Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Materials Science and Engineering
Paul A. Salvador
Professor of Materials Science and Engineering
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
WHSI - January 16, 2010
Posted Presentation

(useful for the quiz):
Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering Concepts
Demonstrations and Discussion

Scanning Electron Microscopy

(fun for the day):

Frozen Marshmallows
Supersaturation of Water with CO2

Nucleation of CO2 Bubbles

Shape Memory Alloys

???

Monday, January 11, 2010

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Materials Engineers work to understand and

control the properties and performance of solids
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Materials Scientists and Engineers produce
! solids with controlled properties for use in
!
!
!
all engineered devices and structures
Materials technologies have always influenced
civilization.
Stone Age,
Bronze Age,
Iron Age,
Silicon Age,
!
???
All technologies are based around some material.
Can you think of something, anything,
that does not require a material?
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The International Space Station:

Energy is A Materials Challenge
Materials Engineers
created InP solar panels
for the ISS that have
greater efficiency and
longer life
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The International Space Station:

Energy is A Materials Challenge
Materials Engineers
created InP solar panels
for the ISS that have
greater efficiency and
longer life
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Materials Science and Engineering is Interdisciplinary
Materials Science and Eng. has only been around as a formal
discipline for 50+ years. The discipline exists at the interface of:

Metallurgy, Ceramics, Mineralogy
Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics

Engineering:
Chemical, Mechanical, Civil, Environmental,
Biomedical, Electrical, Computer
Materials Science and Engineering involves the

discovery and application of fundamental principles.
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Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering
Materials Engineers work with

medical researchers to develop new implant
and tissue replacement materials
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Materials Engineering in Automobiles
Recently the steel industry has

developed an optimized
automotive steel structure which
is 24% lighter, 34% stronger,
and $154 less expensive than
auto body structures on the road
today. (>3 years old)
Fuel cells :! !
!
Energy / Environment
Electric generation : ! Energy / Environment
Catalytic converters : ! Environment
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Materials
Science
Tetrahedron
Structure
Performance
Processing
Properties
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Materials
Science
Tetrahedron
Structure
Performance
Processing
Properties
Structure:
arrangement of internal components on something
(ranges from atomic to and macroscopic shape)
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Materials
Science
Tetrahedron
Structure
Performance
Processing
Properties
Structure:
Properties:
the kind and magnitude of a response to an external stimulus.
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Materials
Science
Tetrahedron
Structure
Performance
Processing
Properties
Structure:
Processing:
the methods used to prepare materials for application
Properties:
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Carnegie Mellon
Materials
Science
Tetrahedron
Structure
Performance
Processing
Properties
Structure:
Processing:
the methods used to prepare materials for application
Properties:
Performance:
how a material achieves the requirements of a specific applications
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Internal Structure:
Electronic
Atomic
Molecular arrangement
Microstructure
Grain Size
Precipitate Size
Performance:
Service Life
Failure Mode
Environmental Compatibility
Recycling
Quality
Cost
Processing:
Synthesis
Purification
Annealing
Forming
Polishing
Time
Properties:
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Electrical
Thermal
Mechanical
Optical
Magnetic
Deteriorative
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Processing How do you make a material?
How do you make it in a specific shape?
How do you make it do what you want?
Structure
What and How do you get the structure you want?

(Composition) Every material has a hierarchy of structural levels.
How do you characterize these?
How do you get the structure you want?
Properties
Why do materials have the properties they do?

How can you exploit these?
How do you ensure these get transferred to technologies?
Performance How to ensure that materials dont limit technology?

How long do materials last?
How do materials fail?
How do you ensure that materials do not limit technology?
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Materials Engineers Work Across

Length Scales
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Structure of Solids
Two types of Atomic Order
Disordered
(Amorphous)
Ordered
(Crystalline)
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Demonstration:
Metallic Glass vs Nanocrystalline
Discussion / Notes
Structure
Processing
Properties
Performance
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Atomic Arrangements:
The crystal structures of Iron
Face Centered Cubic
Body Centered Cubic
From Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, 6th Ed. W. J. Callister, John Wiley & Sons
(Powerpoints Files)
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Face Centered Cubic
Body Centered Cubic
(Powerpoints Files)
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Face Centered Cubic
Body Centered Cubic
(Powerpoints Files)
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Demonstration:
Piano Wire Phase Change
Discussion / Notes
From Materials Science and Engineering, An

