Assignment Booklet

B. Tech.
in
Aerospace Engineering
Programme
Fifth Semester
Course Code Course Title
ET 102 Mathematics-III
BAS 014 Aircraft Structures
BAS 015 Aerodynamics - II
BAS 016 ro!u"sion - II
BAS 01# $"i%ht Mechanics

School of Engineering and Technology
INI!A "AN#I NATI$NA% $PEN &NI'E!SIT(
Maidan &arhi' (e) *e"hi-110 06+
)&%( *+,*
BTAE
B. Tech in Aerospace Engineering
*ear Student'
As )e e,!"ained in the ro%ramme &uide for B- Tech in Aeros!ace En%ineerin%' you )i"" ha.e to do
one Tutor Mar/ed Assi%nment 0TMA1 for each course-
2ou )i"" find that the 3uestions in the Assi%nments are ana"ytica" and descri!ti.e so that you can
4etter understand and com!rehend the conce!ts-
Before you attem!t the Assi%nments' !"ease read the instructions carefu""y !ro.ided in the
ro%ramme &uide- It is im!ortant that you )rite the ans)er to a"" the TMA 3uestions in your o)n
)ords- 2our ans)ers shou"d 4e in 4rief and to the !oint- 5emem4er' )ritin% ans)ers to assi%nment
3uestions )i"" im!ro.e your )ritin% s/i""s and !re!are you for the term-end e,amination-
2ou are to su4mit the assi%nments to the 6oordinator of your 6entre- 2ou must o4tain a recei!t from
the 6entre for the Assi%nments su4mitted and retain it )ith you- It is desira4"e to /ee! a !hotoco!y
of the assi%nments su4mitted 4y you-
7nce e.a"uated' the 6entre )i"" return the assi%nments to you- "ease insist on this- The 6entre )i""
send the mar/s to the S58E *i.ision at I&(79' (e) *e"hi-
Su-mission
2ou need to su4mit the Assi%nments )ithin the sti!u"ated date for 4ein% e"i%i4"e to a!!ear in the
term-end e,amination-
A"" Assi%nments are to 4e su4mitted 4y :0
th
7cto4er' 2012 to the 6oordinator of the 6entre a""otted
to you-
"&IE%INES F$! S&B.ITTIN" T#E ASSI"N.ENTS
;e e,!ect you to ans)er each 3uestion as !er instructions in the assi%nment- 2ou )i"" find it usefu"
to /ee! the fo""o)in% !oints in mind <
Planning
5ead the assi%nment carefu""y= %o throu%h the 9nits on )hich they are 4ased- Ma/e some !oints
re%ardin% each 3uestion and then rearran%e them in a "o%ica" order-
$rganisation
Be a "itt"e se"ecti.e and ana"ytica" 4efore dra)in% u! a rou%h out"ine of your ans)er- &i.e
ade3uate attention to 3uestion>s introduction and conc"usion-
Ma/e sure that
0a1 The ans)er is "o%ica" and coherent-
041 It has c"ear connections 4et)een sentences and !ara%ra!hs-
0c1 The !resentation is correct in your o)n e,!ression and sty"e-
Presentation
7nce you are satisfied )ith your ans)er' you can )rite do)n the fina" .ersion for su4mission-
It is mandatory to )rite the assi%nment neat"y in your o)n hand)ritin%- If you so desire' you
may under"ine the !oints you )ish to em!hasi?e- Ma/e sure that the ans)er is )ithin the
sti!u"ated )ord "imit-

.s. Sh/eta Tripathi
0Programme Coordinator1
2
@-1 0a1 Test the con.er%ence or di.er%ence of the series
2
1
0 11
n
n n

1
+
1
]
-
041 $or a function f 0x1 defined 4y
0 1 ' f x x x < <
' o4tain a fourier series-
@-2 0a1 ro.e that
2
2
2
1
cos
4 0 11 '
:
n
n
n x
x x
n

+ < < -
Aence' sho) that
2
2
1
6
n

-
041 If
1
2 cos x
x
+ and
1
2 cos y
y
+
sho) that one of the .a"ues of
1
m n
m n
x y
x y
+
is
2 cos 0 1 m n +
-
@-: 0a1 If
tan "o% 0 1 x iy a ib + +
' )here
2 2
1 a b + ' sho) that
2 2
2 2
2
tan "o% 0 1
1
a
x y
a b
+

