Subject to alteration
Introduction
1. Load-bearing frame structure 2
1.0. Foundation 3
1.0.1. Foundation plan and data supply 3
1.0.2. Anchoring steel elements 3
1.1. Standard frame structure (LS) 6
1.2. Lindab welded frame structure 8
1.3. Lindab trussed frame structure 10
1.4. Craned hall building 12
1.4.1. Crane runway separaed from the building frames 12
1.4.2. Crane runway on frame column 12
1.5. Special solutions 14
1.6. Dilatation of the hall building 18
1.7. Spatial rigidity 18
1.7.1. Longitudinal bracings 19
1.7.1.1. Standard longitudinal bracing 19
1.7.1.2. Bracing frame 19
1.7.1.3. Bracing with masonry construction 20
1.7.2. Wind-bracing 20
1.7.3. Bracing of trussed primary frames or beams 20
1.8. Corrosion protection 21
1.9. Fire protection 21
2. Secondary load-bearing elements 22
2.1. Roff purlins and wall girts 22
2.1.1. Material, geometry, sizes 22
2.1.2. Static systems, static design 23
2.1.3. Constructional aspects 27
2.1.3.1. The design of supports 27
2.1.3.2. Longitudinal splice of thin-walled beams 28
2.1.3.3. Lateral support 29
2.1.3.4. Connections of thin-walled beams 30
2.2. High profile slab systems 31
2.2.1. Material, types, size range 33
2.2.2. Static system, dimensioning 34
2.2.3. Constructional aspects, rules 37
2.3. Wall cassettes 43
2.3.1. Materials, types/models, size ranges 43
2.3.2. Static systems, structural design 43
2.3.3. Constructional aspects, rules 45
Systemline
Subject to alteration
3.0 Roof and wall cladding 46
3.1. Roof cladding systems 43
3.1.1. Metal sheet for roof covering 43
3.1.1.1. General description of profile sheets 43
3.1.1.2. Types of Profiled sheets 47
3.1.1.2.1. LTP20 trapezoidal sheet 48
3.1.1.2.2. LLP20 trapezoidal sheet 50
3.1.1.2.3. LTP45 trapezoidal sheet 51
3.1.1.2.4. LTP80 trapezoidal corugated sheet 53
3.1.1.2.5. SIN trapezoidal corugated sheet 55
3.1.1.2.6. LPA tile effect sheet 56
3.1.1.3. PLX flat sheet 57
3.1.1.4. Sandwich-panel for roofs 57
3.1.2. Heat insulated roof 59
3.1.2.1. LindabEcoroof - Assembled sandwich-panel 61
3.1.2.1.1. Building physics requirements 61
3.1.2.1.2. Order of layers and the materials needed 64
3.1.2.1.3. LindabToproof - Tiled assembled sandwich roof 74
3.1.2.1.4. LindabQualiroof - Assembled sandwich with folded upper sheet 75
3.1.2.1.5. LindabBuiltroof - High-profile assembled sandwich roof system 76
3.1.2.1.6. LindabCasetroof - Wall Casette assembled roof system 77
3.1.2.2. LindabFlatroof - Composition (soft) roofing system 78
3.1.2.2.1. Building physics requirements 78
3.1.2.2.2. The construction and materials of the roof structure 79
3.1.2.2.3. Special rules and principles for constructional design 81
3.1.2.3. LindabSandroof - Sandwich-panel for roofs 82
3.1.2.3.1. Thermal engineering parameters 82
3.1.2.3.2. Building physics requirements 83
3.1.2.3.3. Constructional aspects 83
3.1.2.4. Heat insulated horizontal false ceiling 86
3.1.2.4.1. Building physics requirements 86
3.1.2.4.2. Constructional design 87
3.1.3 Single-shell roof with no heat insulation 88
3.1.3.1. Building physics requirements 88
3.1.3.2. Structural design 88
3.1.4. Design of roof penetrations and openings 90
3.1.4.1. Dimension of the penetrations 90
3.1.4.2. Constructional aspects 91
3.1.4.3. Edging of penetrations cut through roofs covered with corrugated sheet 93
3.1.5. Drainage of precipitation from the roof 95
3.1.5.1. Selection of the size of eaves gutter components based on
MSZ 04-134 (Hungarian Standard) 95
3.1.5.2. The system of eaves gutters 97
Systemline
Subject to alteration
1. Load bearing frame structure
3.1.5.3. Aspects of designing valley gutters in case of roofs
made of trapezoidal sheets 99
3.1.6. Skylight systems 101
3.1.6.1. Transparent trapezoidal corrugated strip 101
3.1.6.2. Dome-light 105
3.1.6.3. LindabTopline barrel vault skylight strip 108
3.1.7. Lightning protection 110
3.1.8. Roof safety system 114
3.1.9. Insertion of rupture roof in the Lindab structure 117
Hall Cladding - Walls
3.2. Wall cladding systems 119
3.2.1. General description of wall cladding profiles 121
3.2.1.1. Technical parameters of the wall trapezoidal profiles 122
3.2.1.1.1. LVP-20 trapezoidal sheet 122
3.2.1.1.2. SIN corrugated sheet 124
3.2.1.1.3. LLP-20 trapezoidal sheet 125
3.2.1.1.4. LV-30 trapezoidal sheet 126
3.2.1.1.5. LVV-30 trapezoidal sheet 127
3.2.1.1.6. LVP-45 trapezoidal sheet 128
3.2.1.2. Sandwich-panel for walls - Lindabwall 130
3.2.1.3. Fixing and fastening 132
3.2.2.1. LindabEcowall - Assembled sandwich wall system 133
3.2.2.1.1. Building physics requirements 133
3.2.2.1.2. Materials and constructional setup of the
assembled sandwich-panel wall 133
3.2.2.2. LindabCassetwall - Assembled wall system with wall casettes 139
3.2.2.3. LindabSandwall - Sandwich (composite) panel wall system 141
3.2.2.3.1. Thermal engineering parameters 141
3.2.2.3.2. Constructional setup 141
3.2.2.4. LindabQualiwall - Assembled wall system covered with trays 145
3.2.2.5. LindabTradwall - Wall system with traditional brick cladding 147
3.3. Fastening techniques 148
3.4. Transport, storage and installation of the Lindab cladding elements 154
3.5. Acoustics 156
3.5.1. Insertion of doors and windows 157
3.5.1.1. Windows 157
3.5.1.2. Doors 162
3.5.1.3. Industrial gates 162
LITERATURE 163
1
Subject to alteration
Systemline
Introduction
In 1992, the Hungarian subsidiary of Lindab Ltd. began to market its light structure hall system
whose favourable properties quickly won popularity among the building contractors and their
clients. In accordance with the continuously changing and increasing demand of the users, we
have developed further the products capabilities and now we can offer a multitude of different
versions, extending the popular standard solution.
