Arabic_Morphology_version: 2 Compass Learning Centre

INTRODUCTION

Glorified be the Lord Who has given us language so that we can communicate and
understand each other. Hallowed be His name Who taught by the pen, taught mankind
what he knew not. And may a thousand and one salutations be showered on our liege-
lord Muhammad, who is the most articulate in speech and most eloquent in expression.
May his holy shrine be showered with the grace of Allah who was given the capacity to
speak libraries in just a few sentences. May His blessings and salutations also be
showered on his pure and blessed family, the purest of Arabs and the epitome of
eloquence, and with them may He encompass us all also in His grace. Ameen.

Arabic belongs to a group of languages known as the Semitic languages. Other languages
belonging to this group are: Hebrew; Ugaratic; Ethopic; Akkadian and Aramaic. It is
considered as the most widespread of the Semitic languages and is spoken by over three
hundred million people in the Middle East and North Africa. The earliest written
inscriptions of Arabic were found on a tombstone named Raqush in Madain Saleh and
dates back to circa. 267 CE.1

The pristine desert of Arabia was such that the Arabs were not in need of any grammar.
Arabic language ran in their veins and the slightest mistake immediately pricked their
ears. However, this was not always the case. After the expansion of the Islamic empire
from the straits of Gibraltar to the Bay of Bengal, non-Arabic languages and customs
were affecting the pristine Arabic of the desert. Neologisms were being interjected in to
the Arabic language to the extent that it became hard to distinguish between Arabic and
foreign cultures. To minimise any further damages to Arabic, hard mathematics like rules
needed to be put down which can then be applied scientifically to the Arabic language.
This concern gave birth to Arabic grammar in mid 600 CE. Sayyiduna Ali (ra)
commissioned his student Abu al-Aswad al-Duwali to look through the Qur’an and pre-
Islamic poetry in order to extract rules of grammar from them. He guided him on the first
rudimentary points of grammar by pointing out that Arabic language has three basic
components: ‫ ﺣﺮﻑ‬، ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬، ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬and then advised him to carry on in this manner

1
The Raqush tombstone was deciphered by professor John Healey of University of Manchester and reads
as:

.‫ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺌﺔ ﺳﺘﲔ‬، ‫ ﻫﻠﻜﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻭ‬، ‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻮ ﺍﻣﻪ ﻫﻲ‬، ‫ ﺣﺮﺛﺖ ﻟﺮ ﻗﻮﺵ ﺑﺮﺕ‬، ‫ﺫ ﻗﱪﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﻪ ﻛﻌﺒﻮ ﺑﺮ‬

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(‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬ ‫ )ﻓﺎﻧﺘﺤﻮﺍ‬thus from there we get the word ‫ ﳓﻮ‬, the name given to Arabic syntax.
There are many aspects to Arabic grammar: ‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬ (morphology), ‫ﳓﻮ‬ (syntax), ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬
(lexicography), ‫ﺑﻼﻏﺔ‬ (rhetoric) ‫ﺃﺩﺏ‬ (literature) and ‫ﺇﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ‬ (etymology and philology).
This book will only deal with the subject of morphology sometimes wrongly translated in
English as etymology.

This short treatise has been written for the Alim class students of Compass Learning
Centre. The reason behind writing this treatise is that the myriad of books found in
English on Arabic grammar use metalanguage which in itself is very confusing added
with the further complexity of the Arabic language. We find that this to a certain extent
inhibits and diverts the students’ attention from Arabic to deciphering the English
metalanguage thus proving to be counterproductive. Therefore rather than writing ‘the
active perfect verb’ we used the original Arabic ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬, rather than writing ‘the
passive imperfect verb’ we used the Arabic ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬. It will be left at the
discretion of the teacher to explain the Arabic terms to the students in simple English
terms. We believe that this is more effective and will produce better results.

Below are some abbreviations used through out the book:

(m) = Masculine (f) = Feminine

(s) = Singular (d) = Dual (p) = Plural

We hope that this book will benefit the students in the best possible way.

