Survey Lecture 2 -Taping

Concepts Covered (Pages 37-56 of Lecture Notes)

) Taping
!"uip#ent
$et%ods
&n-C'ass de#onstration
2) Corrections
Sag
Tension
Te#perature
Sca'e
3) Nu#erica' !(a#p'e
)) *iscuss fie'd assign#ent +2
1
Taping , -n &ntroduction
.enera'/
Linear #easure#ent is t%e 0asis of a'' surveying1
Taping refers to t%e e(ercise of p%ysica''y #easuring %ori2onta'
distances1
$et%ods
*irect 'inear #easure#ents can 0e o0tained or esti#ated t%roug% a
nu#0er of #et%ods/
) pacing
2) odo#eter readings
3) stadia (tac%eo#etry)
)) taping
5) e'ectronic distance #easure#ents (!*$)
2
!"uip#ent
33 #etre tape Stee' tapes are #anufactured under fi(ed
conditions of te#perature and tensi'e force1
tension %and'e Tension %and'es a''o4 t%e user to app'y a
specified tensi'e force on t%e tape1
tape grips T%ese a''o4 t%e user to fir#'y grasp t%e stee'
tape and resist t%e pu'' of t%e tape fro# t%e
person 'ocated on t%e ot%er end of t%e tape1
p'u#0 0o0s T%ese are used to 'ocate t%e tape precise'y
over a specified point1
c%aining pins T%ese are used to #ar5 tape 'engt%s1
3
.enera' Procedure (Page 36-))
Person - 7o'ds t%e tension %and'e 'ocated at t%e 82ero9 end of t%e tape1
Person : 7o'ds t%e tape ree' and uses a tape grip to pu'' t%e tape1
Person : Pinc%es t%e p'u#0 0o0 string at a convenient point on t%e tape1
Person - 7o'ds t%e p'u#0 0o0 string a'ong t%e edge of t%e tape a0ove %is;%er
intended #ar51
Person : 7o'ds t%e p'u#0 0o0 over %is;%er #ar51
Ca''s out 8#ar5<1#ar5<11#ar59 to indicate t%at t%e p'u#0 0o0 is
0eing %e'd over t%e intended #ar51
:races for t%e tension app'ied 0y person -1
Person - *oes t%e actua' pu''ing1
=eports t%e tension va'ue and t%e corresponding tape #easure#ent1
Person : =eports t%e tape reading at %is;%er end of t%e tape1
4
T%e #easured 'engt% is deter#ined 0y su0tracting tape reading - fro# tape
reading :1
>or e(a#p'e/ Person - ca''s out a tape reading of 271?33
Person : reports a tape reading of 3133
T%e #easured 'engt% is co#puted as 271?33-3133 or
27166? #etres1
T%e #easure#ent procedure is repeated 4it% one i#portant difference1 Person
: %o'ds t%e p'u#0 0o0 string at a different point on t%e tape1
T%e t4o #easured 'engt%s are t%en co#pared1 &f t%e difference 0et4een t%e
#easure#ents is 'ess t%an t%e a''o4a0'e to'erance@ t%en t%e #easured 'engt%
0et4een t%e t4o points can 0e considered accurate1
&f t%ey are not@ t%e 'engt% #easure#ents are 0e repeated unti' t4o successive
#easure#ents are o0tained 4it%in t%e a''o4a0'e to'erance1
5
=ecording Aour Taping Bor5 (page )?-53)
Aou record your data in t%e 'eft-%and co'u#ns of your fie'd 0oo51 &n t%e fie'd@
you need to/
) identify or 'a0e' t%e distance 0eing #easured
2) record t%e tape readings and ca'cu'ate t%e #easured 'engt%
3) record t%e corresponding tension va'ue
)) and identify %o4 t%e tape 4as supported1