The present book is an enlarged version of the Application Technology Guide issued in 2000
and is intended to illustrate the results of our most recent development efforts and the technical
parameters of our hall systems, presented in three main chapters:
1. Primary Load-bearing frame structure
2. Secondary load-bearing structure
3. Roof and wall claddings
Our product variety satisfies the demand of every client wishing to build or to have built
factory halls, service and auxiliary buildings, sport halls, cold storage facilities or buildings for
agricultural use. In addition to the standard types, an innumerable variety can be created by
means of multi-bay solution, applying intermediate floors or crane.
The main components of the system are approved by MI (Hungarian Quality Controlling
Institute) technical application certificate:
LINDAB primary steel frame structure A-993/1992
LINDAB built-up sandwich roof structure M-98/1993
LINDAB built-up sandwich wall structure M-103/1995
LINDAB profiled transparent sheets M-271/1998
ISO 9001 and 14001 quality assurance system ensures the high quality of our products and
manufacturing processes.
This Application Guide offers useful assistance for designers, builders and contractors in each
phase of the implementation of the hall buildings. Lindab Ltd. is ready to support his clients
with very wide range of services:
making price offer (preliminary quotation) based on sketch drawing,
preparing static documentation needed for building permit process (when ordered),
supply of reaction forces of the structure for foundation design (when ordered),
preparing erecting plans fort primary and secondary structures, layout plans for roof
and wall claddings in case of ordered hall buildings,
offering solutions for building constructional and architectural details,
giving engineering consultancy in the office or on site,
providing design tools for static and structural dimensioning (hard copy or CD-ROM)
utilizing our designer and builder partnership network
2
Subject to alteration
Systemline
Calculation tools
Calculation and design of the primary steel structure is completely supported by computer
programs (Finite Element Analysis software, CAD/CAM programs). The use of sophisticated
calculation methods in accordance with the respective international standards guarantees the
perfect quality of the design process and the designed structure, as well.
Applied standards
ENV 1991 Eurocode 1 Basis of design and actions on structures.
ENV 1993 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures
MSZ 15021 Structural design of load-bearing structures of buildings.
Actions and loads on superstructures
MSZ 15024 Structural design of steel load-bearing structures.
Base values and safety factors (MSZ15021)
Dead weight kN/m
2
K
e
= 1.2
Snow load 0,80 kN/m
2
K
e
= 1.4 1.75
Wind pressure kN/m
2
K
e
= 1.2
Applied materials, welding
Primary frames: - IPE, HEA hot-rolled members (S235)
- welded plated I-sections (S235 or S355)
Secondaries (purlins, girts): - certified, cold formed LINDAB Z and C profiles.
Sheets: - certified, coated, cold formed LINDAB trapezoidal sheets
Connections: - for primaries: metric bolts of class 10.9 or 8.8 (DIN 6914-16)
- for primary-to-secondary: metric bolts of class 5.6 (DIN 601)
- for secondary-to-secondary: 5.6 metric bolts or self-drilling
screws
The structural materials meet the respective requirements; the materials purchased from
Hungarian suppliers meet the specification in the Hungarian Standard MSZ EN 10113-1:1995
Steel used to manufacture welded structures. Welds are made by gas protected electric arc
welding and meet the requirements specified in MSZ 6442 Technical requirements for welds
and structural elements.
1. Load bearing frame structure
3
Subject to alteration
Systemline
m
1.1. Standard frame structure (LS)
The main component of the frame is a double-hinged steel structure whose basic section is
of IPE hot-rolled I-section, haunched at the frame corners. The height and the length of the
haunch depend on the internal forces (bending moment diagram). The member joints are
made of end-plated and bolted connections.
High grade 8.8 or 10.9 steel bolts are used to connect the structural elements. The frame
columns are hinged at the base for both horizontal directions. On the frame corners a special
adjustable eave console is used, made of hollow section (Figure 3).
1. Load bearing frame structure
Figure 3: Standard frame structure
Application parameters:
Span: sz = 10.0 25.0 m
Eave height: m = 3.0 8.0 m
Frame spacing: t = 5.0 7.0 m
Optimum frame spacing t
0
= 6.0 m
Roof slope: = 6 30
Optimum roof slope:
0
= 16
7
Subject to alteration
Systemline
M
01
G1
0,00
-0,20
G2 G2
01
G1
Application parameters:
Span: sz =25,0 60,0 m Optimum frame spacing: t
0
= 6,0 m
Eave-height: m = 5,0 12,0 m Roof slope: = 2 30
Frame spacing: t = 5,0 7,0 m Optimum roof slope:
0
= 6 10
1. Load bearing frame structure
1.2. Lindab welded frame structure
The main component of the frame structure is a steel frame with rigid frame corners, with hinged
or fixed bases, depending on the soil conditions and the frame geometry. The cross-sections
of the frame are welded, plated I-girder, the height is changing along the length according to
the internal forces. The frame connections are rigid, end-plated and bolted. Usually high grade
8.8 or even 10.9 metric bolts are used to connect the structural elements. Solutions for eave
consoles and endwall frames are similar to those presented at Standard Frame structures in
Chapter 1.1. (Figure 5).
Figure 5a: LH welded frame structure
9
Subject to alteration
Systemline
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10
Subject to alteration
Systemline
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Subject to alteration
Systemline
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14
Subject to alteration
Systemline
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17
Subject to alteration
Systemline
95,70
IPE240
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IPE240 IPE240
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1. Load bearing frame structure
- When many functions should be provided in different places of the same building, it is
very economical to build two-storey structure by adding an intermediate floor, over a part
or the whole of the hall. Connecting office section and other facilities for the working staff
(changing room, toilets, etc.) to a larger plant or workshop space can be mentioned as the
most frequent example (Figure 14).
Figure 14/b: Spatial view of a middle floor structure for office rooms
Figure 14/a: Two-storey frame structure
18
Subject to alteration
Systemline
LVP 20
LTP 135
LVP 45 Dn
1.6. Dilatation of the hall building
It is proposed to apply longitudinal dilatation joint each 50 to 60m long section of the hall
building structure, in order to avoid high overstresses due to the thermal motions. This matter
can be solved by using a double frame at the dilatation joint; adjusting all the structural
elements (claddings, purlins, foundation) for this role.
1.7. Spatial rigidity
The load-bearing capacity against the longitudinal horizontal loading actions (wind) and the
global rigidity of hall frame structures is ensured by braced fields in every 5-6 frame bays. The
bracing field is consisting of windbracing in the roof and wall bracing, together with the primary
and the secondary structures, i.e. purlins and the braced main frames (Figure 16).
1. Load bearing frame structure
- The architectural appearance of the facade
can be modified by using parapet wall at the
eaves (Figure 15).
