ISS 220: EXAM 1 REVIEW

Intro to Anthropology
4 subfields of anthropology
1. cultural anthropology-study of patterns of belief and behavior found in
modern and historical cultures
2. archaeology-study of earlier cultures through analysis of material
remains of past societies
3. linguistics-study of human speech and language
4. physical/biological anthropology-study of the interaction between
biology and culture

Biocultural evolution-mutual interactive evolution of human biology and
culture, concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing
culture influences the direction of biological evolution

Origins of Evolutionary Thought (know people and their contribution)
Lyell-considered the founder of modern geology, Principles of Geology,
theory of uniformitarianism, which says that earths features are the result
of long-term processes that continue to operate as they always have,
opposed catastrophism and greatly contributed to concept of geological
time
Darwin-developed theory of natural selection, competition among
individuals is they key to natural selection, variation and competition for
limited resources drive evolution, natural selection operates on individuals
but its the population that evolves
Cuvier-Lamarcks biggest opponent, supported fixity of species and came
up with idea of catastrophism, the view that the Earth had catastrophic
geological events like earthquakes and then new animals came in
Linnaeus-built upon work of John Ray, developed method of classifying
plants and animals, Systema Naturae, binomial nomenclature, four level
system of taxonomy (class, order, genus, species)
Wallace-also developed theory of natural selection independent of Darwin,
they published at about the same time but Darwin gets most of the credit
for it
Malthus-An Essay on the Principle of Population, pointed out the limits to
human population growth, there is a point where the land can only sustain
so many humans, population size held in check by resource availability,
inspired Darwin and Wallace in their independent work in natural selection
Lamarck-first to actually explain the evolutionary process, suggested that
an animals activity patterns change to accommodate changing
circumstances, a trait acquired by an animal during its lifetime can be
passed on to offspring
Mendel-contributed to heredity greatly, principle of segregation and
principle of independent assortment

Mendelian genetics
Dominant-is expressed in heterozygotes
Recessive-isnt expressed in heterozygotes
Codominant-expression of two alleles in heterozygotes, neither allele is
dominant or recessive so both influence phenotype
Heterozygous-having different alleles at the same locus on members of a
pair of chromosomes
Homozygous-having the same allele at the same locus on both members
of a pair of chromosomes
Sex-linked-
Polygenism-traits influenced by genes at two or more loci such as skin
color or hair color, expression may be influenced by environment
Pleiotropy-one gene influences multiple traits
Mendels laws-law of segregation and law of independent assortment
Punnett Square (be able to use one to determine the possible genotypes
and phenotypes resulting from a mating)
Pedigree
Genotype-genetic makeup of an individual
Phenotype-observable physical characteristics of an organism

Forces of Evolution
Genetic drift-evolutionary changes produced by random factors in small
population, genetic drift is a result of small population size
Gene flow-exchange of genes between populations, through means such
as migration or other things
Mutation-change in DNA
Natural selection-look at above sections
Balanced polymorphism-two different versions of a gene are maintained in
a population of organisms because individuals carrying both versions are
better able to survive than those who have two copies of either version
alone. The evolutionary process that maintains the two versions over time
is called balancing selection.
Evolution of sickle cell anemia-no
Evolution of skin color-check notes
Convergent evolution-two distinct and separate lineages end up with
similar traits due to having similar environmental conditions
Parallel evolution-two species w common ancestor adapt by gaining a
similar trait
Analogy-similarities between organism based strictly on common functions
(not common ancestors), convergent evolution
Homology-traits inherited from a common ancestor
Founders Effect-small population moves, interbreeding, like the Amish

Molecular genetics
DNA-double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic code, main
component of chromosomes
mRNA-carries DNA code to ribosomes during protein synthesis
tRNA-binds to specific amino acids and transports them to the ribosome
during protein synthesis
Base pairs-adenine, thymine/uracil, cytosine, guanine, used in the code
for DNA, A always with T/U, C always with G
DNA replication-enzymes break the bonds between bases so there are
two separate strands, the exposed bases then attract new bases in a
complementary way which ends up being correct because each base can
only pair with one other base
Protein synthesis-exons are the only parts actually transcribed into mRNA,
introns are the sequences that are clipped out
o Transcription-formation of mRNA, continues until a terminator
codon is reached
o Transferal-mRNA strand travels through nuclear membrane to the
ribosome
o Translation-mRNA strand is read in codons, tRNA brings amino
acids to the ribosome
Protein-molecules that function through their ability to bind to other
molecules, enzymes and hormones are proteins
Amino acid-the building blocks of proteins, there are 20 of them, 12
produced in cells and 8 from foods
Redundancy
Codon-triplets of mRNA bases that code for specific amino acids during
protein synthesis
Mutation-changes in DNA bases

Cytogenetics
Chromosome-structures composed of DNA and proteins, found only in the
nuclei of cells, made up of 2 strands joined together at the centromere
Locus-location on a chromosome where a certain gene occurs
Gene-section of chromosome that codes for a certain feature
Allele-alternate forms of genes, occur at same locus on paired genes but
they can have different expressions of the same trait
Karyotype-the chromosomes of an individual
Mitosis-cell division, somatic cell divides to produce 2 daughter cells
Meiosis-cell division of sex cells, involves 2 divisions and produces 4
daughter cells, each containing half the original # of chromosomes
Gametes-sex cells w/ half the # of chromosomes of the parent
Recombination-crossing over, when genetic material between paired
chromosomes gets exchanged during meiosis
Random Assortment-chance distribution of chromosomes to daughter
cells during meiosis
Aneuploidy-abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell
Non-disjunction-when one daughter cell receives two copies of affected
chromosome and the other receives none, the zygote made from this cell
will have 45 or 47 chromosomes
Zygote-combination of 2 gametes, one from mother and one from father
Haploid-have half number of chromosomes, like in gametes
Diploid-have full number of chromosomes, somatic cells
Recombination Error Types
o Translocation
o Deletion
o Duplication
o Inversion

Evolution & Speciation
Microevolution-small changes occurring within a population such as
change in allele frequencies
Macroevolution-changes produced only after many generationssuch as
the appearance of a new species
Speciation-process by which a new species evolves from an earlier one
Species-similar individuals with similar traits that can breed
Anagenesis-evolution involving an entire population
Cladogenesis-clades branch off and evolve on their own, creating many
sister species
Causes of speciation-geographical isolation, behavioral isolation,
recognition species concept, ecological species concept
Ancestral traits-traits from ancestors that are still present
Derived traits-traits not present that were gained through evolution
Phyletic gradualism-slow, gradual change
Punctuated equilibrium-mutations occur and this changes the equilibrium
due to new variation, creates quicker change in spurts

Race
Biological determinism-phenomena including behavior are governed by
biological factors
Eugenics-race improvement, forced sterilization of some groups and
increased reproduction of others
Limitations of racial classification schemes
Why dont biological races exist?
Discordance-used to measure how independent two characteristics are in
a population

Forensic Anthropology
Identification hierarchy
Biological profile
Bones used in identifying:
o Sex
o Age

Videos
What Darwin Never Knew-he didnt know the mechanism behind genetic
variation and how it actually happened but he knew that it did happen

The exam is Wednesday 10/2 during class. Information from
lecture, your textbook, assigned articles, and videos may be
included on exam. This study guide may not be a comprehensive