Leg *istance Support Tension
---2 + 2613-313
27166?
2 points 63
---2 +2 2612-31335
271665
2 points 65
6
Taping a *istance Longer t%an t%e Tape Lengt%
T%e previous e(a#p'e assu#ed t%at t%e #easured distance 4as 'ess t%an t%e
'engt% of t%e #easuring tape (33 #etres)1
B%en #easuring a distance 'onger t%an t%e #easuring tape@ t%e distance is
su0divided into seg#ents t%at are s%orter t%an 33 #etres1
Be su0divide t%e distance using inter#ediate points1
7
A
B
T1
T5
T4
T2
T3
T6
Low end
Person A
Person B
T%ese inter#ediate points typica''y consist of 4ooden sta5es or c%aining pins1
>or 0etter accuracy@ t%ese inter#ediate points s%ou'd 0e 'ocated roug%'y 23
#etres apart1
T%e distance 0et4een eac% inter#ediate point is #easured1
T%e tota' #easured 'engt% is found 0y su##ing a'' inter#ediate distances1
=epeat t%e #easure#ents1 &n t%e fie'd@ t%e tota' 'engt% is re-#easured 0y
perfor#ing t%e #easure#ents in t%e opposite direction@ using a different set of
inter#ediate points1
&f t%e su##ed distance is not co#para0'e 4it% t%e su##ed distance found
previous'y@ t%e entire taping e(ercise #ust 0e repeated1
8
!rror
&n genera'@ t%e distance #easure#ent o0tained in t%e fie'd 4i'' 0e in error1
!rrors in t%e distance #easure#ent can arise fro# a nu#0er of sources/
) &nstru#ent errors1 - tape #ay 0e fau'ty due to a defect in its
#anufacturing or fro# 5in5ing1
2) Natura' errors1 T%e actua' %ori2onta' distance 0et4een t%e ends of
t%e tape can vary due to t%e effects of/
te#perature@
e'ongation due to tension@ and
sagging1
3) Persona' errors1 !rrors 4i'' arise fro# care'essness 0y t%e survey
cre4/
poor a'ign#ent
tape not %ori2onta'
i#proper p'u#0ing
fau'ty reading of t%e tape
9
T%e true 'engt% can 0e deter#ined 0y incorporating a series of corrections as
s%o4n 0e'o4/
L T P S f T
C C C C L L + + + + =
4%ere L
T
is t%e true 'engt% (#)
L
f
is t%e 'engt% #easured in t%e fie'd (#)
and
C
S
is a correction for sagging (#)
C
P
is a correction for e'ongation (#)
C
T
is a correction for t%er#a' e(pansion (#)
C
L
is a correction for sca'e (#)
10
Corrections
a) Te#perature
T%e p%eno#enon of t%er#a' e(pansion p'ays an i#portant ro'e in #any
engineering app'ications1
Be need to esta0'is% a correction (C
T
) t%at can account for t%e c%ange in 'engt%
of a stee' tape due to t%e inf'uence of te#perature1
( )
f S T
L T T C =
4%ere is t%e coefficient of 'inear t%er#a' e(pansion (17 ( 3
-5
C
-
)
T is t%e te#perature of t%e tape in t%e fie'd (C)
T
S
is t%e te#perature at 4%ic% t%e tape 4as standardi2ed (C)
L
f
is t%e #easured 'engt% o0tained in t%e fie'd (#)
11
0) Sagging
- stee' tape not fu''y supported a'ong its entire 'engt% 4i'' sag@ no #atter %o4
'arge t%e tensi'e force app'ied1
-s a resu't of sagging@ your #easured 'engt% 4i'' 0e too 'arge1
T%e sag correction (C
S
) is given 0y/
2
3 2
24P
L w
C
f
S