CLC February 2009/ Safar 1430

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Arabic_Morphology_version: 2 Compass Learning Centre

‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬
The Science of Morphology

Definition ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬ is the science through which it is possible to recognise the Arabic ‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬
(conjugations) of words and how to change one word to another. It also teaches how to
pronounce Arabic words properly.

Terminologies
Terminologies ‫ﺇﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ‬

Vowels

1. ‫ ﺿﻤﺔ‬is another name for pesh and is indicated by the sign ‫ ـُـ‬it makes an ‘u’ sound.
2. ‫ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬is another name for zabar and is indicated by the sign ‫ـَـ‬ it makes an ‘a’

sound.
3. ‫ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ‬is another name for zer and is indicated by the sign ‫ــ‬
ِ it makes an ‘i’ sound.
4. ‫ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ‬is to show that a letter is vowel less and is indicated by the sign ‫ ـْـ‬it does
not have a sound of its own.
5. ‫ﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ /‫ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬ is to show that a letter is doubled, the first one having a ‫ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ‬and the
second on a ‫ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬it is indicated by this sign ‫ـّـ‬

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Words ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬

There are three types of words in Arabic: 1. ‫( ﻓﻌﻞ‬verb); 2. ‫( ﺇﺳﻢ‬noun) and 3. ‫ﺣﺮﻑ‬
(prepositions).

1. ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ is a doing word and denotes an action that has happened either in the past

(‫ ;)ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬present (‫ )ﺣﺎﻝ‬or future (‫ )ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬such as ‫ﺖ‬

 ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ I heard; ‫ﺗ ﹾﺄ ﹸﻛ ﹸﻞ‬ she is eating;
‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ ﹺﺇ‬both of you drink. As ‫ ﺻﺮﻑ‬mainly deals with ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬more will be said about it
later.

2. ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬is a noun and denotes a name of a thing or place, it has no tense such as ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﹸﻛ‬
chair and ‫ﻮ‬
 ‫ﺳ ﹸﻜ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ Moscow.

There are few types of ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬that are particularly important to ‫ ﺻﺮﻑ‬it is helpful if you

know them.

a. ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬is the doer of an action such as ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻨ‬‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻲ ﺍﹾﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻰ ﺍﻟﺮ‬‫ﺭﻋ‬ the shepherd looked after
the goats. In this sentence the ‫ ﺭﺍﻋﻲ‬is the ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬because he is doing the action.

b. ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬is the object of an action such as ‫ﻴ ﹶﺬ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺘ ﹾﻠ‬‫ﻢ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻌﱢﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺮ ﺍﹾﻟ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ the teacher examined
the student. In this sentence the ‫ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬ‬is the ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬as he is the object of the
teacher’s examination. You will learn more about the ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬and ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬in ‫ﳓﻮ‬.

c. ‫( ﺍﻹﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬verbal noun) is that ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬which is the name of a ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬and should not
be confused with a ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬such as ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺼ‬
 ‫ﻨ‬‫ ﺍﻟ‬which means to help. It is the name given to
that ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬which denotes helping. ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻜ‬means to write. It is the name given to that

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‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬which denotes writing. The ‫ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬is not derived from anything although
many words are derived from it. Its similarity is to SayyidunÁ Àdam (as) who was
not born from any parents although many children were born from him.

d. ‫( ﺍﻹﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻖ‬derived noun) is that noun which is derived from a ‫ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬such as

‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﹺﺑ‬ which means worshiper and is derived from the ‫ﺓ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬‫ﺎﺩ‬‫ﻌﺒ‬ ‫ﻮ ﹲﻝ ;ﺍﹾﻟ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ ﹾﻘ‬ which
means accepted is derived from the ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻝ‬‫ﺒﻮ‬‫ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻘ‬. The simile of this ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬is to any

ordinary human being who is born from parents.

e. ‫( ﺍﻹﺳﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﺪ‬primitive noun) is that ‫ﺇﺳﻢ‬ which is independent, neither is it

derived from any other ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬nor is any ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬derived from it such as ‫ ﺭﺟﻞ‬man; ‫ﴰﺲ‬

sun. The simile of this ‫ ﺇﺳﻢ‬is to AllÁh who is neither born from anyone nor is
anyone born from him.

