1

Multiple Access Techniques For Wireless

Communication




Multiple access schemes are used to allow many mobile
users to share simultaneously a finite amount of radio
spectrum.

For high quality communications, this must be done
without severe degradation in the performance of the
system.

2
Multiple Access Techniques



FDMA TDMA CDMA PR SDMA





3
Multiple Access (MA) Technologies used in Different
Wireless Systems

Cellular Systems MA Technique

AMPS ( Advanced Mobile Phone system ) FDMA / FDD
GSM ( Global System for Mobile ) TDMA / FDD
US DC ( U. S Digital Cellular ) TDMA / FDD
JDC ( Japanese Digital Cellular ) TDMA / FDD
CT2 ( Cordless Telephone ) FDMA / FDD
DECT ( Digital European Cordless Telephone ) FDMA / FDD
IS 95 ( U.S Narrowband Spread Spectrum ) CDMA / FDD



4
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Code





Frequency



time

C1 C2 C3 CN FREQ.



C1 C2 C3 C4 CN




5
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

Each user is allocated a unique frequency band or
channel. These channels are assigned on demand to
users who request service.

In FDD, the channel has two frequencies forward
channel & reverse channel.

During the period of the call, no other user can share the
same frequency band.

If the FDMA channel is not in use, then it sits idle and
cannot be used by other users to increase or share
capacity. This is a wasted resource.
6
PROPERTIES OF FDMA

The bandwidth of FDMA channels is narrow (30 KHz)
since it supports only one call/ carrier.

ISI is low since the symbol time is large compared to
average delay spread No equalization is required.

FDMA systems are simple than TDMA systems, but
modern DSP is changing this factor.

FDMA systems have higher cost
Cell site system due to single call/carrier
Costly band pass filters to eliminate spurious radiation
Duplexers in both T/R increase subscriber costs
7

Number Of Channel Supported By FDMA System

Bg Bg



Bt
Bg Guard Band

Bt - 2Bg
N = --------------- Bc Channel Bandwidth
Bc


8
Example

In the US, each cellular carrier is allocated 416 channels,

Bt = 12.5 MHz
Bg = 10 KHz
Bc = 30 KHz


N = [ (12.5 * 10
6
) 2 ( 10 * 10
3
) ] / (30 * 10
3
)

= 416



9
Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA )

Code





Frequency



Time

C1 C2 C3 CN Time
CN
C2
C1




10
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION


TDMA systems divide the radio spectrum into time slots
and each user is allowed to either transmit or receive in
each time slots.

Each user occupies a cyclically repeating time slots.
TDMA can allow different number of time slots for
separate user.





11
TDMA Frame Structure


Preamble Information
message
Trail bits



Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot N



Trail Bit Sync Bit Information Bit Guard Bits

12

COMPONENTS OF 1 TDMA FRAME


Preamble Address and synchronization information for
base station and subscriber identification

Guard times Synchronization of receivers between a
different slots and frames


13
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
TDMA shares the single carrier frequency with several
users, where each user makes use of non-overlapping
timeslots.

Data Transmission for user of TDMA system is discrete
bursts
The result is low battery consumption.
Handoff process is simpler, since it is able to listen for
other base stations during idle time slots.

Since different slots are used for T and R, duplexers are not
required.
Equalization is required, since transmission rates are
generally very high as compared to FDMA channels.
14

Efficiency of TDMA


Frame Efficiency

f
= No of bits / frame containing transmitted data
-------------------------------------------------------------
Total Number of bits / Frame

= ( 1 b
OH
/ b
T
) * 100

= ( b
T
b
OH
) * 100
-------------
b
T

15
Frame efficiency parameters

b
T
= Total Number of bits per frame
= T
f
* R
T
f
= Frame duration
R = Channel bit rate
b
OH
= Number of overhead bits /frame
= N
r
*b
r
+ N
t
*b
p
+ N
t
*b
g
+ N
r
*b
g


N
r
= Number of reference bits per frame
N
t
= Number of traffic bits per frame
b
r
= Number of overhead bits per reference burst
b
p
= Number of overhead bits per preamble in each slots.
b
g
= Number of equivalent bits in each guard time interval

16



Number of channels in TDMA System:


N = m ( B
tot
- 2 B
guard
)
------------------------------
B
c

m = Maximum number of TDMA users supported on each
radio channel.
B
guard
= Guard band to present user at the edge of the band
from bleeding over to an adjacent radio service.

