["tIN "
>
tsEN]
PF
vin. back down, gi-
ve ground (derived from tng give and tseng
ground)
tno: [tI."no]
PF
n. thoroughness, attention to de-
tail
tnomum: [tI."no.mum]
PF
n. curiosity (derived
from newomum be curious)
toeyktng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN]
PF
n. explanation (de-
rived from eyk cause (root)) (Pronounced
[tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech)
tohakx: [tI.o."hak]
PF
n. hunger (derived from
ohakx hungry)
tomum: [tI."o.mum]
PF
n. knowledge (derived
from omum know)
tpawm: [tI."pawm]
PF
n. question (derived
from pawm ask)
tphem: [tI."p.hEm]
PF
n. arrival (derived
from phem arrive)
tpngkxo: [tI.pN."ko]
PF
n. conversation, di-
scussion (derived from pngkxo chat)
tpngkxotsyp: [tI.pN."ko.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. little
conversation (derived from tpngkxo con-
versation)
tpeun: [tI."pE.Pun]
PF
n. decision (derived
from peun decide)
tprrte: [tI."pr
"
.tEP]
PF
n. pleasure (derived
from prrte pleasurable)
tran: [tI."Ran]
PF
vin. walk
trey: [tI."REj]
PF
n. life (derived from rey live)
trol: [tI."Rol]
PF
n. song (vocal) (derived from
rol sing)
tronsrel: [tI."Ron.sREl]
PF
n. imagination (deri-
ved from ronsrelngop imagine)
tskaa: [tI.ska."Pa]
PF
n. destruction (derived
from skaa destroy)
tslatsu: [tI."slaP.
>
tsu]
PF
n. description (derived
from slatsu describe)
tsnaytx: [tI."snajt]
PF
n. loss (derived from
snaytx lose)
tsom: [tI."som]
PF
n. heat (derived from som
hot)
tsop: [tI."sop^]
PF
n. journey (derived fromsop
travel)
tspee: [tI.spE."PE]
PF
n. capture (derived from
spee capture)
tspxin: [tI."spin]
PF
n. the state of being ill, sick-
ness (derived from spxin sick)
tsraw: [tI."sRaw]
PF
n. pain (derived fromsraw
painful)
tsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."ki]
PF
vtr. hurt (so-
meone or something) (c.w. from tsraw pain
and seyki make (causative))
tsraw si: [tI."sRaw "si]
PF
vin. hurt, be painful
(derived from tsraw pain)
tsresea: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa]
PF
n. prophecy (derived
from sresea prophetize)
tsti: [tI."sti]
PF
n. anger (derived from sti be
angry)
tsung: [tI."suN]
Lance
n. addition, post script
(P.S.) (derived from sung add)
ttaron: [tI."ta.Ron]
PF
n. hunting (derived from
taron hunt)
ttslam: [tI."
>
tslam]
PF
n. understanding, intelli-
gence (derived from tslam understand)
ttstew: [tI."
>
tstEw]
PF
n. courage, bravery
ttstewnga: [tI."
>
tstEw.NaP^]
PF
adj. courageous,
brave (derived from ttstew courage, brave-
ry) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)
ttstunwi: [tI."
>
tstun.wi]
PF
n. kindness (derived
from tstunwi kind)
ttsyr: [tI."
>
tsyr]
PF
n. rejection (derived from
tsyr reject)
ttusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron]
PF
n. hunting (derived
from taron hunt)
ttxanew: [tI."ta.nEw]
PF
n. greed (derived
from txanew greedy)
ttxen: [tI."tEn]
PF
n. awakeness, the state of wa-
king (derived from txen awake)
ttxula: [tI."tu.la]
PF
n. construction, construc-
ted thing (derived from txula build)
ttxur: [tI."tuR]
PF
n. strength, power (derived
from txur strong)
tvawm: [tI."vawm]
PF
n. darkness (derived
from vawm dark)
tvng: [tI."vN]
PF
n. thirst (derived from
vng thirsty)
tvek: [tI.vEP."kI]
PF
n. hatred (derived from
vek hate)
twan: [tI."wan]
PF
n. obfuscation, cover up (de-
rived from wan hide)
twte: [tI.w."tE]
PF
n. dispute, argument (de-
rived from wte argue)
twew: [tI."wEw]
PF
n. coldness, cold (derived
from wew cold)
twusem: [tI.wu."sEm]
PF
n. ghting (derived
from wem ght)
tyawn: [tI."jawn]
PF
n. love (derived from
yawne beloved)
24
tyawr: [tI."jawR]
PF
n. correctness (derived
from eyawr correct)
tyora: [tI.jo"RaP]
PF
n. victory, a win (derived
from yora win)
tyusom: [tI.ju."som]
PF
n. eating (the act) (de-
rived from yom eat)
to: [to]
PF
part. comparative marker than (be-
haves like an adp.)
tok: [tok^]
PF
vtr. be at, occupy a space
tokx: [tok]
PF
n. body
tolel: [to."lEl]
PF
intj. Eureka! I found it! I un-
derstand! (synonym: tslolam)
toltem: [tol."tEm]
PF
vtr. shoot
tompa: ["tom.pa]
PF
n. rain
tompameyp: [tom.pa."mEjp^]
PF
n. drizzle (de-
rived from tompa rain and meyp weak)
tomperw: ["tom.pER.wI]
PF
n. sleet (derived
from tompa rain and herw snow)
tompva: ["tom.pI.va]
PF
n. raindrop (derived
from tompa rain and lva drop)
tor: [toR]
PF
adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived
from toruk last shadow)
toruk makto: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to]
JC
n. toruk ri-
der (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto
ride)
trr: [tr
"
]
PF
n. day
trrawve: [tr
"
."Paw.vE]
PF
n. Sunday (c.w. from
trr day and awve rst)
trrong: [tr
"
."PoN]
PF
n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from
trr day and ong unfold)
trrongmaw: [tr
"
."PoN.maw]
PF
n. dawn after
sunrise (c.w. fromtrrong dawn and mawaf-
ter)
trram: [tr
"
."am]
PF
adv. yesterday (derived from
trr day and ham previous)
trray: [tr
"
."aj]
PF
adv. tomorrow (derived from
trr day and hay next)
trrkive: [tr
"
."ki.vE]
PF
n. Saturday (c.w. from trr
day and kive seventh)
trrmrrve: [tr
"
."mr
"
.vE]
PF
n. Thursday (c.w. from
trr day and mrrve fth)
trrmuve: [tr
"
."mu.vE]
PF
n. Monday (c.w. from
trr day and muve second)
trrpeve: [tr
"
."pE.vE]
PF
inter. which day (derived
from trr day and pe interrogative marker
and ve ordinal number marker)
trrpuve: [tr
"
."pu.vE]
PF
n. Friday (c.w. from trr
day and puve sixth)
trrpxeyve: [tr
"
."pEj.vE]
PF
n. Tuesday (c.w. from
trr day and pxeyve third)
trrtsve: [tr
"
."
>
tsI.vE]
PF
n. Wednesday (c.w. from
trr day and tsve fourth)
trrtxon: [tr
"
.ton]
PF
n. the day and night cycle of
Pandora (c.w. from trr day and txon night)
tukru: [tuk."Ru]
PF
n. spear
tul: [tul]
PF
vin. run
tumpin: ["tum.pin]
PF
n. red, orange (derived
from tun red, orange)
tun: [tun]
PF
adj. red, orange
tung: [tuN]
PF
v. allow
tungzup: [tuN."zup^]
PF
vtr. drop (ii) (c.w.
from tung allow and zup fall)
tup: [tup^]
PF
conj. instead of, rather than
tupe: ["tu.pE]
PF
inter. who allomorph of pesu
tut: [tut^]
PF
part. continuation marker
tut: [tu."tE]
PF
n. female (person) (derived from
tute person)
tutan: [tu."tan]
PF
n. male (person) (derived
from tute person)
tute: ["tu.tE]
PF
n. person
tuteo: ["tu.tE.o]
PF
pn. somebody, someone (de-
rived from tute person)
tuvon: ["tu.von]
PF
v. lean
Ts
tsa: [
>
tsa]
PF
prex that
tsau: ["
>
tsa.Pu]
PF
dem. that (thing) (c.w. from
tsa that and u thing)
tsafya: [
>
tsa."fja]
PF
adv. that way, like that (c.w.
from tsa- that and fyao way)
tsa-hey: ["
>
tsa."hEj]
ZS
intj. expression of warning
or frustration, crap!, ah, hell!