-
041 Sho) that the !o"ar form of 6auchy-5iemann e3uations are
1 u v
r r

'

u
r r
v 1
*educe that
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
0
u u u
r r
r r

+ +

-
@-4 0a1 $ind the 4i"inear transformation )hich ma!s the !oints z B 1' i' 1 into the !oints
w B 2' i' 2 res!ecti.e"y-
041 E,!and
1
0 1
0 11 0 21
f z
z z

in the re%ion C z C D 2-
@-5 0a1 *etermine the !o"es of the fo""o)in% functions and the residue at each !o"e <
2
2
1
2
z
z z
+

-
041 The num4er N of 4acteria in a cu"ture %re) at a rate !ro!ortiona" to N- The .a"ue of N
)as initia""y 100 and increased to ::2 in one hour- ;hat )ou"d 4e the .a"ue of N after
1
1
2
hoursE
@-6 0a1 So".e
2
tan tan cos cos
dy
y x y x
dx
+ -
3
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT
ET-102
MATHEMATICS-III
Note : All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks.
.
.a2imum .arks 3 ,++
4eightage 3 5+6
Course Code 3 ET7,+*
%ast ate of Su-mission 3 $cto-er 5+8 *+,*
BTAE
041 So".e
0 1 0 1 mz ny p nx lz q ly mx +
-
@-# 0a1 So".e
2 2 2
2 2
: 2
z z z
x y
x y
x y

+ + +


-
041 $ind the so"ution of
2
2
2
u u
h
t
x

for )hich
00' 1 0 ' 1 0 u t u l t
' 0 ' 01 sin
x
u x
l

4y
method of .aria4"es se!aration-
@-+ 0a1 Test the series
: :
0 1 1 n n +
for its con.er%ence or di.er%ence-
041 $ind the $ourier series to re!resent
2
0 1 ' f x x x x < < -
Aence' sho) that
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
- - -
12
1 2 : 4

+ + -
@-F 0a1 $ind the 4i"inear transformation )hich ma!s the !oints z B 0' 1' into the !oints
w B 1' 2 i' i-
041 $ind the %enera" so"ution of the !artia" differentia" e3uation
2 2 2
0 1 0 1 0 1 x y z p y z x q z x y +
@-10 0a1 If
1
2 cos x
x
+ and
1
2 cos y
y
+
' sho) that one of the .a"ues of
m n
n m
x y
y x
+ is
2 cos 0 1 m n
-
041 Test for con.er%ence of the series
2 : 1
2 6 14 2 2
1 - - - - - -
5 F 1#
2 1
n
n
n
x x x x

+ + + + + +
+
'
0for x D 01-
4
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT
BAS-014
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES
Note : All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks.
.
.a2imum .arks 3 ,++
4eightage 3 5+6
Course Code 3 BAS7+,9
%ast ate of Su-mission 3 $cto-er 5+8 *+,*
BTAE
Q1. Explain the following briefly:
(a) Monocoque tructure
(b) En! fixi!ity of a colu"n
(c) #train gauge
(!) #hear centre
(e) $ea" % colu"n
Q2. (a) &eri'e an expreion for Euler( critical loa! of a colu"n when it both
en! are fixe!.
(b) &ifferentiate hort an! long colu"n.
Q3. (a) )ro'e the relation
R
E
I
M

for the !eflection of a bea".