3. ‫ ﺣﺮﻑ‬are connectors that join words and sentences together. They function like the
nuts and bolts in a machine such as ‘is’; ‘in’; ‘on’ and ‘from’. Some famous Arabic
‫ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ‬are: ‫( ﻣﻦ‬from); ‫( ﺇﱃ‬to); ‫( ﻋﻠﻰ‬on); ‫( ﻋﻦ‬towards); ‫( ﺏ‬with) and ‫( ﻭ‬and).

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
Tense

As far as tenses (‫ )ﺯﻣﺎﻧﺔ‬are concerned there are four types of ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬in Arabic:

(1) ‫( ; ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬2) ‫( ;ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬3) ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ‬and (4) ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬.

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1. ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬which denotes that an action has been carried out in the past;
such as ‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ she went out; ‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ ﹸﻗ ﹾﻠ‬we said; ‫ﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺤ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻓ‬all of them opened and ‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ ﹶﻓ‬you (f)
did.
2. ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬which denotes that an action is being done or will be done;
such as ‫ﺪ‬
 ‫ ﹶﺃ ﹺﺟ‬I find; ‫ﺧ ﹸﺬ‬ ‫ﻧ ﹾﺄ‬ we take; ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺼﹺﺒ ﹺﺮ‬
 ‫ﺗ‬ you are patient; ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺴ ﹺﺮ ﹾﻗ‬
 ‫ﻳ‬ they (f/p) steal.
3. ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ‬is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬which denotes an order (which is carried out in the future) such as
‫ ﹸﻛ ﹾﻞ‬eat; ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ ﹺﺇ ﹾﺫ‬go; ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺭ ﹺﺟ‬ ‫ ﹺﺇ‬return (f); ‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺼ‬
 ‫ﻧ‬‫ ﹸﺃ‬all of you help (m).
4. ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬which denotes a prohibition such as ‫ﺝ‬
 ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺨ‬
 ‫ﺗ‬‫ ﻻ‬don’t go out; ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﻻ‬
don’t enter (f); ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻮﻣ‬
‫ﺼ‬
 ‫ﺗ‬‫ ﻻ‬both of you don’t fast.

Number

As far as numbers are concerned there are three types of verbs in Arabic: (1) ‫( ;ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬2)
‫ ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬and (3) ‫ﲨﻊ‬.

1. ‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬represents a singular ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬such as ‫ﺖ‬

 ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ I measured; ‫ﺘ ﹶﻞ‬‫ ﹸﻗ‬he was killed; ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﹶﻠ‬ ‫ﹺﺇ‬
know.
2. ‫ ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬represents a dual ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬such as ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ ﹺﺇ ﹾﻓ‬both of you understand; ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺎﹶﻓﺘ‬‫ ﺧ‬both of them
were scared; ‫ﻥ‬
 ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒﺨ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻄ‬ both of them are being cooked.
3. ‫ﲨﻊ‬ represents a plural ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬such as ‫ﺍ‬‫ﺳﺌﹶﺎﹸﻟﻮ‬ they asked; ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺮﹾﺃﻧ‬ ‫ ﹶﻗ‬we read; ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺴ‬
 ‫ﺘﹺﺒ‬‫ ﹸﺃ ﹾﻗـ‬they
have been chosen.

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Gender

As far as gender is concerned all Arabic verbs fall under two genders: (1) ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ ﹶﺬ ﱠﻛ‬ and (2)
‫ﺚ‬
‫ﻧ ﹾ‬‫ﺆ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ . There is no neuter gender in Arabic unlike some other languages such as German

1. ‫ ﻣﺰ ﹼﻛﺮ‬represents a masculine verb such as ‫ﻕ‬

 ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ ﹺﺇ‬it burnt; ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ ﹺﺇ‬swim; ‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻨـ‬‫ﻤـ‬ ‫ﻳ‬
they are stopped.
2. ‫ﻧﺚ‬‫ ﻣﺆ‬represents a feminine verb such as ‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ ﹶﻛ‬she became noble; ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺭﹶﺃ‬ all of them
saw; ‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﺌﹶﻠ‬‫ﺳ‬ she was asked.
Persons

In everyday speech we either speak about ourselves or we speak to someone directly or

we speak about a third person.