tsaheyl si: [
>
tsa."hEjl "si]
PF
vin. bond with,
establish a neural connection (derived from
tsaheylu bond)
tsaheylu: [
>
tsa."hEj.lu]
JC,PF
n. bond (neural con-
nection)
tsakem: ["
>
tsa.kEm] or [
>
tsa."kEm]
PF
dem. that
(action) (derived from tsa- that and kem ac-
tion)
tsakrr: [
>
tsa."kr
"
]
PF
dem. then, at that time (deri-
ved from tsa- that and krr time)
25
tsakrrvay: [
>
tsa."kr
"
.vaj]
PF
adv. until then, in the
meantime (c.w. from tsakrr then and vay up
to)
tsal: [
>
tsal]
PF
pn. that, it (transitive subject)
tsalsungay: [
>
tsal.su."Naj]
PF
adv. nevertheless,
even so
tsam: [
>
tsam]
PF
n. war
tsamopin: ["
>
tsa.mo.pin]
PF
n. warpaint (c.w.
from tsam war and opin color)
tsampongu: ["
>
tsam.po.Nu]
PF
n. war party (c.w.
from tsam war and pongu party)
tsamsiyu: ["
>
tsam.si.ju]
PF
n. warrior (derived
from tsam si make war and yu agent sufx)
tsang: [
>
tsaN]
PF
n. a piercing
tsapalute: [
>
tsap."Pa.lu.tE]
PF
n. apology
tsapalute si: [
>
tsap."Pa.lu.tE "si]
PF
vin. apologi-
se (apologize) (derived fromtsapalute apolo-
gy)
tsapo: ["
>
tsa.po]
PF
pn. that one (for people only)
(c.w. from tsa that and po he/she)
tsaria: ["
>
tsa.Ri.a]
PF
pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
tsau-ri that (topical) and a subordinator)
tsat: [
>
tsat^]
PF
pn. that, it (as object)
tsata: ["
>
tsa.ta]
PF
pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
tsau-t that (patientive) and a subordinator)
tsatseng: [
>
tsa."
>
tsEN] or ["
>
tsa.
>
tsEN]
PF
dem. there,
that place (c.w. fromtsa that and tseng place)
tsatu: ["
>
tsa.tu]
PF
dem. that person (c.w. from
tsa that and tute person)
tsaw: [
>
tsaw]
PF
dem., pn. that, it (as intransitive
subject)
tsawa: ["
>
tsa.wa]
PF
pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
tsau that (subjective) and a subordinator)
tsawke: ["
>
tsaw.kE]
PF
n. sun
tsawl: [
>
tsawl]
PF
adj. big (in size), tall
tsawlh: [
>
tsawl."hIP]
PF
n. size (c.w. fromtsawl
big (in size) and hi small (in size))
tsawl slu: ["
>
tsawl "slu]
PF
vin. grow (c.w. from
tsawl big and slu become)
tsay+: [
>
tsaj]
PF
prex those (c.w. from tsa that
and ay+ plural)
ts: [
>
tsP]
PF
v. squirt
tse: [
>
tsE]
PF
part. well (conversation starter)
tsea: [
>
tsE."Pa]
PF
vtr. see (physical sense)
tseng(e): ["
>
tsEN(E)]
PF
n. place
tsengo: ["
>
tsE.No]
PF
pn. somewhere (derived
from tseng place)
tsengpe: ["
>
tsEN.pE]
PF
inter. where allomorph
of peseng
tseo: ["
>
tsE.o]
PF
n. art
tsewtx: [
>
tsEwt]
PF
adj. dirty
tsim: [
>
tsim]
PF
n. source
tsng: [
>
tsIN]
PF
num. four
tssy: ["
>
tsI.syI]
PF
vin. whisper
tsve: ["
>
tsI.vE]
PF
adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived
from tsng four)
tskalep: ["
>
tska.lEp^]
PF
n. crossbow
tsko: [
>
tsko]
PF
n. bow (weapon)
tsko swizaw: ["
>
tsko swi."zaw]
PF
n. bow and ar-
row (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)
tskxaytsyp: ["
>
tskaj.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. hail (derived
from tskxepay ice)
tskxe: [
>
tskE]
PF
n. rock, stone
tskxekeng: ["
>
tskE.kEN]
PF
n. training, exercise
tskxekeng si: ["
>
tskE.kEN "si]
PF
vin. exercise,
train (derived from tskxekeng training)
tskxepay: ["
>
tskE.paj]
PF
n. ice (derived from
tskxe stone and pay water)
tslam: [
>
tslam]
PF
vtr. understand
tsleng: [
>
tslEN]
PF
adj. false
tslolam: [
>
tslo."lam]
PF
intj. get it, I understand
(derived from tslam understand and ol
perfect aspect inx)
tsmm: [
>
tsmIm]
PF
n. animal track
tsmuk: [
>
tsmuk^]
PF
n. sibling
tsmukan: ["
>
tsmu.kan]
PF
n. brother (derived
from tsmuk sibling)
tsmuke: ["
>
tsmu.kE]
PF
n. sister (derived from
tsmuk sibling)
tsmuktu: ["
>
tsmuk.tu]
PF
n. sibling (derived
from tsmuk sibling)
tsngal: [
>
tsNal]
PF
n. cup
tsngan: [
>
tsNan]
PF
n. meat
tsngawvk: ["
>
tsNaw.vIk^]
PF
vin. cry, weep
tsn: [
>
tsnI]
PF
sbd. that (function word) (with
subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
tsop: ["
>
tso.pI]
PF
n. lung
tspang: [
>
tspaN]
PF
vtr. kill
tsranten: ["
>
tsRan.tEn]
PF
vin. matter, be of im-
portance
tsray: [
>
tsRaj]
PF
n. village
tsrei: ["
>
tsRE.Pi]
PF
vtr. throw
tstal: [
>
tstal]
PF
n. knife
tstew: [
>
tstEw]
PF
adj. brave
tstu: [
>
tstu]
PF
adj. closed, shut, overcast (for
cloudy skies)
tstunwi: ["
>
tstun.wi]
PF
adj. kind, thoughtful,
considerate
26
tstu si: ["
>
tstu "si]
PF
vin. close (derived from
tstu closed)
tstxo: [
>
tsto]
PF
n. name
tstxolu: ["
>
tsto.lI.Pu]
PF
n. noun (c.w. from
tstxo name and lu word)
tsuk: [
>
tsuk]
PF
prex able to (c.w. from tsun
able and fko one)
tsuksm: ["
>
tsuk.sIm]
PF
n. chin
tsuktswa: [
>
tsuk."
>
tswaP^]
PF
adj. forgettable (de-
rived from tswa forget)
tsukyom: [
>
tsuk."jom]
PF
adj. edible (derived
from yom eat)
tsulf: [
>
tsul."f]
PF
n. mastery
tsulf si: [
>
tsul."f "si]
PF
vin. master (derived
from tsulf mastery)
tsulftu: [
>
tsul."f.tu]
PF
n. master of an art,
craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulf
mastery)
tsun: [
>
tsun]
PF
vim. can, be able
tsunslu: ["
>
tsun.slu]
PF
vin. may, be possible
(c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)
tsurokx: [
>
tsu."Rok]
PF
v. rest
tswa: [
>
tswaP^]
PF
vtr. forget
tswayon: ["
>
tswaj.on]
PF
vin. y
tswin: [
>
tswin]
PF
n. queue, braid
tswintsyp: ["
>
tswin.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. little queue (de-
rived from tswin queue)
tsyafe: ["
>
tsja.fE]
PF
adj. mild, moderate, comfor-
table
tsyal: [
>
tsjal]
PF
n. wing
tsyr: [
>
tsyr]
PF
vtr. reject
tsyo: [
>
tsjo]
PF
n. our
tsyokx: [
>
tsjok]
PF
n. hand
tsyosyu: ["
>
tsjo.sju]
PF
n. food made from our
(c.w. from tsyo our and syuve food)
Tx
txa: [taP]
PF
adj. hard
txal: [tal]
PF
n. back (of the body)
txampay: [tam."paj]
PF
n. sea, ocean (c.w. from
txan great and pay water)
txampx: [tam."pI]
PF
n. majority, most, large
part (derived from txan much)
txan: [tan]
PF
adj. much
txanatan: ["ta.na.tan]
PF
adj. bright, vivid (c.w.
from txan very and atan light)
txanew: ["ta.nEw]
PF
adj. greedy (c.w. from tx-
an much and new want)
txanfwerw: [tan."fwER.wI]
PF
n. blizzard (de-
rived from hufwe wind and herw snow)
txankrr: [taN."kr
"
]
PF
adv. for a long time (c.w.
from txan much and krr time)
txantsan: ["tan.
>
tsan]
PF
adj. excellent
txantslusam: ["tan.
>
tslu.sam]
PF
adj. wise (c.w.
from txan much and tslusam understand)
txantstew: ["tan.