Figure 15: Parapet wall
Figure 16: General arrangement of braced fields
19
Subject to alteration
Systemline
22
Subject to alteration
2.0 Secondary load-bearing elements
2.1. Roof purlins and wall girts
The system of steel roof purlins and wall girts of the LINDAB hall buildings, completed with
mounted sheet panels, consist of thin-walled Z and C sections which transmit the load on
the roof shells and wall claddings to the primary load bearing structures, i.e. the main frames.
These sections can be used as components of the bracing system of the global structure and,
therefore, they can serve also a supplementary function (i.e. providing support to the compression
members of the main beams).
With the use of the appropriate connecting pieces, the system can be applied also to primary
structures made of reinforced concrete or timber constructions.
2.1.1. Material, geometry, sizes
- Material properties
Hot-dip galvanized steel sheets (quality: EN 10147, FeE 350 G) are used as raw material.
Yield point (Ry) 350 MPa
Tensile strength (Rm) 420 MPa
Modulus of elasticity (E) 210000 MPa
- Section geometric
The asymmetric shape of the section makes possible the overlapping connection of the beams.
As a result, the high bending momentum over the support is carried by doubled section (Figure
20).
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
B+6
H
B
1
6
1
6
41
C Cl
1
8
1
8
45
Figure 20: Overlapping connection of Z and C beam sections
H = 100,120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350
Sheet thickness: 1.0 to 3.0 mm
The C sections can be connected to each other by inserting special CI components.
Systemline
23
Subject to alteration
2. 3. 1.
b. a.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1. Both flanges are laterally supported.
2. Compression flange is supported, tension
flange is unsupported.
3. Tension flange is supported, compression
flange is unsupported
a.) for gravity loading
b.) for uplift load
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
2.1.2. Static systems, static design
Assuming equal spans and uniformly distributed load on the whole length of the beam, the
thin-walled Z and C sections can be designed by means of design tables (span vs. load tables)
shown in the Design Guide for beams made of Z and C sections.
The tables specify the load-bearing capacity
of the beam according to static models and
various lateral supporting conditions of the
beam (Figure 21), for the two limit state:
- ultimate limit state
- serviceability limit state
With the use of the special static calculation
software (DIMroof v2.0) developed by Lindab
and Budapest Technical University, light
gauge beams can be designed with more
various parameters (changing spans,
di fferent l oadi ng types, e.g. l i nearl y
distributed or concentrated loads, and axial
tension force).
The deflection limit to be satisfied depends
on the applied code. Eurocode does not
provide exact value, the National Annexes
should clarify the limits in each country. The
Hungarian Standard (MSZ) prescribes the
following values for deflection limit (e
H
),
where L means the span of the beam:
roof and floor beams in general:
e
H
= L / 200
beams as structural elements of global
bracing:
e
H
= L / 300
beams in temporary building; or at lower
requirements:
e
H
= L / 150
Technical parameters of most common light
gauge thin-walled beams
Figure 21: Static model
Systemline
24
Subject to alteration
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
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Systemline
25
Subject to alteration
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
Nomination Sys Static system
t
1
Thickness of the intermediate purlin
t
2
Thickness of the end purlin
L Span (m)
Type Type of limit state
1. Ultimate limit state, both flange supported
2. Ultimate limit state, both flange supported; gravity load
3. Ultimate limit state, both flange supported; uplift load
4. Serviceability limit state, L/200 deflection limit
5. Serviceability limit state, L/300 deflection limit
The attached table contains an abstract from the load-bearing capacities (kN/m) for light gauge
LINDAB purlin beams (Z150 and Z200), for the most frequently used static system (standard
overlapped no. 5); for uniformly distributed loads.
Z 150 Z 200
sys t
1
t
2
type L
5.20 5.60 6.00 6.40 6.80 7.20 5.20 5.60 6.00 6.40 6.80 7.20
5 1.00 1.00 1 1.17 1.01 0.88 0.77 0.68 0.61 1.49 1.28 1.12 0.98 0.87 0.78
2 1.17 1.01 0.88 0.77 0.68 0.61 1.37 1.21 1.08 0.97 0.87 0.78
3 0.61 0.53 0.46 0.41 0.36 0.32 0.95 0.82 0.72 0.63 0.56 0.50
4 0.92 0.73 0.60 0.49 0.41 0.35 2.39 1.92 1.56 1.28 1.07 0.90
5 0.61 0.49 0.40 0.33 0.27 0.23 1.60 1.28 1.04 0.86 0.71 0.60
5 1.00 1.20 1 1.70 1.47 1.28 1.12 1.00 0.89 2.18 1.93 1.68 1.48 1.31 1.17
2 1.53 1.32 1.15 1.01 0.90 0.80 1.84 1.63 1.45 1.30 1.17 1.06
3 0.77 0.66 0.58 0.51 0.45 0.40 1.48 1.27 1.11 0.98 0.86 0.77
4 1.11 0.89 0.72 0.60 0.50 0.42 2.91 2.33 1.89 1.56 1.30 1.09
5 0.74 0.59 0.48 0.40 0.33 0.28 1.94 1.55 1.26 1.04 0.87 0.73
5 1.00 1.50 1 2.28 2.02 1.79 1.61 1.45 1.31 2.35 2.10 1.88 1.70 1.54 1.41
2 1.75 1.54 1.36 1.20 1.06 0.95 1.96 1.74 1.55 1.40 1.26 1.15
3 0.95 0.82 0.71 0.62 0.55 0.49 2.12 1.82 1.59 1.40 1.24 1.10
4 1.39 1.11 0.91 0.75 0.62 0.52 3.64 2.92 2.37 1.95 1.63 1.37
5 0.93 0.74 0.60 0.50 0.42 0.35 2.43 1.95 1.58 1.30 1.09 0.92
5 1.20 1.20 1 1.70 1.47 1.28 1.12 1.00 0.89 2.24 1.93 1.68 1.48 1.31 1.17
2 1.70 1.47 1.28 1.12 1.00 0.89 2.24 1.93 1.68 1.48 1.31 1.17
3 0.77 0.66 0.58 0.51 0.45 0.40 1.48 1.27 1.11 0.98 0.86 0.77
4 1.11 0.89 0.72 0.60 0.50 0.42 2.91 2.33 1.89 1.56 1.30 1.09
5 0.74 0.59 0.48 0.40 0.33 0.28 1.94 1.55 1.26 1.04 0.87 0.73
5 1.20 1.50 1 2.53 2.18 1.90 1.67 1.48 1.32 3.56 3.07 2.67 2.35 2.08 1.86
2 2.38 2.06 1.79 1.57 1.39 1.24 3.22 2.84 2.52 2.26 2.03 1.84
3 0.95 0.82 0.71 0.62 0.55 0.49 2.30 1.98 1.73 1.52 1.35 1.20
4 1.39 1.11 0.91 0.75 0.62 0.52 3.64 2.92 2.37 1.95 1.63 1.37
5 0.93 0.74 0.60 0.50 0.42 0.35 2.43 1.95 1.58 1.30 1.09 0.92
Systemline
26
Subject to alteration
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
More detailed specification and data for static design can be found in the 2
nd
reviewed issue of
the Static Design Guide for Z and C sections published by LINDAB.
