Module 3 Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids

Module 3. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and its regulation.
Test questions in text form

1. In which of the below-mentioned glycolysis reactions substrate level phosphorylation
takes place?
A. * pyruvate kinase
B. aldolase
. phosphofructokinase
!. lactate dehydrogenase
". he#okinase
$. %ame the glycolysis reactions& flowing with the formation of A'()
A. he#okinase& enolase
B. enolase& aldolase
. * phosphoglycerate kinase& pyruvate kinase
!. pyruvate kinase& lactate dehydrogenase
". he#okinase& phosphofructokinase
*. 'he concentration of blood lactate is normal)
A. +&+-,&, mmol-l
B. *&*-.&. mmol-l
. +&+-.&. mmol-l
!. * 1-$ mmol-l
". .&.-,&, mmol-l
+. 'he preparatory stage of glycolysis ends with the formation of)
A. fructose-1&,-diphosphate
B. glucose-,-phosphate
. * two trioses /dihydro#yacetone phosphate and glyceraldehydetryphosphate0
!. $-phosphoglycerate
". phosphoenolpyruvate
.. 1hich glycolysis en2yme re3uires insulin as activator?
A. * he#okinase
B. glucose-,-phosphatase& phosphoglucomutase
. glucose-,-phosphate-isomerase& aldolase
!. aldolase& lactate dehydrogenase
". phosphoglucomutase& aldolase
,. A basic role in digestion of carbohydrates in a digestive tract belongs following en2ymes)
A. Alfa-amylase& he#okinase& lactase
B. 4altase& sucrase& enterokinase
. * 5actase& alfa-amylase& sucrase
!. 6ucrase& maltase& glycogen phosphorylase
". Aldolase& glucokinase& beta-amylase
7. A patient is found to be deficient in the en2yme galactose 1-phosphate
uridylyltransferase. 6pecifically due to this deficiency what might a doctor recommend?
A. avoid all strenuous e#ercise
B. eat a fat-free diet
. increase intake of vitamin
!. * avoid ingestion of milk and milk products
". all of the above.
8. A 9!(-galactose is used as a donor of galactose for the reaction of synthesis of)
A. 5actose /in a mammary gland0
B. :lycoproteins
. :lycolipids
!. (roteoglycans
". * All answers are correct
;. Aerobic glycolysis is a multi-stage process of transformation of molecule of glucose to
pyruvate. hoose this process)
A. <,=1$>, <*=+>*
B. <,=1$>, <.=1?>+
. <,=1$>, , <$=.>= @ $ <>$
!. * <,=1$>, $<*=+>*
". <,=1$>, $<*=,>*
1?. Aerobic o#idation of pyruvate to A$ and B$A results in formation of molecules A'()
A. *8 A'(
B. 1$ A'(
. * A'(
!. * 1. A'(
". $ A'(
11. An en2yme that cataly2es conversions of 5-sugars to !-sugars is called an
A. 5yase
B. Bydrolase
. 6ynthetase
!. 6ynthase
". * Isomerase
1$. An intramolecular phosphoryl-group transfer occurs when)
A. $-(hosphoglycerate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate
B. 1&* bisphosphoglycerate is converted to *-phosphoglycerate
. Both a and b
!. * All of the above
". %one of the above
1*. Anabolic and catabolic reactions in eukaryotes can occur simultaneously in cells. 'his is
possible because CCCCCCC.
A. they all occur in the cytosol
B. the anabolic and catabolic pathways do not share any intermediate metabolites
. of the compartmentation of metabolites for the reactions of the opposing
pathways
!. * all catabolic reactions are e#ergonic and all anabolic reactions are endergonic
1+. Anaerobic glycolysis is a comple# of reactions as a result of which the molecule of
glucose converts to the lactate or pyruvate. hoose this process)
A. <,=1$>, <$=.>= @ $ <>$
B. <,=1$>, <.=1?>+
. <,=1$>, <7=1+>7
!. * <,=1$>, $<*=,>*
". <,=1$>, $<*=+>*
1.. Arsenate
A. ompetes with %A! for the binding site in 1&* bisphosphoglycerate
B. ompetes with phosphate for its binding site in glyceraldehyde *-phosphate
dehydrogenase
. (roduces a stable analog of 1&* bisphosphoglycerate
!. All of the above
1,. Arsenite
A. (oisons by the same mechanism as arsenate
B. Is less to#ic than arsenate
. * Binds tightly to lipoamide sulfur atoms
!. All of the above
17. A'( is a cosubstrate of the en2yme (DE-1. In most species A'( is also an inhibitor of
(DE-1 at higher concentrations. 'his seems to violate 5e hatelierFs (rinciple. 1hich
statement below would provide a suitable e#planation?
A. (DE-1 must be phosphorylated by A'( in the active site and the phosphorylated
(DE-1 must be the less active form.
B. 'here must be another cofactor interacting with A'( at high concentrations to
achieve inhibition of (DE-1.
. A'( actually activates the reverse of the reaction preceding the (DE-1 step in the
pathway. It likely has no direct effect on (DE-1.
!. * 'here are two sites on (DE-1 that bind A'(. Ane is the active siteG the other is
the regulatory site where inhibition occurs.
18. hoose from the below mentioned carbohydrates those& which contains a galactose)
A. Bepatin
B. 4altose
. 6ucrose
!. 6tarch
". * 5actose
1;. hoose the reaction of glycolysis& in which an inorganic phosphate takes part)
A. :lucose : glucose -,-phosphate
B. Dructose -,-phosphate - fructose -1& ,-biphosphate
. * :lyceraldehyde *-(hosphate 1&*- biphosphoglycerate
!. :lucose : glucose -1-phosphate
". (yruvate ( lactate
$?. hoose the reaction of glycolysis& which cataly2ed with phosphoglucoisomerase)
A. :lucose -,-phosphate - glucose -1-phosphate
B. :lucose -,-phosphate - glucose
. :lucose : glucose -,-phosphate
!. * :lucose -,-phosphate - fructose -,-phosphate
". :lucose -1-phosphate - fructose -,-phosphate
$1. ofactors of dehydrogenases are all& e#cept one)
A. %A!@
B. * c-A4(
. %A!(@
!. D4%
". DA!
$$. ompared to pyruvate& the carbon atoms in lactate CCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
A. * are more reduced
B. are more o#idi2ed
. are e3ually as o#idi2ed
!. carry more charge
". All of the above
$*. ompared to pyruvate& the carbon atoms in lactate CCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
A. * are more reduced
B. are more o#idi2ed
. are e3ually as o#idi2ed
!. carry more charge
". none of above
$+. onverting of glucose into lactic acid consists of eleven reactions. Almost of all reactions
as activators need ions)
A. Hn$@
B. a$@
. l-
!. %a@
". * 4g$@
$.. !uring glycolysis& isomeri2ation occurs during which of the following reactions)
A. Dructose 1&, bisphosphate -I dihydro#yacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde *-
phosphate
B. Dructose , phosphate -I fructose 1&, bisphosphate
. :lucose ,- phosphate -I fructose ,- phosphate
!. :lucose -I glucose ,- phosphate
". All of these
$,. !uring glycolysis& isomeri2ation occurs during which of the following reactions)
A. Dructose 1&, bisphosphate -I dihydro#yacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde *-
phosphate
B. Dructose , phosphate -I fructose 1&, bisphosphate
. * :lucose ,- phosphate -I fructose ,- phosphate
!. :lucose -I glucose ,- phosphate
$7. "nergetic value of anaerobic glycolysis)
A. * $ A'( molecules
B. 1? A'( molecules
. A'( molecules
!. +? A'( molecules
". *$ A'( molecules
$8. "n2yme that cataly2es the reaction of fructose-1&,-diphosphate disintegration into two
trioses in the process of glycolysis is named)
A. glucokinase
B. glucose-,-phosphatase
. phosphofructikinase
!. * aldolase
". enolase
$;. "n2yme that cataly2es the reaction of transformation acetaldehyde to ethanol is)
A. pyruvate decarbo#ylase
B. malate dehydrogenase
. lactate dehydrogenase
!. succinate dehydrogenase
". * alcohol dehydrogenase
*?. "n2yme which cataly2es the first glycolysis reaction)
A. * he#okinase
B. glucose-,-phosphatase
. phosphorylase
!. glucose-,-phosphate dehydrogenase
". amylase
*1. "n2ymes which cataly2e the same reaction are called CCCCCCCCCCC.
A. * iso2ymes
B. complementary en2ymes
. cofactors
!. catalytes
". All of the above
*$. Dor absorption of galactose and fructose into the enterocytes of intestine the presence of
such ions is needed)
A. 4g$@
B. Hn$@
. * %a@
!. a$@
". B@
**. Dor transformation of fructose in fructose -1& ,-byphosphate& e#cept for the proper
en2yme& needed)
A. A!(
B. %A!(
. o A
!. * A'(
". Dructose-1-phosphate
*+. Dragments containing three carbons can be transferred from a ketose phosphate to an
aldose phosphate by the en2yme CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
A. pyruvate carbo#ylase
B. * transaldolase
. debranching en2yme
!. ribose-.-phosphate isomerase
". none of the above.
*.. Dragments containing three carbons can be transferred from a ketose phosphate to an
aldose phosphate by the en2yme CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
A. pyruvate carbo#ylase
B. * transaldolase
. debranching en2yme
!. ribose-.-phosphate isomerase
". aconitase
*,. Drom the diet of a boy with such symptoms of galactosemia as vomiting& diarrhea&
underdevelopment& galactosuria& it is necessary to eliminate)
A. Dats
B. 4eat& fish
. * 4ilk and milk products
!. 'ea& coffees
". Druits
*7. Dructose -,-phosphate in muscles& kidneys& adipocytes Joins glycolysis by its
transformation under the action of phosphofructo kinase into fructose -1& ,-byphosphate.
1hich components are needed for this reaction?
A. * A'( and 4g$@
B. A4( and Hn$@
. :'( and a$@
!. 9'( and %a@
". :!( and 4g$@
*8. :alactose which an organism gets with food stuffs Joins metabolism by transformation of
it into)
A. Kibulose-.- phosphate
B. Drukto2o-1&,-biphosphate
. :lycerophosphate
!. Dructose-1- phosphate
". * :lucose-1- phosphate
*;. :lucose ,-phosphate allosterically inhibits
A. Be#okinase I
B. :lucokinase
. Be#okinase II
!. All of the above
". * a and c only
+?. :lucose not part of a diet may be provided by degradation of
A. stored glycogen
B. starch
. de#trin
!. * a and b
". a& b and c
+1. :lucose-,-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is the CCCCCCCCCCCCCC which is
characteri2ed by CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
A. genetically determined diseaseG the absence of receptors to 5!5 on cells and
prominent atherosclerosisG
B. diet-induced diseaseG the deficit of thiamin in the organism and neurological and
cardiac symptomsG
. * genetically determined diseaseG the low level of reduced glutathione in
erythrocytes and increased susceptibility of erythrocytes to hemolysisG
!. disease induced by environmental factorsG the high level of o#idi2ed glutathione
in the red blood cell and increased resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis.
+$. :lucose& that arrive with blood from an intestine to the liver& is utilli2ed for all functions&
e#cept)
A. Dormation of glycogen
B. A#idation to A$ and B$A with selection of energy
. onvert into fats for stocking of energy
!. arried by blood to the brain as source of energy
". * 9se for deto#ification of ammonia
+*. :lyceraldehyde *-phosphate dehydrogenase causes
A. 'he reduction and phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde *-phosphate to produce 1&*
bisphosphoglycerate
B. 'he o#idation of a molecule of %A!@ to %A!B
. %either a nor b
!. * Both a and b
". 'he o#idation of a molecule of DA!
++. :lycogen synthesis takes place in the following oragans)
A. brain and musclesG
B. * liver and musclesG
. liver and kidneyG
!. liver and pancreas.
+.. :lycolysis has $ stages. 'he peculiarities of preparatory stage are)
A. phosphorylation and energy secretion
B. glycolysis metabolites o#idation
. * energy usage
!. are performed the reactions of substrate phosphorylation
". formation of pyruvate
+,. :lycolysis is defined as)
A. aerobic process in which glucose is transformed to A$ and B$AG
B. anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to pyruvateG
. anaerobic process in which glucose is converted to pentoses and %A!(B is
producedG
!. aerobic process in which glucose is converted to glycogen.
". * anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to lactateG
+7. :lycolysis takes place in)
A. mitochondriaG
B. nucleusG
. lysosomesG
!. * cytoplasm.
+8. Bamsters love to run on e#ercise wheels. (rolonged running at a high rate of speed
re3uires A'(. ould a hamster with a defective gene for the en2yme lactate
dehydrogenase meet the e#tra A'( demand for prolonged& fast wheel-running by
maintaining a high rate of glycolysis? 1hy or why not?
A. * %o& not enough %A!@ can be regenerated for glycolysis to continue at a high
rate.
B. %o& the defective gene will cause a rapid decline in pB in the muscles used for
running.
. Les& the defective en2yme has no effect on the glycolytic pathway.
!. Les& the en2yme alcohol dehydrogenase will supply the needed %A!@ if the
lactose dehydrogenase cannot.
+;. Bow does the number of molecules of A'( produced compare for conversion of one
molecule of either glucose or fructose to pyruvate?
A. fructose produces one less A'( than glucose
B. * fructose produces the same number of A'(Fs
. fructose produces one more A'( than glucose
!. fructose produces twice the number of A'( compared to glucose
". fructose produces two more A'( than glucose
.?. Bow many A'( molecules are formed with complete o#idation of glucose in aerobic
condition?
A. $
B. 8
. * *8
!. +$
". *?
.1. Bow many A'( molucules are formed as a result of anaerobic o#idation of a single
glucose molecule /net output0?
A. * $
B. ,
. 8
!. +
". 1
.$. Bow many molecules of A'( have to be spent during glycolysis?
A. 1G
B. * $G
. *G
!. +.
". ?
.*. Bow many substrate level phosphorylation reactions are in glycolysis?
A. 1G
B. * $G
. *G
!. +.
". ?
.+. In anaerobic glycolysis which does not need mitochondrial respiratory chain& A'( forms
with)
A. * 'wo reactions of the substrate level phosphorylation
B. Ane reaction of the substrate level phosphorylation and o#idative phosphorylation
. 'hree reactions of the substrate level phosphorylation
!. Ane reaction of the substrate level phosphorylation
". 'wo reactions of the o#idative phosphorylation
... In cells which donMt have mitochondria /mature red cells0& cells with low o#idi2e ability
/retina& malignant cells0& the glycolic breaking up of glucose takes place to product)
A. :lycogen
B. (yruvate
. A$ and %$A
!. Acetyl-oA
". * 5actate
.,. In skeletal muscles and cells of brain the transfer of hydrogen from cytoplasmatic %A!B
is carries out)
A. * :lycerophosphate shuttle system
B. Ionophores
. (ermeases
!. arnytin
". 4alate-aspartate shuttle system
.7. In the cells of liver& myocardium and kidneys a malate-aspartate shuttle system on one
molecule of %A!B provides formation)
A. 1 A'(
B. * * A'(
. 8 A'(
!. 1$ A'(
". 1. A'(
.8. In the muscles of person& which e#ecutes a physical work& accumulates)
A. :lycogen
B. (yruvate
. * 5actate
!. :lucose
". A$ and %$A
.;. In the o#ygen insufficiency glycolisis is used as the energy source. 6elect glycolisis
among the below mentioned processes.
A. * glucose to lactate o#idation
B. glucose to A$ and B$A o#idation
. pyruvate to acetyl oA o#idation
!. glucose to glucuronic acid o#idation
". glycogen to glucose o#idation
,?. In the process of alcohol fermentation& which in the human organism takes place in the
cavity of intestine& acetaldehyde is reduces to the ethanol with the)
A. %A!(BNB@
B. DA!NB$
. D4%NB$
!. * %A!BNB@
". oONB$
,1. 5actate is formed from pyruvate in an CCCCCCCCCCCC organism in CCCCCCCCCCCC
conditions.
A. yeastG aerobicG
B. animalG aerobicG
. fungiG aerobicG
!. * animalG anaerobic.
". yeastG aerobic.
,$. 5ast reaction of anaerobic glycolysis) (yruvate ( lactate is cataly2ed with %A!-
dependent en2yme)
A. (yruvate kinase
B. (yruvate dehydrogenase
. * 5actate dehydrogenase
!. 5actase
". "nolase
,*. 4ature red cells& retina& medulla of kidneys& utili2e energy mainly glycolytic
decomposition of glucose because in the cells of these organs and tissues)
A. 'he 'A does not function
B. 'he respiratory chain is absent
. 'here are no any mitochondria
!. Bigh activity of glycolytic en2ymes
". * All answers are correct
,+. 4etabolite& formed in the process of glucose phosphorylation under influence of
he#okinase is)
A. * glucose-,-phosphate
B. fructose-1-phosphate
. fructose-,-phosphate
!. glucose-1&,-diphosphate
". fructose-1&,-diphosphate
,.. 4ore than one step in the glycolytic pathway is subJect to regulation. It might seem most
efficient to regulate only the first step of a pathway to avoid buildup of intermediates and
to conserve materials and energy. 1hy is the first step of glycolysis not the only
regulated step?
A. * 6ome sugars can enter the glycolytic pathway beyond the first step. If steps
other than step one were not regulated& the breakdown of these sugars would be
essentially uncontrolled.
B. Baving more than one regulated step in the pathway allows for feedback
inhibition.
. ontrol of a single step in a reaction pathway is difficult because the
concentrations of en2ymes in cells are very low. ItFs easier to control more than
one en2yme than Just one.
!. All the A'( in a cell would be depleted very 3uickly if only the first step of
glycolysis were regulated.
". Both A and B
,,. 4utases are described as
A. (olymerases which cataly2e phosphoryl group transfers
B. * Isomerases which cataly2e the transfer of phosphoryl groups from one part of a
substrate molecule to another
. Dorming intermediate free phosphate /(i0
!. All of the above
,7. %ame $ products of the first reaction of penthosophosphate cycle which flows in a liver)
A. :lucose and phosphatidic acid
B. %A!B and pentose
. :luconic acid and ribulose
!. :lucose-1&,-diphosphate and %A!(B
". * ,-phosphogluconolactone and %A!(B
,8. %ame irreversible reactions of glycolysis )
A. * he#okinase& phosphofructikinase& pyruvatekinase
B. aldolase& he#okinase& lactate dehydrogenase
. enolase& aldolase& pyruvatekinase
!. phosphoglyceratekinase& enolase& lactate dehydrogenase
". pyruvatekinase& phosphoglyceratekinase& aldolase
,;. %ame the glycolysis reaction& which re3uires A'( energy)
A. * he#okinase& phosphofructokinase
B. he#okinase& enolase
. enolase& aldolase
!. pyruvatekinase
". phosphoglucomutase& enolase
7?. An activating of molecule of glucose and preparation of it to the splitting on two trioses
in the glycolysis used)
A. 1 A'(
B. . A'(
. * $ A'(
!. 1$ A'(
". 8 A'(
71. Ance inside a cell& glucose is rapidly phosphorylated to glucose-,-phosphate. 1hat is the
main purpose of this phosphorylation?
A. to keep glucose inside the cell
B. to form a high-energy compound
. * to activate (DE-1
!. to prevent mutarotation
7$. Ance inside a cell& glucose is rapidly phosphorylated to glucose-,-phosphate. 1hat is the
main purpose of this phosphorylation?
A. * to keep glucose inside the cell
B. to form a high-energy compound
. to activate (DE-1
!. to prevent mutarotation
". All of the above
7*. A#idation of carbohydrates in an organism is carried out by indirect and direct ways. 'he
followings processes belong to indirect& e#cept)
A. :lycolysis
B. A#idative decarbo#ilation of pyruvate
. ycle of Erebs
!. * (entose-phosphate pathway
". and A only
7+. (entoses which appear from glucose-,-phosphate in the pentosophosphate cycle can be
utilli2ed in such aims)
A. An the biosynthesis of nucleotides
B. An the construction of nucleic acids
. An the construction of coen2ymes
!. 'ransformation in to fructose-,-phosphate
". * All adopted processes are correct
7.. (entosophosphate cycle o#idation of glucose provides reconstraction of %A!(B such
processes)
A. 6ynthesis of fatty acids
B. 6ynthesis of cholesterol
. 6ynthesis of bile acids from cholesterol
!. Inactivation of steroid hormones
". All adopted processes are correct
7,. (DE-$ and fructose $&,-bisphosphatase are two names for the same en2yme. 'he name
(DE-$ is used for the en2ymeFs catalysis of the phosphorylation of fructose ,-phosphate
to fructose $&,-bisphosphate. 'he name fructose $&,-biphosphatase is used for its
catalysis of the reverse reaction. 1hat is uni3ue about this en2yme that makes it logical
to use both names?
A. It is one of very few en2ymes that can cataly2e both the forward and reverse
reactions.
B. 'he en2yme is a monomer when cataly2ing the phosphorylation reaction and a
dimer when cataly2ing the reverse reaction.
. 'he forward and reverse reactions occur in different compartments within the
cell& so a different name is used for each activity.
!. * 'he en2yme is bifunctional. 'he forward and reverse reactions are cataly2ed by
different sites on the same en2yme.
77. (DE-$ and fructose $&,-bisphosphatase are two names for the same en2yme. 'he name
to fructose $&,-bisphosphate. 'he name fructose $&,-bisphosphatase is used for its
to use both names?
reactions.
". Both A and !
78. (hosphofructokinase I deficiency results in)
A. * An overproduction of Dructose ,-phosphate
B. An overproduction of Dructose 1&, bisphosphate
. Dructose 1&, bisphosphate deficiency
!. a and c only
7;. (hospholructokinase I deficiency results in)
A. An overproduction of Dructose ,-phosphate
B. An overproduction of Dructose 1&, bisphosphate
. Dructose 1&, bisphosphate deficiency
!. * a and c only
". All of the above
8?. (hosphorylation at the e#pense of A'( is cataly2ed by CCCCCCCCCC.
A. * protein kinases
B. phosphoryl isomerases
. phosphatases
!. all of the above
81. (hosphorylation of fructose cataly2es en2ymes)
A. Be#okinase and enolase
B. * Dructokinase and nonespecific he#okinase
. (hosphofructokinase and enolase
!. (hosphofructokinase and phosphoglucoisomerase
". Dructose-1-phosphate aldolase and he#okinase
8$. 6even of the ten reactions in the glycolytic pathway have free energy values close to
2ero. 1hat does this tell us about those reactions?
A. 'hey are near e3uilibrium reactions.
B. 'hey are not control points for pathway regulation.
. 'hey are reversible reactions.
!. * All of the above.
". %one of the above.
8*. 6ubstrate level phosphorylation
A. !escribes the conversion of A!( into A'( with the addition of inorganic
phosphate every place throughout the cell
B. !escribes the formation of A!( by phosphoryl group transfer from 1&*
bisphosphoglycerate
. %one of the above
!. * Both a and b
8+. 6ucrase hydrolyses sucrose into)
A. glucose and galactoseG
B. glucose and glucoseG
. * glucose and fructoseG
!. glucose and mannose.
8.. 'he accumulation of phosphorylated monosaccharides in the hepatocytes does not result
in the osmotic transfer of water and swelling of cells because glucose -,-phosphate
converts into insoluble)
A. 6tarch
B. !ekstrins
. * :lycogen
!. ellulose
". 'riacylglycerol
8,. 'he activity of which glycolytic en2yme shown below is not used to control the rate of
glycolysis?
A. (DE-1
B. pyruvate kinase
. * triose phosphate isomerase
!. he#okinase
". glucokinase
87. 'he activity of which glycolytic en2yme shown below is not used to control the rate of
glycolysis?
A. (DE-1
B. pyruvate kinase
. * triose phosphate isomerase
!. he#okinase
88. 'he biological functions of glycolysis are the following& e#cept)
A. getting energy by short way
B. * A'( formation by o#idative phosphorylation
. A'( formation by substrate level phosphorylation
!. usage of intermediate metabolites for lipids synthesis
". usage of metabolites fo glyconeogenesis
8;. 'he concentration of glucose in the blood is normal. 1hich of the below-mentioned
figures proves this?
A. *-1? mmol-l
B. * *&*-.&. mmol-l
. +-8 mmol-l
!. 1?-1. g-l
". 1-$ mmol-l
;?. 'he conversion of pyruvate to ethanol also causes the CCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
A. * o#idation of %A!B
B. production of A!(
. consumption of A$
!. generation of an ion gradient across mitochondrial membranes
". o#idation of DA!B$
;1. 'he conversion of pyruvate to ethanol also causes the CCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
. consumption of A$
". o#idation of DA!B$
;$. 'he conversion of pyruvate to ethanol also causes the CCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
. consumption of A$
". reduction of %A!
;*. 'he conversion of pyruvate to ethanol also causes the CCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
. consumption of A$
;+. 'he end product of anaerobic glycolysis is)
A. pyruvate
B. * lactic acid
. ethanol
!. acetic acid
". glycerine aldehyde
;.. 'he end produtcs of aerobic glucose o#idation)
A. lactic acid
B. * (yruvate
. A$ and B$A
!. ethanol
". acetaldehyde
;,. 'he en2yme that cataly2es the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is CCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
A. lactate reductase
B. pyruvate kinase
. lactoenolpyruvate
!. * lactate dehydrogenase
". lactate o#idase
;7. 'he en2yme that cataly2es the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is CCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
B. pyruvate kinase
. lactoenolpyruvate
". lactate o#idase
;8. 'he en2yme that cataly2es the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is CCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
B. pyruvate kinase
. lactoenolpyruvate
;;. 'he en2yme which the key regulatory step in glycogen biosynthesis is
A. * :lycogen synthase
B. :lycogenin
. Branching en2yme
!. (hosphoglucomutase
". 9!(-glucose pyrophosphorylase
1??. 'he family of :lu' /glucose transporters0 is)
A. * the proteins embedded into the cell membrane and facilitating the glucose
transport across the membraneG
B. the proteins embedded into the cell membrane and inhibiting the glucose transport
across the membraneG
. the cytoplasmic proteins transporting glucose in the cytoplasm of cellG
!. the proteins of blood plasma transporting glucose via the blood.
1?1. 'he glycerophosphate shuttle system on one molecule of cytoplasmatic %A!B
provides formation)
A. 1. A'(
B. 1$ A'(
. 8 A'(
!. * $ A'(
". * A'(
1?$. 'he glycolytic pathway o#idi2es glucose to two molecules of pyruvate and also
produces a net of two molecules of A'(. A'( allosterically inhibits the en2yme& (DE-1&
that cataly2es the third step of glycolysis. 'his is an e#ample of CCCCCCCCCCCCC.
A. feed-forward activation
B. * feedback inhibition
. negative cooperativity
!. competitive inhibition
1?*. 'he inhibitor of phosphofructikinase in the glycolysis is)
A. * adenosine triphosphate
B. guanosine monophosphate
. cytidine monophosphate
!. guanosine triphosphate
". uridine diphosphate
1?+. 'he inhibitors of phosphofructokinase /which catalyses transformation of fructose
-,-phosphate into fructose -1& ,-biphosphate0 are)
A. A4( and A!(
B. A4( and lactate
. A!( and malonate
!. A!( and A'(
". * A'( and citrate
1?.. 'he innate undigestion of fructose is related to the genetic defect of en2yme)
A. * Dructose-1-phosphate aldolase
B. Be#okinase
. (hosphofruktokinase
!. (hosphoglucoisomerase
". "nolase
1?,. 'he key intermediate product of carbohydrate metabolism P glucose-,-phosphate
P can transformed in a liver by such ways& e#cept)
A. Drom glucose-,-phosphate glycogen is synthesed
B. :lucose-,-phosphate under influence of specific phosphates split to free glucose
. 6pliting by glycolisis to pyruvate
!. 6pliting to A$ and B$A with selection energy of A'(
". * 'ransforms in uracyl
1?7. 'he main hormones that regulate the synthesis and decomposition of glycogen
are)
A. insulin& glucocorticoids& thyro#inG
B. glucagons& glucocorticoids& vasopressinG
. * insulin& glucagons& epinephrineG
!. glucocorticoids& glucagons& epinephrine.
1?8. 'he maJor regulatory en2yme of glycolysis is phosphofructokinase& the activators
of which are)
A. A'( and citrate
B. * A4( and A!(
. 5actate and A4(
!. 4alonate and A'(
". Ions of Hn$@ and %a@
1?;. 'he maJor regulatory step of the pentose phosphate pathway is cataly2ed by which
en2yme?
A. transaldolase
B. phosphofructokinase-1
. * glucose ,-phosphate dehydrogenase
!. ribose .-phosphate isomerase
". he#okinase
11?. 'he molecule 1&*-bisphosphoglycerate can be converted to *-
phosphoenolpyruvate two ways. Ane way is cataly2ed by the glycolytic pathway en2yme
phosphoglycerate kinase. 'he other route is a two step reaction se3uence that uses the
en2ymes bisphosphoglycerate mutase and $&*-bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase. 'he
intermediate product of the two-step se3uence is $&*-B(: which is an allosteric inhibitor
of hemoglobin. 1hat disadvantage would there be if the glycolytic pathway only used
the two-step reaction se3uence?
A. * 'he step cataly2ed by phosphoglycerate kinase is one of the A'( producing
steps of glycolysis. 9sing only the two-step reaction se3uence would reduce the
number of A'(Fs produced.
B. 'here is no disadvantage to the two-step se3uence other than having to use more
than one en2yme.
. 'he molecule $&*-B(: is also a potent inhibitor of (DE-1. "ven transient
production of $&*-B(: will significantly slow glycolysis.
!. 'oo much $&*-B(: would be produced which would cause clumping of red blood
cells.
". Both A and !
111. 'he non-o#idative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway produces substances
that are intermediates of CCCCCCCCCCC.
A. * glycolysis
B. the citric acid cycle
. the ori cycle
!. glycogenolysis
11$. 'he non-o#idative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway produces substances
A. * glycolysis
. the ori cycle
!. glycogenolysis
". B and
11*. 'he non-o#idative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway CCCCCCCCCC.
A. produces %A!(B and releases A$
B. * consists entirely of near-e3uilibrium reactions
. contains two reactions whose en2ymes are allosterically inhibited by %A!(B
!. consumes four A'( molecules
". produces DA!B$ and releases A$
11+. 'he non-o#idative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway produces substances
A. * glycolysis
. the ori cycle
!. glycogenolysis
". a and b
11.. 'he overall Q: for glycolysis is -7$ kR-mol in erythrocytes. 1hich statement
below is true?
A. 'he value of Q:?F is also -7$ kR-mol since the cytosol pB is close to 7.
B. 'he free energy of glycolysis is found as the sum of the standard free energy
changes for the individual pathway reactions.
. * 'he negative sign of Q: shows that this pathway will proceed toward product
/pyruvate0 under normal cellular conditions.
!. All of the above.
11,. 'he pentose phosphate pathway consists of CCCCC phases)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC .
A. threeG o#idative& hydrolytic and reductiveG
B. fourG o#idative& nono#idative& hydrolytic and reductiveG
. * twoG o#idative and nono#idativeG
!. twoG o#idative and reductive.
117. 'he pentose phosphate pathway has two primary products. 'hey are CCCCCCCCC.
A. A'( and %A!(B
B. o#aloacetate and acetyl oA
. sorbitol and fructose
!. * ribose-.-phosphate and %A!(B
". ribose-.-phosphate and DA!B$
118. 'he pentose phosphate pathway has two primary products. 'hey are CCCCCCCCC.
A. A'( and %A!(B
B. o#aloacetate and acetyl oA
. sorbitol and fructose
!. * ribose-.-phosphate and %A!(B
". a and d
11;. 'he possible metabolic pathways for pyruvate in anaerobic conditions are)
A. conversion to lactate or acetyl oAG
B. conversion to ethanol or acetyl oAG
. * conversion to lactate or ethanolG
!. conversion to lactate or ethanol or acetyl oA.
1$?. 'he preparatory stage of glycolysis ends with formation of glyceraldehyde-*-
phosphate and dio#yacetone phosphate. 'his reaction cataly2ed by an en2yme)
A. (hosphoglyceratekinase
B. Be#okinase
. "nolase
!. * Aldolase
". (hosphoglyceratemutase
1$1. 'he process of glucose o#idation in anaerobic condition is)
A. * glycolisis
B. glyconeogenesis
. glycogenolysis
!. glycogenogenesis
". lipolysis
1$$. 'he process of polysaccharides digestion in the gastrointestinal tract is catali2ed
by)
A. sucraseG
B. lactaseG
. maltaseG
!. * !-amilase.
". none of the above
1$*. 'he product of aerobic glycolysis is)
A. 1&*- biphosphoglycerate
B. * (yruvate
. Acetyl-oA
!. "nolphosphopyruvate
". 5actate
1$+. 'he products of lactose decomposition in the intestine are)
A. * glucose& galactose
B. glucose& fructose
. fructose& galactose
!. maltose& ribose
". ribose& glucose
1$.. 'he products of sucrose decomposition in the intestine are)
A. glucose& galactose
B. * glucose& fructose
. fructose& galactose
!. maltose& ribose
". ribose& glucose
1$,. 'he products& which are formed by the decomposition of fructose-1&,-diphosphate
in the glycolysis)
A. glycerol& pyruvate
B. * dihydro#yacetone phosphate& *-phosphoglycerine aldehyde
. pyruvate& dihydro#yacetone phosphate
!. lactic acid& acetyl oA
". acetyl oA& glycerin
1$7. 'he reaction of ethanol formation at the alcohol fermentation is cataly2ed by an
en2yme)
A. (yruvate dehydrogenase
B. "nolase
. * Alcohol dehydrogenase
!. 5actate dehydrogenase
". (yruvate decarbo#ylase
1$8. 'he reaction& which determines the glycolysis speed)
A. lactate dehydrogenase
B. * pyruvate kinase
. glucose-,-phosphatase
!. aldolase
". glucose-,-phosphate isomerase
1$;. 'he reactions of alcohol fermentation and glycolysis are same to the stage of
pyruvate which farther under action of pyruvatedecarbo#ylase converts into)
A. "thanol
B. 5actate
. :lycerol
!. :lyceraldehyde
". * Acetaldehyde
1*?. 'he reason of development of cataract of children with galactosemia is a decrease
of activity of such en2yme in the lens as)
A. :lyucokinase
B. * :alactose-1- phosphate uridiltransferase
. :alactomutase
!. Aldolase
". 9!(-glyucuronil transferase
1*1. 'he se3uence of glucose o#idation to lactate in peripheral tissues& delivery of
lactate to the liver& formation of glucose from lactate in the liver& and delivery of glucose
back to peripheral tissues is known as the CCCCCC.
A. glyo#ylate cycle
B. ErebFs cycle
. * ori cycle
!. gluconeogenesis cycle
1*$. 'he se3uence of reactions of alcohol fermentation is the same& as well as se3uence
of reactions of glycolysis to the stage of such product formation)
A. * (yruvate
B. 5actate
. *- phosphoglycerate
!. $-phosphoglycerate
". 'wo trioses
1**. 'he slowing of glycolysis in the presence of o#ygen is called the CCCCCCCCCCCC
effect.
A. Bohr
B. 4ichaelis-4enton
. * (astuer
!. (auling
". Disher
1*+. 'he slowing of glycolysis in the presence of o#ygen is called the CCCCCCCCCCCC
effect.
A. Bohr
B. 4ichaelis-4enton
. * (astuer
!. (auling
1*.. 'he three control sites in glycolysis are the reactions cataly2ed by)
A. he#okinase& phosphofructokinase 1 and aldolaseG
B. phosphofructokinase 1& aldolase and pyruvate kinaseG
. he#okinase& aldolase and pyruvate kinaseG
!. * he#okinase& phosphofructokinase 1 and pyruvate kinase.
1*,. 'he transport of hydrogen from cytoplasm %A!B to the respiratory chain of
internal mitochondrial membrane takes place with a help of)
A. arnytin
B. 6imple diffusion
. * 4alate-aspartate shuttle system
!. (ermeases
". Ionophores
1*7. 'here are four en2ymes that can cataly2e the first step of glycolysis. 'hey are
he#okinases I& II and III and glucokinase /he#okinase IS0. Be#okinases I& II and III have
E4 values near ?.1 m4. :lucokinase has a E4 of $-. m4. If after a heavy meal the
blood glucose level rises to 8 m4 which statement will be true?
A. At this high blood glucose level all four he#okinases are saturated with substrate.
B. * Be#okinases I& II and III are cataly2ing at their ma#imum rate& but glucokinase
can still respond to increases in blood glucose levels.
. %one of the en2ymes is saturated. All of them help to increase the rate of
glycolysis.
!. 'he flu# through glucokinase will be e#tremely low. 'he only significant
catalysis is done by he#okinases I& II and III.
". A and B correct
1*8. 'ransfer of a high-energy phosphoryl group to A!(& resulting in A'( occurs
when)
A. 1&* Bisphosphoglycerate -I *-phosphoglycerate
B. * (hosphoenolpyruvate /("(0 -I pyruvate
. *-(hosphoglycerate -I $-phosphoglycerate
!. Both a and b
1*;. 'ransfer of a high-energy phosphoryl group to A!(& resulting in A'( occurs
when)
B. (hosphoenolpyruvate /("(0 -I pyruvate
!. * Both a and b
1+?. 'ransfer of the phosphoryl group from ("( to A!( is an e#ample of
A. A mutase reaction
B. Isomeri2ation
. A dehydrogenase
!. * %one of the above
". A#idation
1+1. 'ransfer of the phosphoryl group from ("( to A!( is an e#ample of
A. A mutase reaction
B. Isomeri2ation
. A dehydrogenase
". A#idation
1+$. 'ransformation) !- galactose -1-phosphate @ 9!(-glucose !-glucose-1-
phosphate @ 9!(-1- galactose& catalyses an en2yme)
A. Be#okinase
B. (hosphoglucomutase
. * :alactose-1- phosphate uridiltransferase
!. :lucokinase
". 9!(-galactopyrophosphorilase
1+*. 'ransketolase and transaldolase are the en2ymes of CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC phase of
pentose phosphate pathway and they cataly2e the CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
A. * nono#idativeG the e#change of two- and three-carbon fragments between sugar
phosphatesG
B. o#idativeG the conversion of glucose to ribulose .-phosphateG
. nono#idativeG the conversion of glucose to ribulose .-phosphateG
!. o#idativeG the e#change of two- and three-carbon fragments between sugar
phosphates
1++. 9nder starvation conditions& about how long does it take in humans for the body
to deplete the glycogen store in the liver?
A. 1? minutes
B. * + hours
. $+ hours
!. 1 week
". $ weeks
1+.. 1hat are the effects of protein kinase A on (DE-$ and pyruvate kinase?
A. phosphorylates (DE-$G dephosphorylated pyruvate kinaseG both en2ymes are
inhibited
B. * phosphorylates both en2ymesG inhibits both en2ymes
. dephosphorylates both en2ymesG inhibits both en2ymes
!. dephosphorylates (DE-$G phosphorylates pyruvate kinaseG activates (DE-$G
inhibits pyruvate kinase
". Both A and !
1+,. 1hat chemical species activates the :59'+ protein to transport glucose into
cells?
A. adrenaline
B. * insulin
. protein kinase A
!. (DE-$
1+7. 1hat chemical species activates the :59'+ protein to transport glucose into
cells?
A. adrenaline
B. * insulin
. protein kinase A
!. (DE-$
". glucagon
1+8. 1hat chemical species activates the :59'+ protein to transport glucose into
cells?
A. adrenaline
B. * insulin
. protein kinase A
!. (DE-$
1+;. 1hat en2yme cataly2es transformation of fructose -,-phosphate into glucose -,-
phosphate?
A. (hosphofructokinase
B. (hosphoglucomutase
. * (hosphoglucoisomerase
!. 'riosophosphateisomerase
". "nolase
1.?. 1hat en2yme transform glucose of meal in a liver into glucose-,-phosphate?
A. (hosphoglucomutase
B. (hosphatase
. * Be#okinase
!. Dructokinase
". :lucose isomerase
1.1. 1hat from the below mentioned functions is not proper to glycolysis?
A. (roviding of organism energy at the hypo#ia
B. Dormation of dihydro#yacetone phosphate that is reduced to the glycerophosphate
. Dormation of pyruvate and lactate for their transformations in aerobic conditions
!. "nergy source for malignant cells
". * 6ynthesis A'( by the o#idative phosphorylation
1.$. 1hat is the function of pyruvate decarbo#ylase?
A. * 'he conversion of pyruvate to carbon dio#ide and acetaldehyde.
B. 'o completely o#idi2e pyruvate to three molecules of carbon dio#ide.
. 'o convert phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate.
!. 'o regulate (DE-1.
". 'he conversion of pyruvate to acetyl oA
1.*. 1hat is the function of pyruvate decarbo#ylase?
A. * 'he conversion of pyruvate to carbon dio#ide and acetaldehyde.
B. 'o completely o#idi2e pyruvate to three molecules of carbon dio#ide.
. 'o e. %one of the above convert phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate.
!. 'o regulate (DE-1.
1.+. 1hat is the prosthetic group of transketolase?
A. * thiamine pyrophosphate
B. biotin
. pyrido#al phosphate
!. %A!@
". DA!
1... 1hat types of reactions are involved in the two-step conversion of glucose to
fructose?
A. * reduction followed by o#idation
B. two se3uential hydrolysis reactions
. hydrolysis followed by isomeri2ation /rearrangement0
!. phosphorylation followed by dephosphorylation
". phosphorylation followed by reduction
1.,. 1here in the cell the glycolysis reactions are locali2ed?
A. mitochondria
B. * cytoplasm
. lysosomes
!. microsomes
". nucleus
1.7. 1hich amino acidFs residue plays a role in the phosphoglycerate mutase reaction
in glycolysis for muscle and yeast?
A. 5eucine
B. 5ysine
. Alanine
!. Bistidine
". All of the above
1.8. 1hich amino acidFs residue plays a role in the phosphoglycerate mutase reaction
in glycolysis for muscle and yeast?
A. 5eucine
B. 5ysine
. Alanine
!. Bistidine
". All of above
1.;. 1hich applies to fructose 1&,-bisphosphate?
A. inhibitor of pyruvate kinase
B. product of (DE-1 cataly2ed step in glycolysis
. isomer of glucose 1&,-bisphosphate
!. * all of the above
1,?. 1hich is a reasonable concentration for glucose in the blood?
A. ?.. m4
B. * . m4
. .? m4
!. . 4
". *.. 4
1,1. 1hich is an intermediate formed in the conversion of glucose to fructose?
A. glucose-1-phosphate
B. * sorbitol
. ribose
!. aldose reductase
". pyruvate
1,$. 1hich is not a function of the main products of the pentose phosphate pathway?
A. 'o maintain the reduced form of iron in hemoglobin.
B. 'o provide reducing power for the synthesis of fatty acids.
. 'o serve as precursors in the biosynthesis of K%A and !%A.
!. * 'o raise the concentration of cA4(.
1,*. 1hich is not a function of the main products of the pentose phosphate pathway?
A. 'o maintain the reduced form of iron in hemoglobin.
!. * 'o raise the concentration of cA4(.
". ! and
1,+. 1hich is not a possible fate of mitochondrial pyruvate?
A. conversion to o#aloacetate by pyruvate carbo#ylase
B. * conversion to phosphoenolpyruvate by pyruvate kinase
. conversion to acetyl oA
!. conversion to citrate for fatty acid synthesis
". a& b and c
1,.. 1hich is not among the possible fates of pyruvate after glycolysis?
A. conversion to lactate
B. further reduction by the citric acid cycle
. conversion to ethanol
!. * used in the biosynthesis of alanine
1,,. 1hich is not among the possible fates of pyruvate after glycolysis?
B. * further reduction by the citric acid cycle
!. used in the biosynthesis of Alanine
1,7. 1hich is not among the possible fates of pyruvate after glycolysis?
B. further reduction by the citric acid cycle
!. used in the biosynthesis of alanine
". * all of the above
1,8. 1hich metabolites link pentose phosphate pathway with glycolysis?
A. *-phosphoglyserate& $-phosphoglycerateG
B. phosphoenolpyruvate& pyruvate
. fructose 1&,-biphosphate& phosphoenolpyruvateG
!. * fructose ,-phosphate& glucose ,-phosphate.
1,;. 1hich molecule cannot be directly transported from the mitochondria to the
cytosol?
A. * o#aloacetate
B. acetate
. malate
!. phosphoenolpyruvate
". a and c
17?. 1hich of the following elements is re3uired for the en2ymatic reaction which
produces phosphoenolpyruvate?
A. (otassium
B. alcium
. * 4agnesium
!. 4anganese
". 6odium
171. 1hich of the following elements is re3uired for the en2ymatic reaction which
produces phosphoenolpyruvate?
A. (otassium
B. alcium
. * 4agnesium
!. 4anganese
". 6odium
17$. 1hich of the following en2ymatic reactions is-are control points for glycolysis)
A. :lucose ,-phosphate isomerase
B. Aldolase
. Both a and b
!. * %either a nor b
". 4utase
17*. 1hich of the following is not a metabolically irreversible en2ymatic reaction of
glycolysis?
A. (yruvate kinase reaction
B. (DE-1 reaction
. Be#okinase-:lucokinase reaction
". All of the above
17+. 1hich of the following is not a metabolically irreversible en2ymatic reaction of
glycolysis?
B. (DE-1 reaction
". All of these
17.. 1hich of the following is not a metabolically irreversible en2ymatic reaction of
glycolysis?
B. (DE-1 reaction
!. %one of the above
". * Aldolase reaction
17,. 1hich of the following is not regulated in glycolysis?