>
tstEw]
PF
n. hero (c.w. from
txan very and tstew brave)
txantur: ["tan.tuR]
PF
adj. powerful (c.w. from
txan much and txur strong)
txanwawe: [tan.wa."wE]
PF
adj. personally me-
aningful, signicant (c.w. from txan much
and wawe signicance)
txasom: ["ta.som]
PF
adj. very hot (derived
from txan very and som hot)
txawew: ["ta.wEw]
PF
adj. very cold (derived
from txan very and wew cold)
txayo: ["ta.jo]
PF
n. eld, open terrain, plain
txrem: ["t.REm]
PF
n. bone
txelan: [tEP."lan]
PF
n. heart
txele: ["tE.lE]
PF
n. matter (subject)
txen: [tEn]
PF
adj. awake
txep: [tEp^]
PF
n. re
txepva: ["tE.pI.va]
PF
n. ash, cinder (derived
from txep re and lva ake)
txeptsyp: ["tEp.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. dear or cute little
re (derived from txep re)
txepvi: ["tEp.vi]
PF
n. spark (derived fromtxep
re)
txewk: [tEwk^]
PF
n. club (weapon)
txey: [tEj]
PF
v. halt
txin: [tin]
PF
adj. main, primary
txintn: ["tin.tIn]
PF
n. occupation, primary role
in society (c.w. from txin main and tn activi-
ty that keeps one busy)
txm: [tIm]
PF
n. butt, rear end, ass
txng: [tIN]
PF
v. leave, abandon
txo: [to]
PF
conj. if
txoa: ["to.a]
PF
n. forgiveness
txokefyaw: ["to.kE.fjaw]
PF
conj. if not, or else,
otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fyao-aw if not
one path)
txon: [ton]
PF
n. night
27
txonong: [ton."PoN]
PF,Prr
n. night-fall, sun-
set, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and
ong unfold)
txonongmaw: [ton."PoN.maw]
PF
n. twilight,
the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from tx-
onong sunset and maw after)
txonam: [to."nam]
PF
adv. last night (derived
from txon night and ham previous)
txonay: [to."naj]
PF
adv. tomorrow night (deri-
ved from txon night and hay next)
txopu: ["to.pu]
PF
n. fear
txopu si: ["to.pu "si]
PF
vin. be afraid (derived
from txopu fear)
txukx: [tuk]
PF
adj. deep (physically)
txula: ["tu.la]
PF
v. build, construct
txum: [tum]
PF
n. poison
txumnga: ["tum.NaP^]
PF
adj. poisonous (deri-
ved from txum poison and nga contain)
txur: [tuR]
PF
adj. strong (physically)
U
uk: [uk^]
PF
n. shadow (derived from toruk last
shadow)
ukxo: [u."ko]
PF
adj. dry
ulte: ["ul.tE]
PF
conj. and (clausal conjunction)
ultxa: [ul."ta]
PF
n. meeting
ultxarun: [ul."ta.Run]
PF
vtr. encounter, meet
by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and
run nd)
ultxa si: [ul."ta "si]
PF
vin. meet with someone
intentionally (use hu with) (derived from ul-
txa meeting)
unil: ["u.nil]
JC
n. dream
uniltrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok]
JC,PF
n. ava-
tar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltranyu
dreamwalker and tokx body)
uniltranyu: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju]
PF
n. dreamwalker
(c.w. from unil dream and tranyu walker)
uo: ["u.o]
PF
adp. behind
uran: ["u.Ran]
PF
n. boat
utral: ["ut.Ral]
PF
n. tree
utraltsyp: ["ut.Ral.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. bush (derived
from utral tree)
uvan: [u."van]
PF
n. game, uvan letokx sport
uvan si: [u."van "si]
PF
vin. play (a game) (deri-
ved from uvan game)
V
var: [vaR]
PF
vim. to persist in a state, to conti-
nue to perform an action
vawm: [vawm]
PF
adj. dark
vawmpin: ["vawm.pin]
PF
n. dark color (deri-
ved from vawm dark)
vay: [vaj]
PF
adp. up to
vaykrr: [vaj."kr
"
]
PF
conj. until (c.w. from vay
up to and krr time)
v: [vP]
PF
adj. unpleasant to the senses, noiso-
me
vng: [vN]
PF
adj. thirsty
vek: [vEP."kI]
PF
vtr. hate
venu: ["vE.nu]
PF
n. foot
venzek: ["vEn.zEk^]
PF
n. toe (c.w. from venu
foot and zekw nger)
vewng: [vEwN]
PF
vtr. look after, take care of, be
responsible for
vey: [vEj]
PF
n. food made from animal origin,
esh
vin: [vin]
PF
vtr. request, ask for
vingkap: ["viN.kap]
PF
vtr. occur to one, pop in-
to ones mind, strike one
vir: [vi."R]
PF
v. spread, proliferate
vitra: [vit."Ra]
PF
n. soul
vol: [vol]
PF
num. eight
volve: ["vol.vE]
PF
adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived
from vol eight)
vospx: [vo."spI]
PF
n. month (derived from
vospx twelfth and zst of a year)
vospxam: [vo."spI.am]
PF
n. last month (deri-
ved from vospx month)
vospxay: [vo."spI.aj]
PF
n. next month (deri-
ved from vospx month)
vrrn: ["vr
"
.In]
PF
vin. be busy (negative sense):
be tired out and overwhelmed by an activity
thats keeping one busy (derived from n be
busy)
vrrtep: ["vr
"
.tEp^]
PF
n. demon
vul: [vul]
PF
n. branch (of a tree)
vur: [vuR]
PF
n. story
vurvi: ["vuR.vi]
PF
n. summary, synopsis (deri-
ved from vur story)
28
W
wan: [wan]
PF
vtr. hide
wawe: [wa."wE]
PF
n. meaning, importance, sig-
nicance
way: [waj]
PF
n. song (ancient, ceremonial)
way si: ["waj "si]
PF
vin. sing (derived from
way song)
waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm]
PF
n. song cord (c.w.
from way song and telem cord)
w+: [w]
PF
adp. against (as in: ght against)
wte: [w."tE]
PF
vtr. argue, dispute
wtu: ["w.tu]
PF
n. opponent (derived from
w- against)
wtx: [wt]
PF
vtr. be bad at
wem: [wEm]
PF
vin. ght
wempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu]
PF
n. squad, milita-
ry clan, battle party (c.w. fromwemght and
pongu group)
wew: [wEw]
PF
adj. cold
weyn: [wEjn]
PF
v. draw, illustrate
win: [win]
PF
adj. fast
win spi: ["win s."pi]
PF
vin. hurry (c.w. from
win fast and spi do (reexive))
win si: ["win "si]
PF
vin. rush something, make
something fast (derived from win fast)
wiya: ["wi.ja]
ZS
intj. expression of warning or
frustration, damn!
wntxu: [wIn."tu]
PF
v. show
wok: [wok^]
PF
adj. loud
wotx: [wot]
PF
n. totality, whole
wrrpa: ["wr
"
.pa]
PF
n., adv. outside
wur: [wuR]
PF
adj. cool, chilly
wutso: ["wu.
>
tso]
PF
n. dinner, served meal
Y
ya: [ja]
PF
n. air
yafkeyk: ["ja.fkEjk^]
PF
n. weather (derived
from fkeytok exist)
yapay: ["ja.paj]
PF
n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from
ya air and pay water)
yawne: ["jaw.nE]
PF
adj. beloved
yawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu]
PF
n. loved one (derived
from yawne beloved)
yawntu: ["jawn.tu]
PF
n. loved one (derived
from yawne beloved)
yayayr: [ja."jajR]
PF
n. confusion
yaymak: ["jaj.mak^]
PF
adj. foolish, ignorant
yayo: ["ja.jo]
PF
n. bird (c.w. from ya air and
ioang animal)
yn: [jn]
PF
vtr. fasten, tie down
ye: [jE]
PF
adj. satised, content, satiated, full
yekrr: ["jEP.kr
"
]
PF
adv. early (derived from
yern soon and krr time)
yern: ["jEP.RIn]
PF
adv. soon
yehakx: ["jE.hak]
PF
adj. satised from hunger,
full (derived fromye full and ohakx hungry)
yem: [jEm]
PF
vtr. put, place
yemfpay: [jEm."fpaj]
PF
n. dipping, immersion
(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay wa-
ter)
yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj "si]
PF
vin. dip into
liquid (derived from yemfpay dipping)
yemstokx: ["jEm.stok]
PF
vtr. put on (clot-
hing), don (c.w. from yem sn put on and to-
kx body)
yevng: ["jE.vN]
PF
adj. satised from thirst by
drink, feeling quenched, slaked (derived from
ye satised and vng thirsty)
yey: [jEj]
PF
adj. straight
ym: [jIm]
PF
vtr. bind
yol: [jol]
PF
adj. short (of time)
yom: [jom]
PF
vtr. eat
yomtng: ["jom.tIN]
PF
vin. feed (with dative ob-
ject) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tng give)
yora: [jo."RaP]
PF
vtr. win
yur: [juR]
PF
vtr. wash
29
Z
zarp: [za."P.RIp^]
PF
vtr. pull (derived
from rp move)
zau: ["za.Pu]
PF
vin. come
zam: [zam]
PF
num. sixty four
zamunge: [za."mu.NE]
PF
vtr. bring (derived
from munge bring)
zapx: [za."pI]
PF
n. front (part or section) (deri-
ved from hapx part)
zawng: [zawN]
PF
vin. scream
zekw: ["zEk.w]
PF
n. nger
zene: ["zE.nE]
PF
vim. must
zenke: ["zEN.kE]
PF
vim. must not (ii) (c.w.
from zene must and ke not)
zerok: ["zE.Rok^]
PF
v. remember
zeyko: [zEj."ko]
PF
vtr. heal, x (derived from
zo be well and eyk causative inx)
zmauyu: [zI."ma.Pu.yu]
PF
n. newcomer, some-
one who has just arrived on the scene
zskrr: ["zI.sI.kr
"
]
PF
n. season (derived from
zst year and krr time)
zst: ["zI.sIt^]
PF
n. year
zo: [zo]
PF
vin. be well, be intact, be as it should
be, work correctly or as nature intended
zong: [zoN]
PF
v. save, defend
zongtseng: ["zoN.