.
5 1.20 2.00 1 3.55 3.12 2.77 2.44 2.16 1.93 3.83 3.40 3.04 2.74 2.48 2.26
2 2.81 2.42 2.11 1.86 1.64 1.47 3.31 2.93 2.61 2.34 2.11 1.92
3 1.17 1.01 0.88 0.77 0.68 0.61 3.17 2.74 2.38 2.09 1.86 1.66
4 1.86 1.49 1.21 1.00 0.83 0.70 4.89 3.91 3.18 2.62 2.19 1.84
5 1.24 1.00 0.81 0.67 0.56 0.47 3.26 2.61 2.12 1.75 1.46 1.23
5 1.50 1.50 1 2.53 2.18 1.90 1.67 1.48 1.32 3.56 3.07 2.67 2.35 2.08 1.86
2 2.53 2.18 1.90 1.67 1.48 1.32 3.56 3.07 2.67 2.35 2.08 1.86
3 0.95 0.82 0.71 0.62 0.55 0.49 2.30 1.98 1.73 1.52 1.35 1.20
4 1.39 1.11 0.91 0.75 0.62 0.52 3.64 2.92 2.37 1.95 1.63 1.37
5 0.93 0.74 0.60 0.50 0.42 0.35 2.43 1.95 1.58 1.30 1.09 0.92
5 1.50 2.00 1 3.70 3.19 2.78 2.44 2.16 1.93 6.21 5.35 4.66 4.10 3.63 3.24
2 3.69 3.18 2.77 2.44 2.16 1.93 5.95 5.26 4.66 4.10 3.63 3.24
3 1.17 1.01 0.88 0.77 0.68 0.61 3.17 2.74 2.38 2.09 1.86 1.66
4 1.86 1.49 1.21 1.00 0.83 0.70 4.89 3.91 3.18 2.62 2.19 1.84
5 1.24 1.00 0.81 0.67 0.56 0.47 3.26 2.61 2.12 1.75 1.46 1.23
5 1.50 2.50 1 4.64 4.00 3.48 3.06 2.71 2.42 6.64 5.87 5.24 4.70 4.24 3.85
2 4.37 3.77 3.29 2.89 2.56 2.28 5.95 5.26 4.68 4.19 3.77 3.41
3 1.33 1.15 1.00 0.88 0.78 0.70 3.83 3.31 2.88 2.53 2.24 2.00
4 2.33 1.87 1.52 1.25 1.04 0.88 6.12 4.90 3.98 3.28 2.74 2.31
5 1.55 1.24 1.01 0.83 0.70 0.59 4.08 3.27 2.66 2.19 1.82 1.54
5 2.00 2.00 1 3.70 3.19 2.78 2.44 2.16 1.93 6.21 5.35 4.66 4.10 3.63 3.24
2 3.70 3.19 2.78 2.44 2.16 1.93 6.21 5.35 4.66 4.10 3.63 3.24
3 1.17 1.01 0.88 0.77 0.68 0.61 3.17 2.74 2.38 2.09 1.86 1.66
4 1.86 1.49 1.21 1.00 0.83 0.70 4.89 3.91 3.18 2.62 2.19 1.84
5 1.24 1.00 0.81 0.67 0.56 0.47 3.26 2.61 2.12 1.75 1.46 1.23
5 2.00 2.50 1 4.64 4.00 3.48 3.06 2.71 2.42 8.77 7.56 6.59 5.79 5.13 4.57
2 4.64 4.00 3.48 3.06 2.71 2.42 8.77 7.56 6.59 5.79 5.13 4.57
3 1.33 1.15 1.00 0.88 0.78 0.70 3.83 3.31 2.88 2.53 2.24 2.00
4 2.33 1.87 1.52 1.25 1.04 0.88 6.12 4.90 3.98 3.28 2.74 2.31
5 1.55 1.24 1.01 0.83 0.70 0.59 4.08 3.27 2.66 2.19 1.82 1.54
5 2.50 2.50 1 4.64 4.00 3.48 3.06 2.71 2.42 8.77 7.56 6.59 5.79 5.13 4.57
2 4.64 4.00 3.48 3.06 2.71 2.42 8.77 7.56 6.59 5.79 5.13 4.57
3 1.33 1.15 1.00 0.88 0.78 0.70 3.83 3.31 2.88 2.53 2.24 2.00
4 2.33 1.87 1.52 1.25 1.04 0.88 6.12 4.90 3.98 3.28 2.74 2.31
5 1.55 1.24 1.01 0.83 0.70 0.59 4.08 3.27 2.66 2.19 1.82 1.54
Z 150 Z 200
sys t
1
t
2
type L
5.20 5.60 6.00 6.40 6.80 7.20 5.20 5.60 6.00 6.40 6.80 7.20
Systemline
27
Subject to alteration
2.1.3. Constructional aspects
2.1.3.1. The design of supports
The supports of the purlins should resist against reaction forces in the direction of the webs, and
perpendicularly to the webs, and as the purlins can perform as bracing element, should carry
axial forces, as well. Furthermore, continuous supporting of the web can avoid distortional and
local deformations.
The supporting elements (consoles) are generally made of steel U channel sections. The
elements can be welded directly to the top of steel structures or, in case of reinforced concrete
structures, to pre-inserted flat steel. In case of laminated and glued timber structures, a
connecting steel piece can be bolted to the wood (Figure 22).
The transmission of forces applying in the plane of the roof panel towards the supports can be
provided by applying more screws over the support (i.e. by using 6 screws).
M10*35
min:5,6
1 + 2 x 2 + 1 = 6
a)
Figure 22: Design of purlin supporting element:
(a) on reinforced concrete pillar; (b) on laminated timber girder.
b)
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
Systemline
28
Subject to alteration
2.1.3.2. Longitudinal splice of thin-walled beams
- On smaller spans continuous beam over more supports can be used without site splices,
from one assembly unit (below production and transportation limit: 12.0-13.0m).
- In case of normal (cca. 6.0m) or higher (7.0-8.0m) continuous beam is constructed by
overlapping splices over the supports, thus one purlin line is consisting of more assembly
unit (Figure 23). Most optimum solution is the so-called standard overlap system with Z-
profiles (static model no. 5 on Figure 21).