1. The speaker is known as the ‫ﻢ‬

 ‫ﺘ ﹶﻜﱢﻠ‬‫ﻣ‬ such as ‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ ﹶﺃ ﹶﻛ ﹾﻠ‬I ate.
2. The one we speak directly to is known as the ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺿ‬
 ‫ﺣﺎ‬ or ْ‫ﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺐ‬
 ‫ﻣ‬ such as ‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ ﹶﺃ ﹶﻛ ﹾﻠ‬you ate.
3. The person we speak about is known as the ‫ﺋﺐ‬‫ﻏﺎ‬
‫ ﹶ‬such as ‫ ﹶﺃ ﹶﻛ ﹶﻞ‬he ate.

Positive (‫ )ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬and negative (‫ )ﻧﻔﻲ‬verbs

All ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬are either positive (‫ﺕ‬

 ‫ﺎ‬‫ )ﹺﺇﹾﺛﺒ‬or negative (‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻧ‬).

1. ‫ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬which denotes carrying out an action such as ‫ﺖ‬

 ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺻ‬
 she screamed;
‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹺﺮﹸﺛ‬ all of you will inherit; ‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺘـ ﹶﻔ‬‫ﻧـ‬‫ ﹺﺇ‬you benefitted.

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2. ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬ is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬which denotes not carrying out an action; it is represented by adding a

‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻣ‬in front of a ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬and a ‫ ﻻ‬in front of a ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬such as ‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺻ‬
 ‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻣ‬she did
not scream; ‫ﻥ‬
‫ﻮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹺﺮﹸﺛ‬‫ ﹶﻻ‬all of you will not inherit; ‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺘـ ﹶﻔ‬‫ﻧـ‬‫ ﻣﺎﺍ‬you did not benefit.

Active (‫ )ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬and passive (‫ )ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬verbs

As far as the ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬of a ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬is being known is concerned there are two types of ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬: (1)
‫( ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬active) and (2) ‫( ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬passive).

1. ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬whose ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬is known such as ‫ﺪ ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ we worship Allah;
‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﺸ‬
 ‫ﻋ ﹶﻄ‬ I was thirsty; ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻮﹶﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ ﺍﹾﻟ‬
 ‫ﻨ‬‫ﺖ ﺍﹾﻟﹺﺒ‬
 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ ﹶﻟ ﹶﻄ‬the girl slapped the boy.
2. ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬is that ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬whose ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬is not known such as ‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻊ ﺍﹾﻟﹶﺜ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ ﹸﻗ‬the clothes was
cut; ‫ﻚ‬
 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺆ ﹶﻛ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ the fish is eaten; ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺦ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻄﻌ‬ ‫ ﹸﻃﹺﺒ‬the food was cooked.

Root letters (‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ‬

All Arabic ‫ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬are root based. The root letters are base letters from which many words
can be derived such as the following range of words are derived from the root letters

‫ﻛـ ـﺘـ ـﺐ‬: ‫ﺏ‬

 ‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬ book; ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ ﹾﻜ‬ desk; ‫ﺒ ﹾﺔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ ﹾﻜ‬ library; ‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ ﹸﻛ‬nursery; ‫ﺑ ﹾﺔ‬‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬ writing;
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺗ‬‫ ﹶﻛﺎ‬writer; ‫ﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ ﹾﻜ‬ written; ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ‬ he writes; ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬he wrote. The following words are
derived from the root letters ‫ﻋـ ـﻠـ ـﻢ‬: ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﺍﹾﻟ‬ knowledge; ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻋﺎ‬ a knowledgeable

person; ‫ﻴﻢ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬ omniscient; ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬ he knew; ‫ﻣ ﹾﺔ‬ ‫ﻼ‬

‫ﻋ ﱠ‬ scholar; ‫ﻣ ﹾﺔ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻋ ﹶ‬ sign; ‫ﻋﻼﹶﻡ‬ ‫ ﹺﺇ‬to make aware;

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‫ﻢ‬‫ﻠﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ to teach; ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻌﱡﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ to learn; ‫ﻌﻼﹶﻡ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ to seek information; ‫ﻡ‬‫ﻌﹸﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ known; ‫ﻌﻠﱢﻢ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ teacher;

‫ﻌﻠﱢﻢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ‬ student.