A. (yruvate kinase
B. * (hosphoglycerate kinase
. Be#okinase
!. (DE-1
177. 1hich of the following is not regulated in glycolysis?
A. (yruvate kinase
. Be#okinase
!. (DE-1
178. 1hich of the following is not regulated in glycolysis?
A. (yruvate kinase
. Be#okinase
!. (DE-1
". %one of above
17;. 1hich of the following is not regulated in glycolysis?
A. (yruvate kinase
. Be#okinase
!. (DE-1
". :lucokinase
18?. 1hich of the following mutases cataly2e the formation of a $&* B(:
intermediate?
A. 4uscle phosphoglycerate mutases
B. (lant phosphoglycerate mutases
. Least phosphoglycerate mutases
!. * a and c only
". All of the above
181. 1hich of the following mutases cataly2e the formation of a $&* B(:
intermediate?
A. 4uscle phosphoglycerate mutases
B. (lant phosphoglycerate mutases
. Least phosphoglycerate mutases
!. * a and c only
". All of the above
18$. 1hich substance causes muscles to ache during strenuous e#ercise?
A. pyruvic acid
B. lactose dehydrogenase
. lactate ion
!. * lactic acid
". acetyl oA
18*. 1hich substance causes muscles to ache during strenuous e#ercise?
A. pyruvic acid
B. lactose dehydrogenase
. lactate ion
!. * lactic acid
18+. 1hich substance is not needed for the conversion of glucose to fructose?
A. %A!(B
B. Aldose reductase
. * OB$
!. %A!@
". b and c
18.. 1hich way transformation galactose in a liver on glucose-,-phosphate?
A. By specific hecsoisomerase
B. :licolitic to pyruvat& and farther P by gluconeogenesis
. By glucomutase
!. By cytidiltransferase
". * :alactose galactose-1-phosphatepglucose-1-phosphatepglucose-,-phosphate
18,. 1hy would it be desirable to slow glycolysis when the demand for A'( is high?
A. Inhibition of (DE-1 allows for the complete o#idation of pyruvate via the citric
acid cycle.
B. * 6lowing glycolysis slows the rate of decrease in pB. A low pB can be harmful
and potentially fatal.
. 'he less active form of (DE-1 is a potent allosteric activator of creatine& so even
though glycolysis is slowed& A'( production is actually increased by the
activation of creatine.
!. As (DE-1 is inhibited& its iso2yme& (DE-$ is activated. (DE-$ is functional at a
much lower pB than (DE-1.
". 6lowing glycolysis slows the rate of increase in pB. A high pB can be harmful
and potentially fatal.
187. Least will normally convert pyruvate to ethanol. 1hy is this better for the yeast
than a conversion to lactate?
A. onversion to ethanol releases more %A!@ per mole than the conversion to
lactate.
B. 'he carbon atoms are more o#idi2ed in ethanol than in lactate.
. * "thanol is neutral& but lactate production is accompanied by a sharp decrease in
pB.
!. "thanol production is not better. Least normally produces ethanol and lactate in
e3uilmolar amounts.
". A and B only
188. :luconeogenesis
A. Is concerned with synthesis of glycogen
B. Kefers to the conversion of glycogen into glucose
. * Kefers to the ability of the liver to form precursors for glucose using fats and
proteins
!. Is a process resulting from deamination of amino acids
". Is an essential part of the emulsification of fats
18;. A lack of blood glucose would have the greatest effects on
A. * 'he brain.
B. 'he heart.
. 'he liver.
!. 6keletal muscles
". ardiac muscle
1;?. A regulator of the en2yme :lycogen synthase is
A. itric acid
B. $& * bisphosphoglycerate
. * (yruvate
!. :'(
". :!(
1;1. A!( and A4( CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC gluconeogenesis.
A. 6timulate
B. * Inhibit
. !o not effect
!. A!( stimulates and A4( inhibits
". A!( inhibits and A4( stimulates
1;$. Aerobic resynthesis of A'( occurs)
A. In the mitochondria in a process called glycogenolysis
B. * In the mitochondria in a process called o#idative phosphorylation
. In the cytosol
!. In the sarcoplasmic reticulum
". Anly in 'ype I muscle fibres
1;*. After glycogen has been used up in the postabsorptive state& which of the
following is usually used as the ne#t source of energy?
A. * :lucose
B. 5ipids
. (roteins
!. Amino acids
". Anly B
1;+. After the hepatic threshold for glycogen formation has occurred any e#cess
glucose in the blood is)
A. * onverted to lipid and stored as fat
B. "#creted by the kidney
. onverted to urea
!. Is used in protein synthesis
". B and c
1;.. After the hepatic treshhold for glycogen formation has occurred& any e#cess
glucose in the blood is
A. * onverted to lipid and stored as fat
B. "#creted by the kidneys
. onverted to urea
!. Is used in protein synthesis
". B and are correct
1;,. All are true for ?-amylase "T"(')
A. ataly2es hydrolysis of ? /1 +0 linkages in starch.
B. Is an important component of saliva and pancreatic Juice.
. * ataly2es hydrolysis of ? /1 ,0 linkages in amylopectin.
!. ataly2es hydrolysis of ? /1 +0 linkages in glycogen.
". Activity is reduced in highly branched regions of polysaccharides and stops four
residues from any branch point.
1;7. All of the following en2ymes involved in the flow of carbon from glucose to
lactate /glycolysis0 are also involved in the reversal of this flow /gluconeogenesis0
e#cept)
A. *-phosphoglycerate kinase.
B. Aldolase.
. "nolase.
!. * (hosphofructokinase-1.
". (hosphoglucoisomerase.
1;8. All of the molecules below are e#amples of polymers of glucose subunits e#cept)
A. * hitin
B. :lycogen
. ellulose
!. 6tarch
". 6ucrose
1;;. All of the molecules below are e#amples of polysaccharides e#cept)
A. :lycogen
B. ellulose
. 6tarch
!. * 4altose
". All of the above
$??. Amylose /a form of starch0 and cellulose are both plant carbohydrate polymers.
1hat is the main structural difference between them?
A. ellulose has many more branches than amylose
B. * ellulose has ?-/1&+0 glycosidic links and amylose has ?-/1&+0 glycosidic links
. ellulose has ?-/1&+0 glycosidic links and amylose has ?-/1&+0 glycosidic links
!. ellulose is a polymer of galactose& and amylose is a polymer of glucose
". ellulose is a polymer of glucose& and amylose is a polymer of galactose
$?1. An en2yme involved in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is)
A. Be#okinase
B. :lucose-,-phosphatase
. * *-phosphoglycerate kinase
!. (hosphofructokinase-1
". (yruvate kinase
$?$. An essential for converting :lucose to :lycogen in 5iver is
A. 5actic acid
B. :'(
. '(
!. * 9'(
". D4%
$?*. Anaerobic metabolism of glucose results in an o#ygen debt that is the amount of
o#ygen needed to metaboli2e the CCCCCC that is produced.
A. arbon dio#ide
B. * 5actic acid
. :lycogen
!. Datty acid
". holesterol
$?+. Anaerobic metabolism refers to the generation of A'()
A. 1ithout the involvement of A!(
B. 1ithout the use of glycogen
. * 1ithout the use of o#ygen
!. In the absence of available o#ygen
". By the conversion of pyruvate to lactate
$?.. Anaerobic respiration
A. * Is the primary metabolic pathway of cardiac muscle.
B. Is induced by ischemia.
. (roduces water and carbon dio#ide as products.
!. (roduces a ma#imum of *? A'(
". (roduces o#ygen as products
$?,. Any compound that can be converted to CC can be a precursor for
gluconeogenesis.
A. itrate
B. (yruvate
. A#aloacetate
!. All of the above
". * b and c
$?7. Appro#imately how much energy is liberated when one gram of carbohydrate is
completely o#idised?
A. + kR
B. 8 kR
. * 1, kR
!. $+ kR
". *8 kR
$?8. As a result of anaerobic respiration in humans& glucose is converted to
A. * (yruvic acid.
B. 5actic acid.
. itric acid.
!. Acetyl oA.
". Sitamin
$?;. As a result of glycolysis& linking step and the Erebs cycle each molecule of
glucose produces)
A. * $ molecules of lactic acid
B. , molecules of carbon dio#ide
. * molecules of water
!. * molecules of carbon dio#ide
". $ molecules of A$
$1?. Blood glucose is actually)
A. * Absorbed from :I tract
B. Keleased by the muscles into the blood when it isnMt needed as energy source for
contraction
. :lycogen from the liver
!. :lucagon which can be converted to sugar when glucose is needed for energy
source
". 'he kinetic energy of the blood
$11. ori cycle is
A. 6ynthesis of glucose
B. Keuse of glucose
. 9ptake of glycose
!. * Both /A0 U /B0
". Anly
$1$. oriMs cycle transfers
A. :lucose from muscles to liver
B. * 5actate from muscles to liver
. 5actate from liver to muscles
!. (yruvate from liver to muscles
". %onbe of the above
$1*. !eficit of which en2yme is the base for the I type glycogenosis?
A. :lucose-,-phosphatase
B. * Be#okinase
. Aldolase
!. :lycogen synthetase
". :lucose-,-phosphate dehydrogenase
$1+. !ietary fructose normally enters the glycolytic pathway by which of the following
mechanisms?
A. (hosphorylation to D-,-( by he#okinase.
B. (hosphorylation to D-1-( by fructokinase& cleavage by D-1-( aldolase.
. (hosphorylation to D-1-(& isomeri2ation to D-,-( by phosphofructomutase.
!. * A or B
". A& B& or
$1.. !ifferentiate between the carbohydrate metabolic processes glycolysis and
gluconeogenesis. %ame the following pathways) Keleases glucose from glycogen
A. :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
. :lycogenesis
!. * :lycogenolysis
". (entose phosphate pathway
$1,. " *&* mmol-l
A. * 8&. mmol-l
B. $ mmol-l
. +&. mmol-l
!. . mmol-l
$17. " 'he normal degradation of triglycerides into DDAs by adipose tissue is
impaired.
A. * 'he normal suppression of gluconeogenesis by insulin in the liver is impaired.
B. 'he normal uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle is impaired.
. 'he normal glucose disposal& which includes glucose o#idation and glycogen
synthesis& by skeletal muscle& is impaired.
!. "#cess free fatty acids /DDAs0 impair c-cell function.
$18. "ach of the following lines is the name of a disaccharide.
A. :alactose
B. 4annose
. :lucose
!. * 4altose
". Dructose
$1;. "nergy released by o#idation of glucose is stored as
A. concentration gradient across a membrane.
B. * '(
. A!B.
!. !(.
". oth b and c are correct.
$$?. "thanol decreases gluconeogenesis by
A. Inhibiting glucose-,-phosphatase
B. Inhibiting ("( carbo#ykinase
. * onverting %A!@ into %A!B and decreasing the availability of pyruvate
!. onverting %A!@ into %A!B and decreasing the availability of lactate
". Anly B
$$1. "#cess glucose after a meal will first form glycogen in a process called
A. :lycolysis.
B. * :lycogenesis.
. 5ipogenesis.
!. 5ipolyosis.
". :luconeogenesis
$$$. "#cessive intake of ethanol increases the ratio)
A. * %A!B ) %A!@
B. %A!@ ) %A!B
. DA!B$ ) DA!
!. DA! ) DA!B$
". yt. BG cyt.
$$*. Dor glycogenesis& :lucose should be converted to
A. :lucuronic acid
B. (yruvic acid
. * 9!( glucose
!. 6orbitol
$$+. Dructose metabolism is not well regulated in the liver because)
A. * Dructose-1-phosphate aldolase allows fructose to bypass phosphofructokinase
B. 4ore A'( is derived from glucose than fructose.
. 4ore A'( is derived from fructose than glucose.
!. lucose is the preferred substrate for he#okinase.
". :59'+ transports glucose& but not fructose into the liver.
$$.. :lucocorticoids increase the level of glucose in the blood activating)
A. lycogenogenesis
B. :lycogenolysis
. :luconeogenesis
!. Eetogenesis
". * :lycolysis
$$,. :lucokinase and he#okinase are different from one another in all of the following
ways e#cept)
A. 'heir location in the tissues
B. 'heir Em
. 'heir Sma#
!. * 'he reaction they cataly2e
". 'heir inhibition by product
$$7. :luconeogenesis is increased in the following condition)
A. !iabetes insipidus
B. * !iabetes 4ellitus
. Bypothyroidism
!. 5iver diseases
". All of the above
$$8. :lucose breakdown in certain mammalian and bacterial cells can occur by
mechanisms other than classic glycolysis. In most of these& glucose ,-phosphate is
o#idi2ed to ,-phosphogluconate& which is then further metaboli2ed by)
A. An aldolase-type split to form glyceric acid and glyceraldehyde *-phosphate.
B. An aldolase-type split to form glycolic acid and erythrose +-phosphate.
. onversion to 1&,-bisphosphogluconate.
!. * !ecarbo#ylation to produce keto- and aldopentoses.
". A#idation to a si#-carbon dicarbo#ylic acid.
$$;. :lucose enters muscle cells mostly by)
A. 6imple diffusion
B. * Dacilitated diffusion using a specific glucose transporter
. o-transport with sodium
!. o-transport with amino acids
". Active transport
$*?. :lucose enters muscle cells mostly by)
A. 6imple diffusion
B. * Dacilitated diffusion using a specific glucose transporter
. o-transport with sodium
!. o-transport with amino acids
". Active transport
$*1. :lucose molecules entering skeletal muscle fibers are VtrappedFF when converted
to
A. (yruvic acid
B. :lucose 1-phosphate
. * :lucose ,-phosphate
!. :lycogen
". 5actic acid
$*$. :lucose not part of a diet may be provided by degradation of
A. * 6tored glycogen
B. 6tarch
. !e#trin
!. A and b
". A& b and c
$**. :lucose tolerance is decreased in
A. * !iabetes mellitus
B. Bypopituitarisme
. AddisonMs disease
!. Bypothyroidism
". Anemia
$*+. :lucose tolerance is increased in
A. !iabetes mellitus
B. * Adrenalectomy
. Acromegaly
!. 'hyroto#icosis
". Kiscets
$*.. :lucose-,-phosphate can serve as)
A. An intermedicate in glycolysis.
B. A precursor for the synthesis of glycogen.
. An intermediate in gluconeogenesis.
!. A product of collagen degredation.
". * A& B&
$*,. :lucose& labeled with 1+ in different carbon atoms& is added to a crude e#tract of
a tissue rich in the en2ymes of the pentose phosphate pathway. 'he most rapid production
of 1+A$ will occur when the glucose is labeled in)
A. * -1.
B. -*.
. -+.
!. -..
". -,.
$*7. :lycerol is converted to CCCCCCCCCCC when it is used for gluconeogenesis.
A. !ihydro#yacetone phosphate
B. (hosphoenolpyruvate
. A#aloacetate
!. * *-phosphoglycerate
$*8. :lycogen breakdown in e#ercising muscle is activated by)
A. Insulin
B. ortisol
. Increased pB
!. Amylase
". * %one of the above
$*;. :lycogen breakdown in e#ercising muscle is activated by)
A. Insulin
B. ortisol
. Increased pB
!. Amylase
$+?. glycogen in skeletal muscle?
A. (hosphorylase
B. !ebranching en2yme
. * ?-1-,-amyloglucosidase
!. Amylase
". :ucose-,-phosphatase
$+1. :lycogen is converted to glucose-1-phosphate by
A. 9!(: transferase
B. Branching en2yme
. * (hosphorylase
!. (hosphatase
$+$. :lycogen is converted to monosaccharide units by)
A. :lucokinase.
. * :lycogen phosphorylase.
!. :lycogen synthase.
". :lycogenase.
$+*. :lycogen is present in all body tissues e#cept
A. 5iver
B. * Brain
. Eidney
!. 6tomach
". (ancreas
$++. :lycogen synthesis in vertebrates re3uires CCCCCCCCCCCCC to activate glucose 1-
phosphate.
A. A'(
B. A!(
. 9'(
!. 9!(
". * All of the above
$+.. :lycogen synthetase activity is depressed by
A. :lucose
B. Insulin
. * yclic A4(
!. Dructokinase
". (yruvatdehydrogenase
$+,. :lycogen while being acted upon by active phosphorylase is converted first to
A. :lucose
B. :lucose 1-phosphate and :lycogen with 1 carbon less
. * :lucose-,-phosphate and :lycogen with 1 carbon less
!. ,-(hosphogluconic acid
$+7. :lycogenolysis is promoted by
A. * :lucagon
B. :rowth hormone
. Insulin
!. ortisol /corticosteroids0
". Both A and ! are correct
$+8. :lycogenolysis refers to
A. * 'he formation of glycogen
B. 'he formation of urea
. onversion of fat and- or protein to glucose
!. 'he anaerobic metabolism of glucose
". onversion of glycogen to glucose
$+;. :lycolysis
A. Ke3uires the presence of o#ygen
B. * Is the first step of cellular respiration
. (roduces carbon dio#ide and water.
!. (ili2es DA! as an electron acceptor
". Ke3uires the presence of A$
$.?. :lycolysis in the erythrocyte produces pyruvate that is further metaboli2ed to)
A. A$.
B. "thanol.
. :lucose.
!. Bemoglobin.
". * 5actate.
$.1. :lycolysis is inhibited by high concentrations of
A. :lucose.
B. A#ygen.
. A!(.
!. * A'(.
". All of above
$.$. :lycolysis is the name given to the pathway involving the conversion of)
A. :lycogen to glucose-,-phosphate
B. :lycogen or glucose to fructose
. * :lycogen or glucose to pyruvate or lactate
!. :lycogen or glucose to pyruvate or acetyl oA
". :lucose or fatty acids to pyruvate or acetyl oA
$.*. Bow certain carbohydrate pathways are reciprocally affected by insulin and
glucagon. 'he areas of focus will be)
A. Kegulation of glycolysis by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of key en2ymesG
B. Kegulation of glycogen formation vs. breakdown& again by phosphorylation-
dephosphorylationG
. * Bow this regulation is coordinated so as to avoid futile cycling and trapping of
intermediates
!. Bow this regulation fits with the overall function of insulin vs. glucagon
$.+. Bow many grams of glucose is it necessary to eat for a patient to perform a
method of sugary loading
A. * 1 g per 1 kg of weight
B. 1?? g
. $? g
!. .? g
". 1? g
$... Bow many substrate level phosphorylation reactions are in glycolysis?
A. 1
B. * $
. *
!. +.
". ?
$.,. Bydrogen ions are formed when)
A. :lycogen becomes depleted
B. (hosphocreatine breakdown occurs
. (yruvate is converted to lactate
!. (yruvate is converted to acetyl oA
". * lycolysis is being used as a maJor means of resynthesising A'(
$.7. If e#cess glucose is present in the body& the glucose first will be stored as
CCCCCCCCCC in muscle and the liver.
A. 6tarch
B. * :lycogen
. ellulose
!. Dat
". Sitamin
$.8. If glucose labeled with 1+ in -* is metaboli2ed to lactate via fermentation& the
lactate will contain 1+ in)
A. All three carbon atoms.
B. Anly the carbon atom carrying the AB.
. * Anly the carbo#yl carbon atom.
!. Anly the methyl carbon atom.
". 'he methyl and carbo#yl carbon atoms.
$.;. If o#ygen is unavailable& the pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted into)
A. Alcohol
B. * 5actic acid
. arbon dio#ide
!. Acetyl oA
". 1ater
$,?. Immediately after e#haustive e#ercise& carbohydrate should be consumed to)
A. Kestore liver glycogen
B. * Kestore muscle glycogen
. (rovide the muscle with an energy source during recovery
!. BA should not be consumed post e#ercise
$,1. In a eukaryotic cell& the en2ymes of glycolysis are located in the)
A. (lasma membrane.
B. Inner mitochondrial membrane.
. * ytosol.
!. 4itochondrial matri#.
". Intermembrane space.
$,$. In a tissue that metaboli2es glucose via the pentose phosphate pathway& -1 of
glucose would be e#pected to end up principally in)
A. * arbon dio#ide.
B. :lycogen.
. (hosphoglycerate.
!. (yruvate.
". Kibulose .-phosphate.
$,*. In addition to control of activity by phosphorylation& phosphorylase kinase is
activated by
A. almodulin
B. * a@@
. cA4(
!. Inhibitor-1
". %a@
$,+. In addition to energy /A'(0& what is /are0 the final product/s0 of aerobic
respiration?
A. A$ and A$
B. * A$ and B$A
. A$ and B$A
!. A$ only
". A$ only
$,.. In an anaerobic muscle preparation& lactate formed from glucose labeled in -$
would be labeled in)
A. All three carbon atoms.
B. * Anly the carbon atom carrying the AB
. Anly the carbo#yl carbon atom.
!. Anly the methyl carbon atom.
". 'he methyl and carbo#yl carbon atoms.
$,,. In anaerobic respiration& lactic acid is released into the blood from skeletal
muscle. 1hen o#ygen is available& most of the lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic
acid and glucose in the
A. 5iver.
B. * 6keletal muscle
. Beart.
!. 5ung.
". Eidney
$,7. In comparison with the resting state& actively contracting human muscle tissue has
a)
A. Bigher concentration of A'(.
B. * Bigher rate of lactate formation.
. 5ower consumption of glucose.
!. 5ower rate of consumption of o#ygen
". 5ower ratio of %A!B to %A!@.
$,8. In general& the higher the intensity of e#ercise& the greater the proportional
contribution of)
A. Aerobic energy production
B. * Anaerobic energy production
. 'he 'A cycle /ErebsM cycle0 to the production of A'(
!. 'he electron transfer chain to the production of A'(
". Dat o#idation
$,;. In glycolysis& glucose must be activated with the use of how many A'(
molecules?
A. $
B. *
. 1?
!. * 1
". .
$7?. In glycolysis& how is A'( formed?
A. 'hrough deamination
B. 'hrough o#idative phosphorylation
. * 'hrough substrate level events
!. 'hrough transfer of electrons
". 'hrough chemiosmosis
$71. In humans& gluconeogenesis)
A. * Belps to increase blood glucose during starvation.
B. Is used to convert fatty acids into glucose.
. Is stimulated by the hormone insulin.
!. Ke3uires the en2yme he#okinase.
". (roduces more A'( than it consumes.
$7$. In the human skeletal muscle and brain cells& the energy yield per molecule of
glucose in aerobic respiration is CCCCCCCC times higher than the energy yield in
anaerobic respiration.
A. * $
B. 1,
. 18
!. 1;
". $?
$7*. In the liver& kidney& and heart cells& the total number of A'( molecules generated
per glucose in aerobic respiration is
A. $
B. *?
. *,
!. * *8
". 1?
$7+. Insulin decreases the level of blood glucose by)
A. * :luconeogenesis activation
B. :luconeogenesis oppression
. :lucose phosphorylation oppression
!. Increase of glucose e#cretion with urine
". Adrenalin e#cretion decrease
$7.. Insulin facilitates energy storage in liver. 1hich en2ymes of carbohydrate
metabolism are coordinately regulated in liver in response to insulin signaling?
A. :lycogen synthase
B. * :lycogen phosphorylase
. (hosphofructokinase-1 /(DE-10
!. (hosphofructokinase-$ /(DE-$0
". (yruvate kinase
$7,. 5actic acid
A. Is produced as a result of aerobic metabolism of glucose.
B. * Is one of the normal end products of glycolysis
. Is a common end product of red blood cells.
". All of the above
$77. 5iver glycogen breakdown is stimulated by)
A. Insulin
B. :lucagon
. Adrenaline
!. Both /a0 and /b0
". * Both /b0 and /c0
$78. 5iver glycogen breakdown is stimulated by)
A. Insulin
B. :lucagon
. Adrenaline
!. Both /a0 and /b0
". * Both /b0 and /c0
$7;. 4any people who are lactose intolerant can eat yogurt& which is prepared from
milk curdled by bacteria& with no problems. 1hy is this possible?
A. It is not possible /the statement in the 3uestion is not true0G if one is lactose
intolerant& it is a genetic defect and cannot be altered
B. 'he bacteria convert all the lactose /milk sugar0 to glucose
. 'he bacteria convert all the lactose /milk sugar0 to fructose
!. 'he bacteria convert all the lactose /milk sugar0 to galactose
". * 'he bacteria convert the disaccharide lactose into its component
monosaccharides& glucose and galactoseG these resulting monosaccharides can be
tolerated
$8?. 4uscle and liver glycogen stores in a well nourished athlete would be sufficient to
sustain appro#imately how many minutes of subma#imal e#ercise /if this were the only
energy source used0? 'he e#ercise is club level marathon pace.
A. *? minutes
B. * ;? minutes
. 18? minutes
!. $1? minutes
". *?? minutes
$81. 4uscle lactate production increases when)
A. A#ygen is readily available
B. (yruvate cannot be formed from glucose breakdown
. 'he pB of the muscle falls
!. * :lycolysis is activated at the onset of e#ercise
". 4uscle glycogen becomes depleted
$8$. %ame the substance which is the main energy source for brain)
A. :lycogen
B. Dructose
. 5actic acid
!. Datty acids
". * :lucose
$8*. Af the en2ymes of carbohydrate metabolism listed below& which are
/de0phosphorylated in liver in response to insulin signaling?
. (hosphofructokinase-1 /(DE-10
!. (hosphofructokinase-$ /(DE-$0
". (yruvate kinase
$8+. Ance glycogen stores are filled& glucose and amino acids are used to synthesi2e
A. * :lycoproteins.
B. (roteins.
. 5ipids.
!. 5actic acid.
$8.. Ane of the following en2ymes does not change glycogen synthase a to b.
A. :lycogen synthase kinases *& +& .
B. a$@ calmodulin phosphorylase kinase
. a$@ calmodulin dependent protein kinase
!. * :lycogen phosphorylase a
$8,. Ane of the net results of glycolysis is that)
A. 'wo DA!Fs are reduced
B. 'wo DA!Fs are o#idi2ed
. 'wo %A! to power of /e#ponent0Fs are reduced
!. * !. 'wo %A! to power of /e#ponent0Fs are o#idi2ed
$87. (athway for synthesis of glycogen /from glucose0
A. :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
. * :lycogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
$88. (hysiological glycosuria is met with in
A. Kenal glycosuria
B. * Alimentary glycosuria
. !iabetes 4ellitus
!. Allo#an diabetes
$8;. (ossible fates of pyruvate produced by glycolysis include all of the following /not
necessarily in the same organism0& e#cept)
A. A#idation to A$ and water through the citric acid cycle.
B. Keduction to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase.
. * A#idation to ethanol by alcoholic fermentation.
!. Ke-synthesis into glucose by gluconeogenesis.
". 'ransamination to alanine.
$;?. (yruvate is converted to lactate during anaerobic metabolism. 'his reaction
produces one
A. B$A
B. A'(
. DA!.
!. * %A!@.
$;1. reactions involved in anaerobic glycolysis of glucose to lactate?
A. DA!-DA!B$
B. * %A!@-%A!B
. glyceraldehyde-*-phosphate
!. A'(
". A!(
$;$. 6elect the molecule that is glucose and galactose connected by a covalent bond)
A. 4altose
B. * 6ucrose
. ellulose
!. 5actose
". 6tarch
$;*. 6elect the reaction that is catabolic)
A. * onversion of glucose into glycogen
B. 6ynthesis of hemoglobin
. onversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose
!. 6ynthesis of nucleic acids
". 6ynthesis of fatty acid
$;+. 6elect the sugar that is an important component of nucleotides)
A. Dructose
B. * Kibose
. :alactose
!. :lucose
". 6ucrose
$;.. 6keletal muscle and brain cells using aerobic respiration produce CCCCCCCCCCCC
molecules of %A!B which generates CCCCCCCCCC molecules of A'( total.
A. * $G +
B. 1?G $8
. 1?G *?
!. 1?G *,
". 1) 1?
$;,. 6tarch and glycogen are polymers of
A. Dructose
B. 4annose
. * ?-?!-:lucose
!. :alactose
". ellulose
$;7. 6timulation of adrenergic receptors has the effect of
A. !egrading glycogen
B. Activating protein kineses A and
. 5owering glycogen synthesis
!. * Keducing the effects of insulin
". All of the above
$;8. 'he CCCC is the organ with an absolute re3uirement for blood glucose as its maJor
energy source.
A. * Brain
B. Beart
. 6keletal muscle
!. 5iver
". Eedney
$;;. 'he + rate limiting en2ymes of gluconeogenesis are
A. :lucokinase& (yruvate carbo#ylae phosphoenol pyruvate carbo#ykinase and
glucose-,-phosphatase
B. * (yruvate carbo#ylase& phosphoenol pyruvate carbo#ykinase& fructose1&,
diphosphatase and glucose-,-phosphatase
. (yruvate kinase& pyruvate carbo#ylase& phosphoenol pyruvate carbo#ykinase and
glucose-,-phosphatase
!. (hospho fructokinase& pyruvate carbo#ylase& phosphoenol pyruvate
carbo#ykinase and fructose 1& , diphosphatase
*??. 'he active form of glycogen CCC is phosphorylatedG the active form of glycogen
CCC is dephosphorylated.
A. BydrolaseG dehydrogenase
B. !ehydrogenaseG hydrolase
. BydrolaseG semisynthase
!. * (hosphorylaseG synthase
". 6ynthaseG phosphorylase
*?1. 'he aldolase reaction has a very unfavorable ?:F value /@$*.8 kR-mol0. Bow can
this reaction be maintained as an easily reversible reaction in the cell?
A. * 'he concentration of D-1&,-B( is usually very high relative to products.
B. "levation of body temperature to *7? reverses the e3uilibrium.
. Bydrolysis of the 1-phosphate from D-1&,-B( makes the reaction favorable.
!. A and B
". A& B and
*?$. 'he appropriate se3uence for the transaldolase cataly2ed reaction would be /select
a capital letter from A to "0)
A. * Keactive enamine attack on the aldehyde group of an aldose
B. beta-cleavage of 6chiff base intermediate to release an aldose
. Dormation of 6chiff base intermediate of a new ketose
!. Active site lysine forms 6chiff base with keto-carbonyl group
". 6chiff base hydrolysed to ketose and en2yme
*?*. 'he blood sugar raising action of the hormones of suprarenal corte# is due to
A. * :luconeogenesis
B. :lycogenolysis
. :lucagon-like activity
!. !ue to inhibition of glomerular filtration
". :lycoyisis
*?+. 'he brain prefers to use CCCCCCC for fuel.
A. Sitamins
B. (rotein
. 5ipids
!. arbohydrates
". All of the above
*?.. 'he branching en2yme acts on the glycogen when the glycogen chain has been
lengthened to between glucose units)
A. 1 and ,
B. $ and 7
. * and ;
!. * , and 11
". 1 and $
*?,. 'he breakdown of glycogen to form glucose occurs
A. * In the liver by phosphorolysis.
B. In the muscles by phosphorolysis
. In the liver by hydrolysis.
!. In the muscles by hydrolysis.
". 'he first two choices are both correct.
*?7. 'he cause of insulin dependent diabetes /type I0 is)
A. * 4alfunction of structure and insulin receptors function
B. !ecreased insulin synthesis
. Increased insulin synthesis
!. Increased epinephrine synthesis
". !ecreased epinephrine synthesis
*?8. 'he characteristic en2ymes of gluconeogensis are found in the cytosol& e#cept for
A. (yruvate carbo#lyase& which is in the mitrochondria.
B. Dructose-1&,-bisphosphatase& which is in the mitochondria
. * :lucose-,-phosphatase& which is in the mitrochondria.
!. Dructose-1&,-bisphosphatase& which is in the glycogen granule.
". (yruvate carbo#ylase& which is in the glycogen granule
*?;. 'he complete o#idation of glucose ultimately yields as products)
A. Acetyl oA
B. arbon dio#ide and water
. * 5actic acid
!. (yruvate
". A$
*1?. 'he comple# carbohydrate /polysaccharide0 that is digested to the
monosaccharide& glucose& and is found in vegetables& fruits& and grains and is called
A. 4altose.
B. 6tarch.
. :lycogen.
!. * ellulose.
*11. 'he conversion of glucose and o#ygen into carbon dio#ide and water is both a)
A. * atabolic and reduction reaction
B. Anabolic and o#idation reaction
. atabolic and o#idation reaction
!. Anabolic and reduction reaction
". Anly B
*1$. 'he conversion of noncarbohydrate molecules into glucose& is an e#ample of
A. :lycogenolysis.
B. :lycogenesis.
. * :luconeogenesis
!. :lycolysis
". Erebs cycle
*1*. 'he conversion of one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate results in
the net formation of)
A. 6i# molecules of water
B. * 'wo molecules of A'(
. 'hree molecules of A'(
!. 'hirty-eight molecules of A'(
". 'hirty-nine molecules of A'(
*1+. 'he conversion of o#aloacetate to malate by mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase
can be important in gluconeogenesis because)
A. ItFs the only way that carbons from o#aloacetate can get out of the mitochondrion.
B. * It is a reduction& so it allows carbons from o#aloacetate and electrons from
. %A!B to get out of the mitochondrion.
!. It is an o#idation& so it allows e#change of o#aloacetate carbons from
theImitochondrion for electrons from %A!B in the cytosol.
". 4alate is an obligatory intermediate in gluconeogenesis. 'his is so confusing that
there is no logical answer to this 3uestion.
*1.. 'he disaccharide that most people think of as table sugar is
A. * 6ucrose.
B. 5actose.
. 4altose.
!. Dructose.
". Anly B
*1,. 'he end product of sugar metabolism is-are?
A. 4altose& lactose and sucrose
B. arbon dio#ide& water and heat and energy
. 9rea
!. * :lucose and other simple sugars
". :lycerol
*17. 'he energy charge of the cell is)
A. 'he difference between the charge on the outside and inside of a cell
B. :enerated by the sodium-potassium A'(ase
. 'he overall rate of energy use by the cell
!. * 'he e#tent to which the total adenine nucleotide pool is phosphorylated
". 'he sum of the A'(& A!( and A4( concentrations in the cell
*18. 'he energy currency of the cell is
A. 6tarch
B. * :lycogen.
. :lucose.
!. A'(.
*1;. 'he en2ymes involved in (hosphorylation of glucose to glucose ,- phosphate are
A. Be#okinase
B. :lucokinase
. (hosphofructokinase
!. * Both /A0 and /B0
*$?. 'he en2ymes of glycolysis are located in the)
A. 4itochondrion
B. %ucleus
. * ytoplasm
!. 5ysosomes
". Interstitial fluid
*$1. 'he en2ymes of glycolysis are located in the)
A. 4itochondrion
B. %ucleus
. * ytoplasm
!. 5ysosomes
". Interstitial fluid
*$$. 'he glycolytic pathway /:lucose --I $ (yruvate0 is found
A. * In most living organisms.
B. In all living organisms.
. (rimarily in animals.
!. Anly in eukaryotes.
". Anly in yeast.
*$*. 'he initiation of glycogen synthesis /ie the very first glucose residue added 0
occurs by transfer of glucose from 9!(-glucose to the)
A. * +-position of free glucose.
B. $-position of fructose.
. %on-reducing end of maltose.
!. 6erine-AB group of glycogen synthase.
". 'yrosine-AB group of glycogenin.
*$+. 'he linking reaction between glycolysis and Erebs cycle is)
A. 'he conversion of pyruvate into lactic acid
B. 'he conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-oA
. * 'he conversion of %A! to power of /e#ponent0 into %A!B
!. 'he conversion of 1&, fructose phosphate to * phosphoglycerate
*$.. 'he low intake of carbohydrate in the diet)
A. !oes not influence e#ercise performance in events lasting less than 1? minutes
B. Affects the resting muscle pB
. * 4ay impair high intensity e#ercise performance
!. Kesults in greater reliance on muscle glycogen during e#ercise
". Is associated with a metabolic alkalosis
*$,. 'he maJor source of carbohydrate in a typical 1estern diet is)
A. * 6tarch
B. ellulose
. :lycogen
!. 6ucrose
". 6accharin
*$7. 'he metabolic function of the pentose phosphate pathway is)
A. Act as a source of A!( biosynthesis.
B. * :enerate %A!(B and pentoses for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and nucleic
acids.
. (articipate in o#idation-reduction reactions during the formation of B$A.
!. (rovide intermediates for the citric acid cycle.
". 6ynthesi2e phosphorus pento#ide.
*$8. 'he metabolic pathway that results in the splitting of a glucose molecule into two
pyruvate molecules is)
A. * :lycolysis
B. A#idative phosphorylation
. Erebs cycle
!. ori cycle
". !ecarbo#ilation of pyruvat
*$;. 'he monosaccharide that can be considered the most important source of energy
in the body is)
A. * :lucose
B. :lycogen
. 6tarch
!. Dructose
". :alactose
**?. 'he most rapid method to resynthesise A'( during e#ercise is through)
A. :lycolysis
B. * (hosphocreatine breakdown
. 'ricarbo#ylic acid cycle /ErebsM cycle0
!. :lycogenolysis
". :luconeogenesis
**1. 'he net production of A'( via substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis is)
A. * $ from glucose and * from glycogen
B. $ from glucose and + from glycogen
. * from glucose and + from glycogen
!. * from glucose and $ from glycogen
". * from glucose and * from glycogen
**$. 'he normal glucose tolerance curve reaches peak is
A. 1. min
B. * 1 hr
. $ hrs
!. $. hrs
". 1* min.
***. 'he o#idation of * mol of glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway may result in
the production of)
A. $ mol of pentose& + mol of %A!(B& and 8 mol of A$.
B. * mol of pentose& + mol of %A!(B& and * mol of A$.
. * * mol of pentose& , mol of %A!(B& and * mol of A$.
!. + mol of pentose& * mol of %A!(B& and * mol of A$.
". + mol of pentose& , mol of %A!(B& and , mol of A$.
**+. 'he patient 5.& +, years& complains on the dry mouth& thirst& often urination&
general weakness. Biochemical blood investigation showed hyperglycemia&
hyperketonemia. In the urine) glucose& ketone bodies. (ossible diagnosis is)
A. * !iabetes mellitus
B. Aimentary hyperglycemia
. acute pancreatitis
!. diabetes insipidus
". ischemic heart disease
**.. 'he patient with diabetes mellitus has hypoglycemic coma. 'he reasons for this
can be)
A. * Averdosage of insulin
B. 6tarvation
. !ehydration of the organism
!. Byperproduction of epinephrin
". AddisonFs disease
**,. ?'he precursor of glycogen in the glycogen synthase reaction is
A. :lucose-1-(
B. :lucose-,-(
. * !(-glucose
!. '(-glucose
**7. 'he process in which glucose is converted to a storage form
A. * Is called glycogenolysis
B. Ke3uires vitamin A.
. Kesults in beta o#idation
!. Accurs in the liver.
". Is very energy consuming
**8. 'he production of glucose-breakdown products from protein is called
A. :lycolysis
B. * :luconeogenesis
. :lycogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
**;. 'he rate of blood lactate accumulation is determined by)
A. 'he rate of muscle lactate production and the rate of muscle lactate efflu#
B. 'he rate of anaerobic glycolysis
. 'he rate of muscle glucose uptake
!. 'he rate of muscle glycogen depletion
". * 'he difference between the rate of lactate appearance and the rate of lactate
clearance
*+?. 'he regulation of normal blood sugar level is accomplished by
A. * Insulin& glucagons and adrenalin
B. ell tissue absorption of glucose from the blood
. 'he breakdown of glycogen by the liver
!. :lycogenesis and glycogenolysis
". All of the above
*+1. 'he regulation of the glycolytic pathway involves
A. * Deedback inhibition by A'(.
B. Allosteric inhibition by A'(.
. Allosteric stimulation by A!(.
!. All three are correct.
". Anly a0 and b0 are correct.
*+$. 'he steps of glycolysis between glyceraldehyde *-phosphate and *-
phosphoglycerate involve all of the following e#cept)
A. A'( synthesis.
B. atalysis by phosphoglycerate kinase.
. * A#idation of %A!B to %A!@.
!. 'he formation of 1&*-bisphosphoglycerate.
". 9tili2ation of (i.
*+*. 'he synthesis of glucose from lactate& glycerol& or amino acids is called)
A. :lycogenolysis
B. :lycolysis
. 5ipolysis
!. * :luconeogenesis
". 'ransamination
*++. 'he synthesis of glucose from pyruvate by gluconeogenesis
A. * Ke3uires the participation of biotin
B. Accurs e#clusively in the cytosol
. Is inhibited by elevated level of insulin
!. Ke3uires o#idation-reduction of DA!
*+.. 'he synthesis of glycogen from glucose subunits is an e#ample of this type of
reaction)
A. Bydrolysis
B. A#idation
. * (hosphorylation
!. ondensation
*+,. 'he tissues with the highest total glycogen content are
A. 4uscle and kidneys
B. Eidneys and liver
. * 5iver and muscle
!. Brain and 5iver
". All of the above
*+7. 'he total glycogen content of the body is about CCCCCC gms.
A. 1??
B. $??
. * *??
!. .??
". $*?
*+8. 'he two glycolytic intermediates that directly link glucose metabolism to the
metabolism of triglycerides& and thereby linking carbohydrate to fat metabolism are
A. (yruvic acid and phosphoglyceraldehyde
B. Acetyl oA and pyruvic acid
. * (hosphoglyceraldehyde and acetyl oA
!. :lucose and pyruvic
". A and B
*+;. 'he ultimate electron acceptor in the fermentation of glucose to ethanol is)
A. * Acetaldehyde.
B. Acetate.
. "thanol.
!. %A!@.
". (yruvate.
*.?. 'his is the property of carbohydrates that make them readily dissolvable into
water)
A. 'he electronegativity of the carbon atom
B. 'heir ability to form polymers
. * 'he presence of hydro#yl groups
!. 'he long carbon chains they form
*.1. 'o the resuscitation unit was delivered an infant with the following symptoms)
vomiting& diarrhoea& growth and development malfunction& cataract& mental deficiency.
'he diagnosis was galactosemia. 'he deficit of which en2yme occure?
A. Be#ose-,-phosphatase
B. * :alactose-1-phosphate uridiltransferase
. 9ridine diphosphate-glucose-+-epimerase
!. 9ridine diphosphate-glucose-pyrophosphorylase
". :lucose-,-phosphate dehydrogenase
*.$. 'o which additional adrenergic receptor subtype does epinephrine bind in order to
further activate glycogen phosphorylase in liver?
A. Alpha-1
B. Alpha-$
. Beta-1
!. * A novel beta-* subtype
*.*. 'ransfer of high-energy phosphates and-or electrons between carbohydrate
intermediates and other compounds /e.g. A'(& %A!B0 occurs in the reactions cataly2ed
by all of the following en2ymes e#cept)
A. Be#okinase
B. * (hosphohe#ose isomerase
. (hosphofructokinase-1
!. :lyceraldehyde-*-phosphate dehydrogenase
". (hosphoglycerate kinase
*.+. 'ransketolase is an en2yme that cataly2es)
A. 'ransfers of three-carbon units from a ketose to an aldose.
B. 'ransfer of ketoses into aldoses.
. * 'ransfer of #ylulose-.-phosphate into ribulose-.-phosphate.
!. '((-dependent transfer of $-carbon units to the recipient aldose.
". 'ransfer of keto groups from -$ to -*.
*... 'wo conditions in which gluconeogenesis is increased are
A. !iabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis
B. Ded condition and thyroto#icosis
. * !iabetes mellitus and 6tarvation
!. Alcohol intake and cigarette smoking
". Kiscets and obesyti
*.,. 9!(-:lucose is converted to 9!(:lucuronic acid by
A. A'(
B. * :'(
. %A!(@
!. %A!@
". :lutation
*.7. Salue of kidney threshold for glucose)
A. .-7 mmol-l
B. 8-1? mmol-l
. * 1?-1. mmol-l
!. $-* mmol-l
". 1.-$? mmol-l
*.8. 1hat chemical species activates the :59'+ protein to transport glucose into
cells?
A. Adrenaline
B. * Insulin
. (rotein kinase A
!. (DE-$
*.;. 1hen lactose is digested& it yields two monosaccharides called
A. :lucose and glucose.
B. 4altose and glucose.
. :lucose and fructose.
!. * :lucose and galactose
*,?. 1hen liver glycogen levels are inade3uate to supply glucose& especially to the
brain& amino acids and glycerol are used to produce CCCCCCCCCCC in a process called
A. :lycogenG glycogenesis
B. :lucoseG gluconeogenesis
. 5ipidsG lipogenesis
!. * :lucose-,-phosphateG glycogenolys
*,1. 1hen the body metaboli2es nutrients for energy& fats yield about CCCCCCC times
the energy as carbohydrates or proteins.
A. 1-$
B. $
. +
!. * ,
". *
*,$. 1hich coen2ymes are reduced in both glycolysis and the ErebsF cycle?
A. DA!
B. oen2yme A
. 4anganese
!. * %A!
". Sitamin A
*,*. 1hich method of the measurement of glucose in urine is widely used?
A. :ess
B. 'romer
. Deling
!. 6elivanov
". * Altgausen
*,+. 1hich of the below-mentioned diseases can be found by the method of sugary
loading?
A. Ishemia
B. Bepatitis
. * !iabetes mellitus
!. 'itania
". Anemia
*,.. 1hich of the below-mentioned processes is the source of %A!(B$ in the
organism?
A. :luconeogenesis
B. * (entose-phosphate cycle
. :lycolysis
!. :lycogenolysis
". :lycogenogenesis
*,,. 1hich of the following en2ymes acts in the pentose phosphate pathway?