>
tsEN]
PF
n. safe place, refuge
(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)
zoplo: [zop."lo]
PF
n. offence, insult
zoslu: ["zo.slu]
PF
vin. heal, become well, get x-
ed (c.w. from zo be well and slu become)
zup: [zup^]
PF
vin. fall
zusawkrr: [zu."saw.kr
"
]
PF
n. future (c.w. from
zusau coming and krr time)
30
A The Number System
The following are charts of Navi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their
singular form, like awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining
indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number
reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.
Note that when using numbers in conversational Navi, Dr. Frommer has introduced a
grammatical rule, called the Koren Holpxay, or the Number Principle, which states that
in referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence You
two are teachers. in Navi would be Menga lu karyu. and the sentence They are teachers.
would be Fo lu karyu..
Navi Numbers: 0 39
0 1 2 3 4
0 kew vol mevol pxevol tsvol
1 aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsvolaw
2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsvomun
3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsvopey
4 tsng vosng mevosng pxevosng tsvosng
5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsvomrr
6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsvofu
7 kin vohin mevohin pxevohin tsvohin
Navi Numbers: 40 63
5 6 7
0 mrrvol puvol kivol
1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw
2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun
3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey
4 mrrvosng puvosng kivosng
5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr
6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu
7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin
Ordinal Numbers
Number + -ve
0 8 volve
1 awve 9 volawve
2 muve 10 vomuve
3 pxeyve 11 vopeyve
4 tsve 12 vosve
5 mrrve 13 vomrrve
6 puve 14 vofuve
7 kive 15 vohive
More Navi Numbers:
x1 combining x8 x64 x512 x4096
1 aw -aw vol zam vozam zazam
2 mune -mun mevol mezam mevozam mezazam
3 pxey -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam pxezazam
4 tsng -sng tsvol tszam tsvozam tszazam
5 mrr -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam mrrzazam
6 pukap -fu puvol puzam puvozam puzazam
7 kin -hin kivol kizam kivozam kizazam
31
Example Number
zamtsvosng zam + tsvo + sng 64 + 48 + 4 100
Non-Navi Numbers
8 eyt 9 nayn
B Time
Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.
Stress is again shown with underlining.
Trrtxon
trrong dawn
trrongmaw after dawn
rewon morning
srekamtrr before noon
kxamtrr noon
kxamtrrmaw after noon
hangir early afternoon
kaym late afternoon
sretonong before nightfall
txonong nightfall
txonongmaw after nightfall
txon night
srekamtxon before midnight
kxamtxon midnight
kxamtxomaw after midnight
txon night
sresrrong before dawn
trrong dawn
Days of the Terrestrial Week
Sunday trrawve
Monday trrmuve
Tuesday trrpxeyve
Wednesday trrtsve
Thursday trrmrrve
Friday trrpuve
Saturday trrkive
C Navi Loan Words
ngls: ["PIN.lI.sI]
PF
n. English language (loa-
ned from Eng. English)
Rrta: ["Pr
"
.ta]
PF,Prr
prop.n. Earth (loaned
from Eng. Earth)
Europa: [E.u."Ro.pa]
PF
prop.n. Europe (loaned
from Greek Europe)
hamets: [ha.mE.
>
tsI]
PF
n. leavened bread (loa-
ned from Hebrew chametz)
Jakesully: [ZEjksu:l
"
i]
M
n. moron, toruk mak-
toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor-
mally allowable under Navi phonotactic
rules)
kunsp: ["kun.sIp^]
PF
n. gunship (loaned from
Eng. gunship)
matsa: [ma.
>
tsa]
PF
n. matsa, crackers (loaned
from Hebrew matsa)
nFranse: [nI."fRan.sE]
PF
adv. French, in French
(loaned from Eng. French)
nToitsye: [nI."to.i.tsjE]
PF
adv. German,
Deutsch (loaned from Deutsch German)
Pari: [pa.Ri]
PF
prop.n. Paris (loaned from
French Paris)
psketpol: [p.skEt.pol]
PF
n. basketball (loa-
ned from Eng. basketball)
pts: ["p.
>
tsI]
PF
n. badge (loaned from Eng.
badge)
plok: [pI."lok^]
PF
n. blog (loaned from Eng.
blog)
puk: [puk^]
PF
n. book (loaned from Eng. book)
32
puktsyp: ["puk.
>
tsjIp^]
PF
n. pamphlet, booklet
(derived from puk book)
pxir: [piR]
PF
n. beer (loaned from Deutsch bi-
er)
skxaypxe: ["skaj.pE]
PF
n. Skype (loaned from
English Skype)
Sweriye: [swERijE]
PF
prop.n. Sweden
tawsp: ["taw.sIp^]
PF
n. sky-ship (loaned from
Eng. ship)
Toitslan: ["to.i.
>
tslan]
PF
prop.n. Germany (loa-
ned from German Deutschland)
Toitsye: ["to.i.
>
tsjE]
PF
adj. German (language)
(loaned from German Deutsch)
toktor: ["tok.toR]
PF
n. doctor (loaned from
Eng. doctor)
tsynel: [
>
tsj.nEl]
PF
n. TV channel (loaned
from Eng. channel)
tsyrf: [
>
tsjI.R.fI]
PF
n. giraffe (loaned from
Eng. giraffe)
wou: ["wo.u]
PF
svin. be amazing, fascinating
(slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa)
Yeysu: [jEj.su]
PF
prop.n. Jesus (loaned from
Italian Jesu)
Yu.E.Sey: [ju.E.sEj]
PF
prop.n. USA (loaned
from Eng. USA)
33
D Navi Proper Nouns
Akwey: [ak."wEj]
JC
prop.n. male Navi
Amhul: [am."hul]
PF
prop.n. female Navi
Ateyitan: [a.tEj.i.tan]
JC
prop.n. son of Ateyo
(derived from Ateyo male name and itan
son)
Ateyo: [a."tE.jo]
JC
prop.n. male Navi
ayRam aLusng: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN]
PF
prop.n.
the Floating Mountains (c.w. from ram
mountain and lng hover)
ayVitray Ramunong: [aj.vit."Ra.j Ra."mu.noN]
JC
prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul
and ramunong well)
nst: ["n.sIt^]
PF
prop.n. male Navi
Entu: ["En.tu]
PF
prop.n. male Navi
Eytukan: ["Ej.tu.kan]
JC
prop.n. male leader of
the Omatikaya
Eywa: ["Ej.wa]
JC
prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de-
rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw)
RL
Eywaeveng: [Ej.wa."PE.vEN]
JC,PF
prop.n.
Pandora (informal pronunciation [Ej."wE.vEN])
(c.w. from Eywa Gaia and eveng child)
Iknimaya: ["ik.ni."ma.ja]
JC
prop.n. Stairway to
Heaven, the rite of passage for young Navi
staw: [I."staw]
PF
prop.n. male Navi
Kamun: ["ka.mun]
PF
prop.n. male Navi (affec-
tionate form Kamtsyp)
Kelutral: ["kE.lut.Ral]
PF
prop.n. Hometree (c.w.