Most ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬have three root letters (‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻓ‬he opened), some have four (‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺮﹶﻗ‬ ‫ ﹶﻓ‬he cracked his
fingers) and very rarely some have five. The root letters are known as ‫ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺃﺻﻠﻲ‬and
are represented by ‫ﻓـ ـﻌـ ـﻞ‬. Thus, the letter ‫ ﻛﺎﻑ‬in ‫ ﻛـ ـﺘـ ـﺐ‬is known as
the ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ ﻓﺎﺀ‬the letter ‫ ﺗﺎﺀ‬is known as the ‫ ﻋﲔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬and the letter ‫ ﺑﺎﺀ‬is known as the ‫ﻻﻡ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬. Any other letters other than the ‫ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺃﺻﻠﻲ‬are known as ‫ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ‬such as in the
word ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﻨ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫( ﹺﺇ‬he refrained), the letter ‫ ﺃﻟﻒ‬is ‫ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ‬the letter ‫ ﺟﻴﻢ‬is the ‫ﻓﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬, the
letter ‫ ﺗﺎﺀ‬is ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ‬, the letter ‫ ﻧﻮﻥ‬is the ‫ ﻋﲔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬and the letter ‫ ﺑﺎﺀ‬is the ‫ﻻﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬.

Some generic examples

Below are some examples to show how all the above fit in:
1. ‫ﺍ‬‫ﺤ ﹸﻜﻮ‬
‫ﺿ‬
 they laughed. This word is
‫ﲨﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬
2. ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ both of you men/women are shaking. This word is
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬
3. ‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘـ ﹺﻬـ‬‫ﺷـ‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﺍ‬it was not liked. This word is
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬
4. ‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﹶﺄ ﹾﻗ‬ I should have got closer. This word is
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬

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‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪He did‬‬
‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹶﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪They did (m/d‬‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹶ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ ‫)‪They did (m/p‬‬

‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌﹸﻠ ‪‬ﻮﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪She did‬‬

‫ﺖ‬
‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌﹶﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪They did (f/d‬‬
‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌﹶﻠ‪‬ﺘﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ ‫)‪They did (f/p‬‬

‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ ‪‬ﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪You did‬‬
‫ﺖ‬
‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Both of you did‬‬
‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ ‫‪All of you did‬‬

‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫)‪You did (f‬‬

‫ﺖ‬
‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪Both of you did (f/d‬‬
‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ ‫)‪All of you did (f/p‬‬

‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪I did‬‬
‫ﺖ‬
‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪We did‬‬
‫ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠ‪‬ﻨﺎ‬
‫ﲨﻊ‬

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‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ He/it was done
‫ﻌ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ They were done (m/d)
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ They were done (m/p)

‫ﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ She/it was done

‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌﹶﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ They were done (f/d)
‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ﻌﹶﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ They were done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ You were done
‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ Both of you were done
‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ All of you were done

‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ You were done (f)

‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ Both of you were done (f/d)
‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ All of you were done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ I was done
‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﲨﻊ‬ We were done
‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﹸﻓ‬

Rule 1: ‫ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬is made by giving a ‫ ﺿﻤﺔ‬to the ‫ﻓﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬, a ‫ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ‬to the ‫ ﻋﲔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬and
leaving the ‫ ﻻﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬as it is such as from ‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﺿـ‬
 to ‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ﺿـ ـ ﹺﺮ‬
.

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‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ He did not do
‫ﻌ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ They did not do (m/d)
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ They did not do (m/p)

‫ﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ She did not do

‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌﹶﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ They did not do (f/d)
‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ﻌﹶﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ They did not do (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ You did not do
‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ Both of you did not do
‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﹶﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ All of you did not do

‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ You did not do (f)

‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ Both of you did not do (f/d)
‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ All of you did not do (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ I did not do
‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﲨﻊ‬ We did not do
‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﻓ‬

Rule 2: ‫ ﻧﻔﻲ‬in ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬is made by adding a ‫ ﻣﺎ‬before the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬such as from ‫ﻞ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶﻓ‬to ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﹶﻓ‬.