Z at the end field: 1.2 L + gable overhang
in the intermediate field: 1.2 L
supplementary element: 0.8 L
C at the end field: 0.9 L + gable overhang
in the intermediate field: 1.0 L
supplementary element: min. 0.2 L + 150 mm
(standard length = 1,600 mm)
Figure 23: Structural system applying overlapped splices of Z and C beams
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
p
o
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Systemline
29
Subject to alteration
2.1.3.3. Lateral supports
If the prescribed fastening methods are used, the trapezoidal corrugated sheets shall
continuously provide the lateral support of the LINDAB Z and C beams. Added concentrated
supports may be needed at specific points along the length of the beam in the following cases:
against lateral-torsional buckling during assembly & installation,
against bending in the roof plane (about weak axis of the beams) in case of higher roof slopes
( > 22
)
against lateral movement of the free flange (against distortional buckling).
These extra supports shall be designed and dimensioned with regard to the applied structural
elements (Figure 24).
In special cases, purlins can be fixed only through the bottom flange without supporting element
(console). In such cases, the position of the purlins over the support (top flange of primary beam)
shall be retained by placing steel bars in the axis of the primary frames (Figure 25).
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
suspension rod rod for the suspension & lateral supporting
the free flange
Figure 25: Purlin directly fastened onto the top of primary beam
Figure 24: Types of lateral support
Systemline
30
Subject to alteration
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
2.1.3.4. Connections of thin-walled beams
The individual elements of the Z C profiled light gauge purlin system are connected to the
primary girders by metric bolts (M10-M12-M14); while to each other by metric bolts as well
(M10-M12) or by self-drilling screws (LD3 or LD6). For metric bolts the necessary holes are can
be prepared on site (by drilling or punching) or, in accordance with the production design
drawings, in the manufacturing shop (pre-punching).
Holes on site The thin-walled beams can be drilled or punched easily. This method is
not too sensitive to site inaccuracies during the assembly phase, however,
results in cost increases due to more labor time on site.
Holes in plant The erection costs can be reduced; however, the method requires high
grade of site precision. The product design must be prepared with taking
into account the production limitations of the manufacturer, in respect to
the number and the location of the bolt-holes.
At present, the beams can be produced observing the bolt-hole specification shown in the
following table:
Bolt hole (mm) Height of the beam (mm)
Circular Hole 100 120 150 200 250 300 350
12 + + + + + + +
14 + + + +
18 + + + + + + +
Oval Hole
10x15 + + +
12x20 + + +
14x25 + + + + + + +
18x25 + + +
minimum distance between the holes and the end of the beams: 50 mm
holes are available for webs only, for flanges there is no possibility to pre-punch
max. number of holes: 36 holes/beam. More holes may be pre-punched only after having
specific agreements with LINDAB.
Systemline
31
Subject to alteration
2.2. High profiled slab systems
High profiles are those steel trapezoidal sheets that have higher depth and thickness than
cladding sheets. These structural elements have high load-bearing capacity, therefore they are
suitable to carry the loads directly to the primary frames.
There are 2 main application areas for use of high profiles:
1., Roof slab of hall building structures which perform the function of the purlin system. If the
roof slope is 3
< < 5
, the roof cladding system is composition (soft) roofing with the traditional
bitumen or PVC-type water tight top layer. In case of 6
32
Subject to alteration
2. When integrated in intermediate floor structure, it is used as built-in formwork. After
having installed statically dimensioned reinforcement and completed the concrete floor, a cost-
efficient and attractive floor structure can be created (Figure 27).
Detail drawing of the floor
structure:
Cross-Section of a floor structure with 2 kN/m
2
load-bearing capacity
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
Figure 27: Structural design of intermediate floor structure
- glued floorboards
- finishing, 4 mm estrich gypsum layer
- C12 concrete load-bearing floor slab, 40 to 150 mm thick
- LTP 115 high profiled trapezoidal sheet
- IPE 160-240 secondary floor girder (spacing cca. 2.5-3.0m)
secondary floor beam
edge strip
top: 8/20 mesh reinforcement
8/25 mesh reinforcement
concrete
fixed (screwed or pop
riveted) to floor beam
at every 50 cm
secondary floor beam
Systemline
33
Subject to alteration
2.2.1. Material, types, size range
Surface protected (coated) steel strips are corrugated on a shaping rolling mill, to provide
trapezoidal ribs running parallel with length of the sheet.
Type of surface protection: hot-dip galvanized + plastic film coated steel sheet.
Thickness of the zinc coat: 275 g/m
2
Plastic film coat: 15 m thick polyester
Quality of the steel strip: S280GD+Z
Sheet thickness range: 0,75; 0,88 1,00; 1,25 mm
Max. transportation length:
LTP 100, LTP 115 13.000 mm
LTP 135, LTP 150: 19.000 mm
Min. production length: 1.500 mm
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
Profile types Lv (mm) Weight (kg/m
2
)
LTP 100 0.75 8.92
0.88 10.47
1.00 11.90
1.25 14.88
LTP 115 0.75 8.92
0.88 10.47
1.00 11.89
1.25 14.87
LTP 135 0.75 9.50
0.88 11.14
1.00 12.66
1.25 15.83
LTP 150 0.75 10.51
0.88 12.34
1.00 14.02
1.25 17.52
coloured
side
2. side
covering width = 930
covering width = 840
1. side
2. side
1. side
2. side
1. side
Systemline
34
Subject to alteration
Static Design Tables for High Profiled Trapezoidal Sheets
Line 1: Allowable load (kN/m
2
)
without deflection limit
Line 2: Allowable load (kN/m
2
)
with deflection limit: L/200
Line 3: Allowable load (kN/m
2
) with
deflection limit: L/300
2.2.2. Static system, dimensioning
The high-profile floor sheet acts as a simple supported or continuous beam when carrying the
loads and transmitting them to the supporting floor beam. The ultimate load bearing capacity
data can be retrieved from the design tables, in the function of static model, (equal) span(s) and
thickness. The following table shows an example for the load bearing capacity of high profiles,
by increasing the span, by one meter. More detailed data are given in the Design Guide for
LINDAB Trapezoidal Sheet.
With the use of the special static calculation software (DIMroof v2.0) developed by Lindab and
Budapest Technical University, high profiles can be designed with more various parameters
(more static model, e.g. overlaps over the supports; changing spans; different loading types,
e.g. linearly distributed or concentrated loads, and axial tension force).