from kelku home and utral tree)
Liona: [li.Po.na]
G,PF
prop.n. a clan
Loak: ["lo.ak^]
PF
prop.n. male Navi
Moat: ["mo.Pat^]
JC
prop.n. tsahk of the Oma-
tikaya (also pronounced Moat)
Moatite: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE]
JC
prop.n. daughter of
Moat (derived fromMoat a woman and ite
daughter)
Navi: ["naP.vi]
PF
prop.n. the People, indige-
nous Pandoran sentient race
Newey: [nE."wEj]
PF
prop.n. female Navi
Neytiri: [nEj.ti.Ri]
JC
prop.n. female Navi of the
Omatikaya
Ninat: [ni.nat^]
JC
prop.n. female singer of the
Omatikaya
Omatikaya: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja]
JC
prop.n. Blue
Flute Clan
Otranyu: [ot."Ran.ju]
JC
prop.n. name
Peyral: [pEj."Ral]
PF
prop.n. female of the Oma-
tikaya
Ralu: ["Ra.lu]
PF
prop.n. male Navi
Rini: ["Ri.ni]
PF
prop.n. female Navi
Rongloa: ["RoN.lo.a]
JC
prop.n. a clan
Seze: ["sE.zE]
ZS
prop.n. Neytiris banshee
Silwanin: [sil.wa.nin]
JC
prop.n. Neytiris sister
Sorewn: [so."REwn]
PF
prop.n. female Navi
Swotulu: ["swo.tu.lu]
PF
prop.n. sacred river
(derived from swotu sacred place)
Tawtute: ["taw.tu.tE]
PF
prop.n. Sky-person,
human (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)
Tsahk: ["
>
tsa.hIk^]
JC
prop.n. matriarch, high
priestess, interpreter
Tsenu: ["
>
tsE.nu]
PF
prop.n. female Navi
Tskaha: ["
>
tska.ha]
JC
prop.n. a tribe or clan
Tsutey: [
>
tsuP."tEj]
JC
prop.n. male of the Oma-
tikaya
Tsumongwi: [
>
tsu.moN.wi]
JC
prop.n. original
name for the Omatikaya
Tuke: ["tu.kE]
PF
prop.n. female Navi
Txew: ["tE.wI]
PF
prop.n. male Navi
Txilte: ["til.tE]
PF
prop.n. female Navi
Uniltaron: [u.nil."ta.Ron]
PF
prop.n. Dream
Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt)
Utral Aymokriy: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.j]
JC,PF
prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral tree
and mokri voice)(from utraya mokri
J
C)
Varu: ["vaP.Ru]
PF
prop.n. male Navi
34
E Flora and Fauna
Flora
ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik]
PF
n. leaf pitcher plant
(c.w. from ampi touch and rikx move)
o: ["P.Po]
PF
n. pitcher plant
elewll: ["PE.lEP.wl
"
]
PF
n. thorny paw, cactus
(derived from ewll plant)
anheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju]
PF
n. bonacci, blue spiral
plant (c.w. from ean blue and heyu spiral)
apxangrr: [a."pa.Nr
"
]
PF
n. delta tree (c.w. from
apxa large and ngrr root)
atokirina: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP]
JC
n. seeds of the gre-
at tree
awaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i]
PF
n. banshee of paradise
eanean: ["E.an."E.an]
PF
n. cheadle, herbaceous
plant (c.w. from ean blue)
eyaye: [E."ja.jE]
PF
n. warbonnet
fkxakewll: ["fka.kE.wl
"
]
PF
n. itch plant (c.w.
from fkxake itch and ewll plant)
ee: ["flE.flE]
PF
n. Sols delight, magnetotrophic
plant
fngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut.wl
"
]
PF
n. metal-
following plant (c.w. from fngap metal and
sutx follow)
fwkwll: ["fw.kI.wl
"
]
PF
n. mantis orchid (c.w.
from fwk mantis and ewll plant)
hrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl
"
]
PF
n. puffer plant
kllpxiwll: [kl
"
."pi.wl
"
]
PF
n. lionberry (c.w. from
kllte ground and pxiwll sharp plant)
kxaylte: ["kajl.tE]
PF
n. cillaphant (derived
from kxayl high)
loreyu: [lo."RE.ju]
PF
n. helicoradian, beautiful
spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and heyu spi-
ral)
mnyu: ["mIn.ju]
PF
n. turner, twisted lily (deri-
ved from mn turn)
mulpxar: [mul."paR]
PF
n. roosterhead plant
paliwll: ["paP.li.wl
"
]
PF
n. direhorse pitcher plant
(c.w. from pali direhorse and ewll plant)
pamtseowll: ["pam.
>
tsE.o.wl
"
]
PF
n. cat ear, mu-
sic plant (c.w. frompamtseo music and ewll
plant)
paywll: ["paj.wl
"
]
PF
n. water plant, dapophet
(c.w. from pay water and ewll plant)
penghrrap: [pEN."hr
"
.ap^]
PF
n. binary sunshine,
fringed lamp (c.w. from peng tell and hrrap
danger)
pxayzekw: [paj."zEk.w]
PF
n. spiny whips
(c.w. from pxay many and zekw nger)
pxiut: ["pi.ut^]
PF
n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w.
from pxi sharp and utral tree)
pxiwll: ["pi.wl
"
]
PF
n. hermit bud plant (c.w.
from pxi sharp and ewll plant)
pxorna: ["poR.naP]
PF
n. episoth, exploding seed
(c.w. from pxor explode and rina seed)
pxornalor: ["poR.naP."loR]
PF
n. sari, beautiful
exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna ex-
ploding seed and lor beautiful)
rawp: [Rawp^]
PF
n. bladder polyp
rumut: ["Rum.ut^]
PF
n. ball tree (c.w. from rum
ball and utral tree)
seze: ["sE.zE]
PF,ZS
n. blue ower
smaoe: [sma."o.E]
PF
n. phalanxia, heavily thor-
ned plant
sngukx: [sNuk]
PF
n. grub plant
somtlor: ["som.tI.loR]
PF
n. popsicle, hot beauty
(c.w. from som hot and tlor beauty)
syeptute: ["sjEp.tu.tE]
PF
n. hyneman, person
trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person)
tautral: ["ta.ut.Ral]
PF
n. sky tree (c.w. from taw
sky and utral tree)
tawtsngal: ["taw.
>
tsNal]
PF
n. panopyra, sky cup
(c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup)
thawnuwll: [tI."haw.nu.wl
"
]
PF
n. spartan, pro-
tection plant (c.w. from thawnu protection
and ewll plant)
tompawll: ["tom.pa.wl
"
]
PF
n. geode, rain plant
(c.w. from tompa rain and ewll plant)
torukspxam: ["to.Ruk.spam]
PF
n. octoshroom,
great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from toruk
great leonopteryx and spxam mushroom)
tsawlapxangrr: ["
>
tsawl.a.pa.Nr
"
]
PF
n. unidelta
tree, lit. tall large root (c.w. from tsawl big
and ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx)
tstxaa: ["
>
tsta.Pa]
PF
n. canalyd
tsyorinawll: [
>
tsjo.Ri."naP.wl
"
]
PF
n. cycad, our
seed plant (c.w. from rina seed and ewll
plant)
txllu: ["tl
"
.Pu]
PF
n. hookagourd
txumpaywll: ["tum.paj.wl
"
]
PF
n. scorpion
thistle, poison water plant (c.w. from txum
poison and paywll water plant)
35
txumtswll: [tum."
>
tsP.wl
"
]
PF
n. Baja tickler,
poison-squirting plant (c.w. from ts squirt
and ewll plant)
vfewll: ["v.fE.wl
"
]
PF
n. Centipede, bad-smell
plant (c.w. from v unpleasant and fahew
smell)
vrumut: ["v.Ru.mut^]
PF
n. vein pod (c.w.
from v unpleasant and rum ball)
Vitrautral: [vit."Ra.ut.Ral]
PF
prop.n. Tree of
Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)
yomhang: [jom."hIP.aN]
PF
n. small ani-
mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eat
and hang insect)
yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN]
PF
n. chalice plant (c.w.
from yom eat and ioang animal)
Fauna
angtsk: ["PaN.
>
tsIk^]
PF
n. hammerhead
eltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN]
PF
n. brainworm
(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm)
fkio: ["fki.o]
PF
n. tetrapteron
fpxafaw: ["fpa.faw]
PF
n. medusa
fwampop: ["fwam.pop^]
PF
n. tapirus
fwk: ["fw.kI]
PF
n. mantis
ikran: ["ik.Ran]
JC
n. banshee
ikranay: ["ik.Ra.naj]
ASG
n. forest banshee (Not
PF)
kaliweya: [ka.liP.wE.ja]
ASG
n. species of poiso-
nous arachnid
kenten: ["kEn.tEn]
PF
n. fan lizard
lonataya: [lo.na.ta.ja]
ASG
n. medusa
nantang: ["nan.taN]
JC,PF
n. viperwolf Canifer-
ratus costatus, striped armored wolf
pali: ["paP.li]
PF
n. direhorse
palulukan: [pa.lu."lu.kan]
JC
n. thanator (col-
loquial [pa."lu.kan])
riti: ["Ri.ti]
JC
n. stingbat
syaksyuk: [sjak."sjuk^]
PF
n. prolemuris
talioang: ["tal.i.o.aN]
JC
n. sturmbeest (derived
from ioang animal)
teylu: ["tEj.lu]
JC
n. beetle larva
toruk: ["to.Ruk^]
JC
n. great leonopteryx, last sha-
dow
yerik: ["jE.Rik^]
PF
n. hexapede
zize: [zi."zEP]
PF
n. hellre wasp
36
F Useful Phrases
These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphe-
mes are probably invariable. Weve included these not only to show instances where a phrase
encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. For
this reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken from
Dr. Frommers blog at Naviteri.org. Theyve been included in no specic conversational order,
but rather alphabetically.
awa swawtsyp: []
PF
ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit
efu ohakx: ["PE.fu o."hak]
PF
ph. be hungry
ivong nkong: []
PF
ph. slow is ne
n nga fyape nfkrr: []
PF
ph. whats been keeping you busy lately?