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‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ He/it was not done
‫ﻌ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ They were not done (m/d)
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ They were not done (m/p)

‫ﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ She/it was not done

‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌﹶﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ They were not done (f/d)
‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ﻌﹶﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ They were not done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ You were not done
‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ Both of you were not done
‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﹸﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ All of you were not done

‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ You were not done (f)

‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ Both of you were not done (f/d)
‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ All of you were not done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ I was not done
‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﲨﻊ‬ We were not done
‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹸﻓ‬

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Exercise ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻤ ﹺﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘ‬

1. Please conjugate the following ‫ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬with all fourteen ‫ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬from

‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬

‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬

a. ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ (he forbid) b. ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬ (he knew) c. ‫ﺏ‬

 ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺿ‬
 (he hit)

d. ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﱠﻠ‬ (he taught) e. ‫ﺐ‬

 ‫ﻨ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ (he refrained) f. ‫ﺥ‬
 ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺻ‬
 (he screamed)

2. Please give the ‫ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬and meaning for the following ‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬:

a. ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺿ‬

 ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ b. ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﻨ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬ c. ‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﱠﻠ‬

d. ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ e. ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘﻤ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺻ‬

 f. ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬

3. Please translate the following into Arabic the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬is given to make it easier:

a. Both of you women went out

‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺧ‬
b. She did not open
‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶﻓ‬
c. Both of you were helped
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﻧ‬
d. I was patient
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺻ‬
e. We were robbed
‫ﻕ‬
 ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬
f. All of you women did not go
‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﹶﺫ‬
g. You (m) returned
‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺭ‬
h. You (f) knew
‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬

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i. All of them (f) were questioned

‫ﺳﹶﺄ ﹶﻝ‬
j. Both of them (f) did not cook
‫ﺦ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﹶﻃ‬
k. He read
‫ﺮﹶﺃ‬ ‫ﹶﻗ‬

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‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ He is doing
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ They are doing (m/d)
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ They are doing (m/p)

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ She is doing

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ They are doing (f/d)
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ They are doing (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ You are doing
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ Both of you are doing
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ All of you are doing

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ You are doing (f)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ Both of you are doing (f/d)
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ All of you are doing (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ I am doing
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﹶﺃ ﹾﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﲨﻊ‬ We are doing
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻧ ﹾﻔ‬

Note: ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬denotes both the present and present continuous hence; it can also be
translated as ‘he does’ ‘I do’ etc.

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Rule 3: ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬is made by adding the letters ‫ﺃﻟﻒ‬, ‫ﺗﺎﺀ‬, ‫ ﻳﺎﺀ‬and ‫ ﻧﻮﻥ‬in the beginning of
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬.

1. ‫ ﺃﻟﻒ‬comes only for ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬.

2. ‫ ﻧﻮﻥ‬comes only for ‫ﲨﻊ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬.
3. ‫ ﻳﺎﺀ‬comes for all the ‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬ of ‫ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬ ‫ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬and ‫ﲨﻊ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬.
4. ‫ ﺗﺎﺀ‬comes for all the ‫ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬of ‫ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬and for ‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬and ‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬.

Rule 4: The ending of the ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬ represents the number of people involved

therefore:

1. If there isn’t anything at the end (‫ﺷﻴﺊ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺂﺧﺮﻩ‬ it

represents: ‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬، ‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬، ‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬،‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬
‫ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬،
Such as: ‫ﻌﻞﹸ‬ ‫ﻧ ﹾﻔ‬ ، ‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻓ‬، ‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬ ، ‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬ ، ‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬
2. ‫ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻧﻮﻥ‬at the end represents the ‫ ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬such as ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬ ، ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬.
3. ‫ ﻭﺍﻭ ﻧﻮﻥ‬at the end represents ‫ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬such as ‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬ ، ‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬.
4. ‫ ﻳﺎﺀ ﻧﻮﻥ‬at the end represents ‫ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬such as ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬.
Note: The ‫ ﻧﻮﻥ‬in the above three points is known as ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﹺﺑ‬‫ﻋﺮ‬ ‫ﻥ ﹺﺇ‬‫ﻧﻮ‬ and gets
omitted in some cases as you shall learn later.
5. ‫ ﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬at the end represents ‫ﲨﻊ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬ and ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬such
as ‫ﻦ‬
 ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬ and ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬.
This ‫ ﻧﻮﻥ‬is known as ‫ﻮ ﹾﺓ‬ ‫ﺴ‬
 ‫ﻥ ﹺﻧ‬‫ﻧﻮ‬ and does not change whatever the case is.