Introduction, 6th Ed. W. J. Callister, John Wiley &
Sons (Powerpoints Files)
Structure
Properties
Processing
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Performance
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Demonstration:
Shape Memory Alloys
Discussion / Notes
http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~database/MEMS/sma_mems/sma.html
Structure
Properties
Processing
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Performance
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Properties are Length Scale Dependent

Scale of our material world, from galaxies to atoms
1 nanometer =
1 billionth of a meter
http://invsee.asu.edu/Modules/size&scale/unit3/unit3.htm
http://www.powersof10.com/
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What Color are
Gold and Silver?
Stained-Glass as Ancient Nanotechnology

Gold and silver salts were used in medieval
times to color glass used in church windows. For
example, silver particles were used to stain glass
yellow, while gold particles were used to stain
glass red. The aggregation of metal into
nanoparticles with surface-plasmon resonances
which variously affected their spectral
transmissivity is only today's 20-20 hindsight
analysis of archaic technology.
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New biocompatible quantum dots are set to
revolutionize biological imaging. In (a) a frog
embryo has been imaged using conventional
organic-dye techniques, and the signal is seen to
fade in time. (b) Specially prepared quantum dots
that were injected into another frog embryo at the
same time fluoresce brightly for much longer.
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Classification of Materials
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Metals:
Solids or compounds composed of metallic elements
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Metals:
Polymers:
Materials having large molecules whose basic repeating unit
is based upon carbon, hydrogen, other non-metallics
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Metals:
Ceramics:
Compounds between metallic and non-metallic elements
(and covalently bonded elements at the boundary)
Polymers:
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Metals:
Ceramics:
Compounds between metallic and non-metallic elements
(and covalently bonded elements at the boundary)
Polymers:
Composites:
Materials that contain a number of different materials designed to
get the best combined property / performance/
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Los Alamos National Laboratory Chemistry Division
1A
1
1.008
2A
4
Li
Be
lithium
beryllium
11
12
[He]2s1
6.941
He
Periodic Table of the Elements
1
1s
hydrogen
1s2
3A
5
[Ne]3s1
22.99
19
[He]2s22p3
[He]2s22p4
[He]2s22p5
12.01
14.01
16.00
19.00
13
[Ne]3s2
magnesium
24.31
20
Al
3B
21
scandium
37
38
39
[Kr]5s2
[Kr]5s24d1
87.62
88.91
[Ar]4s2
40.08
Rb
Sr
rubidium
strontium
55
Cs
[Xe]6s1
cesium
132.9
87
Fr
[Rn]7s1
francium
(223)
[He]2s22p2
boron
calcium
[Kr]5s1
7A
9
10.81
potassium
85.47
6A
8
9.012
Ca
[Ar]4s1
5A
7
[He]2s22p1
39.10
4A
6
[He]2s2
Na Mg
sodium
8A
2
56
Ba
[Xe]6s2
Sc
Ti
[Ar]4s23d1
[Ar]4s23d2
44.96
47.88
Cr
Mn
[Ar]4s13d5
[Kr]5s14d4
[Kr]5s14d5
[Ar]4s23d104p1
31
Ga
[Ar]4s23d8
58.69
63.55
65.39
69.72
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
iron
cobalt
nickel
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
technetium
ruthenium
rhodium