(b) Explain the boun!ary con!ition neceary for !eter"ining the lope an!
!eflection of a cantile'er bea".
Q4 (a) &raw a neat *etch of +,n !iagra" an! explain the following.
(i) )oiti'e an! -egati'e tructural li"it
(ii) #tall boun!ary
(iii) .orner 'elocity an! it ignificance.
(b) /wo aircraft0 one on "ar an! one on Earth0 are perfor"ing le'el turn at i!entical ban*
angle of 12 !eg. 3ow !o their loa! factor0 turn ra!ii an! rate of turn co"pare4
Q5 6 bea" of 12 " length an! of unifor" rectangular cro,ection i i"ply upporte! at it
en!. 7t carrie a u!8 of 12 *-9" run o'er it entire pan. :in! the !i"enion of it cro %
ectionif the per"iible ben!ing tre i ; -9""
2
an! the central !eflection i not to excee!
1c". :or the bea" "aterial0 E < 12
4
-9""
2
.
Q1. (a) .laify !ifferent type of /orque wrenche.
(b) Explain the wor*ing of bea" /orque wrenche.
Q=. &eri'e 8a"e( equation0 gi'ing hoop tre (
x
f
) !itribution an! inner preure
( )
x
P
in cae
of a thic* cylin!er in the for":
a
x
b
P a
x
b
f
x x
+
2 2
an! 0 where a an! b are contant )
x
an! f
x
are ra!ial preure an!
hoop tre repecti'ely.
5
Q;. (a) &efine hear centre an! hear flow.
(b) 8ocate the hear centre for the channel ection hown below.
Q>. :or the i"ply upporte! bea"0 with o'erhanging loa! of 12 *- at 60 hown below !eter"ine
a. "axi"u" !eflection.
b. #lope at both upport $ an! E.
/a*e for the bea" ection0 7 < 1; x 12
;
""
4
an! for the bea" "aterial0 E < 222 *-9""
2
1
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT
BAS-015
AERODYNAMICS-II
Note : All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks.
.
.a2imum .arks 3 ,++
4eightage 3 5+6
Course Code 3 BAS7+,:
%ast ate of Su-mission 3 $cto-er 5+8 *+,*
BTAE
E
22 *-,"
=.5 *- 9"
2 "
$
2 " 2 " 2 "
12 *-
. &
6
5 c"
1 c"
1 c"
1 c"
3 c"
@-1 E,!"ain .orte, f"o) o.er a finite )in%- ;hat is do)n)ash and ho) does it resu"t in induced
dra%E
@-2 0a1 ;hat is Biot - Sa.art "a) for an in.iscid' incom!ressi4"e f"o)E *eri.e the term for
the .e"ocity induced 4y a strai%ht .orte, fi"ament of infinite "en%th at a %i.en !oint'
usin% the a4o.e "a)-
041 E,!"ain the e""i!tica" "ift distri4ution- Sho) that the do)n)ash is constant o.er the
s!an for an e""i!tica" "ift distri4ution-
@-: A f"at !"ate of 0-6 m chord at ?ero incidence is in a uniform airstream of 45 m s-
1
- Estimate
0i1 the dis!"acement thic/ness at the trai"in% ed%e' and
0ii1 the o.era"" dra% coefficient of the !"ate- Is it reasona4"e to assume that the 4oundary "ayer
is entire"y "aminarE
@-4 ;ith the he"! of a neat s/etch' e,!"ain 4oundary "ayer f"o) o.er a f"at !"ate- Sho) the .arious
re%ions of f"o) and a"so e,!"ain the !henomenon of se!aration-
@-5 *eri.e the (a.ier Sto/es e3uation for an unsteady' com!ressi4"e' three dimensiona" .iscous
f"o)-
@-6 *eri.e the e,!ression for the .e"ocity of sound across a sound )a.e- A"so %i.e the ener%y
e3uation for steady one dimensiona" f"o)-
@-# A norma" shoc/ )a.e is standin% in the test section of a su!ersonic )ind tunne"- 9!stream of
the )a.e' M
1
B :'
1
B 0-5 atm' and T
1
B 200 G- $ind M
2
'
2
' T
2
and u
2
do)nstream of the
)a.e- 9se (orma" shoc/ !ro!erty ta4"e-
@-+ *eri.e - - M re"ation for an o4"i3ue shoc/ )a.e-
@-F 0a1 *eri.e the !randt" Meyer function for !randt"-Meyer e,!ansion )a.es-
041 E,!"ain stron% and )ea/ shoc/s-
@-10 A "i%ht aircraft has a ta!ered )in% )ith root and ti! chord-"en%ths of 2-2 m and 1-+ m
res!ecti.e"y and a )in%s!an of 16 m- Estimate the s/in-friction dra% of the )in% )hen the
aircraft is tra.e"in% at 0-:#5 chord-"en%th from the "eadin% ed%e- The dynamic .iscosity and
density of air may 4e ta/en as 1-+ , 10
-5
/% sHm and 1-2 /%Hm
:
res!ecti.e"y-
=
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT
BAS-016
PROPULSION-II
Note : All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks.
.
.a2imum .arks 3 ,++
4eightage 3 5+6
Course Code 3 BAS7+,;
%ast ate of Su-mission 3 $cto-er 5+8 *+,*
BTAE
Q1. (a) 6ir i expan!e! re'eribly an! a!iabatically in a no??le fro" 13 bar an! 152
o
. to
a preure of 1 bar. /he inlet 'elocity of the no??le i 'ery "all an! the proce
occur un!er tea!y tate flow con!ition. .alculate the exit 'elocity of the no??le.
(b) 6ir enter a frictionle a!iabatic con'erging no??le at 12 bar 522 @ with negligible
'elocity. /he no??le !icharge to a region at 2 bar. 7f the exit area of the no??le i
2.5 c"
2
0 fin! the flow rate of air through the no??le. 6u"e for air c
p
< 1225 A 9 *g @
an! c
'
< =1; A 9 *g @.
Q2. (a) /he exit 'elocity fro" a Bet unit i 152 "9 for an air flow of 42 *g9
through the unit. /he aircraft i flying at 252 *"9h. .alculate the thrut !e'elope!0 the
thrut power an! the propulion efficiency. -eglect the effect of fuel.
(b) 6 i"ple Bet engine ha co"preor !irectly couple! to the turbine "ounte! in an
aircraft with forwar! facing inta*e an! rearwar! con'ergent propelling no??le.
.alculate the total thrut when the aircraft flie at true air pee! of 322 " 9 in the
a"bient con!ition of % 12
o
. an! 2.5; bar.
Q3. (a) 6 turboBet engine in!uct 51 *g of air per econ! an! propel an aircraft
with an contant flight pee! of >12 *"9h. /he ientropic 'elocity enthalpy change for
the no??le i 222 *A 9 *g an! it 'elocity coefficient i 2.>1. /he fuel,air ratio i
2.211>0 the co"bution efficiency i 2.>1 an! the lower heating 'alue of the fuel i
12522 *cal 9 *g. 6u"e .+ < 42 MA 9 *g. .alculate
(i) the ther"al efficiency of the engine0
(ii) the fuel flow rate in *g9h an! /#:.0
(iii) the propulion power in *C
(i') the thrut power an!
(') the propuli'e efficiency.
(b) 6 turbo Bet engine conu"e air at the rate of 12.2 *g 9 when flying at a pee! of
1222 *" 9 h. .alculate:
(i) Exit 'elocity of the Bet when the enthalpy change for the no??le i 232 *A 9 *g
an! 'elocity co,efficient i 2.>1.
(ii) :uel flow rate in *g 9 when air,fuel ratio i =2:1
(iii) /hrut pecific fuel conu"ption
(c) /her"al efficiency of the plant when the co"bution efficiency i >2D an!
calorific 'alue of the fuel ue! i 42222 *A9*g.
(!) )ropuli'e power
(e) )ropuli'e efficiency
(f) E'erall efficiency.

