CLASSIFICATION OF BREAST CANCER MALIGNANCY USING

CYTOLOGICAL IMAGES OF FINE NEEDLE

ASPIRATION BIOPSIES
Breast cancer is the most often diagnosed cancer
among women aged 40 to 60.
According to the World Health Organization there are
7.6 million deaths worldwide due to cancer each
year, out of which 502,000 are caused by breast
cancer alone.
Cancers in their early stages are vulnerable to
treatment while cancers in their most advanced
stages are usually almost impossible to treat.
The most common diagnostic tools are mammography and a
fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA).
Mammography, which is a non-invasive method, is most often
used for screening purposes rather than for precise diagnosis.
It allows a physician to find possible locations of
microcalcifications and other indicators in breast tissue.
When a suspicious region is found, the patient is sent to
a pathologist for a more precise diagnosis. This is when
the FNA is taken.
A fine needle aspiration biopsy is an invasive method to
extract a small sample of the questionable breast tissue that
allows the pathologist to describe the type of the cancer in
detail.
Using this method pathologists can very adequately describe
not only the type of the cancer but also its genealogy and
malignancy.
The stage of cancer depends on the malignancy factor that is
assigned during an FNA examination. The determination of
malignancy is essential when predicting the progression of
cancer.
Block diagram of the cell classification system
Segmentation
Feature Extraction
Classification
Cell images
Neuro fuzzy system
In the field of artificial intelligence, neuro-fuzzy refers to
combinations of artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic.
Neuro-fuzzy was proposed by J. S. R. Jang
Neuro-fuzzy hybridization results in a hybrid intelligent system
that synergizes these two techniques by combining the
human-like reasoning style of fuzzy systems with the learning
and connectionist structure of neural networks.
Deriving fuzzy rules from trained RBF networks.
Fuzzy logic based tuning of neural network training parameters.
Fuzzy logic criteria for increasing a network size.
Realising fuzzy membership function through clustering algorithms in
unsupervised learning in SOMs and neural networks.
Representing fuzzification, fuzzy inference and defuzzification through
multi-layers feed-forward connectionist networks.
Neuro Fuzzy Reasoner for Student Modeling
The steps to take in order to apply the NFR model the
student modeling problem in this case are as follows:
1. Defining input and output values;
2. Defining fuzzy sets for input values;
3. Defining fuzzy rules;
4. Creating and training the neural network
1. Input and output values
Input values:
Test score [0..100]
The time needed to complete the test [0..120]
Output values:
Classes of students: {Bad, Good, Very good, Excellent}
2. Fuzzy sets
The input space is partitioned by the following
fuzzy sets:
- Test score: Bad, Low, Mid, High
- The time needed to complete the test,
interpreted as speed: Slow, Moderate,
Fast
3. Fuzzy rules
The rules for student classification are taken from the
human teacher. Twelve such rules are shown in Table 1.
The values of linguistic variables in the premises are
interpreted as the previously defined fuzzy sets, and the
rules bellow are interpreted like:
IF ( (TEST_SCORE IS HIGH) AND
(STUDENT_SPEED IS FAST) )
THEN STUDENT_CLASS IS EXCELLENT
4.Creating and training the neural network
When the fuzzy model is defined, the construction of the corresponding NFR
model is straightforward.
The NFR model that corresponds to the previously defined fuzzy model is shown
in fig. 4.
The network is constructed using the following principles:
1. The number of cells in the input layer L1 is equal to the number of inputs;
2. The number of cells in the fuzzyfication layer L2 is equal to the number of fuzzy
sets;
3. The number of cells in the premise layer is equal to the number of rules;
4. The number of cells in the output layer is equal to the the number of
classification classes;
5. The connection pattern is the same for all NFR models and it is shown in fig. 4.