A. * ,-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
B. Aldolase
. :lycogen phosphorylase
!. (hosphofructokinase-1
". (yruvate kinase
*,7. 1hich of the following generates free glucose during the en2ymatic breakdown of
glycogen in skeletal muscle?
A. (hosphorylase
B. !ebranching en2yme
. * ?-1-,-amyloglucosidase
!. Amylase
". :lucose-,-phosphatase
*,8. 1hich of the following groups contain only water soluble vitamins?
A. A & B
B. * B&
. & !
!. !& "
". A& !
*,;. 1hich of the following is a cofactor in the reaction cataly2ed by glyceraldehyde
*-phosphate dehydrogenase?
A. A'(
B. u$@
. Beme
!. * %A!@
". %A!(@
*7?. 1hich of the following is DA56" with regards to :%:
A. :lycerol& lactate& pyruvate& alanine are precursors for :%:
B. 'he rate of :%: is highest post e#ercise
. * :%: occurs in muscle and liver
!. :lucose ,-phosphotase by passes he#okinase
". Ane of the maJor regulators of flu# through :%: is substrate availability
*71. 1hich of the following is likely to be the most important in terms of regulating
hepatic glucose production?
A. !irect innervation of the liver
B. Increase in catecholamines
. Deedforward mechanisms from the %6
!. * Increase in glucagon to insulin ratio
". A only
*7$. 1hich of the following is not a precursor for gluconeogenesis?
A. Alanine
B. :lycerol
. A#aloacetate
!. * Acetate
". Anly B
*7*. 1hich of the following is not a true statement?
A. 4uscle glycogen is broken down en2ymatically to glucose-1-phosphate
B. "lite endurance runners have a high proportion of 'ype I fibres in their leg
muscles
. 5iver glycogen is important in the maintenance of the blood glucose
concentration
!. * Insulin promotes glucose uptake by all tissues in the body
". :lucagon has generally antagonistic actions to those of insulin
*7+. 1hich of the following is true concerning glycolysis?
A. It is an aerobic process.
B. A net of $ molecules of A'( are produced.
. A total of *8 A'( are produced.
!. * + %A!B are produced.
*7.. 1hich of the following processes converts lactic acid to glucose?
A. itric acid cycle
B. Erebs cycle
. * ori cycle
!. %one of the above.
". All of the above
*7,. 1hich of the following processes describes the formation of glycogen from
e#cess glucose in the blood?
A. Eetogenesis
B. :lycogenolysis
. 5ipogenesis
". Anly A
*77. 1hich of the following processes is involved in converting amino acids into
glucose?
A. :lycogenolysis
B. 5ipogenesis
. * :luconeogenesis
!. 'ransamination
*78. 1hich of the following reaction gives lactose?
A. * 9!( galactose and glucose
B. 9!( glucose and galactose
. :lucose and :alactose
!. :lucose& :alactose and 9'(
". 9!( fructose and glucose
*7;. 1hich of the following reactions is cataly2ed by a transketolase in the pentose
phosphate pathway? /select a capital letter from A to "0) W. Dructose-,-( @
glyceraldehyde-*-( . #ylulose-.-( @ erythrose-+-( II. "rythrose-+-( @ fructose-,-( I
sedoheptulose-7-( @ glyceraldehyde-*-( III. 6edoheptulose-7-( @ glyceraldehyde-*-( I
ribose-.-( @ #yulose-.-(
A. * I only
B. II and III
. II only
!. I and III
". I and II
*8?. 1hich of the following reactions is uni3ue to gluconeogenesis?
A. 5actate (yruvate
B. (hosphoenol pyruvate pyruvate
. * A#aloacetate phosphoenol pyruvate
!. :lucose-,-phosphate Dructose-,-phosphate
*81. 1hich of the following statements about glycolysis is false?
A. It results in the formation of two molecules of pyruvic acid.
B. It results in the net gain of four A'( molecules.
. It can occur with or without o#ygen present.
!. * It is an e#ergonic reaction.
". Anly
*8$. 1hich of the following statements about pyruvate kinase is true?
A. Active in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
B. * Activated by phosphorylation
. 6timulated by A'(
!. Inhibited by fructose-1&,-bisphosphate
". %one of the above are true
*8*. 1hich of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway is
incorrect?
A. It generates A$ from -1 of glucose.
B. It involves the conversion of an aldohe#ose to an aldopentose.
. It is prominant in lactating mammary gland.
!. It is principally directed toward the generation of %A!(B.
". * It re3uires the participation of molecular o#ygen.
*8+. 1hich of the following statements is true?
A. A'( stimulates phosphofructokinase-1 and inhibits fructose-1&,-bisphosphatase.
B. A4( stimulates both phosphofructokinase-1 and fructose-1&,-bisphosphatase.
. * A4( stimulates phosphofructokinase-1 and inhibits fructose-1&,-
bisphosphatase.
!. itrate stimulates phosphofructokinase-1 and inhibits fructose-1&,-
bisphosphatase.
". itrate stimulates phosphofructokinase-1 and glucose-,-phosphatase.
*8.. 1hich of the following steps from glycolysis is performed by a different en2yme
in gluconeogenesis?
A. Isomerase
B. * (hosphofructokinase /(DE0
. :lyceraldehyde-*-( dehydrogenase
!. "nolase
". Aldolase
*8,. 1hich of the following substances are %A' stored in the body?
A. * Amino acids
B. :lycogen
. 'riglycerides
!. holesterol
*87. 1hich of the following substances is produced in limited 3uantities in glycolysis
as a result of the metabolism of e#cessive amounts of alcohol /ethanol0?
A. * %A!B
B. 5ipids
. :lucose
!. :lycogen
". All of the above
*88. 1hich of these cofactors participates directly in most of the o#idation-reduction
reactions in the fermentation of glucose to lactate?
A. A!(
B. A'(
. DA!-DA!B$
!. :lyceraldehyde *-phosphate
". * %A!@-%A!B
*8;. 1hich of these does not occur for about four hours after a meal?
A. :lucose enters cells and is either used or stored as glycogen or fat.
B. * Datty acids and glycerol combine to form fat& which when absorbed is deposited
in adipose tissue.
. Amino acids are used in protein synthesis& some are used for energy and some are
converted to fats and carbohydrates.
!. :lycerol is converted to glucose& fatty acids are converted to acetyl-oA& and
acetyl-oA is used to produce ketone bodies.
". All of the above
*;?. 1hich one of the following is a rate limiting en2yme of gluconeogenesis?
A. Be#okinase
B. (hsophofructokinase
. * (yruvate carbo#ylase
!. (yruvate kinase
". :lucokinase
*;1. 1hich one of the following is %A' a maJor factor in pancreatic o-cell dysfunction
in patients with type $ diabetes mellitus?
A. "nvironmental factors.
B. :enetic factors.
. 5ipoto#icity.
!. :lucoto#icity.
". * Insulin to#icity.
*;$. 1hich one of the following would not be a characteristic of the postabsorptive
state which occurs late in the morning& late in the afternoon or early in the morning
before breakfast?
A. * :lycogen is broken down to produce glucose.
B. Amino acids are used to synthesi2e proteins.
. 'riglycerides in adipose tissue break down to glycerol and fatty acids
!. 5actic acid is produced and then converted to glucose in the liver.
*;*. 1hich statement is true regarding the Qlactate-anaerobic thresholdM phenomenon?
A. An increase in ventilation is caused by an decrease in both B@ and pA$
B. It is a poor predictor of marathon performance
. 'he power output at which it occurs is decreased with endurance training
!. It is a good indicator of the onset of anaerobic metabolism
". * 'heoretically& a sharp increase in blood lactate& ventilation& and SA$-SA$ all
occur at the lactate threshold
*;+. 1hich substance causes muscles to ache during strenuous e#ercise?
A. (yruvic acid
B. 5actose dehydrogenase
. 5actate ion
!. * 5actic acid
*;.. 1hich two factors regarding sports drinks affect gastric emptying the most)
A. * Solume& amount of glucose
B. 'emperatureG carbonation
. SolumeG temperature
!. Amount of glucoseG carbonation
*;,. erebonic acid is present in
A. 'riglycerides
B. * erebrosides
. "sterified cholestrol
!. 6phingomyelin
". :lycerophospholipids
*;7. "nergetic function in the organism play the following lipids& e#cept)
A. tryacylglycerol
B. saturated fatty acids
. diacylglycerol
!. monounsaturated fatty acids
". * cholesterol
*;8. In glycerophospholipids& a polyunsaturated fatty acid is commonly attached to
which of the following carbon atom of glycerol?
A. arbon 1
B. * arbon $
. Both /A0 and /B0
!. arbon *
". %one of these
*;;. 'he highest phospholipids content is found in
A. hylomicrons
B. S5!5
. 5!5
!. * B!5
". B and !
+??. 1hich of the following is not essential fatty acid?
A. * Aleic acid
B. 5inoleic acid
. Arachidonic acid
!. 5inolenic acid
". Both /A0 and /B0
+?1. CCCCC are the simplest lipids but they may be a part of or a source of many
comple# lipids.
A. 'riglycerols
B. arbohydrates
. 'erpenes
!. * Datty acids
". 1a#es
+?$. 1 molecule of palmitic acid on total o#idation to A$ will yield molecules of A'(
/as high energy bonds0)
A. * 1$;
B. 1.+
. 8*
!. $.
". $$;
+?*. ; indicates a double bond between carbon atoms of the fatty acids)
A. 8 and ;
B. * ; and 1?
. ; and 11
!. ; and 1$
+?+. A digestive secretion that does not contain any digestive en2yme is
A. 6aliva
B. :astric Juice
. (ancreatic Juice
!. * Bile
". A and !
+?.. A fatty acid which is not synthesi2ed in human body and has to be supplied in the
diet)
A. (almitic acid
B. Aleic acid
. * 5inoleic acid
!. 6tearic acid
". All of these
+?,. A reserve fats in the fat depot mainly are)
A. * tryacylglycerols
B. phospholipids
. cholesterol
!. fatty acids
". glycolipids
+?7. Acetyl oA carbo#ylase regulates fatty acid synthesis by which of the following
mechanism?
A. Allosteric regulation
B. ovalent modification
. Induction and repression
!. * All of these
". %one of these
+?8. acids into mitochondria
A. It can be synthesi2ed in the human body
B. It can be synthesi2ed from methionine and lysine
. * It is re3uired for transport of short chain fatty
!. Its deficiency can occur due to haemodialysis
". A and B
+?;. After entering cytosol& free fatty acids are bound to
A. Albumin
B. :lobulin
. * H-protein
!. All of these
". %one of these
+1?. All of the following occur during synthesis of ether lipids e#cept)
A. "sterification of an acyl group from fatty acyl oA to dihydro#yacetone
phosphate
B. !isplacement of 1-acyldihydro#yacetone phosphate by a fatty alcohol
. * A#idation of the keto group of 1-acyldihydro#yacetone by %A!(B
!. "sterification of 1-alkylglycero-*-phosphate to produce 1-alkyl-$-acylglycero-*-
phosphate
+11. All the following can be o#idi2ed by ?-o#idation e#cept
A. (almitic acid
B. * (hytanic acid
. 5inoleic acid
!. Datty acids having an odd number of carbon atoms
". B and !
+1$. All the following have 18 carbon atoms e#cept
A. 5inoleic acid
B. 5inolenic acid
. * Arachidonic acid
!. 6tearic acid
". B and only
+1*. All the following statements about brown adipose tissue are true e#cept
A. It is rich in cytochromes
B. It o#idi2es glucose and fatty acids
. * A#idation and phosphorylation are tightly coupled in it
!. !initrophenol has no effect on it
". and !
+1+. Amphiphatic lipids are
A. Bydrophilic
B. Bydrophobic
. * Both /A0 and /B0
!. 5ipophilic
". All of these
+1.. Arachidonic acid contains the number of double bonds)
A. $
B. *
. * +
!. .
". 1
+1,. Bile acids are metabolic products of )
A. * cholesterol
B. phospholipids
. tryglycerins
!. glycogen
". glycolipids
+17. Bile is produced by
A. * 5iver
B. :all-bladder
. (ancreas
!. Intestine
". All of the above
+18. Biological functions of lipids include
A. 6ource of energy
B. Insulating material
. 4aintenance of cellular integrity
!. * All of these
". A and only
+1;. $$ and $+& fatty acids re3uired for the synthesis of sphingolipids in brain are
formed by
A. !e novo synthesis
B. * 4icrosomal chain elongation
. 4itochondrial chain elongation
!. All of these
". A and B
+$?. arnitine is re3uired for the transport of
A. 'riglycerides out of liver
B. 'riglycerides into mitochondria
. 6hort chain fatty acids into mitochondria
!. * 5ong chain fatty acids into mitochondria
". and !
+$1. ephalin consists of
A. :lycerol& fatty acids& phosphoric acid and choline
B. * :lycerol& fatty acids& phosphoric acid and ethanolamine
. :lycerol& fatty acids& phosphoric acid and inositol
!. :lycerol& fatty acids& phosphoric acid and 6erine
". :lycerol& fatty acids& hydrochloric acid and ethanolamine
+$$. eramide is a precursor to which of the following compounds?
A. (hosphatidyl serine
B. * 6phingomyelin
. (hosphatidyl glycerol
!. (hosphatidyl choline
". (hosphatidyl ethanolamine
+$*. erebrosides are composed of
A. 6phingosine& fatty acids& glycerol and phosphoric acid
B. * 6phingosine& fatty acids& galactose
. :lycerol& fatty acids& galactose
!. :lycerol& fatty acids& galactose& sphingol
". Both /A0 and /B0
+$+. urrent concepts concerning the intestinal absorption of triacylglycerols are that
A. 'hey must be completely hydrolysed before the constituent fatty acids can be
absorbed
B. * 'hey are hydrolysed partially and the material absorbed consists of free fatty
acids& mono and diacyl glycerols and unchanged triacyl glycerols
. Datty acids with less than 1? carbon atoms are absorbed about e3ually via lymph
and via portal blood
!. In the absence of bile the hydrolysis of triacyl glycerols is absorbed
". B and !
+$.. !epot fats of mammalian cells comprise mostly of
A. holesterol
B. holesterol esters
. * 'riacyl glycerol
!. (hospholipids
". All of these
+$,. !ietary triacylglycerols are digested as a result of
A. 5ipase action
B. Bile salts
. 4icelle formation
!. !iffusion and absorption by intestinal cells
+$7. !ipalmitoyl lecithin acts as
A. (latelet activating factor
B. 6econd messenger for hormones
. * 5ung surfactant
!. Anti-ketogenic compound
". All of the above
+$8. !uring each cycle of ? -o#idation
A. Ane carbon atom is removed from the carbo#yl end of the fatty acid
B. Ane carbon atom is removed from the methyl end of the fatty acid
. * 'wo carbon atoms are removed from the carbo#yl end of the fatty acid
!. 'wo carbon atoms are removed from the methyl end of the fatty acid
". 'hree carbon atoms are removed from the carbo#yl end of the fatty acid
+$;. !uring each cycle of ?-o#idation of fatty acid& all the following compounds are
generated e#cept
A. %A!B
B. * B$A
. DA!
!. Acyl oA
". Both B and
+*?. !uring fatty acid metabolism in humans& coen2yme A /oA0 is different from
acyl carrier protein /A(0 in which one of the following ways?
A. Binding of malonic acid with a phosphopantetheine
B. Binding of fatty acids
. * Dunction in fatty acid o#idation
!. Dunction in the cytosol
". Dunction in fatty acid synthesis
+*1. !uring the fed state& which of the following occur/s0?
A. Insulin inhibition of stored triacylglycerolsF hydrolysis
B. Insulin stimulation of malonyl oA formation
. Allosteric inhibition of carnitine acyltransferase I
". A and only
+*$. !uring the fed state& which of the following occur/s0?
A. Insulin inhibition of stored triacylglycerolsF hydrolysis
B. Insulin stimulation of malonyl oA formation
. Allosteric inhibition of carnitine acyltransferase I
". A and only
+**. Datty acids are activated to acyl oA by the en2yme thiokinase)
A. %A!@
B. %A!(@
. * oA
!. DA!@
". oO
+*+. Datty acids are o#idi2ed by
A. ??-o#idation
B. ??-o#idation
. ??-o#idation
!. * All of these
". %one of these
+*.. Datty acids are o#idi2ed in the CCCCCCCCCCC.
A. * mitochondrial matri#
B. cytosol
. endoplasmic reticulum
!. mitochondrial inner membrane space
". nucleus
+*,. Datty acids having chain length of 1? carbon atoms enter the
A. * (ortal ciruclation
B. 5acteals
. 6ystemic circulation
!. olon
". Both /A0 and /c0
+*7. Datty acids re3uired in the diet of mammals are called
A. Important
B. !ietary
. 6aturated
!. * "ssential
". "sters
+*8. Datty liver may be caused by
A. !eficiency of methionine
B. (uromycin
. hronic alcoholism
!. * All of these
". A and
+*;. Datty liver may be prevented by all of the following e#cept
A. holine
B. Betaine
. 4ethionine
!. * "thionine
". A and
++?. Dluidity of membranes is increased by the following constituent e#cept
A. * (olyunsaturated fatty acids
B. 6aturated fatty acids
. Integral proteins
!. holesterol
++1. Dor every $ mol of free glycerol released by lipolysis of triacylglycerides in
adipose tissue
A. $ mol of triacylglycerides is released
B. $ mol of free fatty acids is released
. * 1 mol of glucose can be synthesi2ed in gluconeogenesis
!. 1 mol of triacylglyceride is released
". * mol of acyl oA is produced
++$. Dor e#tramitochondrial fatty acid synthesis& acetyl oA may be obtained from
A. * itrate
B. Isocitrate
. A#aloacetate
!. 6uccinate
". 6uccsinil-oA
++*. Dor the activation of long chain fatty acids the en2yme thiokinase re3uires the
cofactor)
A. 4g@@
B. * a@@
. 4n@@
!. E@
". De@@
+++. Dree fatty acids are transported in the blood
A. * ombined with albumin
B. ombined with fatty acid binding protein
. ombined with ??-lipoprotein
!. In unbound free salts
". ombined with ??-lipoprotein
++.. :lycerol is transformed into active form with the en2yme)
A. phosphatidate phosphatase
B. * glycerol kinase
. glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase
!. glycerol phosphate acyltransferase
". diglyceride-acyl-transferase
++,. :lycerol released from adipose tissue by hydrolysis of triglycerides is mainly
A. * 'aken up by liver
B. 'aken up by e#trahepatic tissues
. Keutilised in adipose tissue
!. "#creted from the body
". All of the above
++7. :lycosphingolipids are a combination of
A. * eramide with one or more sugar residues
B. :lycerol with galactose
. 6phingosine with galactose
!. 6phingosine with phosphoric acid
++8. Bepatic lipogenesis is stimulated by)
A. cA4(
B. :lucagon
. "pinephrine
!. * Insulin
". B and !
++;. Bepatoenteral circulation of bile acids has such aim as)
A. fats resynthesis
B. formation of chylomicrons
. * economical usage of bile acids
!. cholesterol absorption
". glycerol absorption
+.?. Bepatoenteral circulation of bile acids is important for)
A. fat resynthesis
B. formation of chylomicrons
. * economical usage of bile acids
!. cholesterol absorption
". glycerin absorption
+.1. Bigher alcohol present in wa#es is
A. Ben2yl
B. 4ethyl
. "thyl
!. * etyl
+.$. Bow many cycles of ? -o#idation are re3uired to completely process a saturated
18 fatty acid?
A. ,
B. * 8
. ;
!. 18
". 1?
+.*. Bow many cycles of ?-o#idation are re3uired to completely process a saturated
18 fatty acid?
A. ,
B. * 8
. ;
!. 18
". 7
+.+. Bow many en2ymes are there in the palmitate synthase multien2yme comple#?
A. .
B. $
. *
!. 1?
". * 7
+... Bow many OB$ and %A!B are produced by one round of the ?-o#idation
pathway?
A. * 1 each
B. 1 OB$ and $ %A!B
. $ each
!. $ OB$ and 1 %A!B
". all of the above
+.,. Buman desaturase en2yme system cannot introduce a double bond in a fatty acid
beyond
A. * arbon ;
B. arbon ,
. arbon .
!. arbon *
". arbon 7
+.7. Bydrolysis of fats by alkali is called
A. 6aponification number
B. * 6aponification
. Both /A0 and /B0
!. 5ipolysis
". %one of these
+.8. If the carbonyl carbon of a fatty acyl oA molecule with a 1? chain is labeled
with 1+& how many rounds of ?-o#idation are re3uired to produce a radioactively
labeled acetyl oA?
A. * one
B. two
. four
!. five
". si#
+.;. In adipose tissue& glycerol-*-phosphate re3uired for the synthesis of triglycerides
comes mainly from
A. Bydrolysis of pre-e#isting triglycerides
B. Bydrolysis of phospholipids
. * !ihydro#yacetone phosphate formed in.glycolysis
!. Dree glycerol
". All of the above
+,?. In cephalin& choline is replaced by
A. 6erine
B. * "thanolamine
. Betaine
!. 6phingosine
". Both B and
+,1. In humans& a dietary essential fatty acid is
A. (almitic acid
B. 6tearic acid
. Aleic acid
!. * 5inoleic acid
". All of the above
+,$. In humans& the formation of the fatty acid -18-?;&?1$ can be derived from which
of the following?
A. -18 cis-?;
B. -18 cis- ? ,
. -18
!. -1, cis- ? ,& ? ;
". * -18 cis- ? ;& ? 1$
+,*. In mammals& the maJor fat in adipose tissues is
A. (hospholipid
B. holesterol
. 6phingolipids
!. * 'riacylglycerol
". All of the above
+,+. In neutral fats& the unsaponificable matter includes
A. * Bydrocarbons
B. 'riacylglycerol
. (hospholipids
!. holsesterol
". Datty acids
+,.. In o#idation of fatty acids with odd number of carbon atoms propionyl-oA is
transformed to)
A. malonyl-oA
B. * succinyl-oA
. enoil-oA
!. butyryl-oA
". acetacetyl-oA
+,,. In synthesis of 'riglyceride from :lycerol *-phosphate and acetyl oA& the first
intermediate formed is
A. ?-diacyl glycerol
B. Acyl carnitine
. 4onoacyl glycerol
!. * (hosphatidic acid
+,7. In the construction of li3uid lipids prevail)
A. saturated fatty acids
B. * unsaturated fatty acids
. dicarbo#ylic acids
!. keto acid
". hydro#ide acids
+,8. In the e#tra mitochondrial synthesis of fatty acids& A$ is utili2ed
A. 'o keep the system anaerobic and prevent regeneration of acetyl oA
B. In the conversion of malonyl to oA hydro#ybutyryl oA
. * In the conversion of acetyl oA to malonyl oA
!. In the formation of acetyl oA from 1 carbon intermediates
+,;. In ??-o#idation of fatty acids which of the following are utili2ed as co-en2ymes?
A. %A!@ and %A!(@
B. DA! B$ and %A!B @ B@
. DA! and D4%
!. * DA! and %A!@
". All of these
+7?. Isoprenoids are lipids which do not contain nor are derived from fatty acids and
include
A. 6teroids
B. 1a#es
. 'erpenes
!. * a and c
". a& b& and c
+71. 5ecithin belongs to)
A. neutral fat
B. * phospholipids
. wa#es
!. steroids
". glycolipids
+7$. 5ecithins are composed of
A. * :lycerol @ Datty acids @ (hosphoric acid @ holine
B. :lycerol @ Datty acids @ (hosphoric acid @ "thanolamine
. :lycerol @ Datty acids @ (hosphoric acid @ 6erine
!. :lycerol @ Datty acids @ (hosphoric acid @ Beaine
". All of these
+7*. 5ike plasmologens& sphingolipids are found in relative abundance in
A. Bacteria
B. (lant cells
. * %erve cells
!. Intestinal cells
". All of the above
+7+. 5ipase can act only at pB)
A. $..P+
B. *..P.
. + to .
!. * .P7
". 8-;
+7.. 5ipase present in the stomach cannot hydroly2e fats owing to
A. Alkalinity
B. Acidity
. * Bigh acidity
!. %eutrality
+7,. 5ipid stores are mainly present in
A. 5iver
B. Brain
. 4uscles
!. * Adipose tissue
". A and !
+77. 5ipids are stored in the body mainly in the form of
A. (hospholipids
B. :lycolipids
. * 'riglycerides
!. Datty acids
". holesterol
+78. 5ipids have the following properties)
A. Insoluble in water and soluble in fat solvent
B. Bigh energy content
. 6tructural component of cell membrane
!. * All of these
". A and only
+7;. 5ipids may be either hydrophobic or
A. Bydrophilic
B. Arganic
. Inorganic
!. * Amphipathic
". 6oluble in polar solvents
+8?. 5isophospholipids& formed after action of phospholipase A$& have the following
feature)
A. activate lipase
B. * hemolytic
. form conJugates with bile acids
!. participate in phospholipids resynthesis
". accompany absorption of fatty acids
+81. 5ong chain acyl oA penetrates mitochondria in the presence of
A. (almitate
B. * arnitine
. 6orbitol
!. !%(
". cA4(
+8$. 5ong chain fatty acids are first activated to acetyl-oA in
A. * ytosol
B. 4icrosomes
. %ucleus
!. 4itochondria
". "(K
+8*. 5ong chain fatty acids are first activated to acyl oA in the
A. * ytosol
B. 4itochodria
. Kibosomes
!. 4icrosome
". "(K
+8+. 5ong chain fatty acids penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane
A. Dreely
B. As acyl-oA derivative
. * As carnitine derivative
!. Ke3uiring %a dependent carrier
". As lipoproteins
+8.. 5ysolecithin is formed from lecithin by removal of
A. Datty acid from position 1
B. * Datty acid from position $
. (hosphorylcholine
!. holine
". %one of these
+8,. 4alonyl-oA reacts with the central
A. * X6B group
B. X%B$ group
. XAAB group
!. XB$AB group
". and !
+87. 4a#imum energy produced by
A. * Dats
B. arbohydrates
. (roteins
!. %ucleic acids
". All of these
+88. 4itochondrial lipogenesis re3uires
A. bicarbonate
B. biotin
. acetyl oA carbo#ylase
!. * %A!(B
". Both /A0 and /B0
+8;. 4itochondrial membrane is permeable to
A. * 6hort chain fatty acids
B. 4edium chain fatty acids
. 5ong chain fatty acids
!. All of these
". A and B
+;?. 4itochondrial thiokinase acts on
A. * 6hort chain of fatty acids
!. A and B
". All of these
+;1. 4ost animal tissues contain appreciable amounts of lipid& when in the form of
depot fat it consists largely of
A. holesterol ester
B. (hosphatides
. hylomicrons
!. * 'riacylglycerol
+;$. 4ost of the reducing e3uivalents utili2ed for synthesis of fatty acids can be
generated from
A. * 'he pentose phosphate pathway
B. :lycolysis
. 'he citric acid cycle
!. 4itochondrial malate dehydrogenase
". itrate lyase
+;*. %A!(B re3uired for fatty acid synthesis can come from
A. (entose phosphate shunt
B. A#idative decarbo#ylation of malate
. "#tramitochondrial o#idation of isocitrate
!. * All of these
". A and B
+;+. %et A'( generation on complete o#idation of stearic acid is
A. 1$;
B. 1*1
. * 1+,
!. 1+8
". 1$?
+;.. %et energy generation on complete o#idation of linoleic acid is
A. 1+8 A'( e3uivalents
B. 1+, A'( e3uivalents
. 1++ A'( e3uivalents
!. * 1+$ A'( e3uivalents
". 1*8 A'( e3uivalents
+;,. %et generation of energy on complete o#idation of palmitic acid is
A. 1$; A'( e3uivalents
B. 1*1 A'( e3uivalents
. 1+, A'( e3uivalents
!. * 1+8 A'( e3uivalents
". 118 A'( e3uivalents
+;7. %et generation of energy on complete o#idation of a 17-carbon fatty acid is
A. "3ual to the energy generation from a 1,-carbon fatty acid
B. "3ual to the energy generation from an 18-carbon fatty acid
. * 5ess than the energy generation from a 1,-carbon fatty acid
!. In between the energy generation from a1,-carbon fatty acid and an 18-carbon
fatty acid
+;8. %iemann-(ick disease results from deficiency of
A. eramidase
B. * 6phingomyelinase
. Arylsulphatase A
!. Be#osaminidase A
". 5ipase
+;;. %ormal fat content of liver is about CCCCCCC gms Y.
A. * .
B. 8
. 1?
!. 1.
". ..
.??. %umber of carbon atoms in cholesterol is
A. 17
B. 1;
. * $7
!. *?
". $.
.?1. Ane functional sub-unit of multi-en2yme comple# for de novo synthesis of fatty
acids contains
A. Ane X6B group
B. * 'wo X6B groups
. 'hree X6B groups
!. Dour X6B groups
". Dive X6B groups
.?$. A#idation of fatty acids occurs
A. In the cytosol
B. * In the matri# of mitochondria
. An inner mitochondrial membrane
!. An the microsomes
". In the "(K
.?*. (ancreatic lipase converts triacylglycerols into
A. $& *-!iacylglycerol
B. 1-4onoacylglycerol
. * $-4onoacylglycerol
!. *-4onoacylglycerol
". B and only
.?+. (ancreatic lipase re3uires for its activity)
A. o-lipase
B. Bile salts
. (hospholipids
!. * A and b only
". All of these
.?.. (ancreatic lipose is an en2yme which hydroly2es fats. It acts as a-an
A. peptidase
B. * hydrolase
. carbohydrates
!. dehydrogenase
.?,. (hosphatidic acid on hydrolysis yields
A. :lycerol& fatty acids& phosphoric acid& choline
B. * :lycerol& fatty acids& phosphoric acid
. :lycerol& fatty acids& phosphoric acid& glucose
!. 6phingol& fatty acids& phosphoric acid
". Both /A0 and /B0
.?7. (hospholipase A$ is an en2yme which removes a fatty acid residue from lecithin
to form
A. 5ecithin fragments
B. (hosphotidic acid
. :lyceryl phosphate
!. * 5ysolecithin
". Both A and !
.?8. (hospholipids are important cell membrane components because
A. 'hey have glycerol
B. 'hey can form bilayers in water
. * 'hey have both polar and non polar potions
!. 'hey combine covalently with proteins
". All of these
.?;. (hospholipids form bilipid layer of cellular membranes as a result of)
A. hydrophilic features
B. hydrophobic features
. construction comple#ity
!. * amphiphilic features
". molecules stability
.1?. (hospholipids help the o#idation of
A. :lycerol
B. * Datty acids
. :lycerophosphates
!. :lucose
". %one of these
.11. (hospholipids in the organism perform such functions& e#cept)
A. are a part of cellular membranes
B. * have atherosclerotic properties
. have antiatherosclerotic activity
!. are lipotropic factors
". participate in the formation of blood lipoproteins
.1$. (lasma becomes milky
A. !ue to high level of B!5
B. !ue to high level of 5!5
. !uring fasting
!. * After a meal
". All of the above
.1*. (olar heads of glycerophospholipids may be
A. @ charged
B. - charged
. %eutral
!. A mi#ture of @ and - charges& but not neutral
.1+. (roperties of acetyl oA-carbo#ylase include)
A. Activation by fatty acyl oA
B. (hosphorylation and inactivation by glucagon in adipocytes
. Inactivation of its phosphorylation by epinephrine in the liver
!. All of the above
.1.. (ropionyl oA formed o#idation of fatty acids having an odd number of carbon
atoms is converted into
A. Acetyl oA
B. Acetoacetyl oA
. * !-4ethylmalonyl oA
!. Butyryl oA
.1,. (ropionyl oA is formed on o#idation of
A. 4onounsaturated fatty acids
B. (olyunsaturated fatty acids
. * Datty acids with odd number of carbon atoms
!. All of these
". %one of these
.17. KefsumMs disease results from a defect in the following pathway e#cept
A. * Alpha-o#idation of fatty acids
B. Beta-o#idation of fatty acids
. :amma-o#idation of fatty acids
!. Amega-o#idation of fatty acids
". %one of these
.18. Kelease of free fatty acids from adipose tissue is increased by all of the following
e#cept
A. :lucagon
B. "pinephrine
. :rowth hormone
!. * Insulin
". and !
.1;. Keserve fat in the fat depot mainly belong to)
A. * tryacylglycerols
B. phospholipids
. cholesterol
!. fatty acids
". glycolipids
.$?. 6aliva contains a lipase which acts on triglycerides having
A. * 6hort chain fatty acids
!. All of these
". A and B only
.$1. 6alivary lipase converts dietary triglycerides into
A. * !iglycerides and fatty acids
B. 4onoglycerides and fatty acids
. :lycerol and fatty acids
!. All of these
". A and b only
.$$. 6alivary lipase hydrolyses the ester bond at
A. (osition 1 of triglycerides
B. (osition $ of triglycerides
. * (osition * of triglycerides
!. All of these
". A and b only
.$*. 6alivary lipase is secreted by
A. (arotid glands
B. 6ubmandibular glands
. * !orsal surface of tongue
!. %one of these
". A and B
.$+. 6phingomyelins)
A. * (hospholipids
B. omple# proteins
. %itrolipids
!. Alcohols
". %one of these
.$.. 6phingosine is synthesi2ed from
A. (almitoyl oA and holine
B. (almitoyl oA and ethanolamine
. * (almitoyl oA and serine
!. Acetyl oA and choline
". %one of above
.$,. 6plitting off acetyl-oA in the final reaction of ?-o#idation of fatty acids is
performed by the en2yme)
A. dehydrogenase
B. enolase
. hydrase
!. lipase
". * thiolase /acetyl-oA-acyltransferase0
.$7. 6terols are steroids which have
A. A hydro#yl group at position -17
B. * A hydro#yl group at position -*
. 'he ability to accumulate as pla3ues in blood vessels
!. . fused rings instead of + fused rings
". Bydro#yl groups at both position -* and -17
.$8. 'he Qfree fatty acidsM /DDA0 of plasma)
A. metabolically inert
B. mainly bound to alfa -lipoproteins
. stored in the fat
!. * mainly bound to serum albumin
". All of the above
.$;. 'he acids which are irreplaceable /essential0 for human organism)
A. lipoic acid& stearic acid& palmitic acid
B. oleic acid& linoleic acid& linolenic acid
. palmitic acid& stearic acid& arachidonic acid
!. * arachidonic acid& linolenic acid& linoleic acid
". butyric acid& oleic acid& linolenic acid
.*?. 'he amount of total lipids in blood is)
A. * *-8 g-l
B. .-1? g-l
. $-* g-l
!. 1.-$? g-l
". 7-1$ g-l
.*1. 'he bile acids in bile are in conJugated condition with)
A. cholesterol
B. bilirubin
. glycine and alanine
!. * glycine and taurine
". taurine and valine
.*$. 'he carbon chain of fatty acids is shortened by $ carbon atoms at a time. 'his
involves successive reactions catalysed by +-en2ymes. 'hese act the following order)
A. Acetyl oA dehydrogenase& ?-AB acyl oA dehydrogenase& enoyl hydrase&
thiolose
B. * Acyl oA dehydrogenase& thiolase& enoyl hydrase& ?-AB acyl oA
dehydrogenase
. Acyl oA dehydrogenase& thiolose& enoyl hydrase& ?-AB acyl oA
dehydrogenase
!. "noyl hydrase& ?-AB acyl oA dehydrogenase&acyl oA dehydrogenase& thiolose
.**. 'he citrate transport system is responsible for)
A. * 'ransporting from the mitochondrion to the cytosol.
B. :enerating cytosolic %A!(B from cytosolic %A!(@.
. Both a and b.
". 'ransporting from the cytosol to the mitochondrion.
.*+. 'he citrate transport system is responsible for)
A. 'ransporting acetyl oA from the mitochondrion to the cytosol.
B. :enerating cytosolic %A!(B from cytosolic %A!(@.
. * Both a and b.
!. :enerating cytosolic DA!B$.
.*.. 'he common precursor for the synthesis of triacylglycerols& phosphatidylcholine
and phosphatidyletanolamine is)
A. choline
B. !(-choline
. * 1&$-diacylglycerol
!. none of the above
". citrate
.*,. 'he common precursor for the synthesis of triacylglycerols& phosphatidylcholine
and phosphatidyletanolamine is)
A. choline
B. !(-choline
. * 1&$-diacylglycerol
!. none of the above
". citrate
.*7. 'he conversion of the fatty acid palmitate /1,0 to carbon dio#ide via ?-o#idation&
the citric acid cycle and o#idative phosphorylation yield appro#imately CCCCCC A'(
e3uivalents.
A. *
B. *$
. * 1?,
!. 8??
". +8
.*8. 'he desaturation and chain elongation system of polyunsaturated fatty acids are
greatly diminished in the absence of
A. * Insulin
B. :lycagon
. "pinephrine
!. 'hyro#ine
". and A
.*;. 'he elongation and desaturation of fatty acids take place)
A. * in the cytoplasm
B. in the matri# of mitochondria
. in the inner membranes of mitochondria
!. in the endoplasmic reticulum
". in the nucleus
.+?. 'he elongation of fatty acids occurs in which of the diagrammatic structures
shown below?
A. 6tructure A
B. 6tructure B
. * 6tructure
!. 6tructure !
". 6tructure "
.+1. 'he end product of cytosol fatty acid synthetase in humans is
A. Aleic acid
B. Arachidonic acid
. 5inoleic acid
!. * (almitic acid
". (almitoleic acid
.+$. 'he energy yield from complete o#idation of products generated by second
reaction cycle of ?-o#idation of palmitoyl oA will be
A. . A'(
B. 1$ A'(
. 17 A'(
!. * *+ A'(
". 1+ A'(
.+*. 'he en2yme acyl-oA synthase catalyses the conversion of a fatty acid of an
active fatty acid in the presence of
A. A4(
B. A!(
. * A'(
!. :'(
". :!(
.++. 'he en2ymes of ? -o#idation are found in
A. * 4itochondria
B. ytosol
. :olgi apparatus
!. %ucleus
". "(K
.+.. 'he fatty acid synthase comple# of mammals
A. Is a dimer of unsimilar subunits
B. Is composed of seven different proteins
. !issociates into eight different proteins
!. ataly2es eight different en2ymatic steps
". * Is composed of covalently linked en2ymes
.+,. 'he fatty acids containing even number and odd number of carbon atoms as well
as the unsaturated fatty acids are o#idi2ed by
A. ??-o#idation
B. * ??-o#idation
. ??-o#idation
!. All of these
". %one of these
.+7. 'he first o#idation in the alfa -o#idation of saturated fatty acids is cataly2ed by
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC and is the conversion ofCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)
A. alfa -hydro#yacyl-oA dehydrogenaseG a primary alcohol to an aldehyde.
B. * acyl-oA dehydrogenaseG a saturated to an unsaturated carbon-carbon bond.
. acyl-oA dehydrogenaseG a secondary alcohol to a ketone.
!. acyl-oA dehydrogenaseG an aldehyde to a ketone.
". acyl-oA dehydrogenaseG an alcohol to a ketone.
.+8. 'he first stage of acyl-oA dehydrogenating in mitochondria causes the formation
of)
A. alfa-keto-acyl-oA
B. acetyl-oA
. alfa-o#yacyl-oA
!. * enoil-oA
". acylcarnitine
.+;. 'he formation of lisophospholipids in the intestine is caused by the action of)
A. * phospholipase A1
B. phospholipase A$
. phospholipase
!. phospholipase !
". phospholipase B
..?. 'he function of pentose-phosphate cycle in the synthesis of fatty acids and
cholesterol is the following)
A. main energy source
B. source of acetyl-oA
. source of malonyl-oA
!. * source of %A!(B$
". source of %A!B$
..1. 'he hormone& that depresses the lipolysis in the fat tissue)
A. * insulin
B. epinephrine
. glucagon
!. thyro#in
". adrenocorticotropin
..$. 'he importance of phospholipids as constituent of cell membrane is because they
possess
A. Datty acids
B. * Both polar and nonpolar groups
. :lycerol
!. (hosphoric acid
". All of the above
..*. 'he largest lipoproteins are the CCCCCCCCCC.
A. * chylomicrons
B. S5!5s
. 5!5s
!. B!5s
..+. 'he level of free fatty acids in plasma is increased by
A. Insulin
B. * affeine
. :lucose
!. %iacin
". All of the above
.... 'he main function of the bile salts is to CCCCCCCCCC.
A. * emulsify lipids in the intestin
B. act as counterions for the ioni2ed forms of lipids
. cleave the ester bonds in triacylglycerols to release free fatty acids
!. form the surface layer of chylomicrons
..,. 'he main function of the bile salts is to CCCCCCCCCC.
A. * transport lipids to the intestinal wall
B. act as counterions for the ioni2ed forms of lipids
. cleave the ester bonds in triacylglycerols to release free fatty acids
!. form the surface layer of chylomicrons
". all of the above
..7. 'he main sources of %A!(B for fatty acid biosynthesis is)
A. 'A cycle
B. o#idative phosphorylation
. * the pentose phosphate pathway
!. glycolysis
". All of the above.
..8. 'he maJor lipid in chylomicrons is
A. * 'riglycerides
B. (hospholipids
. holesterol
!. Dree fatty acids
". A and B
..;. 'he maJor storage form of lipids is
A. "sterified cholesterol
B. :lycerophospholipids
. * 'riglycerides
!. 6phingolipids
". B and only
.,?. 'he ma#imum number of double bonds present in essential fatty acid is
A. 1
B. $
. *
!. * +
". 7
.,1. 'he nitrogenous base in lecithin is
A. "thanolamine
B. * holine
. 6erine
!. Betaine
". %one of above
.,$. 'he o#idation of glycerol in aerobic conditions to A$ and B$A causes the
formation of )
A. ; A'( molucules
B. 1 A'( molucules
. * A'( molucules
!. * $$ A'( molucules
". 1. A'( molucules
.,*. 'he product of lipids digestion are the following& e#cept)
A. glycerol
B. * serine
. phosphoric acid
!. fatty acids
". methionine
.,+. 'he rate of fatty acid o#idation is increased by
A. * (hospholipids
B. :lycolipids
. Aminolipids
!. All of these
". A and B
.,.. 'he reaction& (almitoyl-A(---I(almitate @ B6-A( proceeds via which of the
following en2ymes?
A. * 'hioesterase
B. Eetoacyl-A( synthase
. 'ransacylase
". arbo#ylase
.,,. 'he reaction& (almitoyl-A(---I(almitate @ B6-A( proceeds via which of the
following en2ymes?
A. * 'hioesterase
B. Eetoacyl-A( synthase
. 'ransacylase
!. All of the above
.,7. 'he substrate for fatty acids synthesis is)
A. * acetyl-oA
B. acyl-oA
. butiryl-oA
!. propionil-oA
". succinyl-oA
.,8. 'he triacyl glycerol present in plasma lipoproteins are hydroly2ed by
A. 5in3ual lipase
B. (ancreatic lipase
. olipase
!. * 5ipoprotein lipase
". Both B and !
.,;. 'here are four steps in the ?-o#idation pathway. 6ome reaction types are listed
below. :ive the proper reaction types in the order that they occur in the ?-o#idation
pathway. 1. condensation $. o#idation *. reduction +. thiolysis .. hydration ,.
phosphorylation 7. rearrangement
A. 1&7&$&$
B. ,&*&+&$
. 1&$&*&.
!. * 1&.&1&+
". 1&*&1&+
.7?. 'riacyl glycerol lipase of fat tissue is activated by)
A. adenosine triphosphate
B. guanosine triphosphate
. adenosine diphosphate
!. * cyclic adenosine monophosphate
". guanosine diphosphate
.71. 'riacylglycerols are not found in cell membranes because they are
A. Amphipathic
B. * %ot amphipathic
. %ot abundant in cells
!. a and c
". b and c
.7$. 'riacylglycerols cannot form lipid bilayers because they
A. Bave hydrophobic tails
B. * !o not have polar heads
. annot associate with cholesterol
!. Bave polar heads
". annot engage in hydrophobic interactions
.7*. 'riglycerides are
A. Beavier than water
B. 4aJor constituents of membranes
. * %on-polar
!. Bydrophilic
". and ! only
.7+. 'ryacylglycerollipase of fatty tissue is activated by)
.7.. 1a#es contain higher alcohols named as
A. 4ethyl
B. "thyl
. (hytyl
!. * etyl
.7,. 1hat is the maJor role of phospholipase A$?
A. 'o cleave the phosphate group from phospholipids.
B. 'o phosphorylate the en2yme enoyl-oA.
. * 'o hydroly2e an ester bond in glycerophospholipids to form
lysophosphoglyceride.
!. 'o transport glycerophospholipids in the blood.
.77. 1hat is the sub cellular site for the ?- o#idation of fatty acids?
A. %ucleus
B. * 4itochondria
. 5ysosome
!. ytosol
". All of the above
.78. 1here the resynthesis of lipids& proper for a human organism& takes place?
A. in the liver
B. in the kidney
. in the muscles
!. * in the intestinal epithelium
". in the spleen
.7;. 1hich dietary lipid usually contains no ester bonds?
A. * cholesterol
B. triacylglycerides
. glycerophospholipids
!. %one of the above& all dietary lipids are esterified.
". All of the above
.8?. 1hich en2yme is needed for the o#idation of odd-chain saturated fatty acids that
is not needed for even-chain fatty acids?
A. methylmalonyl-oA mutase
B. * propionyl-oA carbo#ylase
. methylmalonyl-oA racemase
!. all of the above
.81. 1hich en2yme is needed for the o#idation of odd-chain saturated fatty acids that
is not needed for even-chain fatty acids?