Q4. (a) /he following !ata pertain to a turboBet flying at an altitu!e of >522 " :
#pee! of the turbo,Bet < ;22 *" 9 h
)ropuli'e efficiency < 55D
E'erall efficiency of the turbine plant < 1=D
&enity of air at >522 " altitu!e < 2.1= *g 9 "
3
&rag on the plane < 1122 -
6u"ing calorific 'alue of the fuel ue! a 41222 *A9*g
;
.alculate:
i. 6bolute 'elocity of the Bet
ii. +olu"e of air co"pree! per "in.
iii. &ia"eter of the Bet
i'. )ower output of the unit
'. 6ir,fuel ratio
(b) 7n a Bet propulion unit air i !rawn into the rotary co"preor at 15
o
. an! 1.21 bar
an! !eli'ere! at 4.24 bar. /he ientropic efficiency of co"preion i ;2D an! the
co"preion i inter,coole!. 6fter !eli'ery the air i heate! at contant preure until
the te"perature reache =52
o
.. /he air then pae through a turbine unit which !ri'e
the co"preor only an! ha an ientropic efficiency of =;D before paing through
the no??le an! expan!ing to at"opheric preure of 1.21 bar with an efficiency of
;;D. -eglecting any "a increae !ue to the weight of the fuel an! au"ing that F
an!

are unchange! by co"bution0 !eter"ine :

(i) /he power require! to !ri'e the co"preor.
(ii) /he air,fuel ratio if the fuel ha a calorific 'alue of 42222 *A9*g.
(iii) /he preure of the gae lea'ing the turbine.
(i') /he thrut per *g of air per econ!.
-eglect any effect of the 'elocity of approach.
6u"e for air: F < 2.2;= *A 9*g @0