=
4%ere 4 is t%e 4eig%t of t%e stee' tape per unit 'engt% (N;#)
P is t%e tensi'e force app'ied on t%e tape (N)
12
c) Tension Correction
B%en a stee' tape is pu''ed 4it% a tension greater t%an its standard va'ue@ it
e'ongates in an e'astic #anner1
T%e e'ongation 'engt% (C
P
) caused 0y a tensi'e force can 0e ca'cu'ated using/
( )
E A
L P P
C
f S
P

=
4%ere P is t%e tensi'e force app'ied on t%e tape in t%e fie'd (N)
P
S
is t%e tensi'e force at 4%ic% t%e tape 4as standardi2ed (N)
- is t%e cross sectiona' area of t%e tape (#
2
)
! is AoungCs #odu'us of e'asticity (21366 ( 3

N;#
2
)
13
d) Sca'e
Tape #anufacturers do not guarantee stee' tapes to 0e e(act'y correct1
T%e true 'engt% of any stee' tape #ust 0e o0tained 0y co#paring it to a
standard tape or distance1
T%e correction (C
L
) for an incorrect tape 'engt% can 0e found fro#/
f L
L
m
m
C

=
4%ere # is t%e tota' 'engt% of t%e standard tape (#)
# is found 0y su0tracting t%e 'engt% of t%e standard tape fro#
t%e 'engt% of t%e tested tape1 (#)
14
- Nu#erica' !(a#p'e (page )6-)7 of survey notes)
.iven/ - 33 #etre stee' tape@ standardi2ed at 23 C using a tensi'e force
of 73 N1
$easured against a standard tape@ t%e tested tape %ad a 'engt% of
2?1??6 #1
T%e 33 # tape %as a 4eig%t of 16? N;# and a cross sectiona' area
of 12? ##
2
1
Pro0'e#/ - fie'd #easure#ent (L
f
) of 2?1663 4as found at a te#perature of
33 C using a tensi'e force of 53 N1
>ind t%e actua' or true 'engt%1
15
So'ution/ Be need to co#pute our correction factors1
Te#perature/
( )
( )( ) ( )
m
L T T C
f S T
0035 . 0
663 . 29 20 30 10 17 . 1
5
=
=
=

Dur fie'd #easure#ent 4as in error 0y 315 ## due to t%er#a' e(pansion of t%e
stee' tape1 Be need to add t%is va'ue to our fie'd #easure#ent1
16
Sagging/
( ) ( )
( )
m
P
L w
C
f
S
0167 . 0
50 24
663 . 29 196 . 0
24
2
3 2
2
3 2
=

=
*ue to t%e sag in t%e tape@ t%e reading 4as in error 0y 617 ##1
17
Tension Correction
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
m
E A
L P P
C
f S
P
0017 . 0
10 068 . 2 10 69 . 1
663 . 29 70 50
11 6
=

T%e tension correction due to t%e tensi'e force on t%e stee' tape 4as deter#ined
to 0e -17 ##1
18
Sca'e Correction/
( )
( )
m
L
m
m
C
f L
002 . 0
663 . 29
000 . 30
000 . 30 998 . 29
=

=
Dur sca'e correction 4as found to 0e 2 ##1
19
>ina''y@ 4e can no4 co#pute t%e true 'engt% as/
m
C C C C L L
L T P S f T
646 . 29
0020 . 0 0035 . 0 0017 . 0 0167 . 0 663 . 29
=
+ =
+ + + + =
&n su##ary@ a't%oug% 4e #easured a 'engt% of 2?1663 #etres in t%e fie'd@
after app'ying a'' t%e appropriate corrections@ 4e esta0'is%ed a true 'engt% of
2?16)6 #etres@ a difference of 7 ##1
Note/ for t%is e(a#p'e@ t%e sag correction 4as t%e #ost significant1
20
-ssign#ent +2
P'ace t%ree sta5es in t%e ground to for# a triangu'ar traverse1
t4o of t%e 'engt%s #ust 0e 0et4een )3 and 63 #etres 'ong
t%e re#aining 'engt% s%ou'd 0e appro(i#ate'y 23 #etres1
if possi0'e@ one sta5e s%ou'd 0e p'aced %ig%er t%an t%e ot%er t4o sta5es1
$easure t%e 'engt%s of eac% side t4ice using t%e #et%ods specified in Section
512 of your survey notes (pages 37-)3)1
*eter#ine t%e true 'engt% of eac% #easured 'engt% 0y app'ying t%e appropriate
corrections as s%o4n in Section 513 (pages )3-)5)1
Provide a sa#p'e ca'cu'ation (s%o4ing a'' unit conversions) for eac% type of
correction for your first taped #easure#ent1
Su##ari2e your 4or5 0y providing a diagra# of your triangu'ar traverse s%o4ing
t%e corrected 'engt%s (page 53)1
21
Surveying >ie'd Notes - so#e co##ents
Aour survey notes are t%e on'y per#anent record of 4or5 done in t%e fie'd1
&n practice@ survey notes are e(tre#e'y va'ua0'e1 - typica' fie'd survey costs
appro(i#ate'y E333 per day1 - fie'd 0oo5 containing severa' 4ee5s of 4or5
is 4ort% 3Cs of t%ousands of do''ars1
*ata contained in fie'd 0oo5s are #ade avai'a0'e to office personne'1 T%e
notes #ust 0e organi2ed and 'egi0'e1
Property surveys are su0Fect to court revie41 >ie'd notes can 0eco#e an
i#portant factor in 'itigation1
!rasures of o0served data are not per#itted in survey fie'd 0oo5s1 &ncorrect
entries s%ou'd 0e stro5ed out 4it% a sing'e 'ine and t%e proper va'ue c'ear'y
noted1
&f an entire page is to 0e ignored@ a diagona' 'ine s%ou'd 0e dra4n fro# corner
to corner and t%e 4ord GD&* s%ou'd 0e c'ear'y 4ritten a'ong 4it% t%e reason
4%y t%e data is 4rong1
22