A. methylmalonyl-oA mutase
B. propionyl-oA carbo#ylase
. methylmalonyl-oA racemase
!. * all of the above
.8$. 1hich en2yme re3uires adenosylcobalamin as a cofactor?
A. carnitine acyl transferase I
B. * methylmalonyl-oA mutase
. enoyl-oA hydratase
!. propionyl-oA carbo#ylase
.8*. 1hich lipid form is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane before
alfa-o#idation?
A. * acylcarnitine
B. fatty acyl oA
. acetoacetyl oA
!. lysophospholipid oA
.8+. 1hich lipid form is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane before
alfa-o#idation?
A. * acylcarnitine
B. fatty acyl oA
. acetoacetyl oA
!. lysophospholipid oA
". all of the above
.8.. 1hich of the below-mentioned acids belongs to bile acids?
A. linoleic acid
B. arachidonic acid
. oleic acid
!. * cholic acid
". myristic acid
.8,. 1hich of the below-mentioned metabolites is formed by o#idation of fatty acids
with odd amount of carbon atoms)
A. * propionyl-oA
B. butyryl-oA
. malonyl-oA
!. enoil-oA
". acetacetyl-oA
.87. 1hich of the following can be o#idi2ed by alfa -o#idation pathway?
A. 6aturated fatty acids
B. 4onounsaturated fatty acids
. (olyunsaturated fatty acids
!. * All of these
". A and B
.88. 1hich of the following can be synthesi2ed in the human body if precurors are
available?
A. Aleic acid
B. (almitoleic acid
. Arachidonic acid
!. * A and B
". All of these
.8;. 1hich of the following does /do0 not occur during the fasting state?
A. Increased insulin levels
B. Inhibition of lipolysis
. An increase in the concentration of albumin-bound fatty acids in the blood
!. * a and b only
". All of the above
.;?. 1hich of the following is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
A. (almitic acid
B. (almitoleic acid
. * 5inoleic acid
!. Aleic acid
". All of these
.;1. 1hich of the following is a true statement for fatty acid synthesis?
A. It occurs in the mitochondria.
B. 'he reducing power for synthesis is supplied by %A! and ubi3uinone.
. Both a and b.
!. * %one of the above.
". It occurs in the lysosom.
.;$. 1hich of the following is a true statement for fatty acid o#idation?
A. It occurs in the cytosol.
B. A#idation re3uires a three carbon substrate& which transfers a two-carbon unit to
the chain.
. Both a and b.
!. * %one of the above.
". It occurs in the lysosom.
.;*. 1hich of the following is not a stage of fatty acid synthesis?
A. ondensation of precursors
B. !ehydration
. Keduction
!. All of the above
.;+. 1hich of the following is not used in the synthesis of fatty acids?
A. obalamin /vitamin B1$0
B. %A!(B
. A4(
!. * DA!B$
". BA*
.;.. 1hich of the following is not used in the synthesis of fatty acids?
A. obalamin /vitamin B1$0
B. %A!(B
. A4(
!. * DA!B$
". BA*
.;,. 1hich of the following is omega-* polyunsaturated fatty acid?
A. 5inoleic acid
B. * 5inolenic acid
. (almitoleic acid
!. Arachidonic acid
". A and B
.;7. 1hich of the following is re3uired as a reductant in fatty acid synthesis?
A. %A!B
B. * %A!(B
. DA!B$
!. D4%B$
". A and B
.;8. 1hich of the following is the regulated step of fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotes?
A. * arbo#ylation of acetyl oA.
B. 'ransportation of mitochondrial acetyl oA into the cytosol.
. Assembly of the fatty acid chain.
.;;. 1hich of the following is the regulated step of fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotes?
,??. 1hich of the following is true for carbo#ylation of Acetyl oA?
A. In animals and yeast& it re3uires three separate protein subunits.
B. It is a metabolically reversible reaction.
. In bacteria& it is cataly2ed by a bifunctional en2yme.
". * %one of the above.
,?1. 1hich of the following lipid is absorbed actively from intestine?
A. :lycerol
B. holesterol
. 4onoacylglycerol
!. * %one of these
". A and B
,?$. 1hich of the following statements correctly describes the en2yme thiokinase?
A. It yields acetyl oA as a product
B. It yields A!( as a product
. It yields oA as a product
!. * It forms oA thioesters as a product
". It re3uires I-ketoacyl oA as a substrate
,?*. 1hich one of the following compounds is a key intermediate in the synthesis of
both triacylglycerols and phospholipids?
A. !(-choline
B. * (hosphatidate
. 'riacylglyceride
!. (hosphatidylserine
". !(-diacylglycerol
,?+. 1hich one of the following compounds is a key intermediate in the synthesis of
both triacylglycerols and phospholipids?
A. !(-choline
B. * (hosphatidate
. 'riacylglyceride
!. (hosphatidylserine
". !(-diacylglycerol
,?.. 1hich one of the following is not a phospholipid?
A. 5ecithin
B. (lasmalogen
. 5ysolecithin
!. * :angliosides
". B and
,?,. 1hy are triacylglycerols able to provide more energy than carbohydrates /gram
for gram0?
A. 'he triacylglycerols have an e#tremely high group transfer potential.
B. * 'he carbohydrates are already in a more o#idi2ed state than the triacylglycerols.
. 'he carbohydrates contain fewer carbon-carbon bonds.
!. 'he triacylglycerols are less soluble in water than the carbohydrates.
". all of the above
,?7. 1hy is it undesirable to have high concentrations of free fatty acids and
lysophosphoglycerides in cells?
A. 'hey are unstable& free radicals that can react to form to#ic substances.
B. 'hey polymeri2e easily and can cause the cytosol to become too gel-like.
. * 'hey are amphipathic and act as detergents that can degrade membranes.
!. 'hey inhibit the uptake of pyruvate by mitochondria.
". all of the above
,?8. ?-A#idation of fatty acids re3uires all the following coen2ymes e#cept
A. oA
B. DA!
. %A!
!. * %A!(
". A and B
,?;. ?-A#idation of odd-carbon fatty acid chain produces
A. 6uccinyl oA
B. (ropionyl oA
. Acetyl oA
!. * 4alonyl oA
,1?. CCCCCCCacts to suppress appetite by inhibiting CCCCC that is the most powerful
known appetite stimulant.
A. :rowth hormoneG lipase
B. 6erotoninG adrenaline
. 5eptinG neuropeptide L
!. * InsulinG glucagon
,11. 8.Y of blood cholesterol is produced
A. * In the liver.
B. By the breakdown of worn out KBs in the spleen
. By the ingestion of too much chocolate in the diet.
!. Drom the breakdown of fatty acids in the digestive system.
,1$. A hylomicrons
A. S5!5
B. 5!5
. * B!5
!. Anly B
,1*. A compound normally used to conJugate bile acids is
A. 6erine
B. * :lycine
. :lucoronic acid
!. Datty acid
". holesterol
,1+. A good source of monounsaturated fats is
A. Dat associated with meat.
B. "gg yolks.
. 1hole milk
!. Dish oil.
". * Alive oil.
,1.. A human physiology student had learned all about diabetes and its symptoms. 6he
was presented with a case of an obese& middle-aged patient& recently diagnosed with 'ype
$ !iabetes. Indicate which of the following symptoms does %A' apply to this patient)
A. * Byperglycemia
B. :lucose present in the urine
. Insulin resistance
!. 4arked plasma insulin deficiency
". "#cessive urine production
,1,. A hydrocarbon formed in cholesterol synthesis is
A. 4evalonate
B. B4: oA
. * 63ualene
!. Hymosterol
". 5anosterol
,17. A lipoprotein associated with high incidence of coronary atherosclerosis is
A. * 5!5
B. S5!5
. I!5
!. B!5
,18. A lipoprotein inversely related to the incidence of coronary artherosclerosis is
A. S5!5
B. I!5
. 5!5
!. * B!5
". B and
,1;. A low density lipoproteins would contain
A. A high protein content.
B. A high cholesterol content
. A low lipid content.
!. A high lipid content.
". A high triacylglycerol content.
,$?. A maJor cause of atherosclerosis is)
A. * (la3ue.
B. Bigh density lipoproteins
. 9nsaturated fats.
!. 4onounsaturated fats.
". Sery low density lipoproteins
,$1. A metabolite which is common to pathways of cholesterol biosynthesis from
acetyl-oA and cholecalciferol formation from cholesterol is
A. Hymosterol
B. 5umisterol
. "rgosterol
!. * 7 !ehydrocholesterol
". 5anosterol
,$$. A total blood cholesterol concentration that is less than CCCCC mg-dl indicates a
low risk of developing B!& whereas a concentration that is greater than CCCCC mg-dl
indicates a high B! risk.
A. * *G ;
B. ,G ,
. 7G 8
!. 7&.G .
,$*. Acetoacetate transforms into acetone by means of)
A. !ehydrogenating
B. * !ecarbo#ylation
. Bydration
!. A#idation
". Keduction
,$+. Acetoacetate transforms into acetone by means of)
A. !ehydrogenating
. Bydration
!. A#idation
". Keduction
,$.. Activated lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase is essential for the conversion of
A. S5!5 remnants into 5!5
B. * %ascent B!5 into B!5
. B!5$ into B!5*
!. B!5* into B!5$
". S5!5 into B!5
,$,. Adiposogenital dystrophy is caused by the lack of secretion of)
A. A#ytocin
B. Sasopressin
. :onadotropic hormone
!. * 'hyrotropic hormone
". 4elanotropic hormone
,$7. All of the following are factors that increase oneFs risk of hypertension "T"(')
A. 5ack of e#ercise
B. :ender.
. A high-salt diet
!. * !iabetes.
". All of the above
,$8. All of the following are high in monounsaturated fatty acids "T"(')
A. 6afflower oil
B. anola oil.
. ashew nuts.
!. * Alive oil.
". All of the above
,$;. All of the following are risk factors for cardiovascular disease "T"(')
A. * 5ow blood pressure
B. Being overweight
. !iabetes mellitus
!. 6moking
,*?. All of the following are true regarding B!5-cholesterol levels "T"(')
A. 'hat regular physical activity increases B!5
B. 'hat a high saturated fat diet decreases B!5
. * 'hat a diet high in omega-* increases B!5
!. 'hat a high fiber diet increases B!5.
". All of the above
,*1. All of the following hormones would suppress appetite e#cept
A. 5eptin released by adipose cells
B. :hrelin produced in the stomach.
. holecystokinin produced during digestion
!. * Insulin.
". "pinephrin
,*$. All of the following tissue are capable of using ketone bodies e#cept
A. Brain
B. Kenal corte#
. * K.B..
!. ardiac muscle
". 6celetal muscle
,**. All the following can be o#idi2ed by o#idation e#cept
A. (almitic acid
B. * (hytanic acid
. 5inolic acid
!. Datty acids having an odd number of carbon atoms
". 5inolenic
,*+. All the following statements correctly describe ketone bodies e#cept
A. 'hey may result from starvation
B. 'hey are present at high levels in uncontrolled diabetes
. 'hey includeXAB ?-butyrate and acetone
!. * 'hey are utili2ed by the liver during long term starvation
". Anly A
,*.. An en2yme re3uired for the synthesis of ketone bodies as well as cholesterol is
A. Acetyl oA carbo#ylase
B. * B4: oA synthetase
. B4: oA reductase
!. B4: oA lyase
,*,. Answer both 3uestions a0 and b0. a0 Is the following triacylglycerol chiral? b0 Are
any of its hydrolysis products chiral?
A. A0 no b0 no
B. A0 yes b0 no
. * A0 yes b0 yes
!. A0 no b0 yes
,*7. Antio#idant have the ability to)
A. * 5evel the processes of free-radical o#idation of lipids
B. !epress ?-o#idation of fatty acids
. Activate fat decomposition
!. Activate the processes of pero#idation
". !epress ketogenesis
,*8. Arachidonic acid is classified as essential because it)
A. Is needed as a source of energy
B. Is needed as a source of ?-* acids
. * Is needed for synthesis of eicosanoids
!. an be converted to all of the other fatty acids
". Keadily acts as an antio#idant
,*;. Beta-o#idation results in the formation of)
A. (yruvate.
B. * Acetyl-oA.
. arbon mono#ide.
!. A#aloacetate.
,+?. By observation of a sick child were discovered phenomena of #anthomatosis& liver
increase& retinal hyperlipemia& pain in the stomach& hyperchilomicronemia. 1hat en2yme
activity malfunction possibly caused such pathology?
A. 5ipoprotein lipase
B. * 5ecithin cholesterol-acyltransferase
. 'issue tryglycerol lipase
!. 'issue dyglycerol lipase
". (ancreatic lipase
,+1. By o#idation of fatty acids with paired amount of carbohydrate atoms propionil-
oA is transformed to)
A. 4alonyl-oA
B. 6uccinyl-oA
. "noil-oA
!. Butyryl-oA
". Acetacetyl-oA
,+$. an Acetyl-oA directly be transported from the mitochondrial matri# to the
cytosol?
A. %o& o#aloacetate goes over to the cytosol and then acetyl-oA is produced
B. %o& o#aloacetate and acetyl-oA forms citrate which travels out to the cytosol
. Les& acetyl-oA is directly transferred into the cytosol
!. Les& o#aloacetate goes over to the cytosol and then acetyl-oA is produced
,+*. ardiovascular function is most commonly impaired by which disease?
A. Arteriosclerosis
B. Bypertension
. oronary heart disease
!. 6troke
,++. holesterol is a
A. Animal sterol
B. 4.D. $7 B+,A
. . methyl groups
!. * All of these
". %on produse energy
,+.. holesterol is a precursor for each of the following& e#cept)
A. Bile salts
B. Sitamin !
. 'estradiol
!. * Sitamin
". 5ipoproteins
,+,. holesterol is a precursor in the biogenesis of
A. Sitamin A
B. * Sitamin !
. Sitamin "
!. %one of these
". Sitamin E
,+7. holesterol is essential for normal membrane functions because it
A. annot be made by higher organisms& e.g. mammals
B. 6pans the thickness of the bilayer.
. Eeeps membranes fluid.
!. *ataly2es lipid flip-flop in the bilayer.
". (lugs up the cardiac arteries of older men.
,+8. holesterol is present in all of the following e#cept
A. "gg
B. Dish
. 4ilk
!. * (ulses
". 5iver
,+;. holesterol is transported from liver to e#trahepatic tissues by
A. hylomicrons
B. S5!5
. B!5
!. * 5!5
". arnitin
,.?. holesterol molecule has CCCCCCC carbon atoms.
A. * $7
B. $1
. 1.
!. 1$
". $
,.1. holesterol performs in the organism the following functions& but)
A. Is a part of cell membranes
B. 6ubstratum for bile acids synthesis
. 6ubstratum for ! vitamin synthesis
!. * Is a source of energy
". 6ubstratum for steroid hormones synthesis
,.$. holesterol& bile salts& vitamin ! and se# hormones are
A. 4ucolipids
B. :lycolipids
. (hospholipids
!. * Isoprenoid lipids
". 4ilk lipids
,.*. hylomicron remnants are catabolised in
A. Intestine
B. Adipose tissue
. 5iver
!. * 5iver and intestine
". 5ung
,.+. hylomicron& intermediate density lipoproteins /I!50& low density lipoproteins
/5!50 and very low density lipoproteins /S5!50 all are serum lipoproteins. 1hat is the
correct ordering of these particles from the lowest to the greatest density?
A. 5!5& I!5& S5!5& hylomicron
B. * hylomicron& S5!5& I!5& 5!5
. S5!5& I!5& 5!5& hylomicron
!. hylomicron& I!5& S5!5& 5!5
". I!5& hylomicron& S5!5& 5!5
,... ontributory& or secondary& risk factors for heart disease include
A. 6tress& obesity& diabetes.
B. * Beredity& age& high blood pressure
. :ender& physical inactivity& age
!. !iabetes& smoking& high cholesterol
". Anly
,.,. !rugs called statins are now used to decrease plasma cholesterol levels by
inhibiting the rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis. 'his step is cataly2ed by
B. * ?-ketothiolase
. Acyl carrier protein
!. B4:-oA reductase
". 'ransacylase
,.7. !uring the absorptive state& the primary source of energy for liver cell functions is
A. Eeto acids derived from amino acids.
B. * Eetone bodies derived from fatty acids.
. 5actic acid derived from muscle glycogen.
!. :lucose derived from intestinal absorption.
". (yruvate derived from glycolysis.
,.8. "levated plasma level of the following proJects against atherosclerosis)
A. hylomicrons
B. S5!5
. B!5
!. * 5!5
". A and B
,.;. "n2yme lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase /5A'0 performs the following
function)
A. * Kemoval of cholesterol from perifery tissues and its transportation to the liver
B. Dormation of chylomicrons
. Dormation of ?-lipoproteins
!. Kesynthesis of lipids
". Dormation of cell membranes structure
,,?. "#ercise can help reduce the risk of heart disease by)
A. Keducing the levels of B!5
B. * Increasing the levels of B!5
. Increasing the levels of 5!5
!. Increasing blood pressure
". Increasing the levels of S5!5
,,1. Damilial hypercholesterolemia is associated with loss of function due to defects
in )
A. * Bydro#ymethylglutaryl /B4:0-oA reductase.
B. hylomicrons.
. Bormone-sensitive lipase.
!. Keceptors for 5!5.
". 4evalonatereductase
,,$. Datty acid o#idation occurs mostly within mitochondria& but fatty acids canFt easily
cross the mitochondrial membrane. Bow do they pass?
A. Attached to alcohols
B. * As esters of carnitine
. As amides of glycine
!. Attached to esters of alcohols
". As bile acids or salts
,,*. Datty acids are activated to acyl-oAs and the acyl group is further transferred to
carnitine because)
A. Acyl-oAs easily cross the mitochondrial membrane& but the fatty acids
themselves will not.
B. Datty acids cannot be o#idi2ed by DA! unless they are in the acyl-carnitine form.
. arnitine is re3uired to o#idi2e %A!@ to %A!B.
!. * Acyl-carnitines readily cross the mitochondrial inner membrane& but acyl-oAs
do not.
". %one of the above is true.
,,+. Datty acids from hyaloplasm to mitochondria are transported with the help of)
A. * Albumins
B. hylomicrons
. Alfa- lipoproteins
!. (re-!-lipoproteins
". "- lipoproteins
,,.. Dluidity of membranes is increased by the following constituent e#cept
A. * (olyunsaturated fatty acids
. Integral proteins
!. holesterol
". 5anosterol
,,,. Dor e#tramitochondrial fatty acid synthesis& acetyl oA may be obtained from
A. * itrate
B. Isocitrate
. A#aloacetate
!. 6uccinate
". 5actat
,,7. Dor long-term storage glucose is converted to CCCCCC & while for short-term
storage& glucose is converted to CCCCCC.
A. * Dat& glycogen
B. :lycogen& ketone bodies
. :lycogen& protein
!. (yruvic acid& fat
". Dat& pyruvic acid
,,8. B!5 is synthesi2ed and secreted from
A. (ancreas
B. * 5iver
. Eidney
!. 4uscle
". 5ung
,,;. B!5 is synthesi2ed in
A. Adipose tissue
B. * 5iver
. Intestine
!. 5iver and intestine
". 4uscle tissue
,7?. Bigh cholesterol can be reduced by all of the following "T"(')
A. (roper nutrition.
B. !rug treatment.
. * "#ercise.
!. Increasing saturated fat
,71. Bormone& which increase the activity of lipolysis in fatty tissue)
A. * "pinephrine
B. (arathyroid hormone
. Insulin
!. Sasopressin
". (rostaglandins
,7$. Bow many en2ymes are there in the palmitate synthase multiferment comple#?
A. * .
B. $
. *
!. 1?
". 7
,7*. In order to estimate your 1?-year risk for cardiovascular disease& you need to
know all of the following "T"(')
A. Lour systolic blood pressure
B. Lour weight.
. * Lour age.
!. Lour total cholesterol.
". Lour total glucose
,7+. In terms of B! risk& which of the following is undesirable?
A. * Bigh B!5
B. 5ow B!5
. Both low B!5 and high 5!5 together
!. Bigh 5!5
". 5ow S5!5
,7.. In the blood of a patient is decreased amount of phospholipids& increased
concentration of cholesterol& observed the symptoms of prostaglandin lack. 1hat can
cause such events?
A. 5imited usage of carbohydrate
B. * 5imited usage of polysaturated fat acids
. ! hypovitaminosis
!. "#cess of lipids in food
". "#cess of carbohydrates in food
,7,. In the organism of a patient as a result of vitamin B1$ deficiency has evolved fatty
hepatosis. 1hat is the reasone for this?
A. 5ecithin synthesis violation
B. Baemopoiesis violation
. "#cessive usage of butter
!. * 5ack of inner astleFs factor
". Eetone bodies synthesis violation
,77. In the process of ketogenesis and cholesterol genesis is formed general metabolite.
%ame it)
A. 4evalonic acid
B. 4alonyl EoA
. 6uccinil EoA
!. * !-o#y---?metil-glutaryl oA
". "-o#y---?citryl-glutaryl oA
,78. In those cases were the original fatty acid consists of an uneven number of carbon
atoms& the last cycle of the ?-o#idation will yield a molecule of
A. Acetyl-oA
B. :lucose
. * (ropionyl-oAC6uccionyl-oA
!. A#aloacetate
". 5actat
,7;. Eetogenesis is stimulated by all of the following e#cept
A. :lucagon.
B. "pinephrine.
. 'hryo#ine.
!. * ortisol.
". Anly B
,8?. Eetone bodies are formed in
A. Eidney
B. * 5iver
. Beart
!. Intestines
". 4uscles
,81. Eetone bodies are formed in)
A. * 5iver
B. 4uscles
. 6tomach
!. Intestines
". Eidney
,8$. Eetone bodies are mainly formed /where0?
A. In the brain
B. In the heart
. * In the liver
!. In kidney
,8*. Eetone bodies are synthesi2ed from fatty acid o#idation products by which of the
following organs?
A. * 5iver
B. 6keletal muscles
. Eidney
!. Brain
". Beard
,8+. Eetosis in partly ascribed to
A. Aver production of :lucose
B. * 9nder production of :lucose
. Increased carbohydrate utili2ation
!. Increased fat utili2ation
,8.. 5A' activity is associated with which of the lipo-protein comple#?
A. S5!5
B. hylomicrones
. I!5
!. * B!5
". 5!5
,8,. leaflet of the membrane lipid bilayer?
A. * holine phosphoglycerides
B. "thanolamine phosphoglycerides
. Inositol phosphoglycerides
!. 6erine phosphoglycerides
". Anly
,87. 5ipid stores are mainly present in
A. 5iver
B. Brain
. 4uscles
!. * Adipose tissue
". 5ung
,88. 5ipids are stored in the body mainly in the form of
A. (hospholipids
B. :lycolipids
. * 'riglycerides
!. Datty acids
". holesterol
,8;. 5ipids are)
A. * 6tored primarily as triglycerides.
B. 6ynthesi2ed by beta-o#idation.
. Broken down by o#idative deamination.
,;?. 5ipolysis is accelerated by)
A. Insulin
B. * :lucagon
. 1ater
!. 'estosterone
". 6ucrose
,;1. 5ipoproteinlipase of tissue capillary is activated by)
A. * Bile acids
B. Beparin
. 'rypsin
!. "pinephrine
". Ions of a
,;$. 5ipoprotiens may be identified more accurately by means of
A. * "lectrophoresis
B. 9ltra centrifugation
. entrifugation
!. Immunoelectrophoresis
". Anly
,;*. 4ark all forms of ketone bodies& e#cept)
A. Acetoacetate
B. Acetone
. -hydro#ybutyrate
!. * ellulosa
,;+. 4ark important molecules and steps directly involved in the o#idation of fatty
acids
A. Be#okinase-:lucokinase.
B. 6huttling of Acetyl-oA with arnitin
. 5actate
!. * 'he process starts with the activation of a fat molecule& in which a thioester
bond is formed between the carbo#yl group of the fatty acid and the thiol group of
coen2yme A /oA-6B0
". Acyl-oA-synthetase and acyl-oA
,;.. 4ark the lipid& which usage is to be decreased in the daily food allowance)
A. holesterol
B. * Aleic acid
. 5ecithin
!. 4onooleateglyceride
". (hosphatidyl serine
,;,. 4icelles of fatty acids in water are organi2ed such that the CCC face the solvent
and the CCC are directed toward the interior.
A. Bydrophilic headsG hydrophobic tails
B. arbo#ylic acid groupsG hydrocarbon chains
. Bydrocarbon chainsG carbo#ylic acid groups
!. Bydrophobic tailsG hydrophilic heads
". 'he first and second answers are both correct.
,;7. 4itochondrial lipogenesis re3uires
A. Bicarbonate
B. Biotin
. Acetyl oA carbo#ylase
!. * %A!(B
". arnitin
,;8. 4ost products of fat digestion are transported in the lymph as
A. :lycerol.
B. Datty acids.
. * hylomicrons
!. holesterol.
". B!5
,;;. %ormal concentration of ketone bodies in blood is)
A. $-* mg-l.
B. .-1? mg-l.
. .?-7? mg-l.
!. * 1?-$? mg-l.
". *?-+? mg-l.
7??. %ormal range of plasma total phospholipids is
A. ?.$P?., mmol-5
B. ?.;P$.? mmol-5
. * 1..P*., mmol-5
!. $.8P..* mmol-5
". ;&$-11., mmol-5
7?1. %umber of carbon atoms in cholesterol is
A. 17
B. 1;
. * $7
!. *?
". 18
7?$. Ald-time physicians often diagnosed illness on the basis of the odor of patients.
9ntreated diabetics sometimes have breath with a VfruityV odor due to the presence of a
volatile ketone body. 1hich one?
A. ?-Bydro#ybutyric acid
B. (yruvic acid
. 6tearic acid
!. Acetoacetic acid
". * Acetone
7?*. A#idation of fatty acids occurs
A. In the cytosol
B. * In the matri# of mitochondria
. An inner mitochondrial membrane
!. An the microsomes
". on the lysosoms
7?+. (ancreatic lipase converts triacylglycerols into
A. $& *-!iacylglycerol
B. 1-4onoacylglycerol
. * $-4onoacylglycerol
!. *-4onoacylglycerol
". .-4onoacylglycerol
7?.. (ancreatic lipase re3uires for its activity)
A. o-lipase
B. Bile salts
. (hospholipids
!. * All of these
". 4onoacylglicerols
7?,. (hospholipids are important cell membrane components because
A. 'hey have glycerol
B. 'hey can form bilayers in water
. 'hey have both polar and non polar potions
!. * 'hey combine covalently with proteins
". %one of these
7?7. (roducts of ?-o#idation of palmitoyl oA include)
A. (ropionyl oA& %A!B and DA!B$.
B. Acetyl oA& %A!(B and DA!.
. * Acetyl oA& DA!B$ and %A!B.
!. (ropionyl oA& %A!B and acetyl oA.
". (yruvat and lactat
7?8. 6erum cholesterol is decreased in
A. "ndemic goitre
B. 'hyroto#icosis
. 4y#oedema
!. retinism
". (ellsgra
7?;. 6ome triacylglycerols are e#ogenous& and others are endogenous /synthesi2ed
within the body0. "ndogenous triacylglycerols are typically synthesi2ed in)
A. "rythrocytes
B. 5iver
. Beart tissue
!. 4uscle tissue
". * Adipose tissue
71?. 6ome ways to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease are)
A. Ouit smoking and reduce saturated fat intake.
B. Keduce e#ercise to prevent stress on the heart.
. Abtain .?Y or more of total calorie intake from fat and decrease carbohydrate
intake.
!. * All of the above.
711. 6tress is considered a risk factor for heart disease because it can cause all of the
following "T"(')
A. An increase in blood pressure.
B. An increase in B!5 levels.
. * An increase in smoking.
!. An increase in total blood cholesterol
". Anly !
71$. 'he Qommitted stepM in the biosynthesis of cholesterol from acetyl oA is
A. Dormation of acetoacetyl oA from acetyl oA
B. Dormation of mevalonate from B4: oA
. * Dormation of B4: oA from acetyl oA and acetoacetyl oA
!. Dormation of s3ualene by s3ualene synthetase
". Anly A
71*. 'he action of bile in lipid digestion is to)
A. * "mulsify fats by a detergent action
B. hemically degrade triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol
. hemically convert triglycerides to diglycerides
!. hemically reduce cholesterol esters to cholesterol
". A and B
71+. 'he amount of cholesterol in blood plasma is normal)
A. * *-7 mmol-l
B. 1?-1. mmol-l
. $?-$. mmol-l
!. 1-* mmol-l
". .-7 mmol-l
71.. 'he amount of total lipids in blood plasma is normal)
A. +-8 g-l
B. .-1? g-l
. $-* g-l
!. 1.-$? g-l
". 7-1$ g-l
71,. 'he anabolism-synthesis of lipids mainly take place in the
A. * ytosol
B. 4itochondrial matri#
. %ucleus
!. ell membrane
". 5ysosoms
717. 'he biggest risk factor for sudden cardiac death is)
A. Beredity.
B. 6moking
. Bipertension.
!. * Bigh blood cholesterol levels
". 5ow blood cholesterol levels
718. 'he bile salts are)
A. "n2ymes for digesting food in the small intestines
B. * !etergents for breaking up large fat globules to small ones
. 6timulants to pancreatic secretion of en2ymes
!. 'he maJor ingredients of gallstones
". Keabsorbed primarily by the gallbladder
71;. 'he catabolism-breakdown of lipids /?-o#idation0 mainly take place in the
A. ytosol
B. * 4itochondrial matri#
. %ucleus
!. ell membrane
". 5ysosoms
7$?. 'he complete h-o#idation of 1 mole of palmitic acid to A$ and B$A yields
CCCCCCC net moles of A'(.
A. ;$
B. ;+
. 1?,
!. 1?8
". * 1$;
7$1. 'he correct se3uence of events that occurs when fatty acids are used to generate
A'( is)
A. Beta-o#idation& electron transport chain& deamination.
B. "lectron transport chain& beta-o#idation& glycolysis.
. * Beta-o#idation& 'A cycle& electron transport chain.
!. :lycolysis& beta-o#idation& 'A cycle.
". :lycolysis& electron transport chain& deamination
7$$. 'he cycli2ation of s3ualene causes the formation of)
A. * 5anosterol
B. B-o#y---methylglutaryl-oA
. (hosphomevalonate
!. Acetoacetyl-oA
". holesterol
7$*. 'he fatty degeneration of liver is prevented by lipotropic matters. 1hich of the
belowmentioned matters belongs to them?
A. * 4ethionine
B. holesterol
. Bilirubin
!. :lycine
". :lucose
7$+. 'he fatty degeneration of liver is prevented by lipotropic matters. 1hich of the
belowmentioned matters belongs to them?
A. * 4ethionine
B. holesterol
. Bilirubin
!. :lycine
". :lucose
7$.. 'he following contains the least cholesterol)
A. * 4ilk
B. 4eat
. Butter
!. heese
". 6uet
7$,. 'he function of pentose-phosphate cycle in the synthesis of fatty acids and
cholesterol is the following)
A. 4ain energy source
B. 6ource of acetyl-oA
. 6ource of malonyl-oA
!. * 6ource of %A!(B$
". 6ource of %A(B$
7$7. 'he highest phospholipids content is found in
A. hylomicrons
B. S5!5
. 5!5
!. * B!5
7$8. 'he hormone& that depresses lipolysis in fatty tissue)
A. * Insulin
B. "pinephrine
. :lucagon
!. 'hyro#ine
". Adrenocorticotropin
7$;. 'he hormone& that depresses lipolysis in fatty tissue)
A. * Insulin
B. "pinephrine
. :lucagon
!. 'hyro#ine
". Adrenocorticotropin
7*?. 'he hormone& which favours o#idation of cholesterol side chain and its e#cretion
with bile)
A. (arathyroid hormone
B. * "pinephrine
. Insulin
!. 'hyro#ine
". Sasopressin
7*1. 'he key intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol following the formation of
acetoacetyl oA are. Any one of the following)
A. Bydro#ymethylglutaryl oA or B4: oA
B. * 4evalonate /or mevalonic acid0
. Isoprenoid
!. 63ualene
". 5anosterol
7*$. 'he key intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol following the formation of
acetoacetyl oA are. Any one of the following)
A. Bydro#ymethylglutaryl oA or B4: oA
B. * 4evalonate /or mevalonic acid0
. Isoprenoid
!. 63ualene
". 5anosterol
7**. 'he maJor lipid in chylomicrons is
A. * 'riglycerides
B. (hospholipids
. holesterol
!. Dree fatty acids
". 5anosterol
7*+. 'he maJor product of the fatty acid synthase reaction is)
A. (ropionyl oA.
B. * (almitate.
. (almitoyl oA.
!. Acetyl oA.
". 5actat
7*.. 'he maJor source of cholesterol in arterial smooth muscle cells is from
A. I!5
B. * 5!5
. B!5
!. hylomicrons
". I!5
7*,. 'he maJor storage form of lipids is
A. "sterified cholesterol
B. :lycerophospholipids
. * 'riglycerides
!. 6phingolipids
". All of the above
7*7. 'he normal content of cholesterol in blood is)
A. .-1? mmol-l.
B. 1?-1. mmol-l.
. * *-8 mmol-l.
!. $-. mmol-l.
". *&*-.&. mmol-l
7*8. 'he official medical measurement of obesity is the
A. 1eight of a person compared to their height
B. * Body mass inde#.
. (roportion of bone density to weight.
!. Basal metabolic rate.
". Anly
7*;. 'he o#idation of glycerin in aerobic conditions to A$ and B$A taking into
account energy spending causes the formation of )
A. ; A'( molucules
B. 1 A'( molucules
. * A'( molucules
!. * $$ A'( molucules
". 1. A'( molucules
7+?. 'he patient has hyperfunctioning of thyroid gland. 1hat changes of lipid
metabolism may take place?
A. Bypercholesterolemia
B. Bypophospholipidemia
. * !ecrease of amount of free fatty acids in blood
!. 6teatorrhea
". Adiposity
7+1. 'he patient has hyperfunctioning of thyroid gland. 1hat changes of lipid
metabolism may take place?
A. Bypercholesterolemia
B. Bypophospholipidemia
. * !ecrease of amount of free fatty acids in blood
!. 6teatorrhea
". Adiposity
7+$. 'he presence of ketone bodies in the urine indicates increased metabolism of)
A. * Amino acids.
B. 5actic acid.
. Datty acids.
!. %ucleic acids
". Sitamins
7+*. 'he presence of ketone bodies in the urine indicates increased metabolism of)
A. * Amino acids.
B. 5actic acid.
. Datty acids.
!. %ucleic acids
". Sitamins
7++. 'he result of hyperketonemia is)
A. Datty liver degeneration
B. * Acidosis
. :eneral adiposity
!. "maciation
". Atherosclerosis
7+.. 'he sources of %A!(B for synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol are)
A. 4alate dehydrogenase and glycolysis
B. 5actate dehydrogenase and o#idative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway.
. 4alate dehydrogenase and non-o#idative branch of the pentose phosphate
pathway.
!. * 4alic en2yme and o#idative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway.
7+,. 'he substratum for fatty acids synthesis is)
A. * Acetyl-oA
B. Acyl-oA
. 4alonyl-oA
!. (ropionil-oA
". 6uccinyl-oA
7+7. 'he synthesis of 1 mole of palmitic acid from 8 moles of acetyl oA re3uires
CCCCC moles of A'(.
A. $
B. +
. ,
!. * 7
". 8
7+8. 'his interferes with cholesterol absorption
B. reatinase
. ?-sitosterol
!. * 7-dehydrocholesterol
7+;. 9ncontrolled type I diabetes mellitus
A. * 6timulates increased tissue ketone utili2ation.
B. If untreated leads to convulsions and death.
. 6timulates hepatic glycogen synthesis.
!. Kesults in hypotension.
". All of the above
7.?. Sasodilators that may mediate local myocardial control of coronary vascular tone
A. Adenosine
B. * Bradykinin
. (rostaglandins
!. (otassium ions
". Bydrogen ions
7.1. Sery low density lipoproteins are also known as
A. ?-lipoproteins
B. * (re B--lipoproteins
. -lipoproteins
!. %one of these
". (re-?-lipoproteins
7.$. S5!5 remnant may be converted into
A. S5!5
B. * 5!5
. B!5
!. hylomicrons
7.*. 1hat are the steps you can take to reduce your high blood cholesterol?
A. Dollow the '5 !iet /low saturated fat& low cholesterol0.
B. Be more physically active.
. 5ose weight if you are overweight.
!. * 'ake your cholesterol lowering medication if prescribed.
7.+. 1hat changes in lipid metabolism will be caused by insufficiency of somatotropin
e#cretion?
A. "maciation
B. * Datty liver degeneration
. Atherosclerosis
!. Adiposity
". Eetonemia
7... 1hat is the state called when there is a high level of ketone bodies in the blood?
A. * Eetosis-ketoacidosis
B. Byperglycemia
. Bypothermia
!. Byperaminoacidemia
". Bypoglycemia
7.,. 1hat is the sub cellular site for the 1- o#idation of fatty acids?
A. ucleus
B. * 4itochondria
. 5ysosome
!. ytosol
". %ucleus
7.7. 1hat is true regarding the production of ketone bodies)
A. It involves a number of reactions
B. ItMs a single reaction with only one en2yme
. 'he first step is a condensation reaction in which two molecules acetyl-oA are
transformed into acetyl-oA
!. 'he second step is another condensation reaction and B4:-oA is formed
". * Acetoacetate can be either reduced to ?Phydro#ybutyrate or through a
decarbo#ylation reaction it can form acetone
7.8. 1hat is-are true for lipids?
A. 'hey are polar and soluble in water.
B. 'hey are nonpolar and soluble in water.
. * 6teroids& glycolipids& fatty acids& triacylglycerols& phosphoacylglycerols a
sphingolipids are all e#amples of lipids.
!. (yruvate& glucose and lactate are all e#amples of lipids.
7.;. 1hat is-are true?
A. 'he synthesis of fatty acids produces energy in the form of A'(
B. 'he catabolism of fatty acids costs A'(
. 'he synthesis of fatty acids costs energy in the form of A'(
!. * 'he catabolism of fatty acids produces A'(
". Anly
7,?. 1here in the cell is performed the synthesis of palmitic acid?
A. * ytoplasm
B. %ucleus
. 5ysosomes
!. 4itochondria
". 4icrosomes
7,1. 1hich are the cholesterol esters that enter cells through the receptor-mediated
endocytosis of lipoproteins hydroly2ed?
A. "ndoplasmin reticulum
B. * 5ysosomes
. (lasma membrane receptor
!. 4itochondria
". %ucleus
7,$. 1hich compounds-coen2ymes belong to fatty acid synthesis and not to the
catabolism of the same?
A. DA!
B. %A!@
. %A!B
!. oen2yme A
". * Acyl carrier protein /A(0
7,*. 1hich food does not have a lot of cholesterol?
A. 6teak
B. * Banana
. 5iver.
!. Butter
". "gg.
7,+. 1hich is not a ketone body?
A. * !ihydro#yacetone
B. Acetoacetate
. Acetone
!. !-hydro#ybutyrate
7,.. 1hich lipoprotein contains high levels of cholesterol?
A. B!5
B. hylomicron
. S5!5
!. I!5
". * 5!5
7,,. 1hich of the following are considered maJor risk factors for B!?
A. Abesity& gender& heredity
B. * Bypertension& high cholesterol& sedentary lifestyle
. !iabetes& obesity& stress
!. 6moking& diabetes& stress
". Anly
7,7. 1hich of the following does %A' characteri2e 'ype 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Increased glucose utili2ation due to e#cessive glucose availability
B. "#cessive urination due to the osmotic effect of glucose in the urine
. Acidosis due to e#cessive levels of ketones /ketone bodies0 in the blood.
!. * !ehydration.
". Byperglycemia
7,8. 1hich of the following effect of insulin is correct?
A. Activates the o#idation of fatty acids.
B. Activates the lipolysis.
. Inhibits the synthesis of lipids.
!. * "nhances the synthesis of lipids.
7,;. 1hich of the following has the highest cholesterol content?
A. 4eat
B. Dish
. * Butter
!. 4ilk
". heese
77?. 1hich of the following has the highest cholesterol content?
A. * "gg yolk
B. "gg white
. 4eat
!. Dish
". 4ilk
771. 1hich of the following is not a lipoprotein?
A. hylomicron
B. * reatinine
. 5!5
!. B!5
". S5!5
77$. 1hich of the following is %A' a long-term conse3uence of untreated diabetes?
A. Asteoporosis
B. Beart disease
. Blindness
!. Eidney disorders leading to kidney failure
". * (eripheral neuropathy
77*. 1hich of the following is not specifically re3uired in the synthesis of fatty acids?
A. Biotin
B. Acetyl -oA
. 4alonyl-oA
!. %A!B
". * BA* - /A$0
77+. 1hich of the following is not true of the reaction in which malonyl-oA is
produced during fatty acid synthesis?
A. It re3uires A$/or bicarbonate0
B. 'he cofactor biotin
. It re3uires the acyl carrier protein/A(0
!. * It is stimulated by citrate
77.. 1hich of the following lipoproteins would contribute to a measurement of plasma
cholesterol in a normal person following a 1$ hr fast?
A. * Bigh density lipoprotiens
B. 5ow density lipoproteins
. hylomicron
!. hylomicron remnants
". All of the above
77,. 1hich of the following molecules will be formed from the carbon skeleton of a
ketogenic amino acid?
A. * Acetyl-oA
B. A#aloacetate
. (yruvate
!. Acetoacetyl-oA
". All of the above
777. 1hich of the following statement is correct about membrane cholesterol?
A. 'he hydro#yl group is located near the centre of the lipid layer
B. 4ost of the cholesterol is in the form of a cholesterol ester
. * 'he steroid nucleus form forms a rigid& planar structure
!. 'he hydrocarbon chain of cholesterol proJects into the e#tracellular fluid
778. 1hich of the following statements about genetic influences on obesity is DA56"?
A. * A family history of obesity increases your chances of becoming obese by $.-*?
percent.
B. Difty percent of children with two obese parents are also obese.
. :enes play a significant role in how your body balances calories and energy.
!. :enes influence body fat and fat distribution.
". Anly
77;. 1hich of the following statements about lipoproteins is 'K9"?
A. S5!5 transports cholesterol from liver to adipose tissue.
B. 5!5 transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
. B!5 transports cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues.
!. * hylomicrons transport triacylglycerols from the small intestine to the liver and
adipose tissue.
". All the above are true.
78?. 1hich of the following statements about membrane lipids is true?
A. 5ecithin /phosphatidylcholine0& which is used as an emulsifier in margarine and
chocolate& is a sphingolipid.
B. * :lycerophospholipids contain fatty acids linked to glycerol through amide
bonds.
. 6ome sphingolipids include oligosaccharides in their structure.
!. :lycerophospholipids are found only in the membranes of plant cells.
". All of the above
781. 1hich of the following statements regarding the biosynthesis of cholesterol is
DA56"?
A. holesterol has the same carbon skeleton as its biosynthetic precursor& lanosterol.
B. * holesterol is derived from the dimeri2ation of farnesyl pyrophosphate in a
head-to-head manner.
. ycli2ation of s3ualene to cholesterol is initiated by acid-cataly2ed ring opening
of an epo#ide.
!. holesterol has three fewer carbon atoms than lanosterol.
". Anly
78$. 1hich of these foods does %A' contain cholesterol?
A. 5iver
B. Butter
. heese
!. "ggs
". * 4olasses
78*. 1hich one of the following pairs of metabolic pathways occur in mitochondria?
A. Datty acid synthesis& ketogenesis
B. * itric acid cycle& -o#idation of saturated fatty acids
. Eetogenesis& cholesterol synthesis
!. (entose phosphate pathway& glycolysis
". :luconeogenesis& pyrimidine synthesis
78+. 1hich one of the following statements about lipids is DA56"?
A. A fatty acid group is present in acylglycerols and sphingolipids.
B. Sitamin A functions in vision.
. 4ost phospholipids can by degraded by phospholipases A1& A$& and !.
!. 'he synthesis of cholesterol re3uires acetyl oA& A'( and %A!(B.
". * 'he more double bonds present in a fatty acid the higher the melting point.
78.. 1hich risk factors place an individual at risk for cardiovascular disease?
A. :ender
B. 6ocioeconomic status
. "thnicity
!. Damily history
". * Age
78,. 1hich substrate is used for the activation of acetoacetate in peripheral tissues?
A. * 6uccinyl-oA.
B. Acetyl-oA.
. Acetoacetyl-oA.
!. oA-6B.
". Aceton
787. 1hich vitamin is derived from cholesterol?
A. A
B. B1$
. * !