Aytele a ngey hapxm kifkey lu fyape?: []
PF
ph. How are things in your part of the world?
txle pa(lu)lukanur: [."t.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR]
PF
ph. Navi idiom: txle si palulukanur tsn
smarit livonu; Ask a thanator to release its prey, its a foregone conclusion
etrpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi]
PF
ph. good luck
Eywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu]
PF,JC
ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with you
fpor syaw fko staw: []
PF
ph. this is staw
Fnu, ma evi. Sanur leru hawtsyp. Tsivurokx ko.: []
PF
ph. Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking
a nap. Let her rest.
ftia oel lfyati leNavi no nwotx: []
PF
ph. studying Navi is a ton of fun for me!
ftxey...fuke: [ftEj fu."kE]
PF
ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)
fwk ke fwefwi: ["fw.kI kE "fwE.fwi]
PF
ph. Navi idiom: a mantis doesnt whistle, its against
someones or somethings nature
fyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sjaw NaR]
PF
ph. what are you called, what is your name
hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)]
PF
ph. next time from me
hayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj]
PF
ph. until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until)
irayo: [i."Ra.jo]
PF
intj. thanks, thank you
kaltx: [kal."tI]
PF
intj. hello (casual)
kaltx sivi, ma staw: []
PF
ph. say hello, staw
kea tkin: ["kE.a tI."kin]
PF
ph. no need (for thanks)
kefya srak: [kE."fja "sRak^]
PF
ph. isnt that so? right? no?
ke...kawit: [kE kaw."Pit^]
PF
ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kawit at all)
ke pxan: [kE pan]
PF
ph. Im not worthy
ke tslolam: []
PF
ph. I didnt get that, I didnt understand
ke zene win spivi: []
PF
ph. take your time, dont rush
kyevame: [kI.jE."va.mE]
PF
intj. good-bye, see you again soon
krro krro: ["kr
"
.o "kr
"
.o]
PF
ph. at times, on occasion
kxetse s mikyun kop plltxe: ["kE.
>
tsE sI "mik.jun kop^ pl
"
."tE]
LN,PF
ph. Navi proverbial phrase:
the tail and ears also speak, body language is important
ma frapo, ayngaru oey tsmukit alu Newey: []
PF
ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to
you) my sister, Newey
makto zong: ["mak.to zoN]
PF
ph. take care, travel safely
ne kllte: ["nE "kl
"
.tE]
PF
ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground)
nga lpivawk nit nul ko: []
PF
ph. tell me a bit more about yourself
nga lpivawk nno ko: []
PF
ph. tell me all about yourself
nga pesuhu kteng ntrrtrr: []
PF
ph. who do you normally spend time with?
ngari solalew polpxaya zst: []
PF
ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed?
37
ngari txelan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri tEP."lan ma."wEj li."vu]
PF
ph. dont worry, may your heart be
calm
ngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^]
PF
ph. How are you? are you well?
ngaru lu pefnetxintn ntrrtrr: []
PF
ph. what is your primary role in society?
ngaru oey lertut: []
PF
ph. allow me to introduce my colleague
ngaru tsulf: ["Na.Ru
>
tsul."f]
PF
ph. to your the mastery
ngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^]
PF
ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject)
nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER]
PF
ph. I love you, you are beloved to me
nga z(ol)au ftu peseng: []
PF
ph. where are you from?
ngenga lu tupe: []
PF
ph. who are you?
ngey kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj. "kE.
>
tsE lu "wE.Ru]
PF,JC
ph. Navi idiom: your tail is mine!,
youre going down!
nlun ayioi aeoio ayeyktan lu lor frato: []
PF
ph. Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the
leaders are the most beautiful
nprrte: [nI."pr
"
.tEP]
PF
adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure
oe olongokx m sray a txampayri sim, sl set kelku si m Helutral: []
PF
ph. I was born in a
town near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree
oe irayo si ngaru: ["o.E i."Raj.o si "Na.Ru]
PF
ph. I give thanks to you, thank you
oel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E]
PF
ph. I see you, hello (familiar)
oeri solalew zst apxevol: []
PF
ph. I am 24 years old
oeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a]
PF
ph. an honor to me, it was an honour
oeru syaw (fko) Txew: []
PF
ph. my name is Txew
oeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja si]
PF
ph. lls me with satisfaction, joy
oeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "to.a li."vu]
PF
ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me
oe tskxekeng si ssulnur alu tsko swizaw: []
PF
ph. I practice my hobby, which is archery
oey txintn lu fwa stn fayoangit: []
PF
ph. my central role in society is to catch sh
pum ngey: [pum "NE.j]
PF
ph. yours, I should thank you
rutxe lpivawk nit: []
PF
ph. please talk a little bit about yourself
rutxe liveyn: []
PF
ph. could you repeat that please?
rutxe tivng mikyun, ma frapo: []
PF
ph. Your attention, please, everyone!
sfpl asteng tkan ateng: []
PF
ph. Navi proverbial phrase: Great minds think alike!
seykxel s nitram: [sEj."kEl sI nit."Ram]
PF
ph. strong and happy!, congratulations
smon nprrte: [smon nI."pr
"
.tEP^]
PF
ph. nice to know you
srake fnan ngal lfyati leNavi: []
PF
ph. are you good at Navi?
srake smon ngar oey meylan alu Entu s Kamun: []
PF
ph. do you know my friends Entu and
Kamun?
srefereiey nprrte: []
PF
ph. looking forward to it
stum ke: [stum kE]
PF
ph. almost not (Note: Use instead of hardly", barelyr scarcely".)
taronyut yom smarl: ["ta.Ron.jut jom smaR.Il]
PF
ph. Navi idiom: the prey eats the hunter, a
totally botched situation, chaos
tefum oey: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.j]
PF
ph. in my opinion
tiavay krr: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr
"
.]
PF
ph. forever, until the end of time
tori peu sunu ngar frato: []
PF
ph. what is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun?
tknri kempe si nga: []
PF
ph. what do you do in your free time?
tkangkemri varmrrn oe nwotx: []
PF
ph. I was completely swamped at work
tkxey ngaru: [tI."kEj "Na.Ru]
PF
ph. youre wrong
tomumm oey: [tI."o.mum.mI wE.j]
PF
ph. to my knowledge
tyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru]
PF
ph. youre right
tokx eo tokx: ["tok "E.o "tok]
PF
ph. face to face, in person
38
Tsaluri alu X, ral lu upe: []
PF
ph. what does X mean?
tstunwi: ["
>
tstun.wi]
PF
adj. kind, that was kind of you to say
tsun mivkxu hkrr srak: []
PF
ph. may I interrupt a moment?
tsun nga law sivi nit srak: []
PF
ph. could you make that a bit clearer?, could you explain that
further?
txon lefpom: [ton lE."fpom]
PF
ph. good night, peaceful night
X-()ri peral: []
PF
ph. what does X mean?
X nNavi (slu) pelu: []
PF
ph. how do you say X in Navi?
zau neng: ["za.Pu nI."PEN]
PF
ph. share an interest in common
zolau nprrte: [zol."a.Pu nI."pr
"
.tEP]
PF
ph. come pleasurably, welcome
39
G The Alphabet
Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Navi way of listing and
pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2
pseudo-vowels (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.
The Alphabet
tFtang k KeK s S
a A kx Kxekx t TeT
aw AW l LeL tx TxeTx
ay AY ll Ll ts Ts
m MeM u U
e E n NeN v V
ew EW ng NgeNg w W
ey EY o O y Y
f F p PeP z Z
h H px PxePx
i I r ReR
rr Rr
40
H Inections
Verbal Inxes
alm: [al.m]
LN
perfective past tense verbal inx in position 1 (PERF.PAST), derived from am +
ol: Oe tsngalmawvk. I wept.
aly: [al.j]
LN
perfective future tense verbal inx in position 1 (PERF.FUT.), derived from ay + ol:
Oe halyangham. I will have laughed.
am: [a.m]
LN
past tense verbal inx in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tswamayon. I ew.
arm: [aR.m]
LN
imperfective past tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF.PAST.), derived from am
+ er: Oe tsngarmawvk. I was weeping.
ary: [aR.j]
LN
imperfective future tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF.FUT.), derived from ay
+ er: Oe haryangham. I will be laughing.
asy: [a.sj]
PF
future tense with determination verbal inx in position 1 (FUT.D.): Oel tspasyang
palulukanit. I will denitely kill the thanator.
ats: [a.
>
ts]
LN
inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal inx in position
2 (INFR.): Oel tspatsang poanit. I killed him (I think.)
awn: [aw.n]
PF
passive participle verbal inx in position 1 (P.PART.): Oe tawnaron-a tte lu.