< 1.4.
Q5. (a) :in! the require! air,fuel ratio in a ga turbine whoe turbine an!
co"preor efficiencie are ;5D an! ;2 D0 repecti'ely. Maxi"u" cycle te"perature
i ;=5
o
.. /he wor*ing flui! can be ta*en a air
( ) 1.4 0 *A9*g@ 2 . 1 c
p

which
enter the co"preor at 1 bar an! 2=
o
.. /he preure ratio i 4. /he fuel ue! ha
calorific 'alue of 42222 *A 9 *g. /here i a lo of 12D of calorific 'alue in the
co"bution cha"ber.
(b) 7n an air,tan!ar! regenerati'e ga turbine cycle the preure ratio i 5. 6ir enter the
co"preor at 1 bar0 322 @ an! lea'e at 4>2 @. /he "axi"u" te"perature in the
cycle i 1222 @. .alculate the cycle efficiency0 gi'en that the efficiency of the
regenerator an! the a!iabatic efficiency of the turbine are each ;2D. 6u"e for air0
the ratio of pecific heat i 1.4. 6lo0 how the cycle on a /, !iagra".
Q1. (a) 6 ingle tage ingle,acting air co"preor !eli'er 2.1 *g of air per
"inute at 12 bar. /he te"perature an! preure at the en! of uction tro*e are 32
o
.
an! 1 bar. /he bore an! tro*e of the co"preor are 122 "" an! 152 ""
repecti'ely. /he clearance i 3D of the wept 'olu"e. 6u"ing the in!ex of
co"preion an! expanion to be 1.30 fin!:
(i) +olu"etric efficiency of the co"preor0
(ii) )ower require! if the "echanical efficiency i ;5D0 an!
(iii) #pee! of the co"preor (rp").
(b) /he 'elocity of tea" exiting the no??le of the i"pule tage of a turbine i 422 " 9. /he
bla!e operate cloe to the "axi"u" bla!ing efficiency. /he no??le angle i 22
o
.
>
.oni!ering equiangular bla!e an! neglecting bla!e friction0 calculate for a tea" flow
of 2.1. *g9 0 the !iagra" power an! the !iagra" efficiency.
Q=. (a) 6 ingle tage tea" turbine i upplie! with tea" at 5 bar0 222
o
. at the
rate of 52 *g 9 "in. 7t expan! into a con!ener at a preure of 2.2 bar. /he bla!e
pee! i 422 "9. /he no??le are incline! at an angle of 22
o
to the plane of the wheel
an! the outlet bla!e angle i 32
o
. -eglecting friction loe0 !eter"ine the power
!e'elope!0 bla!e efficiency0 an! tage efficiency.
(b) 6 ingle i"pule turbine ha a "ean bla!e pee! of 222 "9 . /he no??le are incline!
at 22
o
to the plane of rotation of the bla!e. /he tea" 'elocity fro" no??le i
122 "9. /he turbine ue 3522 *g 9h of tea". /he abolute 'elocity at exit i along
the axi of the turbine. &eter"ine:
(i) /he inlet an! exit angle of the bla!e.
(ii) /he power output of the turbine.
(iii) /he !iagra" efficiency.
(i') /he axial thrut (per *g tea" per econ!)
6u"e inlet an! outlet angle to be equal.
Q;. (a) 6 reaction turbine running at 312 rp" conu"e 5 *g of tea" per econ!. /ip lea*age
i 12 D. &icharge bla!e tip angle for both "o'ing an! fixe! bla!e i 22
o
.