Deflection limitations applicable to high profiles:
- for composition (soft) roofing l /300
- for trapezoidal sandwich roofing l /150
4.00
2.38
2.13
1.42
3.47
2.39
1.60
4.47
2.63
1.76
6.12
3.26
2.18
5.00
1.52
1.09
0.73
2.22
1.23
0.82
2.86
1.35
0.90
3.92
1.67
1.11
6.00
1.06
0.63
0.42
1.54
0.71
0.47
1.99
0.78
0.52
2.72
0.97
0.64
7.00
0.78
0.40
0.26
1.13
0.45
0.30
1.46
0.49
0.33
2.00
0.61
0.41
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
K
t
t
m
a
s
z
t
a
r
t
LTP100 LTP115
S
o
r
0.75
0.88
1.00
1.25
Anyag-
vastagsg
[mm] 3.00
3.48
3.48
2.96
4.77
4.77
2.07
5.46
5.46
4.01
6.87
6.87
5.05
3.25
2.97
2.97
2.33
4.07
4.07
1.63
4.65
4.65
3.15
5.86
5.86
3.97
3.50
2.56
2.56
1.87
3.51
3.51
1.30
4.01
4.01
2.52
5.05
5.05
3.18
4.00
1.96
1.96
1.25
2.68
2.68
0.87
3.07
3.07
1.69
3.87
3.87
2.13
Thickness
(mm) L
i
n
e
S
i
n
g
l
e
s
p
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a
m
Systemline
35
Subject to alteration
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
LTP100 LTP115
S
o
r
0.75
0.88
1.00
1.25
Anyag-
vastagsg
[mm] 3.00
3.08
3.08
3.08
4.16
4.16
4.16
4.76
4.76
4.76
6.00
6.00
6.00
3.25
2.73
2.73
2.73
3.68
3.68
3.68
4.21
4.21
4.21
5.31
5.31
5.31
3.50
2.44
2.44
2.44
3.28
3.28
3.28
3.75
3.75
3.75
4.73
4.73
4.73
4.00
1.96
1.96
1.96
2.66
2.66
2.66
3.04
3.04
3.04
3.83
3.83
3.83
H
r
o
m
t
m
a
s
z
t
a
r
t
4.00
2.61
2.61
2.61
3.39
3.39
3.39
4.25
4.25
4.23
6.55
6.55
5.25
5.00
1.80
1.80
1.75
2.33
2.33
1.97
2.89
2.89
2.17
4.44
4.03
2.69
6.00
1.25
1.25
1.01
1.69
1.69
1.14
2.08
1.88
1.25
3.16
2.33
1.55
7.00
0.92
0.92
0.64
1.28
1.08
0.72
1.57
1.18
0.79
2.32
1.47
0.98
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
LTP100 LTP115
S
o
r
0.75
0.88
1.00
1.25
Anyag-
vastagsg
[mm] 3.00
3.48
3.48
3.48
4.77
4.77
4.77
5.46
5.46
5.46
6.87
6.87
6.87
3.25
2.97
2.97
2.97
4.07
4.07
4.07
4.65
4.65
4.65
5.86
5.86
5.86
3.50
2.56
2.56
2.56
3.51
3.51
3.51
4.01
4.01
4.01
5.05
5.05
5.05
4.00
1.96
1.96
1.96
2.68
2.68
2.68
3.07
3.07
3.07
3.87
3.87
3.87
4.00
2.81
2.81
2.72
4.00
4.00
3.06
4.92
4.92
3.36
7.10
6.25
4.17
5.00
1.80
1.80
1.39
2.56
2.35
1.56
3.28
2.58
1.72
4.55
3.20
2.13
6.00
1.25
1.21
0.81
1.78
1.36
0.91
2.28
1.49
1.00
3.16
1.85
1.23
7.00
0.95
0.76
0.51
1.31
0.86
0.57
1.67
0.94
0.63
2.32
1.17
0.78
N
g
y
t
m
a
s
z
t
a
r
t
Thickness
(mm) L
i
n
e
T
r
i
p
l
e
s
p
a
n
b
e
a
m
Thickness
(mm) L
i
n
e
D
o
u
b
l
e
s
p
a
n
b
e
a
m
Systemline
36
Subject to alteration
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
K
t
t
m
a
s
z
t
a
r
t
LTP135 LTP150
S
o
r
0.75
0.88
1.00
1.25
Anyag-
vastagsg
[mm] 4.00
3.29
3.29
3.17
5.23
5.23
3.75
6.76
6.42
4.28
8.65
8.10
5.39
5.00
2.28
2.28
1.62
3.39
2.87
1.92
4.33
3.30
2.19
5.53
4.15
2.76
6.00
1.58
1.40
0.94
2.35
1.67
1.11
3.01
1.90
1.27
3.84
2.40
1.60
7.00
1.16
0.88
0.59
1.73
1.05
0.70
2.21
1.20
0.80
2.82
1.50
1.01
4.00
2.41
2.41
2.29
3.38
3.38
2.71
4.39
4.39
3.10
6.09
5.87
3.91
5.00
1.84
1.76
1.17
2.33
2.08
1.39
2.83
2.38
1.59
3.89
3.01
2.00
6.00
1.28
1.08
0.68
1.62
1.21
0.80
1.96
1.38
0.92
2.70
1.74
1.16
7.00
0.94
0.64
0.43
1.19
0.76
0.51
1.44
0.87
0.58
1.99
1.10
0.73
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
0.75
0.88
1.00
1.25
3.31
3.31
3.31
4.98
4.98
4.98
6.43
6.43
6.43
8.65
8.65
8.65
2.36
2.36
2.36
3.45
3.45
3.45
4.40
4.40
4.40
5.68
5.68
5.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
2.44
2.44
2.44
3.12
3.12
3.06
4.09
4.09
3.85
1.26
1.26
1.26
1.83
1.83
1.68
2.34
2.34
1.93
3.11
3.11
2.42
H
r
o
m
t
m
a
s
z
t
a
r
t
2.43
2.43
2.43
3.26
3.26
3.26
4.02
4.02
4.02
5.65
5.65
5.65
1.69
1.69
1.69
2.26
2.26
2.26
2.77
2.77
2.77
3.85
3.85
3.85
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.96
1.96
1.96
2.70
2.70
2.70
0.94
0.94
0.94
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.44
1.44
1.39
1.99
1.99
1.76
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
0.75
0.88
1.00
1.25
3.31
3.31
3.31
5.24
5.24
5.24
6.76
6.76
6.76
8.65
8.65
8.65
2.36
2.36
2.36
3.45
3.45
3.45
4.40
4.40
4.14
5.80
5.80
5.21
1.69
1.69
1.69
2.44
2.44
2.10
3.14
3.14
2.40
4.32
4.32
3.02
1.32
1.32
1.12
1.90
1.90
1.32
2.44
2.27
1.51
3.33
2.85
1.90
2.88
2.88
2.88
3.64
3.64
3.64
4.41
4.41
4.41
6.09
6.09
6.09
1.84
1.84
1.84
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.83
2.83
2.83
3.89
3.89
3.84
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.62
1.62
1.54
1.96
1.96
1.76
2.70
2.70
2.22
0.94
0.94
0.82
1.19
1.19
0.97
1.44
1.44
1.11
1.99
1.99
1.40
N
g
y
t
m
a
s
z
t
a
r
t
Thickness
(mm) L
i
n
e
S
i
n
g
l
e
s
p
a
n
b
e
a
m
D
o
u
b
l
e
s
p
a
n
b
e
a
m
T
r
i
p
l
e
s
p
a
n
b
e
a
m
Systemline
37
Subject to alteration
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
2.2.3. Constructional aspects, rules
The theoretical layout of high profiled sheets is illustrated on Figure 28.