!. E
". "
788. 1ith the urine daily healthy human organism e#cretes the ketone bodies in
amount of)
A. * +? mg
B. 8? mg
. 1?? mg
!. 1? mg
". .? mg
78;. 1ith the urine daily healthy human organism e#cretes the ketone bodies in
amount of)
A. * +? mg
B. 8? mg
. 1?? mg
!. 1? mg
". .? mg
7;?. Z. 5actic acid
A. :lucose
B. 6tearic acid
. Acetoacetic acid
!. * Acetic acid
7;1. 7 years old child was carried into the hospital in the state of allergic shock& which
evolved after waspFs sting. 'he increased concentration of histamine was detected in the
blood. 'his amine is formed as a result of reaction of)
A. !ehydration
B. !eamination
. Keduction
!. * !ecarbo#ylation
". Bydroo#idation
7;$. hymotrypsin in the small intestine hydroly2es peptide linkages containing
A. Alanine
B. * (heynl alanine
. Saline
!. 4ethionine
". B and
7;*. oen2yme of amino acids decarbo#ylases is)
A. 'hymidine diphosphate
B. Dlavin adenine dinucleotide
. Dlavin mononucleotide
!. B6-oA
". * (5(
7;+. Dree ammonia is released during
A. A#idative deamination of glutamate
B. atabolism of purines
. atabolism of pyrimidines
!. * All of these
". Both A and B
7;.. Byperchlorhydria is)
A. A.Increase of gastric Juices general acidity
B. B.Increase of bonded hydrochloric acid in gastric Juice
. * Increase of free hydrochloric acid in gastric Juice
!. Increase of lactic acid in gastric Juice
". Increase of pyruvic acid in gastric Juice
7;,. In small intestine trypsin hydroly2es peptide linkages containing
A. * Arginine
B. Bistidine
. 6erine
!. Aspartate
". A and !
7;7. InJuries and burns cause the development of negative nitric balance that is the
result of increase of)
A. :lycolysis
B. 5ipolysis
. * (roteolysis
!. (hosphorolysis
". Dibrinolysis
7;8. Intrinsic factor is chemically a)
A. (rotein
B. * :lycoprotein
. 4ucopolysaccaride
!. (eptide
". Amino acid
7;;. 4ost amino acids are substrates for transamination e#cept
A. Alanine
B. * 'hreonine
. 6erine
!. Saline
". A and B
8??. %ame the compound in the urine& which is a test of protein putrefaction processes
in the intestine)
A. 9rates
B. 9rea
. reatinine
!. * Indican
". 5actic acid
8?1. A#idative conversion of many amino acids to their corresponding Pketoacids
occurs in mammalian)
A. * 5iver and kidney
B. Adipose tissue
. (ancreas
!. Intestine
". 6tomach
8?$. 'he amino acids abstracted from the liver are not utili2ed for repair or special
synthesis but are broken down to
A. Eeto acids
B. 6ulphur dio#ide
. 1ater
!. * Ammonia
". A and !
8?*. 'he amount of general acidity in gastric Juice of a patient (. is normal. 1hich of
the listed numbers is true in this case?
A. A.*?-+? m4-l
B. * B.+?-,? m4-l
. $?-*? m4-l
!. *?-.? m4-l
". $?-+? m4-l
8?+. 'he e#ample of chromoprotein)
A. 6almine
B. * atalase
. Hein
!. :liadin
". All of these
8?.. 'he metabolism of all proteins ingested over and above the essential re3uirements
is called
A. * "#ogenous metabolism
B. "ndogenous metabolism
. Both /A0 and /B0
!. 4etabolism
". %one of these
8?,. 'he transaminase activity needs the coen2yme)
A. A'(
B. * B, P (A+
. DA!@
!. %A!@
". '((
8?7. 'he unwanted amino acids abstracted from the tissues are either used up by the
tissue or in the liver converted into
A. Ammonia
B. * 9rea
. Ammonium salts
!. 9ric acid
". B and
8?8. 'ransamination is a
A. Irreversible process
B. * Keversible process
. Both /A0 and /B0
!. 5inear pathway
". %one of these
8?;. A limiting amino acid is an essential amino acid
A. * 'hat is most deficient in proteins
B. 'hat is most e#cess in proteins
. 'hat which increases the growth
!. 'hat which increases the weight gain
". %one of these
81?. A positive nitrogen balance occurs
A. * In growing infant
B. Dollowing surgery
. In advanced cancer
!. In kwashiorkor
". A and !
811. Absorption of Sitamin B1$ re3uires the presence of)
A. (epsin
B. Bydrochloric acid
. Intrinsic factor
!. * Boh /B0 and /0
". Kennin
81$. Achylia gastrica is said to be when absence of
A. (epsin only
B. * Both pepsin and Bl
. Bl only
!. Bile
". %one of these
81*. Achylia gastrica is said to be when absence of
A. (epsin only
. Bl only
!. Bile
". All of these
81+. Achylia is lack of)
A. :astric Juices acidity
B. (epsin in gastric Juices
. * (epsin and hydrochloric acid in gastric Juices
!. Dree hydrochloric acid in gastric Juices
". 5actic acid in gastric Juices
81.. Active trypsin formation by the action of enteropeptidase can be viewed as the
master activation step because
A. It occurs first
B. * It can activate its own 2ymogen
. 'rypsin activates other pancreatic 2ymogens
!. a and b
". a& b and c
81,. After digestion amino acids
A. * Are absorbed into portal circulation
B. Are absorbed into lymph
. Are e#creted to the e#tent of .?Y
!. onverted into glucose in the intestine
". Both A and B
817. After digestion amino acids
A. * Are absorbed into portal circulation
B. Are absorbed into lymph
. Are e#creted to the e#tent of .?Y
!. onverted into glucose in the intestine
". All of the above
818. Alanine aminotransferase /A5'0 transfers an amino group from alanine to)
A. (yruvate
B. * alpha-ketoglutarate
. A#aloacetate
!. 4ethionine
". arbamoyl phosphate
81;. Alanine can be synthesi2ed from
A. :lutamate and ?-ketoglutarate
B. * (yruvate and glutamate
. (yruvate and ? -ketoglutarate
!. Asparate and ? Pketoglutarate
". All of these
8$?. All of the following are re3uired for synthesis of alanine e#cept
A. (yruvate
B. * ? -ketoglutarate
. :lutamate
!. (yrido#al phosphate
". Both a and
8$1. All of the following statements about aspartate are true e#cept
A. It is non-essential amino acid
B. It is a dicarbo#ylic amino acid
. * It can be synthesi2ed from pyruvate and glutamate
!. It can be converted into asparagine
". Both A and B
8$$. All the following are branched chain amino acids e#cept
A. Isoleucine
B. * Alanine
. 5eucine
!. Saline
". Both A and B
8$*. All the following are true about phenylketonuria e#cept
A. !eficiency of phenylalanine hydro#ylase
B. 4ental retardation
. * Increased urinary e#cretion of p-hydro#yphenyl pyruvic acid
!. !ecrease serotonin formation
". and !
8$+. ?All the following statements about pepsin are correct e#cept
A. It is smaller than pepsinogen
B. It is formed by the action of Bl on its precursor
. Its optimum pB is 1.?P$.?
!. * It hydrolyses the -terminal and %-terminal peptide bonds of proteins
". and !
8$.. All the following statements about pepsin are correct e#cept
". Both A and !
8$,. Allosteric inhibitor of glutamate dehydrogenase is
A. * A'(
B. A!(
. A4(
!. :4(
". %one of these
8$7. Allsoteric activator of glutamate dehydrogenase is
A. A'(
B. :'(
. * A!( and :!(
!. A4( and :4(
". A4(
8$8. Amino acids from %-end in the proteins are splittted off by
A. !ipeptidase
B. arboo#ypeptidase
. * Aminopeptidase
!. "lastase
". "ndopeptidase
8$;. Amino acids provide the nitrogen for the synthesis of
A. * 'he bases of the phospholipids
B. 9ric acid
. :lycolipids
!. hondroitin sulphates
". All of these
8*?. Amino acids provide the nitrogen for the synthesis of
A. * 'he bases of the phospholipids
B. 9ric acid
. :lycolipids
!. hondroitin sulphates
". %one of these
8*1. Ammonia into#ication symptoms occur when brain ammonia levels are
A. 6lightly diminished
B. Bighly diminished
. * Increased
!. %ormal
". All of these
8*$. Ammonia is transported from muscles to liver mainly in the form of
A. Dree ammonia
B. :lutamine
. Asparagine
!. * Alanine
". Both B and !
8**. An organ which is e#tremely sensitive to ammonia to#icity is
A. 5iver
B. * Brain
. Eidney
!. Beart
". Both A and B
8*+. As a result of amino acids decarbo#ylation in the organism are formed)
A. Ammonia& urea& creatine
B. * Amines& diamines
. (olypeptides& uric acid
!. !ipeptides& #anthine
". Amines& indican
8*.. As a result of amino acids decarbo#ylation in the organism are formed)
". Allantion& indican
8*,. Aspartate amino transferase uses the following for transamination)
A. :lutamic acid and pyruvic acid
B. * :lutamic acid and o#aloacetic acid
. Aspartic acid and pyruvic acid
!. aspartic acid and keto adipic acid
". %one of these
8*7. Bioactive amines are formed in reaction of)
A. 'ransamination.
B. * !ecarbo#ylisation.
. A#idation.
!. !eamination.
". All of these
8*8. Biological value of a protein is
A. 'he percentage of ingested protein-nitrogen absorbed into circulation
B. * 'he percentage of ingested protein-nitrogen in the body
. 'he percentage of ingested protein utili2ed for protein synthesis in the body
!. 'he gain in body weight /gm0 per gm of protein ingested
". Both A and B
8*;. By overheating the nutritional value of cereal proteins is
A. Increased
B. * !ecreased
. 9nchanged
!. %one of these
". ! and
8+?. arbo#y peptidase B in the small intestine hydroly2es peptides containing
A. 5eucine
B. Isoleucine
. * Arginine
!. ysteine
8+1. arbo#y peptidase B in the small intestine hydroly2es peptides containing
A. 5eucine
B. Isoleucine
. * Arginine
!. ysteine
". and !
8+$. arbo#ypeptidase& an en2yme of pancreatic Juice& contains
A. 4n
B. * Hinc
. 4agnesium
!. 4anganese
". Iron
8+*. arbo#ypeptidase& an en2yme of pancreatic Juice& contains
A. 4n
B. * Hinc
. 4agnesium
!. 4anganese
". All of the above
8++. hoose from the below mentioned substances the product& which concentration is
increased during putrefying of proteins)
A. * Indole& phenol
B. reatinine& creatine
. yanocobalamin& naphtho3uinone
!. 'hiamine& biotin
". 'ryptophane& arginine
8+.. hymotrypsin in the small intestine hydroly2es peptide linkages containing
A. Alanine
B. * (heynl alanine
. Saline
!. 4ethionine
". Both A and B
8+,. hymotrypsinogen is transformed to chymotrypsin in the effect of)
A. Kenin& gastri#in
B. "lastase& enterokinase
. Bydrochloric acid& pepsin
!. * 'rypsin& chymotrypsin
". (epsin& enterokinase
8+7. linical features of Ewashiorkor include all of the following e#cept
A. * 4ental retardation
B. 4uscle wasting
. Aedema
!. Anaemia
". Both A and !
8+8. onversion of tyrosine to dihydro#yphenylalanine is catalysed by tyrosine
hydro#ylase which re3uires
A. %A!
B. DA!
. A'(
!. * 'etrahydrobiopterin
". (5(
8+;. !aily e#cretion of nitrogen by an adult man is about
A. 1.P$? mg
B. 1..P$ gm
. * .P1? gm
!. 1.P$? gm
". $-* mg
8.?. !eamination is CCCCCC of amino group.
A. * Kemoval
B. Addition
. 6upplementation
!. %one of these
". Both B and
8.1. !eamination is CCCCCC of amino group.
A. * Kemoval
B. Addition
. 6upplementation
!. 'ransfer
". %one of these
8.$. !A(A is an intermediate in the synthesis of
A. 'hyroid hormones
B. atecholamines
. 4elanin
!. * atecholamines and melanin
". All of these
8.*. !uring denaturation of proteins& all of the following are disrupted e#cept
A. * (rimary structure
B. 6econdary structure
. 'ertiary structure
!. Ouaternary structure
". Both A and
8.+. "n2yme cataly2ed hydrolysis of proteins produces amino acids of the form)
A. !
B. * 5
. !5
!. :
". All of these
8... "n2yme cataly2ed hydrolysis of proteins produces amino acids of the form)
A. !
B. * 5
. !5
!. All of these
". %one of these
8.,. Drom dietary protein as well as from the urea present in fluids secreted into the
gastrointestinal tract intestinal bacteria produce
A. arbondio#ide
B. * Ammonia
. Ammonium sulphate
!. reatine
". A and !
8.7. Drom dietary protein as well as from the urea present in fluids secreted into the
gastrointestinal tract intestinal bacteria produce
A. arbondio#ide
B. * Ammonia
. Ammonium sulphate
!. reatine
8.8. Drom two amino acids peptide bond formation involves removal of one molecule
of
A. * 1ater
B. Ammonia
. arbon dio#ide
!. arbo#ylic acid
". Both A and B
8.;. :ABA/gama amino butyric acid0 is
A. (ost-synaptic e#citatory transmitter
B. * (ost-synaptic inhibitor transmitter
. activator of glia-cell function
!. inhibitor of glia-cell function
". Both B and
8,?. :astrin stimulates
A. :astric motility
B. :astric secretion
. * Both /A0 and /B0
!. %one of these
". Increase of gastric Juice pB
8,1. Bistamine is formed from histidine by
A. !eamination
B. !ehydrogenation
. * !ecarbo#ylation
!. arbo#ylation
". A#idation
8,$. Bistidine is converted to histamine through the process of
A. 'ransamination
. A#idative deamination
!. 9rea cycle
". 'A
8,*. If one amino acid is fed e#cess& the absorption of another is
A. 6lightly accelerated
B. 4oderately accelerated
. Bighly accelerated
!. * Ketarded
". Both and !
8,+. If one amino acid is fed e#cess& the absorption of another is
A. 6lightly accelerated
B. 4oderately accelerated
. Bighly accelerated
!. * Ketarded
8,.. If the amino group and a carbo#ylic group of the amino acid are attached to same
carbon atom& the amino acid is called as
A. * Alpha
B. Beta
. :amma
!. "psilon
". !elta
8,,. In a person increase in weight in gms per gm of protein consumption represents
A. * (rotein efficiency ratio
B. !igestibility value of proteins
. Biological value of proteins
!. %et protein utilisation
". All of these
8,7. In carcinoid syndrome the argentaffin tissue of the abdominal cavity overproduce
A. * 6erotonin
B. Bistamine
. 'ryptamine
!. 'yrosine
". All of these
8,8. In case of severe denaturation of protein& there is
A. Keversible denaturation
B. 4oderate reversible denaturation
. * Irreversible denaturation
!. B and
". %one of these
8,;. In glycoproteins the carbohydrate is in the form of disaccharide units& the number
of units are
A. .?P1??
B. $??P*??
. +??P.??
!. * ,??P7??
". %one of these
87?. In human and other ureotelic organisms& the end product of amino acid nitrogen
metabolism)
A. Bile acids
B. Eetone bodies
. * 9rea
!. Barium sulphate
". Ammonia
871. In humans& %B* is deto#ified in liver as
A. reatinine
B. 9ric acid
. * 9rea
!. 9ronic acid
". All of these
87$. In 3uaternary structure& subunits are linked by
A. (eptide bonds
B. !isulphide bonds
. ovalent bonds
!. * %on-covalent bonds
". Both A and B
87*. In small intestine trypsin hydroly2es peptide linkages containing
A. * Arginine
B. Bistidine
. 6erine
!. Aspartate
". All of these
87+. In the stomach act such proteolytic en2ymes)
A. 'rypsin& chymotrypsin
B. (epsin& enterokinase
. 'rypsin& renin
!. * (epsin& gastri#in& rennin
". hymotrypsin& enterokinase
87.. In which part of polypeptide chain aminopeptidases break down peptides?
A. Drom the end of free carbo#yl group
B. * Drom the end of free amino group
. Drom the end of free imino group
!. Bonds between aminodicarbonic acids
". Bonds between cyclic amino acids
87,. Inactive 2ymogens are precursors of all the following gastrointestinal en2ymes
e#cept
A. arbo#ypeptidase
B. (epsin
. * Amino peptidase
!. hymotrypsin
". Both B and !
877. Inactive 2ymogens are precursors of all the following gastrointestinal en2ymes
e#cept
A. arbo#ypeptidase
B. (epsin
. * Amino peptidase
!. hymotrypsin
". A and
878. Insufficiency of which vitamin does cause the inhibition of activity of
aminotransferaseMs and decarbo#ylase?
A. B*
B. B$
. B,
!. B1$
". B1.
87;. Ewashiorkor occurs when the diet is severely deficient in
A. Iron
B. alories
. * (roteins
!. "ssential fatty acids
". Both B and
88?. Ewashiorkor usually occurs in
A. * 'he post-weaning period
B. (regnancy
. 5actation
!. Ald age
". Both B and
881. 4aple syrup urine diseases is an inborn error of metabolism of
A. 6ulphur-containing amino acids
B. Aromatic amino acids
. * Branched chain amino acids
!. !icarbo#ylic amino acids
". All of these
88$. 4arasmus differs from Ewashiorkor in the which of these following respect
A. 4ental retardation occurs in kwashiorkor but not in marasmus
B. :rowth is retarded in kwashiorkor but not in marasmus
. 4uscle wasting occurs in marasmus but not kwashiorkor
!. * 6ubcutaneous fat disappears in marasmus but not in kwashiorkor
". All of these
88*. 4arasmus occurs from deficient intake of
A. "ssential amino acids
B. "ssential fatty acids
. * alories
!. Hinc
". All of these
88+. 4ore than half of the protein of the liver and intestinal mucosa are broken down
and resynthesised in
A. * 1? days
B. 1$ days
. 1. days
!. 18 days
". All of the above
88.. 4ost amino acids are substrates for transamination e#cept
A. Alanine
B. * 'hreonine
. 6erine
!. Saline
". :lutamate
88,. 4ost of the ammonia released from 5-?-amino acids reflects the coupled action of
transaminase and
A. * 5-glutamate dehydrogenase
B. 5-amino acid o#idase
. Bistidase
!. 6erine dehydratase
". All of these
887. %aturally occurring amino acids have
A. * 5-onfiguration
B. !-onfiguration
. !5-onfiguration
!. D-onfiguration
". %one of these
888. %egative nitrogenous balance is observed in all listed cases& e#cept)
A. Eidney disease
B. * !omination of animal proteins in food
. !omination of vegetable proteins in food
!. In old age
". (ancreatitis
88;. %et protein utili2ation depends upon
A. (rotein efficiency ratio
B. !igestibility coefficient
. !igestibility coefficient and protein efficiency ratio
!. * !igestibility coefficient and biological value
". Both A and !
8;?. %B* is deto#ified in brain chiefly as
A. 9rea
B. 9ric acid
. reatinine
!. * :lutamine
". Alanine
8;1. %umber of amino acids present in the dietary proteins)
A. $$
B. $*
. * $?
!. 1;
". 1$
8;$. A#aloacetate is converted to aspartic acid by
A. Keductase
B. A#idase
. * 'ransminase
!. atalase
". !ecarbo#ylase
8;*. A#idative conversion of many amino acids to their corresponding Pketoacids
occurs in mammalian)
B. Adipose tissue
. (ancreas
!. Intestine
". All of these
8;+. (ancreatic Juice contains all of the following e#cept
A. 'rypsinogen
B. 5ipase
. * holecystokinin
!. hymnotrypsinogen
". Both and !
8;.. (ancreatic Juice contains the precursors of all of the following e#cept
A. 'rypsin
B. hymotrypsin
. arbo#ypeptidase
!. * Aminopeptidase
". Both c and !
8;,. (ancreatic Juice contains the precursors of all of the following e#cept
A. 'rypsin
B. hymotrypsin
. arbo#ypeptidase
!. * Aminopeptidase
". and !
8;7. (atient has hyperplasia of :-cells of antral part of stomach. 1hat changes in
gastric Juice are most possible for this pathology?
A. * Byperchlorhydria
B. Bypochlorhydria
. Achlorhydria
!. Achylia
". (resence of lactic acid
8;8. (atient has positive nitrogenous balance. 'he reason of this can be)
A. 6tarvation
B. 'uberculosis
. * (regnancy
!. ancer
". AI!6
8;;. (atient with enterocolitis has affected protein metabolism. 1hat mechanism of
amino acids absorption is affected?
A. (inocytosis
B. (rimary active transport
. 6imple diffusion
!. * 6econdary sodium-dependent transport
". (hagocytosis
;??. (entagastrin is a
A. %aturally occurring form of gastrin
B. Inactive metabolite of gastrin
. Active metabolite of gastrin
!. * 6ynthetic form of gastrin
". Both A and B
;?1. (hysiologically active configuration of amino acids)
A. * 5
B. !
. A
!. Dor some amino acids it is either of two
". %either 5 nor !
;?$. (lasma proteins are isolated by
A. 6alting out
B. "lectrophoresis
. Dlourimetry
!. * Both /A0 and /B0
". All of the above
;?*. (rogressive transmethylation of ethanolamine gives
A. reatinine
B. holine
. * 4ethionine
!. %-methyl nicotinamide
". Adenine
;?+. (rotein anabolism is stimulated by
A. A'B
B. * 'estosterone
. :lucagon
!. "pinephrine
". All of these
;?.. (rotein anabolism is stimulated by
A. A'B
B. * 'estosterone
. :lucagon
!. "pinephrine
". Both B and
;?,. (rotein catabolism is stimulated by all below mentioned e#ept
A. A'B
B. * 'estosterone
. :lucagon
!. "pinephrine
". A and !
;?7. (roteins produce polypeptides from proteins by
A. A#idi2ing
B. Keducing
. * Bydroly2ing
!. All of these
". %one of these
;?8. (roteins produce polypeptides from proteins by
A. A#idi2ing
B. Keducing
. * Bydroly2ing
!. %one of these
". B and
;?;. (roteins react with biuret reagent which is suggestive of $ or more
A. Bydrogen bonds
B. * (eptide bonds
. !isulphide bonds
!. Bydrophobic bonds
". Both B and
;1?. (yrido#al phosphate is involved in which type of reaction?
A. o#idation of pyruvate
B. * production of new amino acids by transamination
. phosphate-transfer to produce A'( from A!(
!. the regeneration of methionine from homocysteine
". A and B
;11. (yrido#al phosphate is the active coen2yme form of vitamin)
A. B1.
B. B$.
. B*.
!. * B,.
". B1$
;1$. (yruvic acid can be obtained by transamination of alanine with
A. * ?- keto glutaric acid
B. Acetoacetic acid
. AB butyric acid
!. (hosphoenol (yruvic acid
". Both A and
;1*. Kennin acts on casein of milk in infants in presence of
A. 4g@@
B. Hn@@
. o@@
!. * a@@
". Both and !
;1+. Kennin acts on casein of milk in infants in presence of
A. 4g@@
B. Hn@@
. o@@
!. * a@@
". B and !
;1.. 6ecretion of gastrin is evoked by
A. "ntry of food into stomach
B. Sagal stimulation
. 5ower aliphatic alcohols
!. * All of these
". %one of these
;1,. 6ulphur containing amino acids after catabolism produces a substance which is
e#creted)
A. 6A$
B. B%A*
. * B$6A+
!. B*(A+
". All of these
;17. 6ulphur-containing amino acid is
A. :lutathione
B. hondroitin sulphate
. * Bomocysteine
!. 'ryptophan
". Alanine
;18. 'he acceptor of amino group in the processes of transamination is)
A. (yruvate
B. A#aloacetate
. * -ketoglutarate
!. Dumarate
". !io#yacetonephosphate
;1;. 'he acceptor of amino group in the processes of transamination is)
A. (yruvate
B. A#aloacetate
. * .? ?-ketoglutarate
!. Dumarate
;$?. 'he activator of trypsinogen is)
A. Bydrochloric acid
B. hymotrypsin
. * "nterokinase
!. Aminopeptidase
". arbo#ypeptidase
;$1. 'he activity of mammalian 5-amino acid o#idase& an D4% P flavo protein& is
3uite
A. * 6low
B. Kapid
. Both /A0 and /B0
!. 6ensitive
". %one of these
;$$. 'he amino acid that undergoes o#idative deamination at significant rate is
A. Alanine
B. Aspartate
. * :lutamate
!. :lutamine
". All of these
;$*. 'he amino acid which synthesi2es many hormornes)
A. Saline
B. * (henylalanine
. Alanine
!. Bistidine
". Both B and
;$+. 'he amino acids abstracted from the liver are not utili2ed for repair or special
synthesis but are broken down to
A. Eeto acids
B. 6ulphur dio#ide
. 1ater
!. * Ammonia
". 9ric acid
;$.. 'he amount of total acidity in gastric Juice of a patient (. is normal. 1hich of the
listed numbers is true in this case?
A. A.*?-+? m4-l
B. * B.+?-,? m4-l
. $?-*? m4-l
!. *?-.? m4-l
". $?-+? m4-l
;$,. 'he basic amino acids are
A. * 5ysine
B. Bile acids
. :lycine
!. Alanine
". All of these
;$7. 'he building up and breaking down of protoplasm are concerned with the
metabolism of
A. arbohydrate
B. 5ipid
. * (rotein
!. 4inerals
". and !
;$8. 'he chemical score of different proteins is calculated in terms of
A. * "gg proteins
B. 4ilk proteins
. Dish proteins
!. 1heat proteins
". All of these
;$;. 'he end product of amino acid nitrogen metabolism in uricotelic organisms
/reptiles and birds0 is
A. Bilirubin
B. 9rea
. * 9ric acid
!. Biliverdin
". Ammonia
;*?. 'he essential amino acids
A. 4ust be supplied in the diet because the organism has lost the capacity to aminate
the corresponding ketoacids
B. * 4ust be supplied in the diet because the human has an impaired ability to
synthesi2e the carbon chain of the corresponding ketoacids
. Are identical in all species studied
!. Are defined as those amino acids which cannot be synthesi2ed by the organism at
a rate ade3uate to meet metabolic re3uirements
". Both B and !
;*1. 'he e#ample of phosphoprotein)
A. 4ucin
B. * Avovitellin
. Avomucoid
!. 'endomucoid
". All of the above
;*$. 'he gain in body weight /gm0 per gm of protein ingested is known as
A. %et protein utilisation
B. * (rotein efficiency ratio
. !igestibility coefficient
!. Biological value of protein
". Both A and B
;**. 'he half-life of antibody protein is about
A. + weeks
B. * weeks
. * $ weeks
!. 1 week
;*+. 'he main en2ymatic reaction re3uiring pyrido#al phosphate as a coen2yme is )
A. !ecarbo#ilation
B. * 'ransamination
. !eamination
!. Keamination
". A#idation
;*.. 'he main sites for o#idative deamination are
B. 6kin and pancreas
. Intestine and mammary gland
!. 5ung and spleen
". All of these
;*,. 'he maJor constituent of the proteins of hair and keratin of skin)
A. Arginine
B. * ysteine
. :lycine
!. Arginine
". %one of these
;*7. 'he maJor site of urea synthesis is
A. Brain
B. Eidneys
. * 5iver
!. 4uscles
". Both B and
;*8. 'he metabolism of protein is integrated with that of carbohydrate and fat through
A. * A#aloacetate
B. itrate
. Isocitrate
!. 4alate
". A and B
;*;. 'he metabolism of protein is integrated with that of carbohydrate and fat through
A. * A#aloacetate
B. itrate
. Isocitrate
!. 4alate
". 6uccinate
;+?. 'he milk protein in the stomach in an adult is digested by
A. * (epsin
B. Kennin
. Bl
!. hymotrypsinogen
". Both A and B
;+1. 'he milk protein in the stomach of the infants is digested by
A. (epsin
B. 'rypsin
. hymotrypsin
!. * Kennin
". All of the above
;+$. 'he milk protein in the stomach of the infants is digested by
A. (epsin
B. 'rypsin
. hymotrypsin
!. * Kennin
". A and !
;+*. 'he milk protein in the stomach of theinfants is digested by
A. (epsin
B. 'rypsin
. hymotrypsin
!. * Kennin
". Both A and !
;++. 'he negative nitric balance can be caused by the deficit of the following amino
acid)
A. 6erine
B. 'yrosine
. * 5eucine
!. :lycine
". Alanine
;+.. 'he neutral amino acids for absorption need
A. '((
B. * B, P (A+
. %A!@
!. %A!(@
". DA!
;+,. 'he neutral amino acids for absorption need
A. '((
B. * B, P (A+
. %A!@
!. %A!(@
". DA!
;+7. 'he only correct statement about chymotrypsin is
A. It is formed from trypsin
B. arbo#ypeptidase converts trypsin into chymotrypsin
. * Its optimum pB is around 7
!. It hydrolyses peptide bonds involving basic amino acids
". Its optimum pB is around +
;+8. 'he only correct statement about chymotrypsin is
B. arbo#ypeptidase converts trypsin into chymotrypsin
. * Its optimum pB is around 7
;+;. 'he percentage of food nitrogen that is retained in the body represents
A. !igestibility coefficient
B. Biological value of proteins
. (rotein efficiency ratio
!. * %et protein utilisation
". All of these
;.?. 'he percentage of ingested protein-nitrogen absorbed into blood stream is known
as
A. %et protein utilisation
B. (rotein efficiency ratio
. * !igestibility coefficient
!. Biological value of protein
". All of these
;.1. 'he percentage of nitrogen retained in the body after absorption of diet represents
A. !igestibility coefficient of proteins
B. * Biological value of proteins
. (rotein efficiency ratio
!. %et protein utilisation
". All of these
;.$. 'he pB of gastric Juice become low in
A. Bemolytic anemia
B. * (ernicious anemia
. Both /A0 and /B0
!. Raundice
". %one of these
;.*. 'he pB of gastric Juice become low in
A. Bemolytic anemia
. Both /A0 and /B0
!. :astritis
". %one of these
;.+. 'he recommended daily allowance /K!A0 of proteins for an adult man is
A. * 7? gms
B. .? gms
. +? gms
!. *? gms
". $?? gms
;... 'he symptom of ammonia into#ication includes
A. * Blurring of vision
B. onstipation
. 4ental confusion
!. !iarrhoea
". All of these
;.,. 'he symptom of ammonia into#ication includes
A. * Blurring of vision
B. onstipation
. 4ental confusion
!. !iarrhea
". All of these
;.7. 'he third active process for amino acids transport involves
A. Acidic amino acids
B. Basic amino acids
. * %eutral amino acids
!. 6ulphur containing amino acids
". All of these
;.8. 'he third active process for amino acids transport involves
A. Acidic amino acids
B. Basic amino acids
. * %eutral amino acids
!. 6ulphur containing amino acids
". and !
;.;. 'he transaminase activity needs the coen2yme)
A. A'(
B. * B, P (A+
. DA!@
!. %A!@
". '((
;,?. 'he transport of amino acids regulated by active processes of different numbers)
A. 1
B. $
. * *
!. +
". 1?
;,1. 'he transport of amino acids regulated by active processes of different numbers)
A. 1
B. $
. * *
!. +
;,$. 'he unwanted amino acids abstracted from the tissues are either used up by the
tissue or in the liver converted into
A. Ammonia
B. * 9rea
. Ammonium salts
!. 9ric acid
". All of these
;,*. 'he useful reagent for detection of amino acids is
A. 4olisch reagent
B. !ichlorophenol Indophenol
. * %inhydrin
!. Biuret
". All of these
;,+. 'he 2ymogen from trypsinogen of pancreatic Juice is converted to active trypsin
by
A. (eisin
B. "nterocrinin
. * "nterokinase
!. Kennin
". Bl
;,.. 'he 2ymogen from trypsinogen of pancreatic Juice is converted to active trypsin
by
A. (eisin
B. "nterocrinin
. * "nterokinase
!. Kennin
". B and
;,,. 'he ?-ketoacid is decarbo#ylated by B$A$ forming a carbo#ylic acid with one
carbon atom less in the absence of the en2yme)
A. * atalase
B. !ecarbo#ylase
. !eaminase
!. (hosphatase
". Both A and B
;,7. 'o endopeptidases belong all below-mentioned en2ymes& e#cept)
A. (epsin
B. "lastase
. * arbo#ypeptidase
!. hemotrypsin
". 'rypsin
;,8. 'ransamination is a
A. Irreversible process
B. * Keversible process
. Both /A0 and /B0
!. Kemoval of A$
". %one of these
;,;. 'ranscortins are
A. * 4ucoproteins
B. :lycoproteins
. 4etalloproteins
!. 5ipoproteins
;7?. 'ransmethylation of guanido acetic acid gives
A. * reatine phosphate
B. reatinine
. holine
!. n-methyl nicotinamide
". All of these
;71. 'ransmethylation of guanido acetic acid gives
A. * reatine phosphate
B. reatinine
. holine
!. n-methyl nicotinamide
". %one of these
;7$. 'ryptophan could be considered as precursor of
A. * 4elanotonin
B. 'hyroid hormones
. 4elanin
!. "pinephrine
". All of these
;7*. Sitamin re3uired for the conversion of hydro#yphenylpyruvate to homogentisate
is
A. Dolacin
B. obalamin
. Ascorbic acid
!. * %iacin
". holecalciferol
;7+. 1hat biologically active substance is formed in the process of decarbo#ylation of
.-hydro#ytryptophane?
A. orticosterone
B. 'hyro#ine
. * 6erotonine
!. Bistamine
". Anserine
;7.. 1hat chemical compound is formed in reaction of amino acids transamination?
A. Ammonia.
B. B$A.
. * ?-Eeto-acid.
!. (yruvate.
". %one of these
;7,. 1hat contents of free hydrochloric acid is in the gastric Juice?
A. 1?-$? mmol-l
B. * $?-+? mmol-l
. +?-,? mmol-l
!. ,?-8? mmol-l
". 8?-1?? mmol-l
;77. 1hat disease is proved by increase of AsA' in blood?
A. (arotiditis
B. :astritis
. (ancreatitis
!. * ardiac infarction
". (neumonia
;78. 1hat is the name of the cofactor for A6'& A5'& or any other transamination
reaction?
A. %A!@
B. Acetyl oA
. * (yrido#al phosphate /(5(0
!. DA!B$
". %A!(B
;7;. 1hen egg albumin is heated till it is coagulated& the secondary and tertiary
structures of the proteins are completely lost resulting in a mi#ture of randomly arranged
A. !ipeptide chains
B. 'ripeptide chains
. * (olypeptide chains
!. All of these
". %one of these
;8?. 1hich amino acid is a lipotropic factor?
A. 5ysine
B. 5eucine
. 'ryptophan
!. * 4ethionine
". All of these
;81. 1hich amino acid is a lipotropic factor?
A. 5ysine
B. 5ecuine
. 'ryptophan
!. * 4ethionine
". A and !
;8$. 1hich among the following is a nutritionally essential amino acid for man ?
A. Alanine
B. :lycine
. 'yrosine
!. * 'ryptophan
". Both A and !
;8*. 1hich among the following is an essential amino acid?
A. ysteine
B. * 5eucine
. 'yrosine
!. Aspartic acid
". Both B and !
;8+. 1hich compounds are formed during the o#idative deamination of amino acids?
A. * Eeto acid and ammonia.
B. 6aturated fatty acid and ammonia.
. 9nsaturated fatty acid and ammonia.
!. Eeto acid and B$A.
". A and !.
;8.. 1hich en2yme activates the trypsinogen?
A. hymotrypsin
B. arbo#ypeptidase
. * "nterokinase
!. 'rypsin
". Aminopeptidase
;8,. 1hich en2yme cleaves proteins in the stomach?
A. 'rypsin
B. hymotrypsin
. arbo#ypeptidase
!. "nterokinase
". * (epsin
;87. 1hich en2yme takes part in o#idative deamination of amino acids?
A. (yridine-linked o#idase.
B. * (yridine-linked dehydrogenase.
. (yridine-linked carbo#ypeptidase
!. (yridine-linked transferase.
". B and !
;88. 1hich of the amino acid produces a vasodilator on decarbo#ylation?
A. :lutamin acid
B. * Bistidine
. Arnithine
!. ysteine
". and !
;8;. 1hich of the amino acid produces a vasodilator on decarbo#ylation?
A. :lutamic acid
B. * Bistidine
. Arnithine
!. ysteine
". Alanine
;;?. 1hich of the following is an amino acid that is found in proteins?
A. Adenosine
B. Adenine
. * Alanine
!. 5inoleic acid
". reatine
;;1. 1hich of the following is an essential amino acid?
A. :lutamine
B. (roline
. * 4ethionine
!. ysteine
". Asparagine
;;$. 1hich of the following is an essential amino acid?
A. :lutamine
B. (roline
. 4ethionine
!. ysteine
". Asparagine
;;*. 1hich one of the following is an essential amino acid?
A. Arginine
B. 'yrosine
. * (henylalanine
!. (roline
". B and
;;+. 1hich pathological component appears in the gastric Juice in cancer of the
stomach?
A. * 5actic acid
. Acetic acid
!. 6ulfuric acid
". itric acid
;;.. 1hich pathological component appears in the gastric Juice in cancer of the
stomach?
A. * 5actic acid
. Acetic acid
!. 6ulfuric acid
". itric acid
;;,. 1hich vitamins take part in deamination of amino acids?
A. B,
B. B*
. * B.
!. B1
;;7. 1ith decarbo#ylation of histidine is formed)
A. 'yramine
B. * Bistamine
. (utrescine
!. adaverine
". 6erotonine
;;8. Hymogen is
A. An intracellular en2yme
B. 6erum en2yme
. A complete e#tracellular en2yme
!. * An inactivated en2yme
;;;. All of tCCCCCCCCC provides one of the % atoms in urea synthesi2ed by the urea
cycle& while CCCCCCCCCCC is a product of the urea cycle.
A. %B* G aspartate
B. %B* G carbamate
. * Aspartate G fumarate
!. Dumarate G aspartate
". arbamate G fumarate
1???. CCCCCCCC contain/s0 nitrogen
A. * Amino acids
B. %ucleotides
. reatine phosphate
!. All of the above
1??1. A coen2yme re3uired for the synthesis of glycine from serine is
A. A'(
B. (yrido#al phosphate
. * 'etrahydrofolate
!. %A!
". DA!
1??$. A compound serving a link between citric acid cycle and urea cycle is
A. 4alate
B. itrate
. 6uccinate
!. * Dumarate
". Arnithine
1??*. A dietary deficiency of tryptophan and nicotinate leads to
A. Beri Beri
B. Terophthalmia
. Anemia
!. * (ellegra
". Kickets
1??+. A phosphoprotein present in egg is
A. asein
B. Albumin
. Avoglobulin
!. Avovitellin
". Ihtulin
1??.. A positive nitrogen balance occurs
A. * In growing infant
B. Dollowing surgery
. In advanced cancer
!. In kwashiorkar
". In old year
1??,. Activity of ceruloplasmin shown in vitro)
A. Keductase
B. * Bydrolase
. 5igase
!. A#idase
". 'ransferases
1??7. Alanine can be synthesi2ed from
A. :lutamate and alfa-ketoglutarate
B. * (yruvate and glutamate
. (yruvate and alfa-ketoglutarate
!. Asparate and alfa-ketoglutarate
1??8. All amino acids have one asymmetric carbon atom& e#cept
A. Arginine
B. Aspargine
. * Bistidine
!. :lycine
". Saline
1??;. All followings are ketogenic aminoacids& e#cept
A. 5eucine
B. Isoleucine
. * (henyl alanine
!. :lycine
". 5ysine
1?1?. All of the following are re3uired for synthesis of alanine e#cept
A. (yruvate
B. Alfa-ketoglutarate
. :lutamate
!. (yrido#al phosphate
1?11. All of the following are re3uired for synthesis of glutamine e#cept
A. :lutamate
B. Ammonia
. * (yrido#al phosphate
!. A'(
1?1$. All of the following statements about aspartate are true e#cept
A. It is non-essential amino acid
B. It is a dicarbo#ylic amino acid
. It can be synthesi2ed from pyruvate and glutamate
!. * It can be converted into asparagine
1?1*. All the following statements about albinism are correct& e#cept
A. 'yrosine hydro#ylase /tyrosinase0 is absent or deficient in melanocytes
B. 6kin is hypopigmented
. * It results in mental retardation
!. "yes are hypopigmented
". A& B& ! are correct
1?1+. All the following statements about pepsin are correct& e#cept
". Its optimum pB is 1?P1$
1?1.. All the following statements about phenylketonuria are correct& e#cept
A. * (henylalanine cannot be converted into tyrosine
B. 9rinary e#cretion of phenylpyruvate and phenyllactate is increased
. It can be controlled by giving a lowphenylalanine diet
!. It leads to decreased synthesis of thyroid hormones& catecholamines and melanin
". It leads to increased synthesis of insulin& catecholamines and homogentosonic
acid
1?1,. Allosteric inhibitor of glutamate dehydrogenase is
A. A'(
B. A!(
. A4(
!. * :!(
". A4(
1?17. Allsoteric activator of glutamate dehydrogenase is
A. * A!(
B. :'(
. A!( and :!(
!. A4( and :4(
". A'(
1?18. Along with A$& %B* and A'( the aminoacid that is needed in urea cycle is
A. Alanine
B. Isoleucine
. * Aspartate
!. :lycine
". Saline
1?1;. Amino acids e#cepting histidine are not good buffering agents in cell because
A. 'hey e#ist as 2witter ions
B. * 'heir pk and not in the physiological pB of a cell
. Anly Bistidine has pk of its K group at ,.? unlike the others which have at a
different pB
!. %one of these
". All of the above
1?$?. Amino acids& monosaccharrides& glycerol and fatty acids are)
A. 'ransported in the lymph to all the lymph nodes in the body
B. All hormones
. (roducts of carbohydrate metabolism
!. "n2ymes
". * "nd products of digestion
1?$1. Ammonia is transported from muscles to liver mainly in the form of
A. Dree ammonia
B. :lutamine
. Asparagine
!. * Alanine
". ?-ketoglutarate
1?$$. An amino acid not containing the usualX AAB group is
A. Alanine
B. 'ryptophan
. 4ethionine
!. * 'aurine
". 6erine
1?$*. An amino acid not involved in urea cycle is
A. Arginine
B. * Bistidine
. Arnithine
!. itrulline
". Anly and !
1?$+. An amino acid which contains a disulphide bond is
A. 5ysine
B. 4ethionine
. Bomocysteine
!. * ystine
1?$.. An e#opeptidase is
A. 'rypsin
B. hymotrypsin
. "lastase
!. * (eptidase
". (hospholipase
1?$,. An important reaction for the synthesis of amino acid from carbohydrate
intermediates is transamination which re3uires the cofactor)
A. 'hiamin
B. Kiboflavin
. %iacin
!. * (yrido#al phosphate
". (antotenic acid
1?$7. An organ which is e#tremely sensitive to ammonia to#icity is
A. 5iver
B. * Brain
. Eidney
!. Beart
". 5ung
1?$8. As a result of amino acids decarbo#ylation in the organism are formed)
". Allantion& indican
1?$;. Branched chain amino acids are
A. ysteine and cystine
B. 'yrosine and 'ryptophan
. :lycine and 6erine
!. * Saline& 5eucine and Isoleucine
". 6erin ans glycine
1?*?. By decarbo#ylation of histidine are formed)
A. 'yramine
B. * Bistamine
. (utrescine
!. adaverine
". 6erotonine
1?*1. 6plitting polymers into absorbable monomers in the :I tract
A. * 'ransport of nutrient molecules from the intestine to cells
B. Intracellular change of nutrient molecules into essential intracellular nutrients
. 6ecretion of insulin and glucagon
!. Absorption of nutrient molecules into the body
1?*$. arbamoyl phosphate re3uired for urea synthesis is formed in
A. ytosol
B. * 4itochondria
. Both /A0 and /B0
!. %one of these
". Anly A
1?**. hymotrypsin is specific for peptide bonds containing
A. * 9ncharged amino acid residues
B. Acidic amino acids
. Basic amino acid
!. 6mall amino acid residues
1?*+. linical features of Ewashiorkor include all of the following e#cept
A. 4ental retardation
B. 4uscle wasting
. Aedema
!. * Anaemia
". A and B
1?*.. oen2yme of amino acids decarbo#ylases is)
B. Davin adenine dinucleotide
. Davin mononucleotide
!. B6-oA
". * (A5(
1?*,. ombine the correct organism with the type of e#cretion of ammonia it uses.
!raw lines between.
A. BirdsG 9rea
B. * BumansG 9ric acid
. DishesG Ammonia /ammonium ion0
!. BirdsG 9ric acid
". DishesG 9ric acid
1?*7. onsumption of raw eggs can cause deficiency of
A. * alcium
B. 5ipoic acid
. Biotin
!. Sitamin A
". Sitamin B$
1?*8. ysteine can be synthesi2ed from methionine and
A. * 6erine
B. Bomoserine
. Bomocysteine
!. 'hreonine
". ystein
1?*;. ysteine has the formula) a. B*6BG b. B$%XB$XAAB c. B6XB$X
B/%B$0XAAB d. 6XB$XB/%B$0XAAB 6XB$XB/%B$0XAAB
A. d
B. c
. * b
!. a
1?+?. ystine is synthesi2ed from
A. * ysteine
B. 4ethionine
. Arginine
!. 5eucine
". Saline
1?+1. ystinuria results from inability to
A. 4etabolise cysteine
B. onvert cystine into cysteine
. Incorporate cysteine into proteins
!. * Keabsorb cystine in renal tubules
". Anly A
1?+$. !aily e#cretion of nitrogen by an adult man is about
A. 1.P$? mg
B. 1..P$ gm
. .P1? gm
!. 1.P$? gm
". * *&.-+ gm
1?+*. !enitrification involves reduction of nitrate& and the production of CCCCCCC.