17
Example:

GSM System uses a TDMA / FDD system.

The GSM System uses a frame structure where
each frame consist of 8 time slots, and each time
slot contains 156.25 bits, and data is transmitted at
270.833 kbps in the channel. Find:
a.Time duration of a bit
b. time duration of a slot
c.time duration of a frame and
d.how long must a user occupying a single slot must
wait between two simultaneous transmissions?

18
Solution

Time duration of a bit = T
b
= 1 / bit rate = 1/ (270.833 * 10
3
)
= 3.692 s

Time duration of a slot = T
slot
= 156.25 * T
b
= 0.577

s

Time duration of a frame = 8 * T
slot
= 4.615 ms

(d) A user has to wait 4.615 ms before next transmission.





19
Example

If a normal GSM timeslot consists of 6 trailing bits, 8.25
guard bits, 26 training bits, and 2 traffic bursts of 58
bits of data, find the frame efficiency.

Solution
o time slots have 6 + 8.25 + 26 + 2/58 = 156.25 bits.
o A frame has 8 * 156.25 = 1250 bits / frame.
o The number of overhead bits per frame is given by

b
OH
= 8(6) + 8(8.25) + 8(26) = 322 bits

Frame efficiency = (1250 322 ) / 1250
= 74.24 %
20

Spread Spectrum Multiple Access Technologies (SSMA)

SSMA technologies uses techniques which has a
transmission bandwidth that is >> maximum required RF
bandwidth.

This is achieved by pseudo noise (PN) sequence that
contents a narrowband signal to a wideband noise-like
signal before transmission.

SSMA provides immunity to multiple interference and
robust multiple access capability.
21
TYPES OF SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES




Frequency Hopped Multiple Access ( FHMA )



Direct Sequence Multiple Access ( CDMA )



22
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS):

Code





Frequency





time
C1

C2

C3

CN
23
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS):

CDMA Transmitter:
S
1
(t)

m
1
(t)
r(t)
PN
1
(t) cos(2f
c
t +
1
)

m
k
(t)



PN
K
(t) cos(2fct +
K
)


1

K












24
Principles of operation-transmitter


The narrowband message signal m
i
(t) is multiplied by a
pseudo noise code sequence that has a chip rate >> data
rate of message.

All users use the same carrier frequency and may
transmit simultaneously. The k
th
transmitted signal is
given by;


S
k
(t) = ( 2E
S
/ T
S
)
1/2


m
k
(t) p
k
(t) cos(2f
c
t +
k
)


25

CDMA Receiver




Z
i
k
(t)

m
k
(t)
r(t)

PN
k
(t) cos(2f
c
t +
k
)

k

T

0
(.)dt



>
<
26
Principles of operation-receiver

At the receiver, the received signal is correlated with the
appropriate signature sequence to produce desire
variable.


iT
+

k

Z
i
k
(t)= r (t) p
k
(t
k
) cos [ 2f
c
(t
k
) +
k
] dt
(i-1)T
+

k




27
Message Signal

m(t) is a time sequence of non-overlapping pulses of
duration T, each of which has an amplitude (+/-) 1.

The PN waveform consists of N pulses or chips for
message symbol period T.

NT
C
= T

where T
C
is the chip period.




28
Example: Assume N = 4

m(t) 1 0 1 1
1


-1

PN wave for N=4
1



-1
PN sequence for current user is 1 -1 1 -1
29

Correlator output for first user


iT
+

1

Z
i
1
(t)= r (t) p
1
(t
1
) cos [ 2f
c
(t
1
) +
1
] dt
(i-1)T
+

1



The multiplied signal will be p
2
(t) = 1 for the correct signal
and will yield the dispersed signal and can be
demodulated to yield the message signal m
i
(t).