I am a hunted person.
ay: [a.j]
LN
future tense verbal inx in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit tayaron. I will hunt the
yerik.
ng: [.N]
LN
pejorative affect verbal inx in position 2 (PEJ.): Oe srngew. I dance (ugh!).
p: [.p]
PF
reexive verbal inx the pre-rst position (REFL.): Oe stpeftxaw. I check myself.
ei: [E.i]
LN
laudative affect verbal inx in position 2 (LAUD.): Oe sreiew. I dance (hooray!).
er: [E.R]
PF
imperfective aspect verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe terran. I am walking.
eyk: [Ej.k]
PF
causative verbal inx the pre-rst position (CAUS.): Oel teykerkup pot. I caused
him to die.
ilv: [il.v]
PF
present perfective subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (PRES.PER.SUBJ.): Oe new
tslilvam. I want to understand.
imv: [im.v]
PF
past subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (PAST.SUBJ.): Oey swizaw nngay
timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true.
irv: [iR.v]
PF
present imperfective subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (PRES.IMPF.SUBJ.): Oe
new tslirvam. I want to be understanding.
iv: [i.v]
LN
subjunctive mood verbal inx in position 1 (SUBJ.): Ngal new futa oe wivem. You
want this thing: for me to ght.
iyev: [i.jE.v]
PF
future subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (FUT.SUBJ.): Oel kiyevame ngati.
I will see you soon.
lm: [Il.m]
LN
perfective recent past tense verbal inx in position 1 (PERF.REC.PAST.), derived
from m + ol: Oe tlmtxaw. I just now returned.
ly: [Il.j]
LN
perfective immediate future tense verbal inx in position 1 (PERF.IMM.FUT.), deri-
ved from y + ol: Oe hlyahaw. I will have slept soon.
m: [I.m]
LN
recent past verbal inx in position 1 (REC.PAST.): Oe tswmayon. I just ew.
rm: [IR.m]
LN
imperfective recent past tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF.REC.PAST.), derived
from m + er: Oe trmtxaw. I was just now returning.
ry: [IR.j]
LN
imperfective immediate future tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF.IMM.FUT.),
derived from y + er: Oe hryahaw. I will be sleeping soon.
sy: [I.sj]
PF
immediate future tense with determination verbal inx in position 1 (IMM.FUT.D.):
Oel tspsyang palulukanit. I will denitely kill the thanator soon.
41
y: [I.j]
LN
immediate future tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMM.FUT.): Oel yerikit tyaron.
I will hunt the yerik soon.
yev: [I.jE.v]
PF
future subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (FUT.SUBJ.): Oel kyevame ngati.
I will see you soon.
ol: [o.l]
PF
perfective aspect verbal inx in position 1 (PERF.): Oe tolran. I walked (nished
action).
us: [u.s]
LN
active participle verbal inx in position 1 (A.PART.): Oe tusaron-a tte lu. I am a
hunting person.
uy: [u.j]
PF
honoric (honouric) or ceremonial verbal inx in position 2 (HON.): Naviy,
luyu hapx. You are part of The People.
Noun Case Inections
: []
PF
genitive sufx for nouns ending in a everything but a, , e, i and (allomorph of y)
(GEN.): Oel yom ikran yerikit. I eat the ikrans yerik.
it: [it^]
PF
patientive sufx for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
l: [Il]
PF
agentive case sufx for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(allomorph of l) (ERG.): Ikranl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.
ri: [IRi]
PF
topical sufx for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of ri) (TOP.): Fskxawngri tsapalute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.
l: [l]
LN
agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
ri: [Ri]
PF
topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.
ru: [Ru]
LN
dative sufx for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet
ngaru tng. I give food to you.
t: [t^]
LN
patientive sufx for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat
kame. I see you.
ti: [ti]
LN
patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukl. The toruk hunts you.
ur: [uR]
PF
dative sufx for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oey. To my friends.
y: [j]
PF
genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN.): Ngey toruk sltsan lu.
Your toruk is good.
ya: [ja]
PF,M
vocative sufx for collective nouns: Mawey, Naviya. Calm, you Navi.
y: [j]
LN
genitive sufx for nouns ending in a a, , e, i and (allomorph of ) (GEN.): Oel
yeiomNeytiriy yerikit. I happily eat Neytiris yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns:
may look like ey)
Other Inections
This is a list of Navi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect
of the meaning. Not all Navi inections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivi-
ty, where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicated
they can modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of
speech that arent specied - for instance, attaching the clusivity marker ng would make no
sense on the word for blue, ean. All of the verbal inxes and case markers, above, are entirely
productive.
a: [a]
PF
(pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean
tswayon. I y the excellent blue ikran.
42
an: [an]
LN
masculine sufx for certain nouns: Poan tftxuyu lu. He is a weaver.
ay+: [aj]
PF
(pro.) plural for nouns (PL.): Ay+horen . The rules succeed.
e: [E]
PF
feminine sufx for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter.
fay+: [faj]
PF
(pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall.
f: [fI]
PF
(pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fnantangit. I see this viper-wolf.
fkeyk: [fkEjk^]
PF
(pro.) sufx for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape ftrr?
Whats the condition of the river today?
fne: [fnE]
PF
(pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsau lu? What kind of tree is that?
fra: [fRa]
PF
(pro.) every deriving afx Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone.
kaw: [kaw]
PF
not one deriving afx Oe kawkrr ke kam. I never went.
lo: [lo]
PF
multiplicative number sufx for aw, mune, pxey: Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.
me+: [mE]
LN
(pro.) dual for nouns (DU.): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes.
ng: [N]
LN
clusivity for rst person pronouns (CLUS.): Ayoeng rol. We all sing.
o: [o]
PF
(pro.) indenite sufx, durative sufx: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzsto. I saw someone
for years.
pay+: [paj]
PF
(pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsramei? What knives did you throw?
pe+: [pE]
LN
(pro.) afx inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?
pxe+: [pE]
PF
(pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI.): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three
children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun
which often undergoes ellision)
tsa: [
>
tsa]
PF
(pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel kame tsanantangit. I see that nantang.
tsay+: [
>
tsaj]
PF
(pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep.
tsyp: [
>
tsjIp^]
PF
(pro.) diminutive sufx for nouns, pronouns: Zau ftseng, ma itetsyp.
Come here, little daughter.
ve: [vE]
PF
(pro.) ordinal sufx for numbers: Koren aawve trusey awsiteng. The rst rule
of living together.
vi: [vi]
PF
partitive relationship marker: Oe nume m numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.
Other Inectional Morphology
These derivational morphemes are different than the inectional morphemes (in technical
speak) above. In other words, the markers here dont just change the meaning - they change
the part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word,
like t. Others are productive for certain subsets, like yu, which can go on any verb.
le: [lE]
PF
adjective deriving afx Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.
nga: [NaP^]
PF
adjective deriving afx Akra apaynga lu. It is moist soil.
n: [nI]
LN
adverbial deriving afx Oe nNavi plltxe. I speak navi-ly. (Like a Navi.) (Pro. for
adjectives only, unproductive for other forms - otherwise modify nfyao with appropriate
adjective or relative clause)
s: [s]
PF
instrumental noun deriving afx Oel snumet nume. I learn the teaching.
si: [si]
LN
postpositional verb deriving afx Oe kelku si Kelutralm. I live in Hometree. (lit. I
home make in Hometree.)
t: [tI]
LN
noun deriving afx Tngay sltsan lu. The truth is good.
t us: [tI us]
PF
(pro.) gerund (verbal noun) deriving afx Tkusar eltur ttxen si. Teaching
is interesting.
tu: [tu]
PF
(pro.) person noun from non-verbal stem deriving afx Oe reltseotu lu. I am an
artist.
yu: [ju]
LN
(pro.) agent noun deriving afx Oe kea skaayu ke lu. I am no destroyer.
43
I Non-Frommerian Words
These are words that are not from Dr. Frommer: We have included them as they are in the
extant corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Navi words. They are, for the most part, spu-
rious inventions for the Activists Survival Guide, Pandorapedia, or the Avatar Game. None
of these words were run by Dr. Frommer before being published, and the general consensus
is that they ought to be ignored. They are included here for those who would otherwise not
know what their denitions or derivations are. These words are not canonical, and their use
is highly discouraged. Many of them out Navi inectional rules or phonotactic constraints.