The longitudinal edge of each panel must join to the edge of another panel or to an edge
stiffening bent sheet, or to an edge supporting structural element.
Length of longitudinal overlapping: 50 to 150 mm
Width of supports: 160 mm (80-200mm)
Figure 28: Axonometric view of high profiled sheet slab
lower flange
lower flange
stiffener
effective covering width
fixing elements
(stud, screw, rivet etc.)
web
web stiffener
longitudinal edge
bent up
stiffener
width
panel width
longitudinal
overlapping
upper
flange
upper flange stiffener
longitudinal splice
connection
fixing element of longitudinal connection
overlapping of
transversal
connection
transversal
connection
nominal sheet
thickness (zinc-
coated steel core)
edge
stiffener
profile height
sheet panel
plane longitudinal
edge
rivet, screw
l
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
s
h
e
e
t
p
a
n
e
l
fixing element at the support
support width
s
p
a
n
supporting beam/
girder/purlin
Systemline
38
Subject to alteration
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
Depending on the supporting structure the following fixing components are proposed:
- Steel beams (where v is the plate thickness):
v 6 mm LD6 self-drilling screw
6 < v 12 mm LD12 self-drilling screw
v > 12 mm power stud (spike)
- Reinforced concrete beam:
dowel, spike, power stud or, in case of the approach illustrated on Figure 29, LD6 self-
drilling screw
- Timber beam: LW-T self-drilling screw
Table 1 gives guidance concerning the number and the distribution of the fixing components.
Static design can be performed regarding the options shown in Table 2, for tensile and/or shear forces.
The fixing of the panels can be placed in the fields, along the longitudinal or transversal
connections, or along both the longitudinal and transversal connections.
Distance between fixing elements:
- longitudinal connection: 50 mm e
L
666 mm but min. 4 components between two supports
- edge stiffener sheet: 50 mm e
R
333 mm
- edge support beam: 50 mm e
R
666 mm
Distance measured from the edge of the sheet panel:
- longitudinal edge: e 10 mm
1.5 d
- transversal edge: e 20 mm
2.0 d
where d is the diameter of bolt hole
62
20*3
8
9
2
4
1
0
9
62
2
4
20*3
3
50*18 50*18 3
Figure 29: Axonometric view of fixing examples of high profiles
Systemline
39
Subject to alteration
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
1. sz. tblzat
Number and distribution of fixing
components
Method of fastening
on each supporting beam flange
on each supporting beam flange
on every second
supporting beam flange
based on shear
resistance calculations
on each supporting beam flange
on each supporting beam flange
on each supporting beam flange
on every second
supporting beam flange
based on shear resistance
calculations
Table 1.
Systemline
40
Subject to alteration
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
Table 1 (continued)
on each supporting beam flange
on each supporting beam flange
- in general, max. distance: e
R
= 666 mm
- based on shear resistance
calculations
- in general, max. distance: e
R
= 333 mm
- based on shear resistance calculations
- based on calculations e
R
= 50 mm
- in general, max. distance: e
L
= 666 mm
- in high shearing region: e
L
= 50 mm
1. high profiled trapezoidal sheet
2. fixing element
3. edge stiffener with bent-up edge
4. stiffener for the end of cantilever
5. edge support
Cantilevered beam
Cantilever stiffener
Edge support
Number and distribution of fixing
components
Method of fastening
Edge stiffener
Longitudinal connection
Systemline
41
Subject to alteration
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
Alkalmazsi eset F
z
0,9 F
z
0,7F
z
F =0
z, i
F
z, r
0,35F
z
mm
a
75
75
b =150mm
g
0,5 F
z
0,7F
z
e
t
N
b
G
t <1,25mm
N
e>
4
150mm<b 250mm
g
t <1,25mm
N
t
N
b
G
b
G
t
N
t
N
a
t <1,25mm
N
<5mm
4
3
2
1
F
Z
= x F
Z
F
Z
= allowable load at the connection
F
Z
= allowable load in general
Table 2
Table 3
rgzits
nyr terhels
hz terhels
a b c
d
a. fixing inside the
field
b. fixing at longitudinal
overlapping
c. fixing at transversal
overlapping
d. fixing at longitudinal
and transversal
overlapping
Type of application
Method
of fixing
Shear
loads
Tensile
loads
Systemline
42
Subject to alteration
3d
20mm
4d
40mm
10d
4d
40mm
10d
30mm
2
0
0
m
m
3
0
m
m
>
4
d
1
,
5
d
=10mm
=200mm
=2d
=15mm
=1,5d
=10mm
2
0
0
m
m
1
0
m
m
2d 1,5d
15mm 10mm
d10mm
d
d
1
0
m
m
F
g e r in c
25%
F
b o r d a
5%
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
Figure 30: Detail of longitudinal connection of high profiles
Systemline
43
Subject to alteration
2.3. Wall cassettes
The wall cassettes are secondary load-bearing structural elements that transmit the external
load (wind pressure) acting on the wall cladding directly to the primary frames. Joining together
properly, they constitute a secondary system with high load-bearing capacity on larger spans
(4.0 to 8.0m).
Main application fields are:
internal cladding of hall buildings (e.g. manufacturing plant, warehouse, shopping center,
market house)
partition walls and roof structures
perforated noise-reducing walls.
2.3.1. Materials, types/models, size ranges
The wall cassettes are made of hot-dip galvanized steel sheets (yield point: min. 320 N/mm
2
)
rolled on profile shaping mill.
Surface protection: 275 g/m
2
zinc coat + 15 m thick polyester, RAL 9002
Max. transportation length: 18,500 mm
Min. production length: 2,000 mm
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
2.3.2. Static system, structural design
The wall cassettes act as simple supported or continuous beam when carrying the loads and
transmitting them to the supporting floor beam. The ultimate load bearing capacity data can be
retrieved from the design tables, in the function of static model, (equal) span(s) and thickness.
The support width is generally around 100 mm, at the least. The wider the support width is, the
higher the load bearing capacity is (because of higher resistance against crippling).
The following table gives load bearing capacities, by increasing the spans gradually, by one
meter in each case. More detailed data are given in the Design Guide for Wall Cassettes.
.