A. %$
B. %A
. %$A
". 4ore than one of the above& but not all
1?++. !igestion of proteins)
A. onsumes water /hydrolysis0 and amino acids
B. onsumes water /hydrolysis0 and releases amino acids
. * Keleases water /dehydration0 and amino acids
!. Keleases water /dehydration0 and consumes amino acids
1?+.. " %one of the above
A. 4etabolism of consumed foods and vitamins
B. Absorption of many of the digested nutrients
. * 4i#ing of the gastric contents to form chyme
!. 6ecretion of alkaline en2ymes
1?+,. "gg is poor in
A. * "ssential amino acids
B. arbohydrates
. Avidin
!. Biotin
1?+7. "gg is rich in all of the following e#cept
A. holesterol
. * Ascorbic acid
!. alcium
". 9nsaturated fatty acids
1?+8. "#cess amino acids in the body are broken down to form urea in
A. Eidney
B. * 5iver
. 6pleen
!. (ancreas
". 6tomach
1?+;. Dor biosynthesis of proteins
A. * Amino acids only are re3uired
B. Amino acids and nucleic acids only are re3uired
. Amino acid& nucleic acids and A'( only are re3uired
!. Amino acids& nucleic acids& A'(& :'(& en2ymes and activators are re3uired
". All are correct
1?.?. Dor vegetarians& pulses are an important source of
A. arbohydrates
B. * (roteins
. Dat
!. Iron
". All of the above
1?.1. Dree ammonia is released during
A. * A#idative deamination of glutamate
B. atabolism of purines
. atabolism of pyrimidines
!. All of these
". Anly
1?.$. Dunctions of the liver
A. Acts as a storehouse for certain vitamins and iron
B. 6ynthesi2es fibrinogen and prothrombin for coagulation
. * 6ynthesis of the serum albumin essential for blood colloid osmotic pressure and
fluid balance
!. Kegulates blood levels of glucose& ketone bodies and fatty acids
". !estroys bacteria that enter the blood from the intestine before reaching the
general circulation
1?.*. :astrin& which is secreted by stomach cells& functions to)
A. Inhibit the production of hydrochloric acid
B. Increase the secretions of the gastric glands
. * hange pepsin into pepsinogen
!. Initiate the cephalic phase of digestion
". Inhibit the secretory activities of the pancreas& liver and small intestine
1?.+. :lycine can be synthesi2ed from
A. * 6erine
B. holine
. Betaine
!. All of these
". 4ethionine
1?... :lycine is not re3uired for the formation of
A. 'aurocholic acid
B. reatine
. (urines
!. * (yrimidines
". :lutation
1?.,. Bistamine is formed from histidine by
A. !eamination
B. !ehydrogenation
. * !ecarbo#ylation
!. arbo#ylation
". A#idation
1?.7. Bistidine is converted to histamine through the process of
A. 'ransamination
. A#idative deamination
!. 9rea cycle
". Erebs cycle
1?.8. Bow many different amino acids are necessary for our protein production?
A. 1.
B. 18
. * $?
!. $.
". 1?
1?.;. In carcinoid syndrome the argentaffin tissue of the abdominal cavity overproduce
A. 6erotonin
B. Bistamine
. * 'ryptamine
!. 'yrosine
1?,?. In humans& %B* is deto#ified in liver as
A. reatinine
B. 9ric acid
. * 9rea
!. 9ronic acid
". Amino acid
1?,1. In the following reaction& Alanine acts as a B- B[ [ B- %P PAAXX B- %P P
AAB- - [ [B- B
A. Acid
B. * Base
. Hwitter ion
!. %one of these
". Anly are correct
1?,$. In the mouth)
A. Dood is propelled primarily by peristalsis
B. * 'he saliva is used to lubricate and dissolve food
. 'he front teeth are called incisors
!. All of the above
". B and only
1?,*. In the synthesis of 1 molecule of urea in the ErebMs Banseleit cycle& the number of
A'(s re3uired is
A. 1
B. * $
. *
!. +
". .
1?,+. In urea synthesis& the amino acid functioning solely as an en2yme activator)
A. * %-acetyl glutamate
B. Arnithine
. itrulline
!. Arginine
". 6erine
1?,.. Increased serum alanine during fasting is due to
A. Breakdown of muscle proteins
B. * !ecreased utili2ation of non essential amino acids
. 5eakage of aminoacids to plasma
!. Impaired renal function
". Anly
1?,,. Isoelectric pB of an amino acid is that pB at which it has a
A. (ositive charge
B. %egative charge
. * %o charge
!. %one of these
". All of the above
1?,7. Ewashiorkor occurs when the diet is severely deficient in
A. Iron
B. alories
. * (roteins
". a@@
1?,8. 4aple syrup urine diseases is an inborn error of metabolism of
1?,;. 4echanism by which %B* is removed from the kidneys is
A. 9rea formation
B. 9ric acid formation
. * reatinine formation
!. %one of these
". All of the above
1?7?. 4ethionine is synthesi2ed in human body from
A. ysteine and homoserine
B. Bomocysteine and serine
. * ysteine and serine
!. %one of these
". Anly A
1?71. 4ilk is a good source of
A. (roteins& calcium and iron
B. (roteins& calcium and ascorbic acid
. (roteins& lactose and retinol
!. * (roteins& lactose and essential fatty acids
". All of the above
1?7$. 4ost of the ammonia released from 5- amino acids reflects the coupled action of
transaminase and
A. * 5-glutamate dehydrogenase
B. 5-amino acid o#idase
. Bistidase
!. 6erine dehydratase
". Anly !
1?7*. %ame the matter in the urine& which is a test of intensivity of protein putrefaction
processes in the intestine)
A. 9rates
B. 9rea
. reatinine
!. * Indican
". 5actic acid
1?7+. %atural 5-isomers of amino acids are absorbed from intestine by
A. (assive diffusion
B. 6imple diffusion
. Daciliated diffusion
!. * Active process
1?7.. %aturally occurring amino acids have
A. 5-onfiguration
B. !-onfiguration
. * !5-onfiguration
!. %one of these
". B-onfiguration
1?7,. %B* is deto#ified in brain chiefly as
A. * 9rea
B. 9ric acid
. reatinine
!. :lutamine
". esteine
1?77. %B* is removed from brain mainly by
A. reatinine formation
B. 9ric acid production
. * 9rea formation
!. :lutamine formation
1?78. %on-protein amino acids are
A. * Arnithine
B. ?-alanine
. ?-amino butyric acid
!. All of these
". 6erine
1?7;. %umber of amino acids present in the plant& animal and microbial proteins)
A. * $?
B. 8?
. 1.?
!. $??
". 1?1
1?8?. Ane of the following amino acid is solely ketogenic)
A. * 5ysine
B. Alanine
. Saline
!. :lutamate
". Arginine
1?81. Anly one type of digestive Juice contains carbohydrate& protein and fat-digesting
en2ymes. 1hich one is it?
A. * (ancreatic Juice
B. 6aliva
. Bile
!. Intestinal Juice
". :astric Juice
1?8$. (ancreatic Juice contains the precursors of all of the following e#cept
A. * 'rypsin
B. hymotrypsin
. arbo#ypeptidase
!. Aminopeptidase
". "lastase
1?8*. (atient has positive nitric balance. 'he reason of this can be)
A. 6tarvation
B. 'uberculosis
. * (regnancy
!. 4alignant neoplasms
". AI!6
1?8+. (atient on a vegetarian diet has negative nitric balance& hyperproteinemia&
affection of colloid-osmotic pressure and water-salt metabolism by normal function of
alimentary canal. 'his was caused by)
A. * 4onotonous protein nutrition
B. 4onotonous carbohydrate nutrition
. 5ack of unsaturated fatty acids
!. 5ack of phospholipids in food
". 5ack of vitamins in food
1?8.. (atient with enterocolitis has affected protein adoption. 1hat mechanism of
A. (inocytosis
. 6imple diffusion
". (hagocytosis
1?8,. (epsin acts on denatured proteins to produce
A. (roteases and peptones
B. * (olypeptides
. (eptides
!. !ipeptides
". :licerol
1?87. (epsinogen is converted to active pepsin by
A. * Bl
B. Bile salts
. a@@
!. "nterokinase
". 5ipase
1?88. (hysiologically active configuration of amino acids)
A. * 5
B. !
. Dor some amino acids it is either of two
!. %either 5 nor !
".
1?8;. (ositive nitrogen balance is seen in
A. 6tarvation
B. 1asting diseases
. * :rowing age
!. Intestinal malabsorption
". All of the above
1?;?. (roteins that carries Iron into different tissues is
A. eruloplasmin
B. * 'rans cortin
. 4ucoproteins
!. :lycoproteins
". 5ipoprotein
1?;1. (yrido#al phosphate& what is it?
A. ItMs essential since our body can produce it itself
B. ItMs essential since our body cannot produce it itself and it needs to be taken up
from the diet
. It is a receptor molecule
!. * It is a very important co-en2yme in for instance transamination reactions
". All of the above
1?;$. Kenin converts casein to paracasein in presence of
A. * a@@
B. 4g@@
. %a@
!. E@
". De@@
1?;*. 6ecretin produced by the mucosa of the duodenum is stimulated by)
A. !istention of the stomach
B. 5arge 3uantities of bile
. A fatty chyme
!. * Acidity of the chyme
1?;+. 6ulphur-containing amino acid is
A. :lutathione
. * Bomocysteine
!. 'ryptophan
". Bistidin
1?;.. 6ulphur-containing amino acid is
A. :lutathione
. * Bomocysteine
!. 'ryptophan
". Bistidin
1?;,. 'he $ nitrogen atoms in urea are contributed by
A. Ammonia and glutamate
B. :lutamine and glutamate
. * Ammonia and aspartate
!. Ammonia and alanine
". Ammonia and :lutamine
1?;7. 'he absorption of intact protein from the gut in the foetal and newborn animals
takes place by
A. (inocytosis
B. (assive diffusion
. 6imple diffusion
!. * Active transport
". A and B
1?;8. 'he acceptor of amino group in the processes of transamination is)
A. (yruvate
B. A#aloacetate
. *
!. Dumarate
1?;;. 'he activators of trypsinogen are)
A. Bydrochloric acid
B. * hymotrypsin
. "nterokinase
!. Aminopeptidases
". arbo#ypeptidase
11??. 'he amino acid containing an indole ring)
A. 'ryptophan
B. Arginine
. 'hreonine
!. * (henylalanine
". Saline
11?1. 'he amino acid that undergoes o#idative deamination at significant rate is
A. Alanine
B. Aspartate
. * :lutamate
!. :lutamine
". 6erin
11?$. 'he amino acid which contains an indole group is
A. Bistidine
B. Arginine
. lycine
!. * 'ryptophan
". ysteine
11?*. 'he amino acid which contains an indole group is
A. Bistidine
B. Arginine
. lycine
!. * 'ryptophan
". ysteine
11?+. 'he amino acid which has a pE near + and thus is negatively charged at pB 7 is
A. * Alanine
B. :lutamic acid
. :lutamine
!. Aspargine
11?.. 'he amino acids in which the K groups have a net positive charge at pB 7.? are
A. 5ysine& Arginine& Bistidine
B. 5ysine& Aspargine
. * Bistidine& Aspargine
!. :lutamine& Arginine
". Anly !
11?,. 'he amount of urea in patientFs urine is normal. 1hich of the listed figures are
true in this case?
A. 1?-1. g
B. $?-+? g
. 1?-*. g
!. * $.-*? g
". .?-,? g
11?7. 'he body protein after eighteen years
A. Kemains unchanged
B. Is decomposed only slightly at intervals of one month
. Is in a constant state of flu#
!. * Is used only for energy re3uirement
11?8. 'he bond in proteins that is not hydrolysed under usual conditions of
denaturation)
A. Bydrophobic bond
B. Bydrogen bond
. !isulphide bond
!. * (eptide bonds
". Bydrophobic interaction
11?;. 'he catalytic triad of most serine proteases contains an Asp& Bis and 6er residue.
1hich of the following is true?
A. 'he Asp residue is used in an acid cataly2ed attack on the peptide bond.
B. 'he Bis residue is responsible for the substrate specificity of 'rypsin.
. * 'he 6er residue is used in a nucleophilic attack on the peptide bond.
!. 'he Asp residue is responsible for the substrate specificity of 'rypsin.
111?. 'he cleavage of trypsinogen to form active trypsin
A. Acurs in the small intestine.
B. an be cataly2ed by trypsin.
. Acurs in the pancreas.
!. an be cataly2ed by chymotrypsin.
". * 'he first two choices are both correct.
1111. 'he cleavage specificity of trypsin& chymotrypsin& and elastase depend in part on)
A. 'he pro#imity of 6er 1;. to the specificity pocket.
B. 'he si2e& shape& and charge of the specificity pocket.
. 'he distance between the o#yanion hole and the specificity pocket.
!. * 'he presence of a low-barrier hydrogen bond in the specificity pocket.
". 'he absence of water in the specificity pocket.
111$. 'he compound having the formula B$%XAX%BXB$XB$XB$XBX
AAB is %B$
A. * 5ysine
B. :lutamine
. 6erine
!. itrulline
". Anly
111*. 'he compound used by fish for the purpose of disposing of e#cess nitrogen is
A. * 9ric acid
B. 9rea
. Ammonia
!. Aspartate
". Dumarate
111+. 'he concentration of urea in the blood of healthy man is)
A. 1?-1$ m4-l
B. 1$-$? m4-l
. 1-$ m4-l
!. * *-8 m4-l
". 1.-18 m4-l
111.. 'he concentration of urea is highest in
A. Kenal vein
B. * Bepatic portal vein
. !orsal aorta
!. Bepatic vein
". Anly
111,. 'he concentration of urea is least in
A. Kenal artery
B. * Kenal vein
. (ost canal
!. !orsal aorta
". Bepatic portal vein
1117. 'he defective en2yme in histidinemia is
A. Bistidine carbo#ylase
B. Bistidine decarbo#ylase
. * Bistidase
!. Bistidine o#idase
1118. 'he end product of protein digestion in :.I.'. is
A. !ipeptide
B. 'ripeptide
. (olypeptide
!. * Amino acid
". (eptide
111;. 'he en2yme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase re3uires
A. * 4g@@
B. a@@
. %a@
!. E@
". D@
11$?. 'he en2yme trypsin is specific for peptide bonds of
A. Basic amino acids
B. Acidic amino acids
. * Aromatic amino acids
!. %e#t to small amino acid residues
". Datty acids
11$1. 'he en2ymes of urea synthesis are found in
A. 4itochondria only
B. ytosol only
. * Both mitochondria and cytosol
!. %ucleus
". 5ysosoms
11$$. 'he following en2yme of urea cycle is present in cytosol)
A. Argininosuccinic acid synthetase
B. Argininosuccinase
. Arginase
!. * All of these
". Arnithin-carbamoilphosphatetransferase
11$*. 'he following has the highest protein efficiency ratio)
A. 4ilk proteins
B. "gg proteins
. * 4eat proteins
!. Dish proteins
". All of the above
11$+. 'he main site of urea synthesis in mammals is
A. * 5iver
B. 6kin
. Intestine
!. Eidney
". 5ung
11$.. 'he main sites for o#idative deamination are
B. 6kin and pancreas
. Intestine and mammary gland
!. 5ung and spleen
". !uodenum and spleen
11$,. 'he maJor constituent of the proteins of hair and keratin of skin)
A. Arginine
B. * ysteine
. :lycine
!. Asparagine
". :lutamic acid
11$7. 'he maJor end product of protein nitrogen metabolism in man is
A. :lycine
B. 9ric acid
. * 9rea
!. %B*
". 6erine
11$8. 'he maJor site of urea synthesis is
A. Brain
B. Eidneys
. * 5iver
!. 4uscles
". 5ung
11$;. 'he most important function of the large intestine is)
A. Absorption of water and electrolytes
B. 6ecretion of en2ymes
. * !igestion of incompletely digested foods
!. Kemoval of to#ic substances
". All of the above are e3ually important
11*?. 'he number of A'( re3uired for urea synthesis is
A. ?
B. 1
. * $
!. *
". 1$
11*1. 'he only correct statement about chymotrypsin is
B. * arbo#ypeptidase converts trypsin into chymotrypsin
. Its optimum pB is around 7
". All of the above
11*$. 'he optimal pB for the en2yme chymotrypsin is
A. $.?
B. +.?
. ,.?
!. 8.?
". * 7&?
11**. 'he optimal pB for the en2yme pepsin is
A. 1..P$..
B. * +.?P..?
. ..$P?,.?
!. ..8P,.$
". ,&? P 8&?
11*+. 'he optimal pB for the en2yme rennin is
A. $.?
B. +.?
. 8.?
!. * ..?
". 7&?
11*.. 'he o#idative deamination of the amino acid alanine in muscle produces)
A. * Ane molecule of pyruvic acid and a molecule of ammonia
B. Ane molecule of pyruvic acid and a molecule of carbon dio#ide
. Ane molecule of pyruvic acid and another amino acid
!. Ane molecule of pyruvic acid and a molecule of water
". Ane molecule of pyruvic acid and a molecule of urea
11*,. 'he pancreatic en2ymes& trypsin& chymotrypsin and elastase all have)
A. 'he same catalytic triad at their active sites.
B. 6imilar se3uences and tertiary structures.
. * 'he same catalytic mechanism.
!. 6milar processing pathways from inactive 2ymogens.
". All of the above choices are correct
11*7. 'he pB of an amino acid depends
A. * Aptical rotation
B. !issociation constant
. !iffusion coefficient
!. hain length
11*8. 'he pB of an amino acid depends
A. * Aptical rotation
B. !issociation constant
. !iffusion coefficient
!. hain length
11*;. 'he reservoir for nitrogen is
A. 'he atmosphere.
B. Kocks.
. Ammonia.
!. %itrates.
". * Amino acids.
11+?. 'he small intestine is the main site of absorption of)
A. arbohydrates absorbed as monosacchorides
B. arbohydrates absorbed as amino acids by active transport
. Dats absorbed into lacteals of the lymphatic system
!. * (roteins absorbed as small molecules or proteoses
". A and only
11+1. 'he sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic Juice helps to raise the pB of chyme. 1hat
substance originally lowered the pB of chyme?
A. hyle
B. B$A*
. * B5
!. Alkali
". Base
11+$. 'he synthesis of urea finishes with)
A. ondencation of citrulline from %B*
B. * Dermentative hydrolysis of arginine to ornithine and urea
. 6ynthesis of arginine from citrulline
!. A#idation to ornithine and urea with participation of A$ and arginine
". A#idation of arginine with participation of A$ to ornithine and urea
11+*. 'he useful reagent for detection of amino acids is
A. 4olisch reagent
. * %inhydrin
!. Biuret
11++. 'he useful reagent for detection of amino acids is
A. 4olisch reagent
. * %inhydrin
!. Biuret
11+.. 'ransfer of the carbamoyl moiety of carbamoyl phosphate to ornithine is catalysed
by a liver mitochondrial en2yme)
A. arbamoyl phosphate synthetase
B. * Arnithine transcarbamoylase
. %-acetyl glutamate synthetase
!. %-acetyl glutamate hydrolase
". Arginase
11+,. 'rypsinogen is converted to active trypsin by
A. * "nterokinase
B. Bile salts
. Bl
!. 4g$@
". olipase
11+7. 'yrosine could be considered as precursor of
A. 4elanotonin
B. * 'hyroid hormones
. 4elanin
!. "pinephrine
". Insulin
11+8. 9rea is transported by
A. * (lasma
B. Blood
. KB
!. 1B
". %one af the above
11+;. 1hat amino acid in the process of urea biosynthesis splits to urea and ornithine?
A. 5eucine
B. itrulline
. * Arginine
!. Saline
". (roline
11.?. 1hat biologically active substance is formed in the process of decarbo#ylation of
.-hydro#ytryptophane?
A. orticosterone
B. 'hyro#ine
. * 6erotonine
!. Bistamine
". Anserine
11.1. 1hat type of covalent bonds link the amino acids in a protein?
A. * (eptide bonds
B. Bydrogen bonds
. Ionic bonds
!. :lycosidic bonds
". "ster bonds
11.$. 1hen branched chain amino acids are deaminated in muscle& the ammonia
produced is mostly)
A. onverted into arginine and released from the muscle
B. * onverted into alanine and glutamine and released from the muscle
. onverted into urea and released from the muscle
!. 9ed to synthesise purines and pyrimidines in the muscle
". A#idised to form nitric o#ide
11.*. 1hich of the following amino acids commonly acts as a nucleophilic group in
en2yme catalysed reaction mechanisms?
A. 6erine
B. * (henylalanine
. Bistidine
!. Saline
". 'yrosine
11.+. 1hich of the following contributes nitrogen atoms to both purine and pyrimidine
rings?
A. * Aspartate
B. arbamoyl phosphate
. A$
!. :lutamine
". Dumarate
11... 1hich of the following is an amino acid that is found in proteins?
A. Adenosine
B. Adenine
. * Alanine
!. 5inoleic acid
". reatine
11.,. 1hich of the following is not a function of the pancreas?
A. 6ecretes insulin as well as glucagon into pancreatic duct
B. * 6ecretes alkaline Juice which neutrali2es chyme while chyme is stored in the
stomach
. 6ecretes both endocrine and e#ocrine substances
!. 6ecretes lipase which acts on bile-emulsified fats to convert them to fatty acids
and glycerol
". 6ecretes amylase which acts on starches to convert them to maltose
11.7. 1hich of the following is not an amino acid?
A. :lutamic acid
B. Aspartic acid
. :lutamine
!. * (almitic acid
". 5eucine
11.8. 1hich of the following reactions is carried out by species of %itrobacter?
A. %itrate C %$
B. %itrite C nitrate
. %itrite--Iammonia
!. %itrate C nitrite
". Ammonia C nitrite
11.;. 1hich of the following takes place in the mouth?
A. Dood is fashioned into a bolus
B. * arbohydrate digestion begins
. Dood becomes partially li3uified
!. All of the above
". A and B only
11,?. 1hich of the followings gives a positive test for %inhydrin?
A. Keducing sugars
B. 'riglycerides
. * Alpha aminoacids
!. "sterified Dats
". Sitamins
11,1. 1hich of the molecule/s0 is-are the most common donators of amino groups
during transaminations?
A. 'yrosine
B. * :lutamate
. Alanine
!. :lutamin
". A and
11,$. 1hich of these is false about \gastric Juice?]
A. * Is highly acidic because of its B5 content
B. ontains the intrinsic factor for absorption of vitamin B1$
. Is controlled in part by a hormone called gastrin
!. Becomes neutrali2ed in the duodenum by the action of sodium bicarbonate from
the pancreas
11,*. 1hich one of the following is an essential amino acid?
A. Arginine
B. 'yrosine
. * (henylalanine
!. (roline
". Arnitine
11,+. 1ith which of the listed cycles is connected the cycle of urea formation?
A. (D
B. * 'ricarbo#ylic acid cycle
. :luconeogenesis
!. :lycolysis
". 5ipogenesis hese

Real life situation questions
1. A $-years-old child has symptoms of galactosemia. Among them the following is
marked)
A. !ermatitis
B. !ementia
. Eeratomalacia
!. * ataract
". Terophtalmia
$. A +, years old woman appealed to the doctor with complaints about pain in the
epigastrium after the fatty meal. !octor suspected acute pancreatitis. ontent of which
from the transferred substances in blood increased at this pathology?
A. :lucose
B. Aspartate amino transferase
. Alanine amino transferase
!. * Amylase
". alcium
*. A child after the mi#ed meal which contains sucrose suffered from vomiting and cramps.
After the e#ception of sugar from a diet& these symptoms disappeared. (robably& that
patient suffers from)
A. :alactosemia
B. 9ndigestion of lactose
. "ssential pentoseuria
!. :lycogenosis
". * 9ndigestion of fructose
+. A child was delivered to a reanimation with such symptoms) vomit& diarrhea& abnormal
physical and mental development& cataract. 5aboratory test showed galactosemia. 'he
deficiency of what en2yme does take place?
A. :alactokinase
B. 9!( glucose-+-epimerase
. * Be#ose-1-phosphate-uridiltransferase
!. 9!(- glucose Ppyrophosphorilase
". :lucose-,-phosphate dehydrogenase.
.. A deficiency in thiamin causes the disease beriberi. 1hich might you e#pect to have a
higher than normal blood concentration in an individual with this condition?
A. isocitrate
B. * pyruvate
. o#aloacetate
!. acetyl oA
". malate
,. A new-born child has diarrhea& vomiting and cataract. !isorder of synthesis of what
en2yme causes this disease?
A. * :alactose P 1 P phosphate uridyl transpherase
B. :lucose - , phosphatase
. Be#okinase
!. :lycogen synthase
". :lucose phosphate isomerase
7. A new-born child has diarrhea& vomiting and cataract. !isorder of synthesis of what
en2yme caused this disease?
A. * :alactose P 1 P phosphate uridyl transpherase
B. :lucose - , phosphatase
. Be#okinase
!. :lycogen synthase
". :lucose phosphate isomerase
8. A newborn suffers from the fatty degeneration of liver& takes place a galactosuria and
amino aciduria& increased level of total bilirubin in blood. 1hat matter is it necessary to
e#clude from the diet of child?
A. * 5actose
B. Datty acids
. (henylalanine
!. holesterol
". 6accharose
;. A patient complains about acute stomach-ache& nausea& vomit. !iastase activity is 8??
grammes-lN hour 1hat diagnosis is the most possible?
A. Acute cholecystitis
B. * Acute pancreatitis
. 9lcer of stomach
!. Acute appendicitis
". "nterocolitis
1?. A patient has metabolic acidosis. Bow will it change activity of intracellular en2ymes?
A. Activity of intracellular en2ymes do not change substantially.
B. Activity of mitochondrial en2ymes increased& activity of lysosomal en2ymes
inhibited& which is accompanied the decline of catalytic processes.
. * Activity of mitochondrial en2ymes is low& activity of lysosomal en2ymes& which
will result in strengthening of catalytic processes& is increased.
!. 'otal inhibition of all of tissue en2ymes.
". 'otal activating of all of tissue en2ymes.
11. A patient has metabolic acidosis. Bow will it change activity of intracellular en2ymes?
A. Activity of intracellular en2ymes does not change substantially.
B. Activity of mitochondrial en2ymes increases& activity of lysosomal en2ymes
inhibits& which is accompanied the decline of catalytic processes.
. * Activity of mitochondrial en2ymes is low& activity of lysosomal en2ymes& which
will result in strengthening of catalytic processes& is increased.
!. 'otal inhibition of all of tissue en2ymes.
". 'otal activating of all of tissue en2ymes.
1$. A patient is found to be deficient in the en2yme galactose 1-phosphate
". increase intake of milk
1*. A patient is found to be deficient in the en2yme galactose 1-phosphate
1+. A patient was diagnosed with beri-beri disease. Activity of which en2yme is inhibited in
an organism of the patient?
A. Dumarase
B. itrate synthase
. 4alate dehydrogenase
!. 6uccinate dehydrogenase
". * (yruvate dehydrogenase
1.. A patient with pellagra /a result of vitamin of (( luck0 has low activity of the followings
en2ymes of glycolysis)
A. :lucokinase and enolase
B. * :lyceraldehyde *-(hosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase
. Aldolase and pyruvatekinase
!. 5actate dehydrogenase and he#okinase
". (yruvate dehydrogenase and aldolase
1,. After hard physical work during rest there are stimulation some metabolic ways of
carbohydrates& e#cept)
A. :lycogenes
B. :luconeogenesis from lactat
. :luconeogenesis from glycerin
!. * :lycolysis& Erebs cycle
". :luconeogenesis from amino acids
17. As a result of workerFs e#hausting muscle activity the strongly decreased buffer capacity
of blood occurs. Accumulation of which substance in the blood e#plains this event?
A. *-phosphoglycerate
B. pyruvate
. 1&*-biphosphoglycerate
!. * lactate
". "-ketoglutarate
18. At entering in organism big amount of to#ic substances glucose-,-phosphate in a liver
including in)
A. :lycolysis
B. :lycogenogenesis
. :lycolysis& Erebs cycle
!. * (entosophosphate cycle
". :luconeogenesis
1;. At the short starvation after the consumption of carbohydrate meal& he#oses in a liver
transform into glucose-,-phosphate& which can be used in all pathways& e#cept)
B. (entosophosphate cycle
. 6ynthesis of glycogen
!. :lycolysis
". 6ynthesis of fatty acids
$?. By the ambulane car a patient was delivered to the hospital& who became unconscious in
the street. Biochemical blood analysis showed) ketone bodies concentration ,&8 mmol-l&
urea concentration 7&. mmol-l& increased concentration of -protein& amount of calcium
$&$ mmol-l& blood glucose $&. mmol-l. 1hat is the possible reason for getting
unconscious?
A. * hypoglycemia
B. ammonia formation malfunction
. hypocalcemia
!. acetonemia
". hyperthyroidism
$1. oncentration of pyruvic acid and lactic acid in blood of a patient with sympthoms of
beri beriis is increased due to deficiency of the vitamin)
A. * 'hiamin
B. Kiboflavin
. %iacin
!. (antothenic acid
". Ascorbic acid
$$. !uring wet beriberi& peripheral vessels dilate and heart muscles loose their contractility.
6ome people think this is a result of a failure of the 'A cycle. "vidence for this is an
increase in the
A. Kate of production of succinate
B. Kate of production of %A!B
. * oncentration of alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate
!. (roduction of A'(
". (roduction of DA!B$
$*. Dor diagnosis of patients with an innate and early cataract& it is necessary to inspect them
on a presence of)
A. Dructosemia
B. Byperuricemia
. (entosemia
!. Byperlactemia
". * :alactosemia
$+. If a patient with the deficiency of lactase uses milk and milk products& such symptom can
be observed as)
A. An increase of concentration of glucose is in blood
B. Appearance of galactose in urine
. An increase of concentration of galactose in blood
!. * !iarrhea
". !ermatitis
$.. In blood and urine of a patient it was takes place increase value of pyruvic and ?-
ketoglutaric acids. 'he deficiency of which coen2yme causes these changes?
A. (yrido#al phosphate
B. * 'hiamin pyrophosphate
!. Biotin
". 9bi3inon
$,. In blood and urine of a patient it was takes place increase value of pyruvic and
ketoglutaric acids. 'he deficiency of which coen2yme causes these changes?
A. (yrido#al phosphate
B. * 'hiamin pyrophosphate
!. Biotin
". 9bi3inon
$7. In some !iabetic patients& glucose increases disproportionately and is unresponsive to an
insulin challengeG under these conditions& how would oneFs liver normally respond?
A. (hosphorylating glucose for entry into the glycolytic pathway
B. 6aturating glucokinase with glucose
. (hosphorylating glucose for entry into the glycogen synthesis pathways
!. a and b only
". * a and c only
$8. In the organism of patient with inherited galactosemia accumulate galactose-1-phosphate&
a free galactose and a such alcohol - to#ic product of its reduction as)
A. :lycerol
B. * !ulcitol
. Inositol
!. Ketinol
". "thanol
$;. (atient has sympthoms of beri beri /lack of B10. B1 formes coen2yme '(( which is
involved in)
A. * A#idative decarbo#ylation
B. Bydro#ylation
. 'ransamination
!. arbo#ylation
". A#idation
*?. (atient has sympthoms of beri beri. Both 1ernickeMs disease and beri beri can be
reversed by administrating)
A. Ketinol
B. * 'hiamin
. (yrido#ine
!. Sitamin B1$
". holecalciferol
*1. (atient with atherosclerosis suffers from severe ischemic heart disease. 1hich process
will prevail in the cardiac muscle?
A. * anaerobic glucose decomposition
B. ketone bodies synthesis
. glycerin o#idation
!. aerobic glucose decomposition
". ketone bodies o#idation
*$. (atients which suffer from inherited undigestion of fructose must not use such
disaccharide as)
A. ellobiose
B. 5actose
. 4altose
!. * 6ucrose
". All of the above
**. (eople& who for a long time were in the condition of hypodynamia after intensive
physical activity have strong muscle pain. 1hat is the most probable reason of this
condition?
A. * increased concentration of lactic acid in the muscles
B. increased decomposition of muscle proteins
. concentration of creatine in the muscles
!. increased muscle stimulation
". increase of A!( in the muscles
*+. 'eturam which is the inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase used in medical practice for
the prophyla#is of alcoholism. An increase in blood of what metabolite causes disgust of
an alcohol?
A. malonic aldehyde
B. "thanol
. * Acetaldehyde
!. (roponic aldehyde
". 4ethanol
*.. 'he accumulation of pyruvate in blood& decrease of activity of red blood cells
transketolase takes place of a *, years patient& which suffers with chronic alcoholism.
Insufficiency of coen2yme form of which vitamin causes such changes?
A. * 'hiamine diphosphate
B. arbo#ybiotin
. 4etylcobalamin
!. (hosphopyrido#al
". 'etrahydrofolate
*,. 'he inherited genetic defects result in violation of synthesis of some en2ymes in the
human organism. 'he defect of which en2yme results in disorders of splitting of lactose)
A. * 5actase
B. 4altase
. 6ucrase
!. Amylase
". (eptidase
*7. 'he patient complains for undue fatiguability after working day& constant thirst. A doctor
suspected diabetes mellitus. hoose the blood plasma glucose concentration& which
proves the diagnosis)
A. * 8&. mmol-l
B. $ mmol-l
. +&. mmol-l
!. . mmol-l
". *&* mmol-l
*8. 'he patient has inhibited o#idative pyruvate decarbo#ylation. Bow many A'( molecules
less the organism will receive at the o#idation of a single glucose molecule?
A. * *? A'( molecules per each glucose molecule
B. *, A'( molecules per each glucose molecule
. $ A'( molecules per each glucose molecule
!. there will be no A'( deficiency because less synthesis is compensated by
intensive fat decomposition
". 1$ A'( molecules per each glucose molecule
*;. 'he rate at which pyruvate from glycolysis is used by the 'A cycle to produce energy is
regulated by pyruvate dehydrogenase. !uring muscle contraction& this en2yme is
A. Inhibited by increases in the calcium concentration.
B. Activated by increased in acetyl oA
. Activated by increases in %A!B
!. * Activated by increases in A!(
". Inhibited by increases in A4(
+?. Somiting& diarrhea after consuming milk& enlargement of the liver& Jaundice&
cirrhosis&cataracts& retardation of the mental development& elevated blood-galactose level&
absence of the galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase in red blood cells are the
symptoms of)
A. lactose intolerance
B. hypolactasia
. * galactosemia
!. all of the above
". diabetes mellitus
+1. Somiting& diarrhea after consuming milk& enlargement of the liver& Jaundice&
symptoms of)
A. lactose intoleranceG
B. hypolactasiaG
. * galactosemiaG
!. all of the above.
". diabetes mellitus
+$. 1hich metabolic ways transformation of glucose-,-phosphate will prevail in a liver at
the condition activation of biosynthetic processes?
A. :luconeogenesis
B. :lycolisis
. 'ransformation of glucose-,-phosphate on free glucose and phosphate
!. * (entosophosphate cycle
". :lycogenesis
+*. Least will normally convert pyruvate to ethanol. 1hy is this better for the yeast than a
conversion to lactate?
A. onversion to ethanol releases more %A!@ per mole than the conversion to
lactate.
B. 'he carbon atoms are more o#idi2ed in ethanol than in lactate.
. * "thanol is neutral& but lactate production is accompanied by a sharp decrease in
pB.
!. "thanol production is not better. Least normally produces ethanol and lactate in
e3uilmolar amounts.
". All of the above
++. +$ years old man for dinner ate a big portion of spaghetti& a piece of cake& had a glass of
sweet tea. 1hat hepatocyte en2yme activity is activated mostly ?
A. * Be#okinase
. :lucose-,-phosphatdehydrogenase
!. :lycogen phosphorylase
". "-galactosidase
+.. 8 month old child has vomiting and diarrhea after having fruit Juice. 'here is an increased
level of fructose in the blood. 'his is conneceted with the lack of the en2yme)
A. * Dructokinase
B. Eetose-1-phosphate aldolase
. Isomerase
!. 'riosephosphate isomerase
". (hosphorylase
+,. A ,$ yaears old woman with diabetes mellitus has cataract /lenticular opacity0 by . 1hat
is the reason?
A. Eetogenesis
B. 5ipolysis
. (rotein proteolysis
!. * (rotein glycosylation
". . :luconeogenesis
+7. A doctor was visited by a patient with complains on constant thirst. Byperglycemia&
polyuria and increased amount of 17-ketosteroid in the blood were found. 1hat disease is
the most possible?
A. Insulin-dependent diabetes
B. * 6teroid diabetes
. 4y#edema
!. I type glycogenolysis
". AddisonFs disease
+8. A key element in the regulation of glycogen metabolism is the phosphorylation by
protein kinase A of phosphorylase kinase which CCCCCC /activates& inactivates0 and the
phosphorylation of glycogen synthase which CCCCCCC /activates& inactivates0.
A. ActivatesG activates
B. * ActivatesG inactivates
. InactivatesG inactivates
!. InactivatesG activates
+;. A patient has developed general adiposity and atherosclerosis as a result of everyday
usage of)
A. * ,?? g carbohydrates
B. 1.? g protein
. .? g vegetable oil
!. 1?? g fats
". 1? mg vitamin A
.?. A patient is found to be deficient in the en2yme galactose 1-phosphate
A. Avoid all strenuous e#ercise
B. "at a fat-free diet
. Increase intake of vitamin
!. * Avoid ingestion of milk and milk products
". Increase intake of vitamin B1
.1. A woman of .8 years is hard condition. onsciousness is blear& skin is dry& eyes are
sunken& cyanosis& the smell of rotting apples from the mouth. Blood glucose - 1.&1
mmol-l& urine glucose *&.Y. 1hat is the most real reason for such condition?
A. 9remic coma
B. Bypovalemic coma
. Anaphylactic shock
!. * Byperglycemic coma
". Bypoglycemic coma
.$. According to the classic glucose-fatty acid cycle& which two metabolites are predicted to
increase in skeletal muscle when fat becomes the maJor substrate o#idi2ed?
A. A!(& A4(
B. * Acetyl oA& citrate
. (yruvate dehydrogenase& phosphofructokinase
!. :lycogen& triglyceride
". All of the above
.*. All are true for ?-amylase "T"(')
A. ataly2es hydrolysis of ? /1 +0 linkages in starch.
B. Is an important component of saliva and pancreatic Juice.
. * ataly2es hydrolysis of ? /1 ,0 linkages in amylopectin.
!. ataly2es hydrolysis of ? /1 +0 linkages in glycogen.
". Activity is reduced in highly branched regions of polysaccharides and stops four
residues from any branch point.
.+. All en2ymes of gluconeogenesis are located in)
A. * ytoplasm
B. 4atri# of mitochondria
. Inner membrane of mitochondria
". %ucleus
... An en2yme used in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is)
A. * *-phosphoglycerate kinase.
B. :lucose ,-phosphatase.
. Be#okinase.
!. (hosphofructokinase-1.
". (yruvate kinase.
.,. At the subcellular level& where do the reactions of gluconeogenesis occur?
A. Al in the cytosol
B. Al in the mitochondria
. In the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum
!. * In the cytosol and the mitochondra
". In the plasma membrane
.7. Biochemical blood analysis of a 1-year old child showed hypoglycemia. After inJection
of epinephrine hyperglycemia did not appear. !uring clinical inspection were observed
growth inhibition& spasms& increase of liver and kidney. 5ack or e#cess of which en2yme
causes such pathology?
A. 5ack of muscle phosphorylase
B. * "#cess of glucose-,-phosphatase
. 5ack of liver phosphorylase
!. "#cess of muscle phosphorylase
". 5ack of glucokinase
.8. Biochemical blood analysis of a *$ years old patient& who starved for * days& showed that
the amount of glucose is normal. 1hat process provides the normal glucose level in the
blood of a healthy man after *-+ days of starvation?
B. :lycolysis
. (entose-phosphate pathway
!. Erebs cycle
". :lycogen synthesis
.;. Bypassed reactions in gluconeogenesis are)
A. * onversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvateG conversion of fructose 1&,-
bisphosphate to fructose ,-phosphateG conversion of glucose ,-phosphate to
glucoseG
B. onversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvateG conversion $-phosphoglicerate
to *-phosphoglicerateG conversion of fructose ,-phosphate to glucose ,-
phosphateG
. onversion of $-phosphoglicerate to *-phosphoglicerateG conversion of fructose
,-phosphate to glucose ,-phosphateG conversion of glucose ,-phosphate to
glucoseG
!. onversion of *-phosphoglicerate to 1&*-biphosphoglycerateG conversion of
fructose 1&,-bisphosphate to fructose ,-phosphateG conversion of glucose ,-
phosphate to glucose.
,?. oncerning some general principles of glucose metabolism)
A. * :luconeogenesis is stimulated when plasma glucose is low.
B. :luconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from glycogen.
. :lycogenesis is stimulated when cellular A'( reserves are low.
!. :lucose may be synthesi2ed from fatty acids.
". :lucose may be synthesi2ed from vitamins.
,1. !uring fasting& what role does gluconeogenesis play?
A. Aids in the release of glucose from stored glycogen in the liver.
B. * 9ses protein /amino acids0 to restore blood glucose levels.
. (roduces products that slow the o#idation of pyruvate.
!. Belps transport glucose across the blood-brain barrier to maintain brain glucose
levels.
,$. !uring strenuous e#ercise& the %A!B formed in the glyceraldehyde *-phosphate
dehydrogenase reaction in skeletal muscle must be reo#idi2ed to %A!@ if glycolysis is to
continue. 'he most important reaction involved in the reo#idation of %A!B is)
A. !ihydro#yacetone phosphate I glycerol *-phosphate
B. :lucose ,-phosphate I fructose ,-phosphate
. Isocitrate I ?-ketoglutarate
!. A#aloacetate I malate
". * (yruvate I lactate
,*. "ach following line is a statement about :lycolysis.
A. n en2yme which catalyses a reaction consuming A'(
B. * n en2yme which catalyses a reaction generating A'(.
. n en2yme which has an allosteric A'( site
!. An en2yme which catalyses a reaction fi#ing (i.
". An en2yme which catalyses a reaction generating %A!B.
,+. "ach of the following is a statement about energy metabolism. If it can be applied to
carbohydrates)
A. an provide energy to flowering plants.
B. an provide energy to some germinating seeds.
. * Is the usual source of energy for brain.
!. Is the usual source of energy for skeletal muscle.
". an provide energy to skeletal muscle.
,.. "ach of the following is the name of an en2yme found in the cytosol of hepatocytes&
which are capable of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
A. (pyruvate kinase
B. * Dructose 1&,-bisphosphatase
. (hosphoenolpyruvate carbo#ykinase
!. Be#okinase
". (hosphofructokinase 1
,,. Dor each molecule of glucose converted to pyruvate in the glycolytic pathway CCC
molecules of A'( are used initially /6tage I0 and CCCC molecules of A'( are produced
/6tage II0 for an overall yield of CCC molecules of A'(-glucose. 'he VA'( mathV is)
A. * -$ @ + ^ $
B. -1 @ + ^ *
. -$ @ . ^ *
!. -1 @ $ ^ 1
". $ @ $ ^ +
,7. ?Dor long-term storage& glucose is converted to CCCCCC & while for short-term storage&
glucose is converted to
A. Dat& glycogen
B. * :lycogen& ketone bodies
. Dat& pyruvic acid
!. :lycogen& protein
". (yruvic acid& fat
,8. Dor o#aloacetate to be used as a precursor in gluconeogenesis& it must first be transported
across the inner mitochondrial membrane in the form of)
A. * 4alate.
B. A#aloacetate.
. Aspartate
!. itrate
". Both A and are correct.
,;. Dructose $&,-bisphosphate /D-$&,-B(0 is a)
A. Activator of phosphofructokinase 1G
B. Inhibitor of phosphofructokinase 1G
. Activator of he#okinaseG
!. * Activator of pyruvate-kinase.
7?. :alactosemia is a genetic error of metabolism associated with)
A. !eficiency of galactokinase.
B. !eficiency of 9!(-glucose.
. * !eficiency of 9!(-glucose) galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.
!. "#cessive ingestion of galactose.
". Inability to digest lactose.
71. :luconeogenesis is
A. 'he result of ?-amylase activity
B. 'he formation of glycogen
. 'he formation of starches
!. * 'he formation of glucose from noncarbohydrates
". 'he formation of glucose from other carbohydrates
7$. :luconeogenesis shares some& but not all& en2ymes with the glycolytic pathway. It would
appear to be more efficient if both pathways used all of the same en2ymes since the
pathways are essentially the reverses of each other. 1hy donFt both pathways use all of
the same en2ymes?
A. 'he reactions where en2ymes differ occur in different parts of the cell for
glycolysis versus gluconeogenesis.
B. "n2ymes can cataly2e a reaction only in one direction& so naturally the two
pathways have some en2ymes that differ.
. In tissues where gluconeogenesis occurs& the glycolytic en2ymes are present at
e#tremely low concentrations.
!. * 'hree of the reaction steps in gluconeogenesis would have prohibitively large&
positive free energies if they used glycolytic en2ymes for their catalysis.
". Anly A
7*. :luconeogenesis uses the same en2ymatic reaction of glycolysis e#cept for
A. (yruvate kinase
B. * + irreversible reactions in glycolysis
. * irreversible reactions in glycolysis
!. $ irreversible reactions in glycolysis
". 1 irreversible reactions in glycolysis
7+. :lucose 1-phosphate formed by glycogenolysis is converted to glucose , phosphate by
phosphoglucomutase because
A. :lucose ,-phosphate is more stable
B. :lucose ,-phosphate is converted to free glucose
. * :lucose ,-phosphate is an intermediate in several pathways& including
glycolysis
!. :lucose ,-phosphate can be transported to the liver
". All of the above
7.. :lucose can be produced by gluconeogenesis by all the sources below e#cept)
A. :lycerol
B. Amino acids
. * Datty acids
!. 5actate
". (yruvat
7,. :lucose labeled with 1+ in -1 and -, gives rise in glycolysis to pyruvate labeled in)
A. A and .
B. All three carbons.
. Its carbonyl carbon.