Some include illegal sounds, as illustrated below.
h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]
Amanti: [a.man.ti]
G
prop.n. female of the Tipa-
ni
Anurai: [a.nu.Ra.i]
G
prop.n. clan name
arlek: [arPlEk^]
G
n. a seed-bearing plant
Beydaamo: [bEjdaPamo]
G
prop.n. male warri-
or of the Tipani
chantu gorek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto]
ASG
n. stone jar
chey: [tSEj]
ASG
n. possesions rack (derived from
Pah sivil chey rack)
Eywa ksey nivibrista: [Ejwa kPsEj niviP-
briPsta]
ASG
n. hammock, from Eywa cradles
everyone
Eywa silivi maskit nivi: [Ejwa sPilivi masP-
kit^nivi]
ASG
Ewyas wisdom is revealed to all
of us
Eywa te _ tansey makta: [Ejwa tEP tanP-
sEj makPta]
ASG
n. ikran queue harness, lit.
the love of Eywas embrace is gifted to (personal
name)
feru mpreduk: [fEru mPpREduPk^]
ASG
n. bas-
ket
Fmilam: [fmi.lam]
G
prop.n. female of the Tipani
Grolryc: [gRoPlRjc]
G
prop.n. a series of caves
Hukato: [hu.ka.to]
G
prop.n. male of the Tipani
Ikalu: [i.ka.lu]
G
prop.n. male of the Tipani
iveh knivi sdir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir]
ASG
n. ba-
by sling
ksey nivi: [kPsEj nivi]
ASG
n. group sleep
Kaoli Tei: [ka.o.li. tE.i]
G
prop.n. the plains
of Goliath
Koo Tsura: [ko:
>
tsu.Ra]
G
prop.n. a Tipani vil-
lage
Kusati: [ku.sa.ti]
G
prop.n. female warrior of the
Tipani
Kyuna: [kjuna]
G
prop.n. female of the Anurai
lenayga: [lEnajPga]
ASG
n. slinger, predatory
animal
Lompo: [lom.po]
G
prop.n. male of the Tawkami
Lungoray: [lu.No.Raj]
G
prop.n. shaman of the
Tipani
mreshtuyu: [mPRESPtuju] or [mPREshPtuju]
ASG
n. shield
Malimi: [ma.li.mi]
G
prop.n. male of the Tawka-
mi
malmoks: [malmoks]
G
n. rings of stone
Marali: [ma.Ra.li]
G
prop.n. female of the Tipani
maskit nivi sanok: [masPkit^nivi saPnok^]
ASG
mother loom
Maweytakuk: [ma.wEj.ta.kuk^]
G
prop.n. male
Navi
Mekanei: [mE.ka.nE.i]
G
prop.n. male of the Ti-
pani
Mendala: [mEn.da.la]
G
prop.n. male of the Ti-
pani
mereshti caupla: [mERESPti kauPpla] or
[meReshPti kauPpla]
ASG
n. banshee catcher,
bola, lit. nothing to see
meshkai huru: [mESPkai huRu]
PND
n. cooking
pot
mreki ulito: [mREki uPlito]
ASG
n. re pit
Mukata: [mu.ka.ta]
G
prop.n. male of the Taw-
kami
nahla bukne: [naPhla bukPnE]
ASG
n. direhor-
se lead, lit. face pull
Naalot: [na:.lot^]
G
prop.n. male of the Tipani
Neranak: [nE.RaP.nak^]
G
prop.n. female of the
Tawkami
niktchey: [niktP
>
tshEj] or [niktPtSEj]
ASG
n.
small bit of food, packed lunch
nivi: [ni.vi]
ASG
n. hammock (informal), us (de-
rived from Eywa ksey nivibrista Ewya
cradles everyone)
44
Nok: [nok^]
G
prop.n. male of the Tawkami
Oloniwin: [o.lo.ni.win]
G
prop.n. male elder of
the Tipani
Omati: [o.ma.ti]
G
prop.n. male of the Tawkami
omati sampta: [omati sPampta]
ASG
n. blue
ute
Onantu: [o.nan.tu]
G
prop.n. male of the Tawka-
mi
Otamu: [o.ta.mu]
G
prop.n. male of the Tipani
Pah sivil chey: [pPah sPivil tSEj]
ASG
n. perso-
nal belongings rack
pxtxawng: [ptawN]
JC
n. douchebag
Raiuk: [Ra.i.Puk^]
G
prop.n. male of the Anurai
Raltaw: [Ral.taw]
G
prop.n. male hunter of the
Tipani
Snume: [s.nu.mE]
G
prop.n. tsahk of the Ti-
pani (derived from snume teaching)
Seyvaro: [sEj.va.Ro]
G
prop.n. male of the Taw-
kami
shah-tell: [Sah.tEl]
ASG
n. shuttle (loaned from
Eng. shuttle) (not normally allowable under
Navi phonotactic rules)
sushiri tacto sa: [suPshiri tPacto sa] or
[suPshiri tPacto sa]
ASG
n. toy ikran
suminsey hulleh: [suminPsEj hul
"
Eh]
ASG
slee-
ping outside of the group
sumin jiitluy: [sumin ZiitPluy]
ASG
n. leaf plate
Swawta: [swaw.ta]
G
prop.n. male of the Tipani
triti so jahmka: [tPRiti so Zahmka]
ASG
n. pen-
dulum drum
Taantasi: [ta.Pan.ta.si]
G
prop.n. Tantalus,
rocky place on Pandora
Tan Jala: [tan jala]
G
prop.n. male of the Tipani
Tasun: [ta.sun]
G
prop.n. male hunter of the
Lona
Tawkami: [taw.ka.mi]
G
prop.n. a clan (c.w.
from taw sky and kame see)
Tilikaru: [ti.li.ka.Ru]
G
prop.n. a Tipani village
Tipani: [ti.pa.ni]
G
prop.n. a clan
ttakuk: [tI."ta.kuk^]
G
n. strike (derived from
takuk strike)
tmi natsey: [tmi natPsEj]
ASG
n. bladder lan-
tern, from food here
Tsalaw: [
>
tsaP.law]
G
prop.n. male of the Tawka-
mi
Tsaro: [
>
tsa.Ro]
G
prop.n. male of the Tipani
Tsmuke: [
>
tsmu.kE]
G
prop.n. a Tipani village
txei: [tE.i]
G
n. plain
uimi: [u.Pi.mi]
ASG
n. streamer, pendant
Uimi huyuticaya: [uPimi hujutikaja]
ASG
prop.n. a clan
Ukamtsu: [u.kam.
>
tsu]
G
prop.n. male of the Ti-
pani
ulivi maritsey makdinito: [Ulivi mariP
>
tsEj
makPdiniPto]
ASG
loom, lit. branches of the
tree look to each other for strength, or many
branches together are strong
ulutah inibsey mulsi: [uluPtah inibPsEy mul-
si]
ASG
n. leaf plate
Umkansa: [um.kan.sa]
G
prop.n. a Tipani vil-
lage
Unipey: [u.ni.pEj]
G
prop.n. female of the Tipani
utral utu mauti: [ut.Ral u.tu ma.u.ti]
ASG
n.
push fruit tree (c.w. from utral tree and utu
mauti push fruit)
utu mauti: [u.tu ma.u.ti]
ASG
n. banana fruit,
push fruit
Vaer Ramunong: [va.PE.R Ra.mu.noN]
G
prop.n. Vaderas Hollow
Vayaha: [va.ja.ha]
G
prop.n. a Tipani village
45
J The Changelog
Following is a brief record of the most recent revisions...
12.313 - Corrected entries for adpositions kam and kay. Also corrected IPA for irayo (how
did we miss this for so long?)
12.312 - Incredibly, even more typographical and transitivity errors corrected.
12.311 - Typographical errors and transitivity of various words corrected. Credit to Blue
Elf and Plumps for these.
12.31 - Added new vocabulary and phrases from naviteri.org September 24, 2011 post.
ampi corrected as vtr., nfp. and ofp. abbreviated markers added.
12.301 - Added contractions from naviteri.org September 4, 2001 post and corrections
suggested by Oma Tirea
12.3 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, September 4, 2011 post.
12.29 - Added lukpen
12.283 - Added loan words Toitslan and Toitsye. Corrected kurakx as vtr. Credit to Plumps
for these.
12.282 - Corrected typos in the pronunciation of several words
12.281 - Added mawkrra, corrected denition for sasem
12.28 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, August 3, 2011 post; corrected ngop as
vtr.
12.274 - Corrected may as vtrm. Added example for K.Pawls Numbers Principle in
the intro to the numbers section.
12.273 - Corrected tftang si as vin., atxkxerel stress marker error and tung as v.
12.272 - Added ftxoz si (thanks to Plumps) and kekem
12.271 - Added sample phrase for hawtsyp
12.27 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, July 24, 2011 post.
12.262 - Added stress marking for suln and kann; remarked mn as vin.
12.261 - Deleted duplicate entry
12.26 - Added etnaw. Added phrase taronyut yom smarl.
12.25 - Added fwefwi. Added phrase fwk ke fwefwi. Corrected inx position marker
for fkeytok.
12.242 - Corrected ultxarun to be vtr.
12.241 - Edited syaw denition
12.24 - Edited srane, sran and kehe to be part., intj.
46
12.231 - Changed from ngls back to capital , capitalized jakesully as Jakesully
12.23 - Changed all instances of with a , and change the from ngls to a lowercase .
12.22 - Added kawtseng and tsapo. Corrected typo in ngrrpongo denition.
47