S
1
(t) = ( 2E
S
/ T
S
)
1/2


m
1
(t) p
1
(t) cos(2f
c
t +
1
)
30

Probability of bit error



Probability of bit error Pe = Q {1/ [(K 1)/3N + (N
0
/2E
b
)]
1/2
}



K = Number of users
N = Number of chips/ symbol

Now when, Eb/No

Pe = Q{[3N/(K-1)]
1/2
}
31
Important Advantages of CDMA

Many users of CDMA use the same frequency. Either
TDD or FDD may be used.

Multipath fading may be substantially reduced because of
large signal bandwidth.

There is no absolute limit on the number of users in
CDMA. Rather the system performance gradually
degrades for all users as the number of users is
increased.



32
Drawbacks of CDMA


Self-jamming is a problem in a CDMA system. Self-
jamming arise because the PN sequence are not exactly
orthogonal, non-zero contributions from other users in the
system arise

The near- far problem occurs at a CDMA receiver if an
undesired user has high detected power as compared to
the desired user.




33
Capacity of Cellular Systems

Channel capacity for a radio system is defined as the
maximum number of channels or users that can be
provided in a fixed frequency band spectrum efficiency
of wireless system.

For a Cellular System

m = Radio Capacity Matrix = B
t
/ (B
C
* N) Eqn.A

B
t
= Total allocated spectrum for the system
B
C
= Channel bandwidth
N = Number of cells in frequency reuse pattern

34
Channel capacity design for given C/I ratio

Recall:
CELL A
CELL A CELL A


r

CELL A
CELL A
CELL A



CELL A
35
Carrier to Interference ratio C / I = D
o

-n
/ ( 6 * D
-n
)
D
o
= Distance from desired base station to mobile

For maximum interference D = R

(C / I )
Min
= 1/6 ( R / D)
-n


(C / I )
Min
= 1/6 Q
-n


Q = Co- Channel reuse ratio

=> Q = { 6* (C / I )
Min
}
---


Also Q = ( 3 * N )
0.5


36
N = (Q)
2
/ 3
= { 6 * (C / I )
Min
}
2/n
/ 3 Eqn. B

substituting equ (B) into (A)

m = B
t
/ [ B
C
* { 6* (C / I )
Min
}
2/n
* ( 1/3 ) ]


for n = 4

m = B
t
/ B
C
*[ ( 2/3) * (C / I )
Min
]
0.5
radio channels / cell
Typical values

(C / I )
Min
= 18 dB for Analog FM (NB)
= 12 dB for Digital System (NB)
37

Equation of C/I for digital cellular system

( C / I ) = (E
b
* R
b
) / I
= (E
c
* R
c
) / I

R
b
= Channel bit rate
E
b
= Energy per bit
R
c
= Rate of channel code
E
c
= Energy per code symbol





38
Comparison of FDMA and TDMA systems


FDMA

The total bandwidth B
t
is divided into M channels, each
with Bandwidth B
c
. The radio capacity for FDMA is given
by

m = M/ [ ( 2/3) * (C / I )]
0.5


C= E
b
*R
b
I= I
o
* B
C


I
o
= interference power / Hz

39

TDMA

Assume FDMA occupies the same spectrum as a single
channel TDMA.

C

= E
b
* R
b


I

= I
o
* B
c

R
b
= Transmission rate of FDMA system
R
b

= Transmission rate of TDMA system

E
b
= Energy per bit


40
Example

Consider a FDMA system with 3 channels, each having
a bandwidth of 10 KHz and transmission rate of 10 kbps.
A TDMA system has 3 time slots, channel bandwidth of
30 KHz, and a transmission rate of 30 kbps.
For the TDMA scheme, the received carrier to
interference ratio for a single user is measured for 1/3
of the time the channel is in use.
Compare the radio capacity of the 2 systems