!. Its carbo#yl carbon.
". Its methyl carbon.
77. :lucose-,-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is the CCCCCCCCCCCCCC which is
characteri2ed by CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
A. :enetically determined diseaseG the absence of receptors to 5!5 on cells and
prominent atherosclerosisG
B. !iet-induced diseaseG the deficit of thiamin in the organism and neurological and
cardiac symptomsG
. * :enetically determined diseaseG the low level of reduced glutathione in
erythrocytes and increased susceptibility of erythrocytes to hemolysisG
!. !isease induced by environmental factorsG the high level of o#idi2ed glutathione
in the red blood cell and increased resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis.
78. :lycogen phosphorylase is CCCCCCCC /more& less0 active when phosphorylated and it is
CCCCCCCCCC /activated& inhibited0 by glucose ,-phosphate.
A. 4oreG activated
B. 5essG activated
. * 4oreG inhibited
!. 5essG inhibited
7;. :lycogen synthesis takes place in the following oragans)
A. Brain and muscles
B. * 5iver and muscles
. 5iver and kidney
!. 5iver and pancreas
". All of the above
8?. :lycolysis is defined as)
A. Aerobic process in which glucose is transformed to A$ and B$AG
B. Anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to pyruvateG
. Anaerobic process in which glucose is converted to pentoses and %A!(B is
producedG
!. Aerobic process in which glucose is converted to glycogen.
". * Anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to lactateG
81. :lycolysis is the name given to a metabolic pathway occurring in many different cell
types. It consists of 11 en2ymatic steps that convert glucose to lactic acid. :lycolysis is
an e#ample of)
A. Aerobic metabolism.
B. Anabolic metabolism.
. A net reductive process.
!. * Dermentation.
". A#idative phosphorylation.
8$. I type glycogenosis /hepatorenal glycogenosis0 is connected with the deficit of glucose-,-
phosphatase in the liver& kidney and intestines mucous tunic. 1hich of the mentioned
symptoms is not characteristic for this disease?
A. Byperglycemia
B. Bypoglycemia
. * Bypera2otemia
!. 5ipemia
". Eetonuria
8*. If glucose labeled with 1+ at -1 /the aldehyde carbon0 were metaboli2ed in the liver&
the first radioactive pyruvate formed would be labeled in)
A. All three carbons.
B. Both A and .
. Its carbonyl carbon.
!. Its carbo#yl carbon.
". * Its methyl carbon.
8+. If glucose labeled with 1+ in -1 were fed to yeast carrying out the ethanol
fermentation& where would the 1+ label be in the products?
A. In -1 of ethanol and A$
B. In -1 of ethanol only
. * In -$ /methyl group0 of ethanol only
!. In -$ of ethanol and A$
". In A$ only
8.. In an anaerobic muscle preparation& lactate formed from glucose labeled in -* and -+
would be labeled in)
A. All three carbon atoms
B. Anly the carbon atom carrying the AB
. * Anly the carbo#yl carbon atom
!. Anly the methyl carbon atom
". 'he methyl and carbo#yl carbon atoms
8,. In glycolysis& fructose 1&,-bisphosphate is converted to two products with a standard
free-energy change /?:F_0 of $*.8 kR-mol. 9nder what conditions /encountered in a
normal cell0 will the free-energy change /?:0 be negative& enabling the reaction to
proceed to the right?
A. If the concentrations of the two products are high relative to that of fructose 1&,-
bisphosphate.
B. 'he reaction will not go to the right spontaneously under any conditions because
the ?:F_ is positive.
. 9nder standard conditions& enough energy is released to drive the reaction to the
right.
!. * 1hen there is a high concentration of fructose 1&,-bisphosphate relative to the
concentration of products.
". 1hen there is a high concentration of products relative to the concentration of
fructose 1&,-bisphosphate.
87. In humans& gluconeogenesis)
A. * an result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose.
B. Belps to reduce blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal.
. Is activated by the hormone insulin
!. Is essential in the conversion of fatty acids to glucose.
". Ke3uires the en2yme he#okinase.
88. In some !iabetic patients& glucose increases disproportionately and is unresponsive to an
insulin challengeG under these conditions& how would oneFs liver normally respond?
A. (hosphorylating glucose for entry into the glycolytic pathway
B. 6aturating glucokinase with glucose
. (hosphorylating glucose for entry into the glycogen synthesis pathways
!. A and b only
". * A and c only
8;. In the alcoholic fermentation of glucose by yeast& thiamine pyrophosphate is a coen2yme
re3uired by)
A. Aldolase.
B. Be#okinase.
. 5actate dehydrogenase.
!. * (yruvate decarbo#ylase.
". 'ransaldolase.
;?. In the blood of the patient the amount of glucose on the empty stomach is .&, mmol-l&
after an hour after sugary loading P 1*&8 mmol-l& after two hours P ;&$ mmol-l. 6uch
figures are typical for)
A. Bealthy man
B. (atient with thyroto#icosis
. * (atient with hidden form of diabetes mellitus
!. (atient with ushingFs syndrome
". (atient with acromegaly
;1. In the ori cycle& gluconeogenesis occurs in CCCCC and glycolysis in CCCCCC.
A. * 5iverG muscle
B. 5iverG liver
. 4uscleG muscle
!. 4uscleG liver
". BeartG brain
;$. Inorganic fluoride inhibits enolase. In an anaerobic system that is metaboli2ing glucose as
a substrate& which of the following compounds would you e#pect to increase in
concentration following the addition of fluoride?
A. * $-phosphoglycerate
B. :lucose
. :lyo#ylate
!. (hosphoenolpyruvate
". (yruvate
;*. 5actate is formed from pyruvate in an CCCCC organism in CCCCCC conditions.
A. LeastG aerobicG
B. AnimalG aerobicG
. DungiG aerobicG
!. * AnimalG anaerobic.
". LeastG aerobic.
;+. 4ore A'( is formed from glucose in glycogen than from free glucose& even free glucose
released from glycogen because
A. 5imit de#trin contains additional molecules
B. 'he debranching en2yme releases free glucose
. * 'he glucose is already phosphorylated after glycogen phosphorylase action
!. 'he glucose bypasses glycolysis
". All of the above
;.. %ervous tissue depends upon glucose for its primary source of energy. Bowever& these
molecules can be used as an alternative source of energy by nervous tissue)
A. * Eetones
B. 6teroids
. Datty acids
!. Amino acids
". All of the above
;,. (entoses& which are formed in pentose-phosphate cycle are used for the following
processes& e#cept)
A. * :lycogen synthesis
B. oen2yme synthesis
. %ucleic acid synthesis
!. A'( synthesis
". yclic adenosine monophosphate synthesis
;7. (DE-$ and fructose $&,-bisphosphatase are two names for the same en2yme. 'he name
to fructose $&,-bisphosphate. 'he name fructose $&,-bisphosphatase is used for its
to use both names?
reactions.
;8. (hosphofructokinase& the maJor flu#-controlling en2yme of glycolysis is allosterically
inhibited by CCC and activated by CCC.
A. A4( (i
B. A!( A4(
. <itrate A'(
!. A'( ("(
". * A'( A!(
;;. (rotein kinase A& which stimulates glycogen degradation& is activated directly by
A. :lucagon
B. Insulin
. "pinephrine
!. * yclic A4(
". Adrenergic receptors
1??. Kegarding diabetes mellitus)
A. * Is always the result of a failure of insulin synthesis.
B. Is characteri2ed by a fall in urine output.
. Is associated with an increase in lipolysis
!. eads to hypoglycemia.
1?1. 'he anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to $ mol of lactate by fermentation
is accompanied by a net gain of)
A. 1 mol of A'(.
B. 1 mol of %A!B.
. * $ mol of A'(.
!. $ mol of %A!B.
1?$. 'he concentration of glucose in the blood of a patient is +&. mmol-l& glucose
appears in urine. 'he possible reason for this condition)
A. 'hyroid gland hyperfunctioning
B. Acromegaly
. :lycogenosis
!. * Eidney disease
". 6tress
1?*. 'he conversion of 1 mol of fructose 1&,-bisphosphate to $ mol of pyruvate by the
glycolytic pathway results in a net formation of)
A. 1 mol of %A!@ and $ mol of A'(.
B. 1 mol of %A!B and 1 mol of A'(.
. $ mol of %A!@ and + mol of A'(.
!. $ mol of %A!B and $ mol of A'(.
". * $ mol of %A!B and + mol of A'(.
1?+. 'he conversion of glycogen to glucose-,-phosphate is the first step in
A. :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
. * :lycogenolysis
!. :lycogenesis
". A and
1?.. 'he en2yme found only in the liver that removes phosphate groups and can& thus&
release free glucose for distribution around the body by the blood is
A. :lycogen synthetase
. * :lycogen phosphorylase
!. :lucose isomerase
". only B
1?,. 'he en2yme which the key regulatory step in glycogen biosynthesis is
B. :lycogenin
. Branching en2yme
". 9!(-glucose pyrophosphorylase
1?7. 'he family of :lu' /glucose transporters0 is)
A. * 'he proteins embedded into the cell membrane and facilitating the glucose
B. 'he proteins embedded into the cell membrane and inhibiting the glucose
. 'he cytoplasmic proteins transporting glucose in the cytoplasm of cellG
!. 'he proteins of blood plasma transporting glucose via the blood.
1?8. 'he initiation of glycogen synthesis /ie the very first glucose residue added 0
occurs by transfer of glucose from 9!(-glucose to the)
A. * +-position of free glucose.
B. $-position of fructose.
. %on-reducing end of maltose.
!. 6erine-AB group of glycogen synthase.
". 'yrosine-AB group of glycogenin.
1?;. 'he interconversion of which pair of substrates is used as a regulatory point in
gluconeogenesis?
A. 5actate and pyruvate
B. !ihydro#yacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-*-phosphate
. * Dructose 1&,-bisphosphate and fructose ,-phosphate
!. (hosphoenolpyruvate and $-phosphoglycerate
11?. 'he main function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to)
A. :ive the cell an alternative pathway should glycolysis fail.
B. (rovide a mechanism for the utili2ation of the carbon skeletons of e#cess amino
acids.
. 6upply energy.
!. 6upply %A!B.
". * 6upply pentoses and %A!(B.
111. 'he main hormones that regulate the synthesis and decomposition of glycogen
are)
A. Insulin& glucocorticoids& thyro#inG
B. :lucagons& glucocorticoids& vasopressinG
. * Insulin& glucagons& epinephrineG
!. :lucocorticoids& glucagons& epinephrine.
11$. 'he main precursors for the glucose synthesis in gluconeogenesis are)
A. 5actate& pyruvate& glycerol and cholesterolG
B. * 5actate& pyruvate& glycerol and amino acidsG
. 5actate& pyruvate& glycerol and glycogenG
!. holesterol& fatty acids& glycerol and amino acids.
". 'he accelerating of glycolysis
11*. 'he main precursors for the glucose synthesis in gluconeogenesis are)
A. 5actate& pyruvate& glycerol and cholesterolG
B. * 5ctate& pyruvate& glycerol and amino acidsG
. 5actate& pyruvate& glycerol and glycogenG
!. holesterol& fatty acids& glycerol and amino acids.
". 'he accelerating of glycolysis
11+. 'he organ most responsible for e#tracting and converting lactic acid to pyruvic
acid& and which ultimately reforms and releases free glucose via the ori cycle into the
bloodstream& is the
A. 5iver.
B. Brain.
. ardiac muscle.
!. * 6keletal muscle.
". Beart
11.. 'he (asteur "ffect is)
A. 'he accelerating of glycolysis in the presence of o#ygenG
B. * 'he slowing of glycolysis in the presence of o#ygenG
. 'he slowing of glycolysis in the absence of o#ygenG
!. 'he accelerating of glycolysis in the presence of $&,-bisphosphate.
". 'he accelerating of glycolysis.
11,. 'he pentose phosphate pathway has two primary products. 'hey are CCCCCCCCC.
A. A'( and %A!(B
B. A#aloacetate and acetyl oA
. 6orbitol and fructose
!. * Kibose-.-phosphate and %A!(B
117. 'he possible metabolic pathways for pyruvate in anaerobic conditions are)
A. onversion to lactate or acetyl oA
B. onversion to ethanol or acetyl oA
. * onversion to lactate or ethanol
!. onversion to lactate or ethanol or acetyl oA.
118. 'he process of polysaccharides digestion in the gastrointestinal tract is catali2ed
by)
A. 6ucrase
B. 5actase
. 4altase
!. * !-amilase.
11;. 'he se3uence of glucose o#idation to lactate in peripheral tissues& delivery of
lactate to the liver& formation of glucose from lactate in the liver& and delivery of glucose
back to peripheral tissues is known as the CCCCCC.
A. :lyo#ylate cycle
B. ErebFs cycle
. * ori cycle
!. :luconeogenesis cycle
". :lycogenolysis
1$?. 'he three control sites in glycolysis are the reactions cataly2ed by)
A. Be#okinase& phosphofructokinase 1 and aldolaseG
B. (hosphofructokinase 1& aldolase and pyruvate kinaseG
. Be#okinase& aldolase and pyruvate kinaseG
!. * Be#okinase& phosphofructokinase 1 and pyruvate kinase.
". All of the above
1$1. 'ransfer of a high-energy phosphoryl group to A!(& resulting in A'( occurs
when)
B. * (hosphoenolpyruvate /("(0 -I pyruvate
!. Both a and b
". Anly A
1$$. 9nder starvation conditions& about how long does it take in humans for the body
to deplete the glycogen store in the liver?
A. 1? minutes
B. + hours
. * $+ hours
!. 1 week
". $ weeks
1$*. 9nlike liver tissue& muscle and some other tissues differ in regulation of glycogen
metabolism because
A. 'he en2ymes are different
B. 'here is no effect of glucagon
. 'here is no effect of insulin
!. * Inhibitor-1 controls a phosphatase
". 'here is no role for cyclic A4(
1$+. Somiting& diarrhea after consuming milk& enlargement of the liver& Jaundice&
symptoms of)
A. 5actose intoleranceG
B. BypolactasiaG
. * :alactosemiaG
". !iabetes mellitus
1$.. Somiting& diarrhea after consuming milk& enlargement of the liver& Jaundice&
symptoms of)
A. 5actose intoleranceG
B. BypolactasiaG
. * :alactosemiaG
". !iabetes mellitus
1$,. 1hat is a cause of cataracts in the eye lens of individuals with diabetes?
A. * Accumulation of sorbitol and protein precipitation in the lens.
B. (recipitation of glucose not o#idi2ed by glycolysis in the lens.
. 'he absence of membrane transport proteins for pyruvate in the lens cells.
!. 5ack of regulation of gluconeogenesis in the lens and the accumulation of
fructose.
". 5ack of regulation of gluconeogenesis in the lens and the accumulation of
maltose.
1$7. 1hen a muscle is stimulated to contract aerobically& less lactic acid is formed than
when it contracts anaerobically because)
A. :lycolysis does not occur to significant e#tent under aerobic conditions.
B. 4uscle is metabolically less active under aerobic than anaerobic conditions.
. 'he lactic acid generated is rapidly incorporated into lipids under aerobic
conditions.
!. 9nder aerobic conditions in muscle& the maJor energy-yielding pathway is the
pentose phosphate pathway& which does not produce lactate.
". * 9nder aerobic conditions most of the pyruvate generated as a result of
glycolysis is o#idi2ed by the citric acid cycle rather than reduced to lactate.
1$8. 1hich is not a function of the main products of the pentose phosphate pathway?
A. * 'o maintain the reduced form of iron in hemoglobin.
!. 'o raise the concentration of cA4(.
". (roduce pentoses
1$;. 1hich of the following compounds cannot serve as the starting material for the
synthesis of glucose via gluconeogenesis?
A. * Acetate
B. :lycerol
. 5actate
!. A#aloacetate
". ?-ketoglutarate
1*?. 1hich of the following is a cofactor in the reaction cataly2ed by the glycolytic
en2yme glyceraldehyde *-phosophate dehydrogenase?
A. %A!(
B. * %A!
. A'(
!. Beme
". u@@
1*1. 1hich of the following is not regulated in glycolysis?
A. (yruvate kinase
. Be#okinase
!. (DE-1
". A'(
1*$. 1hich of the following promotes glucose and amino acid uptake by muscle?
A. Adrenaline
B. * Insulin
. :lucagon
!. ortisol
". :lycogen
1**. 1hich of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway is
correct?
A. It generates *, mol of A'( per mole of glucose consumed.
B. It generates , moles of A$ for each mole of glucose consumed
. It is a reductive pathwayG it consumes %A!B.
!. It is present in plants& but not in animals.
". * It provides precursors for the synthesis of nucleotides.
1*+. 1hich of the following statements is incorrect?
A. Aerobically& o#idative decarbo#ylation of pyruvate forms acetate that enters the
citric acid cycle.
B. In anaerobic muscle& pyruvate is converted to lactate.
. In yeast growing anaerobically& pyruvate is converted to ethanol.
!. Keduction of pyruvate to lactate regenerates a cofactor essential for glycolysis.
". * 9nder anaerobic conditions pyruvate does not form because glycolysis does not
occur.
1*.. 1hich of the following statements is not true concerning glycolysis in anaerobic
muscle?
A. Dructose 1&,-bisphosphatase is one of the en2ymes of the pathway
B. * It is an endergonic process.
. It results in net synthesis of A'(
!. It results in synthesis of %A!B
". Its rate is slowed by a high `A'(a-`A!(a ratio.
1*,. 1hich of the following substrates cannot contribute to net gluconeogenesis in
mammalian liver?
A. Alanine
B. :lutamate
. * (almitate
!. (yruvate
". ?-ketoglutarate
1*7. 1hich of the following tissues can survive longest in the absence of ade3uate
o#ygen /anaerobic conditions0 by deriving energy from the anaerobic respiration of
glucose molecules?
A. 'he brain
B. * ardiac muscle
. 'he kidneys
!. 6keletal muscle
1*8. 1hich one of the following statements about gluconeogenesis is false?
A. Dor starting materials& it can use carbon skeletons derived from certain amino
acids.
B. * It consists entirely of the reactions of glycolysis& operating in the reverse
direction.
. It employs the en2yme glucose ,-phosphatase.
!. It is one of the ways that mammals maintain normal blood glucose levels between
meals.
". It re3uires metabolic energy /A'( or :'(0
1*;. . A deficiency in the synthesis of sphingomyelins or cerebrosides will most likely
result in the proper formation of
A. ell surfaces
B. ell to cell communication
. * %erve cells
!. Blood groups
". All of the above
1+?. A diet containing this fat is helpful in lowering the blood cholesterol level.
A. * 9nsaturated
B. 6aturated
. Sitamin enriched
!. Kefined
". All of the above
1+1. A fatty acid not synthesi2ed in man is
A. Aleic
B. (almitic
. * 5inoleic
!. 6tearic
1+$. A lipid containing alcoholic amine residue is
A. (hosphatidic acid
B. :anglioside
. :lucocerebroside
!. * 6phingomyelin
". All of the above
1+*. A soluble system for synthesis of fatty acids have been isolated from avian liver&
re3uired for the formation of long chain fatty acids by this system is
A. A'(
B. Acetyl oA
. %A!(B
!. * All of these
". Both /A0 and /B0
1++. Absorption of higher fatty acids in the intestine is performed with the help of
mechanism)
A. simple diffusion
B. facillated diffusion
. primary active transport
!. pinocytosis as choleic comple#
". secondary active transport
1+.. Activation of fatty acids re3uires all the following e#cept
A. A'(
B. oen2yme A
. 'hiokinase
!. * arnitine
". A and B
1+,. Acyl arrier (rotein contains the vitamin)
A. Biotin
B. 5ipoic acid
. * (antothenic acid
!. Dolic acid
". 'hiamine
1+7. Acyl carrier protein is involved in the synthesis of
A. protein
B. glycogen
. * fatty acid outside the mitochondria
!. fatty acid in the mitochondria
". Both and !
1+8. Acyl-oA dehydrogenase converts Acyl oA to ? ??-unsaturated acyl-oA in
presence of the coen2yme)
A. %A!@
B. %A!(@
. A'(
!. * DA!
". '((
1+;. Acylsphingosine is also known as
A. 6phingomyelin
B. * eramide
. erebroside
!. 6ulphatide
". %one of these
1.?. Adipose tissue lacks
A. Bormone-sensitive lipase
B. * :lycerol kinase
. cA4(-dependent protein kinase
!. :lycerol-*-phosphate dehydrogenase
". B and
1.1. Adipose tissue which is a store house for triacyl glycerol synthesis the same using
A. 'he glycerol released by hydrolysis of triacyl glycerol
B. * 'he glycerol-*-phosphate obtained in the metabolism of glucose
. $-phosphoglycerate
!. *-phosphoglycerate
". All of the above
1.$. After having fatty food the patient had nausea and steatorrhea. 'he cause of this
condition can be)
A. amilase insufficiency
B. increase of lipase e#cretion
. trypsin synthesis malfunction
!. * lack of bile acids
". increased acidity of gastric Juice
1.*. After having fatty food the patient had nausea and steatorrhea. 'he cause of this
condition can be)
A. amilase insufficiency
B. increase of lipase e#cretion
. trypsin synthesis malfunction
!. * lack of bile acids
". increased acidity of gastric Juice
1.+. After meal conncentration of chylomicrones in blood of the patient is increased.
hylomicrones are formed in the CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC and their main function is the
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
A. wall of intestineG transport of cholesterolG
B. liverG transport of triacylglycerols synthesi2ed in liverG
. * wall of intestineG transport of dietary triacylglycerolsG
!. bloodG transport of cholesterol.
1... All long chain fatty acids with even number of carbon atoms are o#idi2ed to a
pool of CCCCCCCCC by ?-o#idation.
A. A$
B. (ropionic acid
. Acetic acid
!. * Acetyl oA
". oA
1.,. An unknown lipid is treated with a mi#ture of phospholipases A1& A$& and !.
6ince no glycerol is formed after this treatment& the lipid is most likely
A. (hosphatidylethanolamine
B. (hosphatidylcholine
. (lasmologen
!. * eramide
". A mi#ture of a and b
1.7. can be generated from
A. * 'he pentose phosphate pathway
B. :lycolysis
. 'he citric acid cycle
!. 4itochondrial malate dehydrogenase
". itrate lyase
1.8. arbo#ylation of acetylXoA to malonyl X oA takes place in presence of
A. DA!@
B. Biotin
. * %A!@
!. %A!(@
". '((
1.;. arnitine acylcarnitine translocase is present
A. * In the inner mitochondrial membrane
B. In the mitochondrial matri#
. An the outer surface of inner mitochondrial membrane
!. An the inner surface of inner mitochondrial membrane
". In cytoplasm
1,?. arnitine is synthesi2ed from
A. * 5ysine and methionine
B. :lycine and arginine
. Aspartate and glutamate
!. (roline and hydro#yproline
1,1. erebrosides contain all the following e#cept
A. :alactose
B. * 6ulphate
. 6phingosine
!. Datty acid
". B and
1,$. hylomicron remnants are catabolised in
A. Intestine
B. Adipose tissue
. * 5iver
!. 5iver and intestine
". (ancreas
1,*. o-lipase is a
A. Bile salt
B. Sitamin
. * (rotein
!. (hospholipid
". 5ipoprotein
1,+. oncentration of phospholipids in blood of the patient is decreased. 5ecithins are
composed of
A. * :lycerol @ Datty acids @ (hosphoric acid @ holine
B. :lycerol @ Datty acids @ (hosphoric acid @ "thanolamine
. :lycerol @ Datty acids @ (hosphoric acid @ 6erine
!. :lycerol @ Datty acids @ (hosphoric acid @ Beaine
". All of these
1,.. onncentration of 5!5 in blood of the patient is increased. 5ow density
lipoproteins transport CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC from CCCCCCCCCC to CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.
A. triacylglycerolsG intestineG liver
B. * cholesterolG liverG peripheral tissuesG
. cholesterolG peripheral tissuesG liver
!. triacylglycerolsG liverG adipose tissue and muscles
". triacylglycerolsG liverG muscles
1,,. !e novo synthesis of fatty acids is catalysed by a multi-en2yme comple# which
contains
A. Ane-6B group
B. 'wo-6B groups
. 'hree-6B groups
!. * Dour-6B groups
". Dive P6B groups
1,7. !e novo synthesis of fatty acids occurs in
A. * ytosol
B. 4itochondria
. 4icrosomes
!. "(K
". All of these
1,8. !e novo synthesis of fatty acids re3uires all of the following e#cept
A. Biotin
B. %A!B
. (anthothenic acid
!. * A'(
". 4ultien2yme comple#
1,;. !ietary fats after absorption appear in the circulation as
A. B!5
B. S5!5
. 5!5
!. * hylomicron
17?. "ach of the following is a principle hormonal regulator of fatty acid metabolism&
e#cept)
A. :lucagon
B. "pinephrine
. Insulin
!. All of the above
171. "levated levels of the hormone CCCCCCCC stimulates the conversion of
triacylglycerols stored in adipose cells to free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols to
provide energy when carbohydrate stores are depleted.
A. insulin
B. testosteron
. * epinephrine
!. ergosterol
". 6'B
17$. "thanolamine& serine and choline can be cleaved from glycerophospholipids by
treatment with
A. (hospholipase A1
B. (hospholipase A$
. (hospholipase B
!. (hospholipase
". * (hospholipase !
17*. "#tramitochondrial synthesis of fatty acids occurs in
A. 4ammary glands
B. 5ungs
. Brain
!. * All of these
". B and c
17+. Dat depots are located in
A. Intermuscular connective tissue
B. 4esentary
. Amentum
!. * All of these
". A and
17.. Datty acid synthesis takes place in the presence of the coen2yme)
A. %A!@
B. Keduced %A!
. %A!(@
!. * Keduced %A!(
". '((
17,. Datty acids can not be converted into carbohydrates in the body& as the following
reaction is not possible)
A. onversion of glucose-,-phosphate into glucose
B. Dructose 1& , diphosphate to fructose-,-phosphate
. * 'ransformation of acetyl oA to pyruvate
!. Dormation of acetyl oA from fatty acids
". Both and !
177. Dor 'A: synthesis glycerol converts into active form. :lycerol is transformed
into active form with the en2yme)
178. Dor the patient was prescribed bile preparation for improvement of fatty food
digestion. 1hich components of the preparation participate in fat emulsification?
A. * bile acid salt
B. fatty acids
. cholesterol and itFs esters
!. bilirubin monoglucuronides
". diglycerides
17;. Dor the patient with diagnosis atherosclerosis \5inetol] is prescribed& which
contains essential fatty acids. 1hich of the below-mentioned acids surely is a part of it?
A. stearic acid
B. palmitic acid
. * linoleic acid
!. oleic acid
". crotonic acid
18?. Dor the patient with diagnosis atherosclerosis \5inetol] is prescribed& which
contains essential fatty acids. 1hich of the below-mentioned acids surely is a part of it?
A. stearic acid
B. palmitic acid
. * linoleic acid
!. oleic acid
". crotonic acid
181. Dree glycerol cannot be used for triglyceride synthesis in
A. 5iver
B. Eidney
. Intestine
!. * Adipose tissue
". (ancreas
18$. :angliosides are comple# glycosphingolipids found in
A. 5iver
B. * Brain
. Eidney
!. 4uscle
". (ancreas
18*. :lycerol is converted into glycerol-*-phosphate by
A. 'hiokinase
B. 'riokinase
. * :lycerol kinase
!. :lycerol phosphatase
". All of these
18+. :lycerol is converted to CCCCCCCCCCC when it is used for gluconeogenesis.
A. dihydro#yacetone phosphate
B. phosphoenolpyruvate
. o#aloacetate
!. * *-phosphoglycerate
18.. :lycerol is transformed into active form with the help of en2yme)
18,. In a liver of .. years old patient fatty acids synthesis is active. 1hen the liver is
actively synthesi2ing fatty acids& a concomitant decrease in ? o#idation of fatty acids is
due to
A. * Inhibition of a translocation between cellular compartments
B. Inhibition by an end product
. Activation of an en2yme
!. !etergent effects
". !ecreases in adipocyte lipolysis
187. in adipose tissue
A. $ mol of triacylglycerides is released
B. $ mol of free fatty acids is released
. * 1 mol of glucose can be synthesi2ed in gluconeogenesis
!. 1 mol of triacylglyceride is released
". * mol of acyl oA is produced
188. In an organism of *7 years old patient fatty acids synthesis is active. 1hich of the
following is a true statement for fatty acid synthesis?
A. It occurs in the mitochondria.
B. 'he reducing power for synthesis is supplied by %A! and ubi3uinone.
. Both a and b.
". * 'he reducing power for synthesis is supplied by %A!(B@
18;. In an organism of +? years old patient fatty acids synthesis is active. 'he main
sources of %A!(B for fatty acid biosynthesis is)
A. 'A cycle
B. o#idative phosphorylation
. * the pentose phosphate pathway
!. glycolysis
1;?. In an organism of +? years old patient mobilisations of lipids is active. "levated
levels of the hormone CCCCCCCC stimulates the conversion of triacylglycerols stored in
adipose cells to free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols to provide energy when
carbohydrate stores are depleted.
A. insulin
B. glucagon
. * epinephrine
!. ergosterol
". somatotropin
1;1. In an organism of +* years old patient mobilisations of lipids and fatty acids
o#idation are active. Bow many cycles of ?-o#idation are re3uired to completely process
a saturated 18 fatty acid?
A. ,
B. * 8
. ;
!. 18
". 7
1;$. In an organism of +7 years old patient mobilisations of lipids and fatty acids
o#idation are active. Bow many OB$ and %A!B are produced by one round of the ?-
o#idation pathway?
A. * 1 each
B. 1 OB$ and $ %A!B
. $ each
!. $ OB$ and 1 %A!B
". all of the above
1;*. In an organism of +7 years old patient mobilisation of lipids is active.
'ryacylglycerinlipase of fatty tissue is activated by)
1;+. In an organism of .. years old patient with hyperfunction of pancreas takes plase
active synthesis of fatty acids 1hich of the following is the regulated step of fatty acid
synthesis in eukaryotes?
1;.. In an organism of .. years old patient fatty acids o#idation is active. 6plitting off
acetyl-oA in the final reaction of 6-o#idation of fatty acids is performed by the en2yme)
A. dehydrogenase
B. enolase
. hydrase
!. lipase
". * thiolase /acetyl-oA-acyltransferase0
1;,. In an organism of .. years old patient mobilisations of lipids and fatty acids
o#idation are active. 1hich of the below-mentioned metabolites is formed by o#idation
of fatty acids with odd amount of carbon atoms)
A. * propionyl-oA
B. butyryl-oA
. malonyl-oA
!. enoil-oA
". acetacetyl-oA
1;7. ?In the blood of a patient is decreased amount of phospholipinds& increased
cause such events?
A. limited usage of carbohydrates
B. * limited usage of polyunsaturated fatty acids
. ! hypovitaminosis
!. e#cess of lipids in food
". e#cess of carbohydrates in food
1;8. In the blood of a patient is decreased amount of phospholipinds& increased
concentration of cholesterol& observed the symptoms of prostaglandin lack. 1hat could
cause such events?
A. limited usage of carbohydrate
. ! hypovitaminosis
1;;. In the blood of a patient is decreased amount of phospholipinds& increased
cause such events?
. ! hypovitaminosis
$??. In the blood of a patient there are decreased amount of phospholipids& increased
concentration of cholesterol& observed prostaglandins lack. 1hat can cause such events?
. ! hypovitaminosis
$?1. In the blood of a patient there is decreased amount of phospholipids& increased
concentration of cholesterol& observed prostaglandins lack. 1hat can cause such events?
A. limited usage of carbohydrate
. ! hypovitaminosis
$?$. is conJugated& reacts directly& and is a maJor component of bile?
A. * Bilirubin diglucuronide
B. 6tercobilin
. Biliverdin
!. 9robilinogen
". Beme
$?*. is most often due to
A. 5actose intolerance
B. :lycogen storage diseases
. Antibody abnormalities
!. * !eficiency of fatty acid desaturase greater than
". !eficiency of chylomicron and S5!5 production
$?+. 5isophospholipids& formed after action of phospholipase A$& have the following
feature)
A. activate lipase
B. * hemolytic
. form conJugates with bile acids
!. participate in phospholipids resynthesis
". accompany absorption of fatty acids
$?.. mevastatin therapy. 1hich of the following will be a result of this therapy?
A. 5ow blood glucose
B. * 5ow blood 5!5s
. Bigh blood cholesterol
!. Bigh blood glucose
". 5ow o#idation of fatty acids
$?,. (atient suffers from disorders of lipid digestion. 1hat are the functions of bile
salts in lipid digestion?
A. * emulsification of lipidsG activation of lipaseG
B. emulsification of lipidsG decompose the cholesteryl estersG
. activation of phospholipase A$G activation of cholesterol esteraseG
!. inhibition of lipaseG inhibition of phospholipase A$.
$?7. 'he amount of phospholipids in the blood plasma of +. years old patient is
normal. hoose correct result)
A. * 1&.-*&, mmol-l
B. $&?-.&? mmol-l
. 1&$-$&. mmol-l
!. ?&7-$&? mmol-l
". 7&?-8&? mmol-l
$?8. 'he patient was prescribed bile preparation for improvement of fatty food
digestion. 1hich components of the preparation participate in fat emulsification?
A. * bile acid salt
B. fatty acids
. cholesterol and itFs esters
!. bilirubin monoglucuronides
". diglycerides
$?;. 1hy snake venom causes the lysis of erythrocytes?
A. contains hemolytic to#ins which directly destroy the erythrocytes membranesG
B. * contains phospholipase A$ cataly2ing the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids
and formation of lysophosphoglycerides which can act as detergents and disrupt
cellular membranesG
. contains lipase cataly2ing the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in the cellular
membranesG
!. contains cholesteryl esterase cataly2ing the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters in the
cellular membranes.
$1?. 1hen can the production of ketone bodies occur? 1hich is-are true?
A. If you eat too much sugar and less of saturated butter
B. In diabetes patients
. If you eat too much bacon and less sugar
!. * If you are starving for a longer time period
". In pellagra patients
$11. A high carbohydrate& low-fat diet will)
A. * (romote the synthesis of fatty acids by inducing the synthesis of acetyl oA
carbo#ylase.
B. Davor the o#idation of stored fatty acids by inducing the synthesis of lipoprotein
lipase.
. (romote the synthesis of fatty acids by repressing synthesis of carnitine-palmitoyl
transferase.
!. Davor the o#idation of fatty acids by repressing the synthesis of fatty acid
synthase.
$1$. A man of +7 years suffers from insulin-dependent diabetes& on which background
has evolved metabolic acidosis. 1hat processF malfunction maJorily helps the
development of acidosis?
A. Eetone bodies synthesis
B. * Eetone bodies utili2ation
. :lycogen decomposition
!. :lycogen synthesis
". A#idative phosphorylation
$1*. A patient& which visited a doctor& has increased level of glucose in blood and
urine. 6uspected is diabetes mellitus. 1hich changes in lipid metabolism can cause this
disease?
A. Byperketonemia
B. Bypercholesterolemia
. * Bypoketonemia& ketonuria
!. Byperphospholipidemia& hyperketonemia
". Bypophospholipidemia & hypoketonemia
$1+. A stroke is similar to a heart attack in all of the following ways "T"(')
A. It affects the brain.
B. 'he risk can be reduced by lifestyle changes.
. It is a blockage of maJor arteries.
!. * It results in the death of cells
". A& B&
$1.. Adiposogenital dystrophy is caused by the lack of secretion of)
A. A#ytocin
B. Sasopressin
. :onadotropic hormone
!. * 'hyrotropic hormone
". 4elanotropic hormone
$1,. After observation of a patient with diabetes mellitus were discovered ketonemia
and ketonuria. 4ark& which of the below-mentioned matters is the precussor of ketone
bodies?
A. * Acetyl-oA
B. A#aloacetate
. ?-ketoglutarate
!. holesterol
". 9nsaturated fatty acids
$17. All of the following are functions of dietary fat& e#cept
A. Dacilitating the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
B. 6erving as the maJor source of fuel for KBs.
. Acting as stored energy.
!. * Being essential to the synthesis of phospholipid that is a maJor component of
cell membranes.
". Dacilitating the absorption of water-soluble vitamins.
$18. All of the following are true about arteriosclerosis "T"(')
A. It is a collection of fatty deposits inside a blood vessel.
B. It is called VhardeningV of the arteries.
. It is a blockage of an artery.
!. * It affects all blood vessels e3ually
". Anly A& B&
$1;. All the following statements about carnitine are true e#cept
A. It can be synthesised in the human body
B. It can be synthesi2ed from methionine and lysine
. It is re3uired for transport of short chain fatty acids into mitochondria
!. * Its deficiency can occur due to haemodialysis
". can be synthesi2ed from treonin and lysine
$$?. All the following statements about ketone bodies are true e#cept
A. * 'heir synthesis increases in diabetes mellitus
B. 'hey are synthesi2ed in mitchondria
. 'hey can deplete the alkali reserve
!. 'hey can be o#idi2ed in the liver
". Anly
$$1. Anti-inflammatory corticosteroids inhibit
A. (hospholipase A1
B. * (hospholipase A$
. yclo-o#ygenase
!. 5ipo-o#ygenase
". (ancreatic lipase
$$$. Atherosclerosis and coronary heart diseases are associated with the diet)
A. * Bigh in total fat and saturated fat
B. 5ow in protein
. Bigh in protein
!. Bigh in carbohydrate
". Bigh in vitamins
$$*. Bile acids are e#creted into the intestine where they become bile salts due to)
A. * 'he alkaline environment within the intestine
B. 'he acidic environment of the stomach
. Alkaline hydrolysis
!. Dormation of esters
". Dormation of amides due to the relatively high temperature and low rate of flow
$$+. By analysis of patientFs lipogram was discovered the increase of some lipoproteins
level. hoose the most atherogenic representative of lipoproteins)
A. 5!5
B. * B!5
. hylomicrons
!. 5!!5
". Albumins
$$.. ?ardiovascular function is most commonly impaired by which disease?
A. oronary heart disease
B. Arteriosclerosis
. 6troke
!. Bypertension
$$,. holesterol circulates in blood stream chiefly as
A. Dree cholesterol
B. "ster cholesterol
. 5ow density lipoproteins
!. * 5ow density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins
". 6alts of cholesterol
$$7. !octor prescribed to the patient& e#hausted after heavy disease& small doses of
hormones on the background of high-calorie diet. 1hat hormone was prescribed?
A. * Adrenalin
B. Insulin
. 'hyro#ine
!. Aldosterone
". Sasopressin
$$8. "lder patient has a recommendation with the aim of prevention liver fatty seepage
to use in food cheese. 1hat essential amino acid& necessary for phospholipids synthesis&
there is in cheese?
A. Arginine
B. (roline
. Saline
!. 5ysine
". * 4ethionine
$$;. Dat is important to the body for all of the following reasons "T"('
A. 'hat it provides essential amino acids.
B. 'hat it stores energy for later use.
. * 'hat it carries fat-soluble vitamins.
!. 'hat it helps to maintain cell membranes
". Anly B and !
$*?. Datty acid o#idation occurs)
A. Anly in adipose tissue
B. * 1ithin liver parenchyma
. 1ithin mitochondria and pero#isomes of many tissues
!. Anly within arterial epithelium
". Anly within venous epithelium
$*1. Datty acid o#idation occurs)
A. Anly in adipose tissue
B. * 1ithin liver parenchyma
. 1ithin mitochondria and pero#isomes of many tissues
!. Anly within arterial epithelium
". Anly within venous epithelium
$*$. Byperketonemia is observed in the following cases& but)
A. 6tarvation
B. !iabetes mellitus
. "#cessive usage of carbohydrates
!. 5ong stress
". * 'hyroto#icosis
$**. Bypocholesterolaemia can occur in
A. * Byperthyroidism
B. %ephrotic syndrome
. Abstructive Jaundice
!. !iabetes mellitus
". !iabets insipidus
$*+. If you wanted to locate some cholesterol within a healthy body& you might e#pect
to find it)
A. * In the cytoplasm of mitochondria
B. In the cytoplasm of chloroplasts
. In membranes
!. In the a3ueous humor of the eye
". In pancreatic lipase
$*.. Eetone bodies can be used as the source of energy in the following organ/s0)
A. * In the brain /after a week of fasting it adapts to use it0
B. In the heart
. In the liver
!. In kidney
$*,. Abesity generally reflects e#cess intake of energy and is often associated with the
development of
A. %ervousness
B. * %on-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
. Bepatitis
!. olon cancer
". Kickets
$*7. Abesity increases the risk of
A. Bypertension
B. !iabetes mellitus
. Ishemic disease
!. * All of these
". 6rtoke
$*8. Abesity is accumulation of CCCCCCC in the body.
A. 1ater
B. %al
. * Dat
!. (roteins
". Sitamins
$*;. Aliguria can occur in
B. * !iabetes insipidus
. Acute glomerulonephritis
!. hronic glomerulonephritis
". 5iver diseases
$+?. Ane of the leading pathogenetic chains in the development of radial pathology is
the intensification of free-radical o#idation processes. 1hat matters are the main source
of free radicals formation?
A. 1ater
B. * 5ipids
. arbohydrates
!. (roteins
". 4etal ions
$+1. (atient has ketonemia and ketonuria& amount of glucose in blood *&. m4-l&
cholesterol P +&. m4-l. 1hat malfunctions could cause this?
A. * !abetes mellitus
B. rbohydrates deficit in nutrition
. Aherosclerosis
!. "cessive usage of fats
". 5iver disease
$+$. (atient with hard form of diabetes has increase of ketone bodies amount in blood.
'he main reason of ketonemia development is considered)
A. * !ecrease if intracellular o#aloacetate concentration
B. Inhibition of triacylglycerol lipase
. Activity inhibition of acetyl-oA-acetyltransferase
!. Activation of Erebs cycle en2ymes
". 6timulation of glycogen synthesis in liver
$+*. 6moking increases an individualFs chance for heart disease by)
A. !ecreasing your bodyFs ability to clot blood.
B. !ecreasing the amount of fat deposits around arterial walls
. Increasing the chance of an irregular heartbeat.
!. * !ecreasing heart rate and blood pressure.
$++. 6plitting off acetyl-oA in the final reaction of 6-o#idation of fatty acids is
performed under influence of en2yme)
A. !ehydrogenase
B. "nolase
. Bydrase
!. 5ipase
". * 'hiolase /acetyl-oA-acyltransferase0
$+.. 'he amount of total lipids in blood P *? g-l& cholesterol P ; mmol-l. 'he blood
plasma is alkaline& by blood centrifugation on the surface is formed white layer. Amount
increase of what transportation forms of lipids in the blood takes place in this situation?
A. hylomicrons
B. ?-lipoproteins
. * -lipoproteins
!. (re-!-lipoproteins
". Albumins
$+,. 'he average male human body contains about 1;Y fat. Dor purposes of
discussion& physicians often refer to the average man as a V7? Eg man&V /actually a little
low by modern standards of obesity0. Bow many pounds of fat would be present in the
body of a 7? Eg man?
A. 1*
B. * .1
. 1.+
!. $&$
". $;
$+7. 'he body needs fatty acids to)
A. (roduce cell membranes.
B. 4ake myelin sheaths.
. Absorb certain vitamins.
". (recusor of carbohydrates& amino acids
$+8. 'he observation of a patient after radiolesion showed increased amount in the
blood of malonic dialdehyde& which proves the activation of lipids pero#idation. 1hat
violations in cell membranes this can cause?
A. holesterol o#idation
B. 'ransportation proteins structure change
. !estruction of carbohydrate components
!. Activation of %a@& E@-A'(-ase
". * !estruction of phospholipids
$+;. 'he observation of a patient showed deficient activity of ferment lecithin
cholesterol acyltransferase /5A'0. (ossible result is)
A. Datty liver degeneration
B. Byperketonemia
. * Bypocholesterolemia
!. Byperlipemia
". Atherogenic hypocholesterolemia
$.?. 'he observation of a patient showed high amount of cholesterol in ?-lipoprotein
fraction. 'his can result in)
A. * Ischemic heart disease
B. Bypovitaminosis
. Eetonemia
!. 6teatorrhea
". Datty liver degeneration
$.1. 'he observation of a patient showed symptoms of hypovitaminosis B.. By this is
observed malfunction of lipids metabolism& but)
A. holesterol and fatty acids synthesis
B. Eetone bodies o#idation
. * 'ransportat of fatty acids to mitochondria
!. :lycerine o#idation
". Datty acids o#idation
$.$. 'he patient got into the habit of having several uncooked eggs& which contain
antivitamin of biotin P avidin. 1hat malfunctions of lipid metabolism can be the result of
this?
A. holesterol biosynthesis
B. 5ipids absorption
. * Datty acids biosynthesis
!. :lycerine o#idation
". 5ipids transportation in blood
$.*. 'he patient has hypertension& atherosclerotic vessels affection. %ame what lipid
usage he needs to decrease in daily food allowance)
A. holesterol
B. * Aleic acid
. 5ecithin
!. 4ono oleate glyceride
". (hosphatidyl serine
$.+. 'he patient have symptoms of general adiposity& atherosclerotic changes. Drom
the list of possible reasons for this should be e#cluded)
A. 5ack of carbohydrates in nutrition
B. 6moking
. Alcohol abuse
!. Bereditary inclination
". * "#cess of carbohydrates and lipids in nutrition
$... 'he patient with burns was prescribed in the treatment preparation comple#
vitamin ". 1hat is the base of its action by this pathology?