palladium
[Kr]5s24d5
[Kr]5s14d7
[Kr]4d10
[Kr]5s14d8
[Ar]4s13d10
copper
Ag
zinc
Cd
gallium
In
[Kr]5s14d10
[Kr]5s24d10
[Kr]5s24d105p1
107.9
112.4
114.8
32
Ge
16
[Ne]3s23p6
35.45
39.95
33
As
34
Se
[Ar]4s23d104p4
78.96
50
51
[Kr]5s24d105p2
selenium
[Kr]5s24d105p6
131.3
[Xe]6s24f145d6
[Xe]6s24f145d7
[Xe]6s14f145d9
[Xe]6s14f145d10
[Xe]6s24f145d10
[Xe]6s24f145d106p1
[Xe]6s24f145d106p2
[Xe]6s24f145d106p3
[Xe]6s24f145d106p4
190.2
190.2
195.1
197.0
200.5
204.4
207.2
208.9
(209)
110
111
112
(272)
(277)
89
[Rn]7s2
[Rn]7s26d1
104
actinium
(227)
58
Ce
[Xe]6s24f15d1
[Rn]7s25f146d2
rutherfordium
(257)
59
Pr
[Xe]6s24f3
105
106
[Rn]7s25f146d3
[Rn]7s25f146d4
Db
dubnium
(260)
60
Sg
seaborgium
(263)
61
107
Bh
[Rn]7s25f146d5
bohrium
(262)
62
osmium
108
Hs
[Rn]7s25f146d6
hassium
(265)
63
Nd Pm Sm Eu
[Xe]6s24f4
[Xe]6s24f5
[Xe]6s24f6
iridium
109
Mt
[Rn]7s25f146d7
meitnerium
(266)
64
terbium
dysprosium
holmium
97
98
[Xe]6s24f75d1
152.0
157.3
europium
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
[Rn]7s25f7
[Rn]7s25f76d1
thorium
232.0
Pa
protactinium
(231)
[Rn]7s25f36d1
uranium
(238)
Np
[Rn]7s25f46d1
neptunium
(237)
Pu Am Cm
[Rn]7s25f6
plutonium
(242)
americium
(243)
curium
(247)
[Xe]6s24f9
158.9
Bk
[Rn]7s25f9
berkelium
(247)
22
67
gadolinium
[Xe]6s24f7
samarium
(150.4)
[Rn]7s25f26d1
66
Ho
promethium
(147)
[Rn]7s26d2
darmstadtium
(271)
[Xe]6s24f10
162.5
Cf
[Rn]7s25f10
californium
(249)
68
Es
100
116
fermium
(253)
[Xe]6s24f145d106p5
[Xe]6s24f145d106p6
(210)
(222)
astatine
radon
118
(298)
(?)
69
70
Yb
[Xe]6s24f13
[Xe]6s24f14
168.9
173.0
ytterbium
101
102
[Rn]7s25f13
[Rn]7s25f14
Fm Md No
[Rn]7s25f12
86
Rn
(296)
thulium
167.3
polonium
85
At
xenon
Uuo
erbium
[Xe]6s24f12
[Rn]7s25f11
bismuth
84
Po
iodine
54
Xe
Uuh
Tm
164.9
einsteinium
(254)
83
Bi
tellurium
Uuq
Er
[Xe]6s24f11
99
lead
antimony
114
[Rn}7s15f146d9
Dy
144.2
thallium
Ds Uuu Uub
65
neodymium
Th
mercury
Tb
praseodymium
140.9
gold
Gd
cerium
140.1
platinum
82
Pb
83.80
126.9
186.2
rhenium
81
Tl
krypton
[Kr]5s24d105p5
[Xe]6s24f145d5
80
Hg
[Ar]4s23d104p6
127.6
183.9
tungsten
79
Au
118.7
79.90
[Kr]5s24d105p4
[Xe]6s24f145d4
78
Pt
indium
bromine
121.8
Te
180.9
tantalum
77
Ir
silver
[Ar]4s23d104p5
36
Kr
[Kr]5s24d105p3
Sb
[Xe]6s24f145d3
76
Os
106.4
102.9
35
Br
argon
53
178.5
hafnium
75
Re
101.1
chlorine
52
[Xe]6s24f145d2
74
(98)
tin
arsenic
138.9
73
Ta
95.94
18
Ar
[Ne]3s23p5
sulfur
[Xe]6s25d1
92.91
neon
20.18
32.07
74.92
Sn
[He]2s22p6
[Ne]3s23p4
[Ar]4s23d104p3
germanium
17
Cl
10
Ne
30.97
72.58
[Ar]4s23d104p2
fluorine
4.003
[Ne]3s23p3
phosphorus
72
niobium
cadmium
silicon
57
91.22
molybdenum
[Ar]4s23d10
Zn
58.93
42
[Kr]5s24d2
28.09
[Ar]4s23d7
41
Nb Mo
[Ne]3s23p2
26.98
aluminum
55.85
40
Zr
Cu
[Ne]3s23p1
12B
30
[Ar]4s23d6
manganese
52.00
28
Ni
Co
11B
29
54.94
chromium
50.94
26
Fe
8B
27
[Ar]4s23d5
vanadium
La* Hf
88
Actinide Series~
[Ar]4s23d3
7B
25
titanium
Ra Ac~ Rf
Lanthanide Series*
6B
24
15
oxygen
zirconium
lanthanum
radium
(226)
5B
23
14
Si
nitrogen
yttrium
barium
137.3
4B
22
carbon
helium
mendelevium
(256)
nobelium
(254)
71
Lu
[Xe]6s24f145d1
lutetium
175.0
103
Lr
[Rn]7s25f146d1
lawrencium
(257)
Carnegie Mellon
Primary Material Classification
Metal
Ceramic
Polymer
Composite
Alternate (application oriented)
Electronic
Biomedical
Nanomaterials
Aerospace
Glasses
Property Classification
etc
Electrical
Magnetic
Optical
Thermal
Mechanical
Deteriorative
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General Features of Materials