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‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ He/it is being done
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ They are being done (m/d)
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ They are being done (m/p)

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ She/it is being done

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ They are being done (f/d)
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ They are being done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ You are being done
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ Both of you are being done
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ All of you are being done

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ You are being done (f)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ Both of you are being done (f/d)
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ All of you are being done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ I am being done
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﹸﺃ ﹾﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﲨﻊ‬ We are being done
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻧ ﹾﻔ‬

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Rule 5: ‫ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬is made from ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬. The process of making it is
to give a ‫ ﺿﻤﺔ‬on the ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻑ‬, leave the ‫ ﻓﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬as it is, make the ‫ﻋﲔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬
and leave the ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ ﻻﻡ‬as it is such as from

‫ﻌـ ـ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳـ ـ ﹾﻔـ ـ‬ to ‫ﻌـ ـ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳـ ـ ﹾﻔـ ـ‬

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‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ He is not doing
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ They are not doing (m/d)
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ They are not doing (m/p)

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ She is not doing

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ They are not doing (f/d)
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ They are not doing (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ I am not doing
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ Both of you are not doing
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ All of you are not doing

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ I am not doing (f)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ Both of you are not doing (f/d)
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ All of you are not doing (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ I am not doing
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻻﹶﺃ ﹾﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﲨﻊ‬ We are not doing
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻧ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬

Rule 6: ‫ ﻧﻔﻲ‬in ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬is made by adding a ‫ ﻻ‬before‫ﻞ‬

‫ﻌ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬ hence it becomes ‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬.

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‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ He/it is not being done
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ They are not being done (m/d)
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ They are not being done (m/p)

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ She/it is not being done

‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ They are not being done (f/d)
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ They are not being done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ You are not being done
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ Both of you are not being done
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ All of you are not being done

‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﹸﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ You are not being done (f)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬ Both of you are not being done (f/d)
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﲨﻊ‬ All of you are not being done (f/p)

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹾﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ I am not being
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻻﹸﺃ ﹾﻓ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﲨﻊ‬ We are not being done
‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻧ ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬

21 | P a g e Copyright © CLC 2009

Arabic_Morphology_version: 2 Compass Learning Centre

Exercise ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬

1. Please conjugate the following ‫ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬with all fourteen ‫ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬from

‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬

‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬

a. ‫ﺡ‬
 ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ b. ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹸﻈ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ c. ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺴ‬
ِ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ‬
(he praises) (he becomes great) (he earns)

d. ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺼ‬
 ‫ﻨ‬‫ـ‬‫ـﺘ‬‫ﻳﺴ‬ e. ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻨ ﹶﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ f. ‫ﻉ‬
 ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﻳ‬
(he seeks help) (he bursts) (He cultivates)

4. Please give the ‫ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬and meaning for the following ‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬:

a. ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳ‬‫ﻄ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﻨ ﹶﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ b. ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺼ‬

 ‫ﻨ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺴﺘ‬
 ‫ﻧ‬ c. ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺪﺣ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻳ‬

d. ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ ﹸﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ e. ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺴ‬

ِ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ‬ f. ‫ﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﻳ‬

5. Please translate the following into Arabic the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬is given to make it easier:
a. Both of you men are going out
‫ﺝ‬
 ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺨ‬  ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺝ‬  ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺧ‬
b. Both of them (f) are being opened
‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶﻓ‬
c. You are not helping
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺼ‬  ‫ﻨ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﻧ‬
d. All of them (f) are patient
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺼﹺﺒ‬
 ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺻ‬
e. All of you women are not being
robbed
‫ﻕ‬
 ‫ﺴ ﹺﺮ‬  ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻕ‬  ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬
f. We are going
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﺬ‬ ‫ﺐ‬  ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﹶﺫ‬
g. I am not returning
‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺮ ﹺﺟ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺭ‬

22 | P a g e Copyright © CLC 2009