41
Solution
For FDMA system

C = E
b
*R
b
= E
b
* 10
4

I = I
o
*B
c
= I
o
* 10 KHz

C / I = (E
b
/ I
o
) * (10
4
/ 10
4
) = (E
b
/ I
o
)
For TDMA system
C

= E
b
* R
b

= (E
b
* 10
4
) / (0.333s)
I

= I
o
* B
c

= I
o
* 30 * 10
3

(C / I) = [ (E
b
* 10
4
) / (0.333s) ] * [ 1 / (I
o
* 30 * 10
3
) ]
= E
b
/ I
o


Hence, channel capacity for both systems is the same.
42
Capacity of Digital Cellular CDMA


Capacity of FDMA and TDMA system is bandwidth limited

Capacity of CDMA system is interference limited

The link performance of CDMA increases as the number
of users decreases






43
Single Cell System

The cellular network consists of a large number of mobile
users communicating with a base station.

The cell site transmitter consist of linear combiner which
adds spread signal of individual users for the forward
channel

A pilot signal is also included in the cell-site transmitter
and is used by each mobile to set its own power control
for the reverse link.



44
Capacity of single cell system



Let the number of users be N

Signal to noise ratio SNR = S / [ ( N 1) * S ]
= 1 / ( N -1)

where S signal power from each of N user.

45
Bit energy-to-noise ratio of single cell system

The bit energy to noise ratio is an important factor in
communication systems

S / R
E
b
/ N
o
= ---------------------------------------------
[ ( N 1) *( S / W) ] + ( / W)

R = Baseband information bit rate
W = Total RF bandwidth, W
= Background thermal Noise



46
Number of possible of single cell system

( W / R )
E
b
/ N
o
= ---------------------------------
( N - 1 ) + ( / S)

Number of users that can access the system

N = 1+ [ ( W / R ) ] / [ (E
b
/ N
o
) ] -- ( / S)

W / R = Processing gain

In order to increase the capacity, the interference due to
other users should be reduced. There are mainly two
techniques.
47
Techniques to improve capacity


Antenna Sectorization:

A cell site with 3 antennas, each having a beamwidth of
120
0
, has interference No, which is 1/3 of the
interference received by omni directional antenna. This
increase the capacity by a factor of 3

Monitoring or Voice activity:

Each transmitter is switched off during period of no voice
activity. Voice activity is denoted by a factor

48
SNR IMPROVEMENT

( W / R )
E
b
/ N
o
= ---------------------------------
(N
s
- 1 ) + ( / S)

N
s
= Number of users per sector


Ns = 1 + (1 / ) * [ ( W / R ) / (E
b
/ N
o
) ] -- ( / S*
)

0 < < 1,
If = 3/8 and number of sector is equal to 3 , SNR
increases by a factor of 8.
49
CDMA Power Control

In CDMA, the system capacity is controlled if each mobile
transmitter power level is controlled so that its signal
arrives at the cell site with minimum required S/I.

If the signal power of all mobile transmitters within the
area of cell site are controlled, then total signal power
received at all site from all mobile will be equal to average
received power times the number of mobiles operating in
region of coverage.

Optimal power is desired, never too weak or too strong.


50
Example

If W = 1.25 Mhz, R= 9600 bps, and a minimum acceptable
E
b
/ N
o
is 10 dB, determine the maximum number of users
that can be supported in a single cell CDMA system using
(a) omni directional base station antennas and no voice
activity detection
(b) 3 sectors at base station and = 3/8. Assume the system
is interference limited. = 0.

Solution

(a) N = 1 + [ ( W / R ) / (E
b
/ N
o
) ] -- ( / S )
= 1 + [ (1.25 * 10 )/ 9600 ]/10 - 0
= 1 + 13.02 = 14
51
(b) Ns = 1 + (1 / ) * [ ( W / R ) / (E
b
/ N
o
) ] -- ( / S* )
= 1 + ( 1/ (3/8)) [ ( 1.25 * 10) / 9600 ] / 10 - 0
= 35.7


Total amount of users N = 3 N
s

= 3 * 35.7
= 107 user /cell