Metals
Electrical Conductors
Thermal Conductors
Opaque
Ductile
Strong
Crystalline except under conditions
of rapid cooling
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General Features of Materials

Ceramics
Oxides, Carbides, sulfides and nitrides
Insulating to heat and electricity (most)
Resistant to High Temperatures
Resistant to Corrosive Atmospheres
Hard
Brittle
Crystalline but can form glasses easily under
condition of rapid cooling
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Polymers
Low Density
Low temperature applications
Ductile to brittle transitions as
temperature decreases
Visco-elastic at higher temperatures
Large molecular structures
Glasses but can form crystals
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Composites
Metal-Ceramic

Ceramic-ceramic

Polymer-ceramic
Metal-polymer
Crystalline-amorphous

Emulsion (liquid-liquid)

Foams (gas -solid)
Wood

Concrete
Tailored properties

Directional properties

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Strong but light

Fiber-glass
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Nanocomposite TiO2-glass coating

Self Cleaning Windows
Researchers have
developed these windows
and they are now available
for sale. One of a few
companies selling windows
with this technology is
Pilkington. The glass is
covered with a thin film of a
special compound that does
the actual cleaning.
The windows are powered
by UV light, which helps the
compound break down any
dirt that accumulates on the
glass. The compound is also
hydrophilic which causes the
water to sheet off the
window instead of forming
beads of water.
Autonomous Windows Due to their special Coating these

windows stay clean without much outside interference.
Sheeting Water The hydrophilic

coating causes water to sheet of the
window and take all the dirt with it.
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The Space Shuttle:

Protection is A
Materials Challenge
Materials Engineers created

Ceramic Panels for the Shuttle
that higher heat resistance
and mechanical strength
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The Space Shuttle:

Protection is A
Materials Challenge
Materials Engineers created

Ceramic Panels for the Shuttle
that higher heat resistance
and mechanical strength
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Clothing / Insulation:
Protection is A Materials Challenge
Bob Gore invented GORE TEX in frustration
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Structure Determination:
High Magnification
Large Depth of Field
Relatively Simple
More information than Topography
Sample (environment) must conduct
Vacuum Technique
http://www.mse.iastate.edu/microscopy/proimage.html
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Structure Determination:
http://www.mse.iastate.edu/microscopy/proimage.html
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Demonstration:
Marshmallows:
Discussion / Notes
A Materials Challenge?
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Demonstration:
Marshmallows:
Discussion / Notes
A Materials Challenge?
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Demonstration
Frozen Marshmallows
Discussion / Notes
http://brands.kraftfoods.com/Jetpuffed
Structure
Properties
Processing
34
Performance
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Processing Affects Structure

Nucleation and Growth
Nucleation:
the initial formation of a new phase from
an environment that does not contain that phase
Growth
the increase in size of existing nuclei into a different medium
(Powerpoints Files)
35
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Video Demonstration
Nucleation and Growth
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aC-KOYQsIvU&NR=1
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Microstructure of Materials
Microstructure is defined in two ways:
the structure you observe when viewing a material under a microscope
the structure of a material on the micron-scale (0.5 to 100)
Single Crystal
Gem Stones
GaAs Laser
Si wafers
NiAl Turbine Blades
Polycrystal
Most Materials
37
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Processing
Affects
Structure
EX: COOLING
HISTORY
Fe-C SYSTEM
Eutectoid composition, Co = 0.77wt%C
Fe-Fe
(Steel)
3C
Begin at
T > 727C
Rapidly cool to 625C and hold isothermally.
Adapted from Fig.