6xial
'elocity

of flow i 2.=5 ti"e bla!e 'elocity. /he power !e'elope! by a certain pair i
4.; *C where the preure i 2 bar an! !ryne fraction i 2.>5. :in! the !ru"
!ia"eter an! bla!e height.
(b) 6n axial flow co"preor ha'ing eight tage an! with 52D reaction !eign co"pre
air in the preure ratio of 4 : 1. /he air enter the co"preor at 22
o
. an! flow
through it with a contant pee! of >2"9 . /he rotating bla!e of co"preor rotate
with a "ean pee! of 1;2 "9. ientropic efficiency of the co"preor "ay be ta*en a
;2D.
.alculate :
(i) Cor* !one by the "achine
(ii) $la!e angle.
Q> (a) 6 centrifugal co"preor un!er tet ga'e the following !ata:
#pee! : 110522
7nlet total hea! te"perature : 21
o
.
Eutlet total hea! preure : 4 bar
6ir flow : 131122 *g9h
7"peller !ia. : =5 c"
7f the lip factor i 2.>20 what i the co"preor efficiency4
(b) 6 centrifugal co"preor run at 12022 rp" an! !eli'er 122 "
3
9 "in of free air at a
preure ratio of 4:1. /he ientropic efficiency of co"preor i ;2D. /he outer ra!iu
of i"peller (which ha ra!ial bla!e) i twice the inner one an! the lip coefficient i
2.>. 6u"e that the a"bient air con!ition are 1 bar an! 2>3 @. /he axial 'elocity of
flow i 12 "9 an! i contant throughout. &eter"ine:
(i) )ower input to the co"preor
(ii) 7"peller !ia"eter at inlet an! outlet an! wi!th at inlet
(iii) 7"peller an! !iffuer bla!e angle at inlet
Q12. (a) 6 ingle tage reciprocating air co"preor ha a wept 'olu"e of 2222 c"
3
an! run
at ;22 rp". 7t operate on a preure ratio of ;0 with a clearance of 5D of the wept
12
'olu"e. 6u"e -/) roo" con!ition an! at inlet (p < 121.3 *)a0 t < 15
o
.)0 an!
polytropic co"preion an! expanion with n < 1.25.
.alculate
(i) 7n!icate! power (ii) +olu"etric efficiency (iii) Ma flow rate0
(i') :6& (') 7other"al efficiency0
('i) the actual power nee!e! to !ri'e the co"preor0 if "echanical efficiency i 2.;5.
(b) 6 52D reaction0 axial flow co"preor run at a "ean bla!e pee! of 252 "9. /he
preure ratio !e'elope! by the "achine i 1.3. &eter"ine the bla!e an! air angle if
the "ean flow 'elocity wa 222 "9. .on!ition at inlet are 1 bar an! 322 @.
11
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT
BAS-017
FLIGHT MECHANICS
Note : All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks.
.
.a2imum .arks 3 ,++
4eightage 3 5+6
Course Code 3 BAS7+,<
%ast ate of Su-mission 3 $cto-er 5+8 *+,*
BTAE
Q1. 6n aircraft i flying in a tea!y le'el coor!inate! turn at a pee! of 252 "9 at a ban* angle of
12
o
. .alculate the turn rate0 if the yaw rate i r an! the pitch rate i q. /he force acting on the
aircraft are hown in fig.
F
"'
2
o
Q2. 7n the context of aircraft "otion0 what are the Euler angle4 7f the tan!ar! right han!e!
aircraft axi et i rotate! through pitch

an! yaw

angle only. #how that the initial

'ector quantity
) 0 (
2 0 2 2
z y x
i relate! to the tranfor"e! 'ector quantity
( ) z y x 0 0
a follow :,
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

,
_

2
2
2
co in in co in
2 co in
in in co in co
z
y
x
z
y
x



Q3. &efine the pan0 gro area0 apect ratio an! "ean aero!yna"ic chor! of an aircraft wing.
Q4. #*etch a typical
m
C
plot an! explain the con!ition for tri"0 the require"ent for tatic
tability an! the concept of tability "argin. Chy i too "uch tability a ha?ar!ou a too
little tability4
Q5. &ecribe the longitu!inal hort perio! pitching ocillation. En what para"eter !o it
characteritic !epen!4
Q1. (a) #how that the perio! of the phugoi! i gi'en approxi"ately by0
0 2
2
g
V
T
P


an! tate all au"ption ue!.
(b) #tate which aero!yna"ic para"eter intro!uce !a"ping into a phugoi!0 an! !icu
how 'arying forwar! pee! whilt on approach to lan!ing "ay influence phugoi!
characteritic.
Q=. (a) Chat i the lateral, !irectional weather coc* tability of an aircraft4
(b) #tate the "ain aero!yna"ic contribution to weather coc* tability.
12
Fa!iu of turn F
8ift 8
G
"g

Q;. &itinguih between the centre of preure an! the aero!yna"ic centre of an airfoil. Explain
why the pitching "o"ent about the quarter chor! point of an air foil i nor"ally contant in
ubonic flight.
Q>. 6 taille aircraft of >2=2 *g "a ha a !elta wing with apect ratio 1 an! area 3="
2
. #how
that the aero!yna"ic "ean chor!

2 9
2
2 9
2
2
b
b
cdy
dy c
c
of a !elta wing i 293
r!
of it root chor! an!
that for thi wing it i ;.11".
Q12. Cith the ai! of a !iagra" howing a generali?e! et of aircraft bo!y axe0 !efine the
para"eter notation ue! in the "athe"atical "o!eling of aircraft "otion.
13