A. Activation of tissue breathing
B. %ormali2ation of metabolism in muscles
. * Anti-o#idant action
!. Activation of lipids pero#idation
". !ecrease of organism dehydration
$.,. 'he pabient possibly has atherosclerosis. 1hat feature helped to prove this?
A. Increase of general lipids in blood
B. Increase of ketone bodies in blood
. Increase of high density liporoteins
!. !ecrease of phospholipids in blood
". Increase of low density liporoteins
$.7. 'he vitamin whose cofactors are involved in carrying single carbons for \one-
carbon metabolism] is)
A. * Dolate or folic acid
B. %icotinamid
. Biotin
!. Ascorbic acid
". 1&$.-dihydro#icholecalciferol
$.8. 'o prevent the development of atherosclerosis is possible by means of)
A. * "#cessive usage of carbohydrates
B. 5imitation of carbohydrates& lipids
. "#cess of lipids in food
!. 5imitation of protein in food
". 5imitation of vegetable oil in food
$.;. 1hich food does not have a lot of saturated fat?
A. * oconut oil.
B. 1hole milk.
. hicken& with skin.
!. Butter.
". 1hole wheat bread.
$,?. 1hich of the following can be synthesi2ed in the human body if precurors are
available?
A. Aleic acid
B. (almitoleic acid
. Arachidonic acid
!. * All of these
$,1. 1hich of the following condition is characteri2ed by ketonuria but without
glycosuria?
B. !iabetes insipidus
. * (rolonged starvation
!. AddisonMs disease
". (ellagra
$,$. 1hich of the following factors makes it harder for an obese person to lose
weight?
A. * An increase in metabolism that increases the appetite
B. An increase in heat loss from the body that re3uires more food intake
. An increase in taste receptors
!. An increase in thyro#ine levels as fat levels accumulate
". An increase in alpha receptors /the kind that favor fat accumulation0 in fat cells
$,*. 1hich of the following maJor risk factors of heart disease cannot be controlled?
A. * 6moking
B. Bypertension
. 6edentary lifestyle
!. Beredity
". All of the above
$,+. 1hich of the following statements is %A' true regarding fatty acids?
A. Datty acids dissolve in nonpolar solvents.
B. * 'riglycerides are esters of fatty acids.
. 4ost naturally occurring fatty acids have trans double bonds.
!. Datty acids are biosynthesi2ed from acetate.
". and !
$,.. 1hich of these is a general feature of the lipid bilayer in all biological
membranes?
A. (olar& but uncharged& compounds readily diffuse across the bilayer.
B. Individual lipid molecules are free to diffuse laterally in the surface of the bilayer.
. Individual lipid molecules in one face /monolayer0 of the bilayer readily diffuse
/flip-flop0 to the other monolayer.
!. * 'he bilayer is stabili2ed by covalent bonds between neighboring phospholipid
molecules.
". Anly
$,,. 1hich one of the following statements is DA56"?
A. 6keletal muscle and the brain lack glucose-,-phosphatase.
B. Acetoacetate and ?-hydro#ybutyrate serve as the maJor source of energy for the
brain during starvation.
. * 1ater is an essential nutrient.
!. 'he essential polyunsaturated fatty acids are palmitoleic and linoleic acids.
". 'he principal function of water-soluble vitamins is to serve as coen2ymes for
several types of en2ymes.
$,7. 1omen of +. years after long starvation has hyperketonemia. 1here is performed
the synthesis of ketone bodies?
A. * 4itochondria of hepatocyte
B. ytoplasm of hepatocyte
. 4itochindria of cardiomyocytes
!. %ucleus of cardiomyocytes
". ytoplasm of adipocytes
$,8. 1orker of dry-cleanerFs has fatty liver degeneration. 1hat matter synthesis
malfunction in the liver can cause such pathology?
A. 9rea
B. * (hosphatidylcholine
. (hosphatidic acid
!. holic acid
". 'ristearin
$,;. ?-A#idation was discovered by Enoop when he fed dogs fatty acids labeled with a
ben2ene ring at the end of the molecule opposite the -AAB group. 4etabolism could
not proceed beyond the phenyl group. !ogs fed phenylbutyric acid would produce urine
containing)
A. (henylacetic acid
B. Ben2oic acid
. * (henylpyruvic acid
!. (henyllactic acid
". Ben2ene
$7?. 'he amount of total acidity in gastric Juice of a patient is normal. 1hich of the
A. A.*?-+? m4-l
B. * B.+?-,? m4-l
. $?-*? m4-l
!. *?-.? m4-l
". $?-+? m4-l
$71. A ,? year old patient has hyperplasia of :-cells of antral part of stomach. 1hat
changes in gastric Juice are most possible for this pathology?
A. * Byperchlorhydria
B. Bypochlorhydria
. Achlorhydria
!. Achylia
". (resence of lactic acid
$7$. A healthy 7? kg man eats a well balanced diet containing ade3uate calories and
,$.. g of high 3uality protein per day. 4easured in grams of nitrogen& his daily nitrogen
balance would be
A. @1? g
B. @,.$. g
. * ? g
!. P,.$. g
$7*. A lipotropic factor was prescribed for the patient with liter cirrhosis. 1hich amino
acid is a lipotropic factor?
A. 5ysine
B. 5eucine
. 'ryptophan
!. * 4ethionine
". All of these
$7+. A patient suffers from intensive decay of proteins. %ame the compound in the
urine& which is a test of protein putrefaction processes in the intestine)
A. 9rates
B. 9rea
. reatinine
!. * Indican
". 5actic acid
$7.. A phenylketonuria of the newborn was diagnosed. All the following are true about
phenylketonuria e#cept
A. !eficiency of phenylalanine hydro#ylase
B. 4ental retardation
. * Increased urinary e#cretion of p-hydro#yphenyl pyruvic acid
!. !ecrease serotonin formation
". and !
$7,. After burns cause the development of negative nitric balance of a +? year old
patient took place that was the result of increase of)
A. :lycolysis
B. 5ipolysis
. * (roteolysis
!. (hosphorolysis
". Dibrinolysis
$77. By decarbo#ylation of histidine in an organism of ; year old child in the state of
allergic shock is /are0 formed)
A. 'yramine
B. * Bistamine
. (utrescine
!. adaverine
". 6erotonine
$78. oen2yme of amino acids decarbo#ylases is)
B. Davin adenine dinucleotide
. Davin mononucleotide
!. B6-oA
". * (A5(
$7;. essential amino acid?
A. Alanine
B. :lycine
. 'yrosine
!. * 'ryptophan
". Both A and !
$8?. :ABA /gamma aminobutyric acid0& which belongs to inhibiting mediators of
central nervous system& is a product of glutamic decarbo#ylation. 1hat vitamin
prescription is appropriate by convulsive state& caused by decrease if :ABA formation?
A. B1
B. B;
. * B,
!. B.
". B$
$81. Into the hospital was carried *7 year old man with symptoms of achylia gastrica.
Achylia gastrica is said to be when absence of
A. (epsin only
. Bl only
!. Bile
". %one of these
$8$. Into the hospital was carried 7 years old child in the state of allergic shock& which
evolved after waspFs bite. In the blood increased concentration of histamine. 'his amine
is formed as a result of reaction of)
A. !ehydration
B. !eamination
. Keduction
". Bydroo#idation
$8*. %-end amino acids in the proteins splitt off)
A. !ipeptidase
B. arboo#ypeptidase
. * Aminopeptidase
!. "lastase
". "ndopeptidase
$8+. (atient has positive nitric balance. 'he reason of this can be)
A. 6tarvation
B. 'uberculosis
. * (regnancy
". AI!6
$8.. (atient has the diagnosis \malignant carcinoid]& amount of serotonine in blood
increased greatly. %ame amino acid& able to form the given biogenic amine)
A. Alanine
B. * .-o#ytryptophane
. 5eucine
!. 'hreonine
". 4ethionine
$8,. (atient on a vegetarian diet has negative nitric balance& hyperproteinemia&
$87. ?(atient with enterocolitis has affected protein adoption. 1hat mechanism of
A. (inocytosis
. 6imple diffusion
". (hagocytosis
$88. 'he total acidity in gastric Juice of a +? year old patient is high. 1hich of the
A. *?-+? m4-l
B. * ,?-8? m4-l
. $?-*? m4-l
!. *?-.? m4-l
". $?-+? m4-l
$8;. 'he +. year old man suffers from stomach ache due to high acidity of gastric
Juice. 'he pB of gastric Juice becomes low in
A. Bemolytic anemia
. Both /A0 and /B0
!. Raundice
". %one of these
$;?. 'he 7. year old man suffers from negative nitrogenous balance due to lack of
essential amino acids. 'he essential amino acids
A. 4ust be supplied in the diet because the organism has lost the capacity to aminate
the corresponding ketoacids
B. * 4ust be supplied in the diet because the human has an impaired ability to
synthesi2e the carbon chain of the corresponding ketoacids
. Are identical in all species studied
!. Are defined as those amino acids which cannot be synthesi2ed by the organism at
a rate ade3uate to meet metabolic re3uirements
". Both B and !
$;1. 'he newborn suffers from improper milk digestion due to lower activity of rennin.
Kennin acts on casein of milk in infants in presence of
A. 4g@@
B. Hn@@
. o@@
!. * a@@
". Both and !
$;$. 'he patientFs KitisF ratio /AsA'cAlA'0 e3uals ?&8. 1hich disease does it testify?
A. * Bepatitis
B. (ancreatitis
. :astritis
!. ardiac infarction
". %ephritis
$;*. 'he patientFs KitisF ratio /AsA'cAlA'0 e3uals $&8. 1hich disease does it testify?
A. Bepatitis
B. (ancreatitis
. :astritis
!. * ardiac infarction
". %ephritis
$;+. 1hat type of covalent bonds link the amino acids in a protein?
A. * (eptide bonds
B. Bydrogen bonds
. Ionic bonds
!. :lycosidic bonds
". "ster bonds
$;.. 1hich of the following is not an amino acid?
A. :lutamic acid
B. Aspartic acid
. :lutamine
!. * (almitic acid
". 5eucine
$;,. A dietary deficiency of tryptophan and nicotinate leads to
A. Beri Beri
B. Terophthalmia
. Anemia
!. * (ellegra
". Kickets
$;7. All the following statements about pepsin are correct& e#cept
". Its optimum pB is 1?P1$
$;8. Along with A$& %B* and A'( the aminoacid that is needed in urea cycle is
A. Alanine
B. Isoleucine
. * Aspartate
!. :lycine
". Saline
$;;. A'( is re3uired in following reactions of urea cycle)
A. 6ynthesis of carbamoyl phosphate and citrulline
B. * 6ynthesis of citrulline and argininosuccinate
. 6ynthesis of argininosuccinate and arginine
!. 6ynthesis of carbamoyl phosphate and argininosuccinate
". All of the above
*??. by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I is incorrect?
A. 'he en2yme cataly2es the rate-limiting reaction in the urea cycle.
B. * Kaction is allosterically activated by %-acetylglutamate.
. 'he reaction is reversible.
!. 'he en2yme incorporates A$ into carbamoyl phosphate.
". 'he reaction re3uires two high energy phosphates for each carbamoyl phosphate
molecule synthesi2ed.
*?1. hild& who for a long time had products of vegetable origin& has growth
inhibition& anemia& liver and kidney affection& skin and hair reddening. 'he cause of this
condition is)
A. 5ack of lipids in food
B. * 5ack of essential amino acid in food
. 5ack of carbohydratesin food
!. 5ack of macrocells in food
". 5ack of fats in food
*?$. ?ontrol of urea cycle involves the en2yme)
A. * arbamoyl phosphate synthetase
B. Arnithine transcarbamoylase
. Argininosuccinase
!. Arginase
". Dumarase
*?*. yanide& a potent human to#in& blocks electron flow in electron transport by
binding to De$@ . 'he De$@ ion is found in which of the following?
A. oen2yme O
B. DA!B$
. 9bi3uinone
!. Acetyl P 6oA
". * atalase
*?+. ystinuria results from inability to
A. 4etabolise cysteine
B. onvert cystine into cysteine
. Incorporate cysteine into proteins
!. * Keabsorb cystine in renal tubules
". Anly A
*?.. ytosolic and mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase have the following
similarity)
A. Both use ammonia as a substance
B. Both provide carbamoyl phosphate for urea synthesis
. * Both re3uire %-acetylglutamate as an activator
!. Both are allosteric en2ymes
". Both provide carbamoyl phosphate for pirimidine synthesis
*?,. "#opeptidases are)
A. (epsin& trypsin
B. "lastase& colagenase
. * arbo#ypeptidases& aminopeptidases
!. hymotrypsin& carbo#ypeptidases
". Aminopeptidases& elastase
*?7. Dor effective formation of urea in the liver with great intensivity must proceed
ornithinic cycle. In the other case the concentration of ammonia in blood grows rapidly.
By the lack of what amino acid in the food can evolve a2otemia?
A. * Arginine
B. Alanine
. 5ysine
!. 6erine
". 4ethionine
*?8. :ABA /gamma aminobutyric acid0& which belongs to inhibiting mediators of
central nervous system& is a product of glutamic decarbo#ylation. 1hat vitamin
prescription is appropriate by convulsive state& caused by decrease if :ABA formation?
A. B1
B. B;
. * B,
!. B.
". B$
*?;. glucogenic amino acid?
A. Acetyl-oA
B. 4alonil-oA
. * (yruvate
!. Acetoacetyl-oA
". All of the above
*1?. Bigher plants most often absorb nitrogen from the soil in the form of
A. %$
B. %itrites.
. Ammonia.
!. * %itrates.
". Amino acids.
*11. Bydro#ylation of phenylalanine re3uires all of the following e#cept
A. * (henylalanine hydro#ylase
B. 'etrahydrobiopterin
. %A!B
!. 4olecular o#ygen
". DA!
*1$. Into the hospital was carried 7 years old child in the state of allergic shock& which
evolved after waspFs bite. In the blood increased concentration of histamine. 'his amine
is formed as a result of reaction of)
A. !ehydration
B. !eamination
. Keduction
". Bydroo#idation
*1*. Isoelectric pB of an amino acid is that pB at which it has a
A. (ositive charge
B. %egative charge
. * %o charge
!. %one of these
". All of the above
*1+. Ewashiorkor occurs when the diet is severely deficient in
A. Iron
B. alories
. * (roteins
". a@@
*1.. 4aple syrup urine diseases is an inborn error of metabolism of
*1,. %ame the matter in the urine& which is a test of intensivity of protein putrefaction
processes in the intestine)
A. 9rates
B. 9rea
. reatinine
!. * Indican
". 5actic acid
*17. %egative nitrogenous balance is observed in all listed cases& but)
A. Eidney disease
B. !omination of animal proteins in food
. !omination of vegetable proteins in food
!. * In old years
". By pancreatitis
*18. %itrogen gas accounts for what percentage of the atmosphere?
A. 1Y
B. * 7Y
. ..Y
!. 78Y
". ;;Y
*1;. %itrogen is essential for living organisms to make)
A. 5ipids.
B. * (roteins.
. arbohydrates.
!. 6ulfates.
". Ben2ene rings.
*$?. Abservation of +.-years old man& who was on vegetarian diet for a long time&
showed negative nitric balance. 1hat food allowance feature caused this event?
A. "#cessive amount of carbohydrates
B. * Insufficient amount of proteins
. "#cessive amount of water
!. Insufficient amount of fats and proteins
". Insufficient amount of fats
*$1. Ane of the following amino acid is solely ketogenic)
A. * 5ysine
B. Alanine
. Saline
!. :lutamate
". Arginine
*$$. (ancreatic Juice contains the precursors of all of the following e#cept
A. * 'rypsin
B. hymotrypsin
. arbo#ypeptidase
!. Aminopeptidase
". "lastase
*$*. (atient has positive nitric balance. 'he reason of this can be)
A. 6tarvation
B. 'uberculosis
. * (regnancy
". AI!6
*$+. (atient has the diagnosis \malignant carcinoid]& amount of serotonine in blood
increased greatly. %ame amino acid& able to form the given biogenic amine)
A. Alanine
B. * .-o#ytryptophane
. 5eucine
!. 'hreonine
". 4ethionine
*$.. (atient on a vegetarian diet has negative nitric balance& hyperproteinemia&
*$,. 6erines are all names of families of what?
A. arbohydrates
B. Dats
. * Amino acids
!. (yridines
". Sitamins
*$7. 6ulphur-containing amino acid is
A. :lutathione
. * Bomocysteine
!. 'ryptophan
". Bistidin
*$8. 'he amount of urea in the patientFs blood is 1, mmol-l& in daily urine , g. 'he
possible reason for this is the following)
A. 5iver disease
B. 6tarvation
. * Eidney disease
!. Acidosis
". 'hyroto#icosis
*$;. 'he defective en2yme in histidinemia is
A. Bistidine carbo#ylase
B. Bistidine decarbo#ylase
. * Bistidase
!. Bistidine o#idase
**?. 'he process where some bacteria remove nitrate from the soil by converting it to
nitrogen gas is)
A. %itrification.
B. Ammonification.
. Assimilation.
!. * !enitrification.
". %itrogen fi#ation.
**1. 'he reservoir for nitrogen is
A. 'he atmosphere.
B. Kocks.
. Ammonia.
!. * %itrates.
". Amino acids.
**$. 'he ruminant obtains nitrogen primarily from
A. * (lant protein
B. 'he microbes of the gastrointestinal tract
. 9rea
!. Datty acids produced in the rumen.
". arbohydrates
***. 'he step in the nitrogen cycle where bacteria convert ammonia /%B*0 to nitrate
/%A*-0 is)
A. * %itrification.
B. Ammonification.
. Assimilation.
!. !enitrification.
". %itrogen fi#ation.
**+. 'he to#icity of ammonia& especially dangerous for brain& is connected with itsF
ability to affect functioning of tricarbo#ylic acids cycle in mitichondria of brain neurons
as a result of conclusion from the cycle of)
A.
B. itrate
. 4alate
!. 6uccinate
". * Dumarate
**.. 'he useful reagent for detection of amino acids is
A. 4olisch reagent
. * %inhydrin
!. Biuret
**,. 'o endopeptidases belong all below-mentioned ferments& but)
A. (epsin
B. "lastase
. * arbo#ypeptidase
!. hemotrypsin
". 'rypsin
**7. 1hat is the first step in the nitrogen cycle& in which gaseous nitrogen is converted
into ammonia?
A. * %itrification
B. Ammonification
. Assimilation
!. !enitrification
". %itrogen fi#ation
**8. 1hat is the main transportation form of ammonia from the maJority of peripheral
tissues to the liver?
A. 9rea
B. Aminosuccinamic
. itrulline
!. Arnithine
". * :lutamine
**;. 1hat is-are true regarding the urea cycle?
A. It plays an important role in nitrogen metabolism
B. It has a role in both the catabolism and anabolism of amino acids
. * It is linked to the citric acid cycle
!. All of the above
*+?. 1hat maJor way of ammonia deactivation& which formed in the organism as a
result of deamination reactions?
A. :lutamine synthesis
B. Ammonium salts synthesis
. * 9rea synthesis
!. 9ric acid synthesis
". Aminosuccinamic synthesis
*+1. 1hat part of the nitrogen cycle deals with the conversion of nitrogen in waste
products or dead organisms into ammonia?
A. %itrification
B. * Ammonification
. Assimilation
!. !enitrification
". %itrogen fi#ation
*+$. 1hich amino acid is a lipotropic factor?
A. 5ysine
B. 5ecuine
. 'ryptophan
!. * 4ethionine
". Saline
*+*. 1hich of the following contributes nitrogen atoms to both purine and pyrimidine
rings?
A. * Aspartate
B. arbamoyl phosphate
. A$
!. :lutamine
". Dumarate
*++. 1hich of the following molecules will be formed from the carbon skeleton of a
ketogenic amino acid?
A. * Acetyl-oA
B. A#aloacetate
. (yruvate
!. ?-ketoglutarate
". All of the above
*+.. 1hich of the following protein is rich in cysteine?
A. "lastine
B. * ollagen
. Dibrin
!. Eeratin
*+,. 1hich of the following statements is /are0 correct regarding nitrogen pollution?
A. Dresh water bodies are more often nitrogen limited than salt water bodies
B. !issolved ammonia gas can be directly to#ic to fish
. In an undisturbed forest& nitrogen losses per year are generally less than the
amount of nitrogen contributed from the atmosphere.
!. In temperate regions& the greatest potential for leaching of nitrate occurs during
the fall and winter& when evapotranspiration is low relative to precipitation
". * Answers $& *& and + above are all correct
*+7. 1hich of the following statements is correct?
A. 'he two nitrogen atoms that are incorporated into urea enter the cycle as ammonia
and alanine.
B. 9rea is produced directly by the hydrolysis of ornithine.
. A'( is re3uired for the reaction in which argininosuccinate is cleaved to form
arginine.
!. 'he urea cycle occurs e#clusively in the cytosol.
". * In humans& the maJor route of nitrogen metabolism from amino acids to urea is
cataly2ed by the combined actions of transaminase /aminotransferase0 and
glutamate dehydrogenase.
*+8. 1hich of the following would most likely act as an inhibitor of the en2ymes of the
citric acid cycle?
A. * A high concentration of A!(
B. A high concentration of A'(
. A low concentration of %A!B
!. A high concentration of %A!
". 4ore than one of the above.
*+;. 1hich one of the following is an essential amino acid?
A. Arginine
B. 'yrosine
. * (henylalanine
!. (roline
". Arnitine
*.?. 1hy is nitrapyrin /$-chloro-,-trichloromethylpyridine0 added to ammonia
fertili2ers?
A. 'o convert the ammonia to nitrate which is the preferred nitrogen source for
plants.
B. * 'o solubili2e the ammonia.
. 'o inhibit nitrifying bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrite.
!. 'o inhibit assimilatory nitrate reduction.

Test questions for figures
1. 'he fragment of which compound is shown in figure 1?,?
A. ellulose
B. 'riacylglycerol
. * 6tarch
!. (rotein
". (hospholipid
$. Absorption of which compound can be described by the mechanism shown in figure 11??
A. Datty acid
B. :lycerol
. * :lucose
!. Dructose
". holesterol
*. ompound shown in figure 1?7 consists of)
A. :lucose and glucose
B. :lucose and galactose
. :lucose and mannose
!. :alactose and fructose
". * :lucose and fructose
+. ompound shown in figure 1?8 consists of)
A. :lucose and glucose
B. * :lucose and galactose
". :lucose and fructose
.. ompound shown in figure 1?; consists of)
A. * :lucose and glucose
B. :lucose and galactose
". :lucose and fructose
,. ompound which is formed in the reaction shown in figure 1.+ plays role of)
A. 4ediator of inflammation
B. 4ediator of allergic reaction
. * 4ediator of nervous system
!. 4ediator of pain
". 4ediator of blood coagulation
7. !egradation of glycogen is shown in figure 1$;. 'his mechanism is called)
A. Bydrolysis
B. * (hosphorolysis
. 5igation
!. !ephosphorylation
". !eglycosidation
8. Dragment of what biochemical pathway is shown in figure 1*$?
A. * :lycogenogenesis
B. :lycogenolysis
. :lycolysis
!. :luconeogenesis
;. Bow many molecules of A'( are formed in substrate level phosphorylation reactions in
pathway shown in figure 11$?
A. $
B. * +
. ,
!. 8
". 1?
1?. Bow many substrate level phosphorylation reactions are there in pathway shown in figure
11$?
A. 1
B. * $
. *
!. +
". .
11. Ane of the products of reaction shown in figure 11, is)
A. Dructose-,-phosphate
B. $-phosphoglycerate
. * :lyceraldehyde *-phosphate
!. Dructose-1&,-biphosphate
". (yruvate
1$. Ane of the purposes of biochemical pathway shown in figure 1$, is)
A. (roduction of %A!B and DA!B$
B. "nergetic role
. * 4etabolism of unusual sugars
!. !ecomposition of waste products
". 4etabolism of ketone bodies
1*. Ane of the reactions of glycogen degradation is shown in figure 1*?. 1hat en2yme
cataly2es this reaction?
B. :lycogen phosphorylase
. Isomerase
!. * (hosphoglucomutase
". Be#okinase
1+. Ked blood cells with Bein2 bodies are shown in figures 1$8. !ark particles /Bein2
bodies0 are denaturated proteins adhered to cell membranes. Dor which disease such
micrograph is specific?
A. 5actase deficiency
B. * :lucose-,-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
. Be#okinase deficiency
!. (yruvate kinase deficiency
". (yruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
1.. 'he biochemical pathway shown in figure 1.. is called)
A. 'ricarbo#ylic acid cycle
B. Eori cycle
. * 9rea cycle
!. Datty acids synthesis cycle
". (entose phosphate cycle
1,. 'he bonds indicated by 3uestion-mark in figure 1?, are called)
A. (eptide
B. * :lycosidic
. "ster
!. (hosphate
". %oncovalent
17. 'he clinical symptoms shown in figure 1.7 are specific for)
A. (henylketonuria
B. Albinism
. Bomocysteinuria
!. * Alcaptonuria
". 4aple syrup urine disease
18. 'he compound shown in figure 1+* is digested by)
A. 5ipase
B. (epsin
. 'rypsin
!. (hospholipase
". * "sterase
1;. 'he first reaction of glycerol o#idation pathway is shown in figure 1++. 1hat en2yme
cataly2es this reaction?
A. :lycerol dehydrogenase
B. * :lycerol kinase
. :lycerol carbo#ylase
!. :lycerol decarbo#ylase
". :lycerol carbo#ykinase
$?. 'he first reaction of glycerol o#idation pathway is shown in figure 1++. 1hat is the
product of this reaction?
A. :lyceraldehyde *-phosphate
B. !ihydro#yacetone phosphate
. * :lycerol *-phosphate
!. :lycerol $-phosphate
". *-phosphoglycerate
$1. 'he fragment of which biochemical process is shown in figure 1.1?
A. A#idation of fatty acids
B. * 6ynthesis of fatty acids
. Activation of fatty acids
!. A#idation of glycerol
". !igestion of phospholipids
$$. 'he molecule of taurocholic acid is depicted in figure 1+1. 6uch molecule is called)
A. Bydrophobic
B. Bydrophilic
. * Amphipathic
!. (olar
". %onpolar
$*. 'he product of reaction shown in figure 11* is)
. * :lucose-,-phosphate
". (yruvate
$+. 'he product of reaction shown in figure 11+ is)
A. * Dructose-,-phosphate
. :lucose-,-phosphate
". (yruvate
$.. 'he product of reaction shown in figure 11. is)
. :lucose-,-phosphate
!. * Dructose-1&,-biphosphate
". (yruvate
$,. 'he product of reaction shown in figure 117 is)
. * :lyceraldehyde *-phosphate
". (yruvate
$7. 'he product of reaction shown in figure 118 is)
A. * 1&*-biphosphoglycerate
. :lyceraldehyde *-phosphate
". (yruvate
$8. 'he product of reaction shown in figure 11; is)
A. 1&*-biphosphoglycerate
". * *-phosphoglycerate
$;. 'he product of reaction shown in figure 1$? is)
B. * $-phosphoglycerate
*?. 'he product of reaction shown in figure 1$1 is)
!. * (hosphoenolpyruvate
*1. 'he product of reaction shown in figure 1$$ is)
A. * (yruvate
!. (hosphoenolpyruvate
*$. 'he product of reaction shown in figure 1*. is)
A. :lucose
. itrate
!. Acetyl oA
". * A#aloacetate
**. 'he product of reaction shown in figure 1*, is)
A. :lucose
B. * (hosphoenolpyruvate
. itrate
!. Acetyl oA
". A#aloacetate
*+. 'he product of the reaction shown in figure 1+$)
A. Is a building block of cell membranes
B. * an disrupt cellular membranes
. Bas neuroto#ic properties
!. Is an intracellualar messenger
". Activates transcription in cell nucleus
*.. 'he reaction depicted in figure 1.8 is characteristic for)
A. * (henylketonuria
B. Albinism
. Bomocysteinuria
!. Alcaptonuria
". 4aple syrup urine disease
*,. 'he reaction shown in figure 11* comes from)
A. * :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
. A#idation of fatty acids
!. :lycogenolysis
". A#idation of glycerol
*7. 'he reaction shown in figure 11* is cataly2ed by)
A. * Be#okinase
B. Isomerase
!. 4utase
". (yruvatekinase
*8. 'he reaction shown in figure 11+ comes from)
A. * :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
*;. 'he reaction shown in figure 11+ is cataly2ed by)
A. Be#okinase
B. * Isomerase
!. 4utase
". (yruvatekinase
+?. 'he reaction shown in figure 11. comes from)
A. * :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
+1. 'he reaction shown in figure 11. is cataly2ed by)
A. Be#okinase
B. Isomerase
. * (hosphofructokinase-1
!. 4utase
". (yruvatekinase
+$. 'he reaction shown in figure 11, comes from)
A. * :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
+*. 'he reaction shown in figure 11, is cataly2ed by)
A. * Aldolase
B. Isomerase
!. 4utase
". (yruvatekinase
++. 'he reaction shown in figure 117 comes from)
A. * :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
+.. 'he reaction shown in figure 117 is cataly2ed by)
A. Aldolase
B. * Isomerase
!. 4utase
". (yruvatekinase
+,. 'he reaction shown in figure 118 comes from)
A. * :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
+7. 'he reaction shown in figure 118 is cataly2ed by)
A. Aldolase
B. Isomerase
!. 4utase
". * !ehydrogenase
+8. 'he reaction shown in figure 11; comes from)
A. * :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
+;. 'he reaction shown in figure 11; is cataly2ed by)
A. * (hosphoglycerate kinase
B. Isomerase
!. 4utase
". !ehydrogenase
.?. 'he reaction shown in figure 1$? comes from)
A. * :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
.1. 'he reaction shown in figure 1$? is cataly2ed by)
A. (hosphoglycerate kinase
B. Isomerase
!. * 4utase
". !ehydrogenase
.$. 'he reaction shown in figure 1$1 comes from)
A. * :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
.*. 'he reaction shown in figure 1$1 is cataly2ed by)
B. Isomerase
. * "nolase
!. 4utase
". !ehydrogenase
.+. 'he reaction shown in figure 1$$ comes from)
A. * :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
... 'he reaction shown in figure 1$$ is cataly2ed by)
B. Isomerase
. * (yruvate kinase
!. 4utase
". !ehydrogenase
.,. 'he reaction shown in figure 1$7 comes from)
A. :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
". * (entose phosphate pathway
.7. 'he reaction shown in figure 1*. comes from)
A. :lycolysis
!. :lycogenolysis
.8. 'he reaction shown in figure 1*, comes from)
A. :lycolysis
!. :lycogenolysis
.;. 'he reaction shown in figure 1*7 comes from)
A. :lycolysis
!. :lycogenolysis
,?. 'he reaction shown in figure 1*8 comes from)
A. :lycolysis
!. :lycogenolysis
,1. 'he reaction shown in figure 1.$ is cataly2ed by)
A. * Aminotransferase
B. !ehydrogenase
. !ecarbo#ylase
!. A#idase
". Keductase
,$. 'he reaction shown in figure 1.* is cataly2ed by)
A. Aminotransferase
B. !ehydrogenase
. * !ecarbo#ylase
!. A#idase
". Keductase
,*. 'he scheme of fate of glucose is shown in figure 111. 1hich metabolite is replaced with
digit 1?
B. * :lucose-,-phosphate
. 5actate
". (hosphoenol pyruvate
,+. 'he scheme of fate of glucose is shown in figure 111. 1hich pathway is indicated by
digit $?
A. :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
. :lycogenogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
,.. 'he scheme of fate of glucose is shown in figure 111. 1hich pathway is indicated by
digit *?
A. * :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
. :lycogenogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
,,. 'he scheme of fate of pyruvate is shown in figure 1$*. 1hich metabolite is indicated by
digit 1?
A. 5actate
. * "thanol
!. (ropynol
". 4ethanol
,7. 'he scheme of fate of pyruvate is shown in figure 1$*. 1hich metabolite is indicated by
digit $?
A. * 5actate
. "thanol
!. (ropynol
". 4ethanol
,8. 'he scheme of the reaction of is shown in figure 1.$.
A. !ecarbo#ylation of amino acids
B. !eamination of amino acids
. * 'ransamination of amino acids
!. A#idation of amino acids
". Keduction of amino acids
,;. 'he scheme of the reaction of is shown in figure 1.*.
A. * !ecarbo#ylation of amino acids
B. !eamination of amino acids
. 'ransamination of amino acids
!. A#idation of amino acids
". Keduction of amino acids
7?. 'he scheme of the regulation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase by
epinephrine and glucagone is shown in figure 1**. 1hat en2yme is replaced with digit 1
on this scheme?
A. * (rotein kinase
B. (hosphatase
. (hospholipase
!. Be#okinase
". (hosphorylase
71. 'he scheme of the regulation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase by
epinephrine and glucagone is shown in figure 1**. 1hat en2yme is replaced with digit $
on this scheme?
A. (rotein kinase
B. (hosphatase
. * :lycogen synthase b
!. Be#okinase
". :lycogen phosphorylase a
7$. 'he scheme of the regulation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase by
epinephrine and glucagone is shown in figure 1**. 1hat en2yme is replaced with digit *
on this scheme?
A. (rotein kinase
B. (hosphatase
. :lycogen synthase b
!. Be#okinase
". * :lycogen phosphorylase a
7*. 'he scheme of which biochemical process is shown in figure 1+,?
A. * 'ransport of fatty acyl oA into mitochondria
B. 'ransport of fatty acyl oA into cytoplasm
. 'ransport of carnitine into mitochondria
!. 'ransport of carnitine into cytoplasm
". 'ransport of B6-oA into mitochondria
7+. 'he scheme shown in figure 1*; is called)
A. Erebs cycle
B. * ori cycle
. 4itchell cycle
!. Disher cycle
". Borbachevsky cycle
7.. 'he second bypass of gluconeogenesis is shown in figure 1*7. 1hat en2yme cataly2es
this reaction?
A. (rotein kinase
B. (hosphofructokinase
. Dructose dehydrogenase
!. * (hosphatase
". Be#okinase
7,. 'he third bypass of gluconeogenesis is shown in figure 1*8. 1hat en2yme cataly2es this
reaction?
A. (rotein kinase
!. * (hosphatase
". Be#okinase
77. 1hat are the end products of biochemical process shown in figure 1+$?
A. 'riacylglycerol and free fatty acids
B. !iacylglycerol and free fatty acids
. Dree fatty acids
!. Dree fatty acids and monoacylglycerol
". * 5ysophosphoglyceride and free fatty acid
78. 1hat are the end products of biochemical process shown in figure 1+??
A. 'riacylglycerols
B. !iacylglycerols
. Dree fatty acids
!. * Dree fatty acids and monoacylglycerol
". holesterol and free fatty acids
7;. 1hat biochemical pathway is shown in figure 11$?
A. * :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
. :lycogenogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
8?. 1hat biochemical pathway is shown in figure 1$,?
A. :lycolysis
B. :luconeogenesis
!. :lycogenolysis
81. 1hat biochemical pathway is shown in figure 1*1?
A. * :lycogenogenesis
B. :lycogenolysis
. :lycolysis
!. :luconeogenesis
8$. 1hat biochemical pathway is shown in figure 1*+?
A. :lycogenogenesis
B. :lycogenolysis
. :lycolysis
8*. 1hat biochemical process is shown in figure 1+??
A. !igestion of glycogen
B. !igestion of proteins
. * !igestion of triacylglycerols
!. !igestion of phospholipids
". !igestion of cholesterol esters
8+. 1hat biochemical process is shown in figure 1+$?
A. !igestion of glycogen
B. !igestion of proteins
. !igestion of triacylglycerols
!. * !igestion of phospholipids
". !igestion of cholesterol esters
8.. 1hat biochemical process is shown in figure 1+.?
A. !igeston of fatty acids
B. 6ynthesis of fatty acids
. * Activation of fatty acids
!. !igestion of triacylglycerols
". !igestion of phospholipids
8,. 1hat coen2yme is re3uired for the reaction shown in figure 1+7?
A. %A!
B. * DA!
. '((
!. %A!(
". B6-oA
87. 1hat coen2yme is re3uired for the reaction shown in figure 1+;?
A. * %A!
B. DA!
. '((
!. %A!(
". B6-oA
88. 1hat coen2yme is re3uired for the reaction shown in figure 1.??
A. %A!
B. DA!
. '((
!. %A!(
". * B6-oA
8;. 1hat coen2yme is re3uired for the reaction shown in figure 1$.?
A. * %A!
B. DA!
. '((
!. (5(
". B6 oA
;?. 1hat coen2yme is re3uired for the reaction shown in figure 1$7?
A. %A!
B. DA!
. '((
!. * %A!(
". B6 oA
;1. 1hat compound is eliminated in the 1st reaction of biochemical pathway shown in figure
1$+?
A. A$
B. * A$
. B*(A+
!. B$
". %A!B
;$. 1hat compound is replaced with digit 1 in biochemical pathway shown in figure 1*+?
A. :lucose
. itrate
!. Acetyl oA
". * A#aloacetate
;*. 1hat compound is replaced with digit $ in figure 1*1?
A. A'(
B. %A!
. * 9'(
!. DA!
". B6oA
;+. 1hat compound is shown in figure 1?7?
A. ellulose
B. 4altose
. * 6ucrose
!. 5actose
". :lycogen
;.. 1hat compound is shown in figure 1?8?
A. ellulose
B. 4altose
. 6ucrose
!. * 5actose
". :lycogen
;,. 1hat compound is shown in figure 1?;?
A. ellulose
B. * 4altose
. 6ucrose
!. 5actose
". :lycogen
;7. 1hat en2yme catalysis the reaction shown in figure 1+7?
A. Acyl oA hydratase
B. Acyl oA dehydratase
. * Acyl oA dehydrogenase
!. Acyl oA transferase
". Acyl oA o#idase
;8. 1hat en2yme catalysis the reaction shown in figure 1+8?
A. * Bydratase
B. !ehydratase
. !ehydrogenase
!. 'ransferase
". A#idase
;;. 1hat en2yme catalysis the reaction shown in figure 1+;?
A. Bydratase
B. !ehydratase
. * !ehydrogenase
!. 'ransferase
". A#idase
1??. 1hat en2yme catalysis the reaction shown in figure 1.??
A. Bydratase
B. !ehydratase
. !ehydrogenase
!. 'ransferase
". * 'hiolase
1?1. 1hat en2yme cataly2es the reaction d1 in pathway shown in figure 1$+?
A. 5actate dehydrogenase
B. Isomerase
. (yruvate kinase
!. 4utase
". * (yruvate decarbo#ylase
1?$. 1hat en2yme cataly2es the reaction d$ in pathway shown in figure 1$+?
A. 5actate dehydrogenase
B. Isomerase
. (yruvate kinase
!. 4utase
". * Alcohol dehydrogenase
1?*. 1hat en2yme cataly2es the reaction shown in figure 1+.?
A. * Acyl-oA synthetase
B. Acyl-oA dehydrogenase
. Acyl-oA o#idase
!. Acyl-oA lyase
". Acyl-oA isomerase
1?+. 1hat en2yme cataly2es the reaction shown in figure 1.,?
A. carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
B. Arnithine carbamoyltransferase
. Argininosuccinate synthetase
!. Argininosuccinate lyase
". * Arginase
1?.. 1hat en2yme cataly2es the reaction shown in figure 1$.?
A. * 5actate dehydrogenase
B. Isomerase
. (yruvate kinase
!. 4utase
". Alcohol dehydrogenase
1?,. 1hat en2yme is indicated by the digit 1 in biochemical pathway shown in figure
1*1?
B. :lycogen phosphorylase
. Isomerase
". Be#okinase
1?7. 1hat en2yme is replaced with digit $ in biochemical pathway shown in figure
1*+?
A. (rotein kinase
B. * (yruvate carbo#ylase
. (yruvate decarbo#ylase
!. (hosphatase
". 5actate dehydrogenase
1?8. 1hat en2yme is replaced with digit * in biochemical pathway shown in figure
1*+?
A. (rotein kinase
!. * (hosphatase
". 5actate dehydrogenase
1?;. 1hat en2yme is replaced with digit + in biochemical pathway shown in figure
1*+?
A. (rotein kinase
!. * (hosphatase
". Be#okinase
11?. 1hat en2yme participates in the biochemical process shown in figure 1+$?
A. 5ipase
B. (epsin
. 'rypsin
!. * (hospholipase
". "sterase
111. 1hat en2yme participates in the biochemical process shown in figure 1+??
A. * 5ipase
B. (epsin
. 'rypsin
!. (hospholipase
". "sterase
11$. 1hat en2yme participates in the reaction shown in figure 1$;?
. Branching en2yme
". Be#okinase
11*. 1hat is the clear output of A'( molecules in biochemical pathway shown in
figure 11$?
A. .
B. * 7
. 8
!. ;
". 1?
11+. 1hat is the end product of biochemical pathway shown in figure 1..?
A. Acetyl oA
B. (yruvate
. 5actate
!. :lycerol
". * 9rea
11.. 1hat is the end product of biochemical pathway shown in figure 1*1?
A. :lucose
B. Dructose
. :lucose ,-phosphate
!. :lucose 1-phosphate
". * :lycogen
11,. 1hat is the main purpose of biochemical pathway shown in figure 1$,?
A. (roduction of %A!B and DA!B$
B. "nergetic role
. * (roduction of %A!(B and pentoses
!. !ecomposition of waste products
". 4etabolism of ketone bodies
117. 1hat is the product /d*0 of biochemical pathway shown in figure 1$+?
A. 5actate
. * "thanol
!. (ropynol
". 4ethanol
118. 1hat is the product of reaction shown in figure 1$.?
A. * 5actate
. "thanol
!. (ropynol
". 4ethanol
11;. 1hat product is formed in the fatty acid o#idation reaction shown in figure 1+7?
A. Acetyl oA
B. * "noyl oA
. *-Bydro#yacyl oA
!. *-Eetoacyl oA
". Acyl oA
1$?. 1hat product is formed in the fatty acid o#idation reaction shown in figure 1+8?
A. Acetyl oA
B. "noyl oA
. * *-Bydro#yacyl oA
!. *-Eetoacyl oA
". Acyl oA
1$1. 1hat product is formed in the fatty acid o#idation reaction shown in figure 1+;?
A. Acetyl oA
B. "noyl oA
. *-Bydro#yacyl oA
!. * *-Eetoacyl oA
". Acyl oA
1$$. 1hat product is formed in the reaction of activation of fatty acid shown in figure
1+.?
A. 'riacylglycerol
B. !iacylglycerol
. 4onoacylglycerol
!. * Acyl oA
". Dree fatty acid
1$*. 1hat product is formed in the reaction shown in figure 1$;?
A. :lucose
B. Dructose
. :lucose ,-phosphate
!. * :lucose 1-phosphate
". Dructose 1-phosphate
1$+. 1hat type of reaction is shown in figure 11;?
A. A#idative phosphorylation reaction
B. * 6ubstrate level phosphorylation reaction
. A#idation-reduction reaction
!. Isomeri2ation reaction
". 5igation reaction
1$.. 1hat type of reaction is shown in figure 1$$?
A. A#idative phosphorylation reaction
B. * 6ubstrate level phosphorylation reaction
. A#idation-reduction reaction
!. Isomeri2ation reaction
". 5igation reaction
1$,. 1hich coen2yme is re3uired for the reaction presented in figure 1.$?
A. %A!
B. DA!
. '((
!. %A!(
". * (5(
1$7. 1hich coen2yme is re3uired for the reaction presented in figure 1.*?
A. %A!
B. DA!
. '((
!. %A!(
". * (5(
1$8. 1hich compound is formed in the decarbo#ylation reaction shown in figure 1.+?
A. Bistamine
B. :lutamine
. * :ABA
!. adaverine
". (utrescine
1$;. 1hich compound is replaced with 3uestion-mark in the scheme depicted in the
figure 1+,?
A. Datty acid
B. * arnitine
. B6-oA
!. Acetyl-oA
". itrate
1*?. 1hich en2yme cataly2es the splitting of bond between two constituents of
compound shown in figure 1?7?
A. * 6ucrase
B. Amilase
. (epsin
!. 4altase
". 5actase
1*1. 1hich en2yme cataly2es the splitting of bond between two constituents of
compound shown in figure 1?8?
A. 6ucrase
B. Amilase
. (epsin
!. 4altase
". * 5actase
1*$. 1hich en2yme cataly2es the splitting of bond between two constituents of
compound shown in figure 1?;?
A. 6ucrase
B. Amilase
. (epsin
!. * 4altase
". 5actase
1**. 1hich en2yme cataly2es the splitting of bonds indicated by 3uestion-mark in
figure 1?,?
A. 6ucrase
B. * Amilase
. (epsin
!. (hosphatase
". 5actase
1*+. 1hich metabolite is replaced with digit 1 in biochemical pathway shown in figure
11$?
A. * Dructose-,-phosphate
B. :lucose-,-phosphate
1*.. 1hich metabolite is replaced with digit $ in biochemical pathway shown in figure
11$?
B. :lucose-,-phosphate
. * 1&*-biphosphoglycerate
1*,. 1hich metabolite is replaced with digit * in biochemical pathway shown in figure
11$?
B. * $-phosphoglycerate
1*7. 1hich metabolite is replaced with digit + in biochemical pathway shown in figure
11$?
". * (yruvate

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Module 3. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and its regulation.

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