10.5,Callister 6e.
(Fig. 10.5 adapted from
H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of
Isothermal
Transformation and
Cooling Transformation
Diagrams, American
Society for Metals,
1997, p. 28.)
(Powerpoints Files)
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PEARLITE MORPHOLOGY
Two
cases:
Processing
Affects Structure
Ttransf just below TE
Ttransf well below TE
Fe-Fe
C (Steel)
--Larger
T: 3diffusion
is faster
--Smaller T: diffusion is slower
--Pearlite is coarser.
--Pearlite is finer.
Adapted from Fig. 10.6 (a) and (b),Callister 6e. (Fig. 10.6 from R.M. Ralls et al., An Introduction to
Materials Science and Engineering, p. 361, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1976.)
- Larger !T:
colonies are
smaller
- Smaller !T:
colonies are
larger
8
(Powerpoints Files)
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Dendrite Formation in Tin
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Nucleation Demonstration:
CO2 Injection into Water and Release
Watch During Set-Up
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKoB0MHVBvM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjbJELjLgZg&feature=related
Define
Supersaturation
Supercooling
Structure
Properties
Processing
41
Performance
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Nucleation Demonstration:
CO2 Injection into Water and Release
Discussion / Notes
Nucleation:
Growth
Diet Coke and Mentos: What is really behind this physical reaction? T. S. Coffey, Am. J. Phys. 76, 2008.
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Turbine Blades
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Materials Engineering for Aircraft
In aircraft engines, a nickel-based alloy

called Alloy 718 is used extensively for
compressor and turbine parts.
Engineering Materials of the Future

To understand the fundamentals of
Materials' Structure, Properties, Processing, and Performance.
To understand the relationship between these items,
and how they are exploited for sample engineering applications.
Materials
Science
Tetrahedron
Structure
Performance
Processing
Properties
45
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Careers in Materials Engineering
Automotive
Aeronautical
Biological
Electronic
Environmental
Athletic Equipment
Chemical
Mining/refining
Mean starting salary, class of 2009 = $ 64.2 K

2008:
(MSE= 59K, CEE = 54k, ME= 58k, BME= 63k, ChE=66.5k, ECE = 68.5k)
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Mean Starting Salaries

Every year, roughly half of our students enter doctoral programs
Data for CMU, Class of 2008, Bachelors Degree
Source: CMU career center
Annual Salary, $
70,000
2008
60,000
CMU
50,000
MEAN
40,000
National
30,000
AVERAGE
20,000
10,000
CEE
2009 MSE Values:

Maximum

Mean

$85,000

$64,182

ME
MSE
Median

$63,397

47
ECE
ChE
Minimum
$50,000
Carnegie Mellon

Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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Materials Science and Engineering

(fun for the day):

Supersaturation of Water with CO2

Nucleation of CO2 Bubbles

Shape Memory Alloys

Monday, January 11, 2010

Materials Science and Engineering

Materials Engineers work to understand and

Materials Science and Engineering

The International Space Station:

The International Space Station:

Materials Science and Engineering

Metallurgy, Ceramics, Mineralogy

Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics

Materials Science and Engineering involves the

Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering

Materials Engineers work with

Materials Engineering in Automobiles

Recently the steel industry has

Materials Science and Engineering

Materials Science and Engineering

What and How do you get the structure you want?

Why do materials have the properties they do?

Performance How to ensure that materials dont limit technology?

Materials Engineers Work Across

Monday, January 11, 2010

Body Centered Cubic

Body Centered Cubic

Body Centered Cubic

From Materials Science and Engineering, An

Monday, January 11, 2010

Monday, January 11, 2010

Properties are Length Scale Dependent

Properties are Length Scale Dependent

Stained-Glass as Ancient Nanotechnology

Properties are Length Scale Dependent

Properties are Length Scale Dependent

Periodic Table of the Elements

General Features of Materials

General Features of Materials

Foams (gas -solid)

Strong but light

Nanocomposite TiO2-glass coating

Monday, January 11, 2010

Autonomous Windows Due to their special Coating these

Sheeting Water The hydrophilic

The Space Shuttle:

Materials Engineers created

The Space Shuttle:

Materials Engineers created

Monday, January 11, 2010

Processing Affects Structure

Adapted from Fig.

Dendrite Formation in Tin

Monday, January 11, 2010

Materials Engineering for Aircraft

In aircraft engines, a nickel-based alloy

Engineering Materials of the Future

Careers in Materials Engineering

Mean starting salary, class of 2009 = $ 64.2 K

Monday, January 11, 2010

Mean Starting Salaries