1237
1444
1640
1910
2150
2380
2247
2054
2750
1,053
1,246
1,424
1,112
1,316
1,504
1,136
1,344
1,535
l. eff
[mm
4
/mm]
A
[mm
2
/mm]
Systemline
44
Subject to alteration
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
Line 1: without deflection limit
Line 2: with deflection limit L/150
3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 4.00
5.00
6.00 7.00 8.00
1 2.15 1.21 0.77 0.54 0.39 1.54 0.98 0.68 0.50 0.38 1.70 1.09 0.76 0.56 0.43
2 2.15 1.21 0.77 0.54 0.39 1.54 0.98 0.68 0.50 0.38 1.70 1.09 0.76 0.56 0.43
3 2.15 1.21 0.77 0.46 0.29 1.54 0.98 0.68 0.45 0.30 1.70 1.09 0.76 0.53 0.35
4 2.15 1.04 0.53 0.31 0.19 1.54 0.82 0.48 0.30 0.20 1.70 0.97 0.56 0.35 0.24
1 2.83 1.59 1.02 0.71 0.52 2.04 1.31 0.91 0.67 0.51 2.26 1.45 1.01 0.74 0.57
2 2.83 1.59 1.02 0.71 0.45 2.04 1.31 0.91 0.67 0.45 2.26 1.45 1.01 0.74 0.53
3 2.83 1.59 0.93 0.54 0.34 2.04 1.31 0.80 0.51 0.34 2.26 1.45 0.93 0.59 0.39
4 2.83 1.21 0.62 0.36 0.23 1.81 0.92 0.54 0.34 0.23 2.10 1.08 0.62 0.39 0.26
1 3.46 1.95 1.25 0.87 0.64 2.51 1.61 1.12 0.82 0.63 2.79 1.79 1.24 0.91 0.70
2 3.46 1.95 1.25 0.82 0.51 2.51 1.61 1.12 0.75 0.50 2.79 1.79 1.24 0.86 0.58
3 3.46 1.95 1.06 0.61 0.39 2.51 1.54 0.89 0.56 0.37 2.79 1.77 1.03 0.65 0.43
4 3.27 1.38 0.71 0.41 0.26 2.00 1.02 0.59 0.37 0.25 2.31 1.18 0.68 0.43 0.29
1 2.15 1.25 0.80 0.55 0.41 1.54 0.98 0.68 0.50 0.38 1.59 1.09 0.76 0.56 0.43
2 2.15 1.25 0.80 0.55 0.41 1.54 0.98 0.68 0.50 0.38 1.59 1.09 0.76 0.56 0.43
3 2.15 1.25 0.80 0.55 0.41 1.54 0.98 0.68 0.50 0.38 1.59 1.09 0.76 0.56 0.43
4 2.15 1.25 0.80 0.55 0.41 1.54 0.98 0.68 0.50 0.38 1.59 1.09 0.76 0.56 0.43
1 2.85 1.71 1.10 0.76 0.56 2.04 1.34 0.93 0.69 0.53 2.17 1.45 1.01 0.75 0.57
2 2.85 1.71 1.10 0.76 0.56 2.04 1.34 0.93 0.69 0.53 2.17 1.45 1.01 0.75 0.57
3 2.85 1.71 1.10 0.76 0.56 2.04 1.34 0.93 0.69 0.53 2.17 1.45 1.01 0.75 0.57
4 2.85 1.71 1.10 0.76 0.54 2.04 1.34 0.93 0.69 0.53 2.17 1.45 1.01 0.75 0.57
1 3.60 2.15 1.37 0.95 0.70 2.51 1.68 1.18 0.86 0.66 2.70 1.79 1.24 0.93 0.72
2 3.60 2.15 1.37 0.95 0.70 2.51 1.68 1.18 0.86 0.66 2.70 1.79 1.24 0.93 0.72
3 3.60 2.15 1.37 0.95 0.70 2.51 1.68 1.18 0.86 0.66 2.70 1.79 1.24 0.93 0.72
4 3.60 2.15 1.37 0.95 0.62 2.51 1.68 1.18 0.86 0.60 2.70 1.79 1.24 0.93 0.70
1 2.47 1.55 1.00 0.69 0.51 1.60 1.15 0.84 0.62 0.47 1.70 1.09 0.81 0.65 0.51
2 2.47 1.55 1.00 0.69 0.51 1.60 1.15 0.84 0.62 0.47 1.70 1.09 0.81 0.65 0.51
3 2.47 1.55 1.00 0.69 0.51 1.60 1.15 0.84 0.62 0.47 1.70 1.09 0.81 0.65 0.51
4 2.47 1.55 1.00 0.59 0.37 1.60 1.15 0.84 0.57 0.38 1.70 1.09 0.81 0.65 0.45
1 3.43 2.14 1.37 0.95 0.70 2.22 1.60 1.17 0.86 0.66 2.26 1.45 1.11 0.89 0.72
2 3.43 2.14 1.37 0.95 0.70 2.22 1.60 1.17 0.86 0.66 2.26 1.45 1.11 0.89 0.72
3 3.43 2.14 1.37 0.95 0.65 2.22 1.60 1.17 0.86 0.65 2.26 1.45 1.11 0.89 0.72
4 3.43 2.14 1.19 0.69 0.43 2.22 1.60 1.02 0.65 0.43 2.26 1.45 1.11 0.75 0.50
1 4.32 2.68 1.72 1.19 0.88 2.79 2.01 1.47 1.08 0.83 2.79 1.79 1.39 1.11 0.91
2 4.32 2.68 1.72 1.19 0.88 2.79 2.01 1.47 1.08 0.83 2.79 1.79 1.39 1.11 0.91
3 4.32 2.68 1.72 1.17 0.74 2.79 2.01 1.47 1.07 0.72 2.79 1.79 1.39 1.11 0.83
4 4.32 2.64 1.35 0.78 0.49 2.79 1.96 1.13 0.71 0.48 2.79 1.79 1.31 0.83 0.55
LFK 100/600 LFK 120/600 LFK 130/600
L - tmaszkz (m)
Line 3: with deflection limit L/200
Line 4: with deflection limit L/300
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
(
m
m
)
L
i
n
e
S
i
n
g
l
e
s
p
a
n
b
e
a
m
D
o
u
b
l
e
s
p
a
n
b
e
a
m
T
r
i
p
l
e
s
p
a
n
b
e
a
m
L-span
Systemline
45
Subject to alteration
2. Secondary load-bearing elements
2.3.3. Constructional aspects, rules
The flanges of the wall cassettes substitute for the wall girts, thus
they can be laid horizontally to support the vertical load-bearing
wall cladding and to be fastened directly on the primary columns
made of steel or reinforced concrete (Figure 31).
The wall cassette should be fastened on each support with min. 3 fixing elements
which can be either:
- in case of reinforced concrete structure: power stud
spike or
dowel+anchor bolt
- in case of steel beams: self-drilling screw or
power stud
The static design of the fixing elements must be based upon the reaction forces
acting at the supports.
The wall cassettes should be connected through their flanges with by self-drilling
screws (LL2 or LD3) or rivets. Lateral buckling of the flanges is avoided by means
of adequately fixed external wall cladding sheets. Further details of this application
can be seen in Item 3.2.2.2.
Figure 31: Positioning and fixing wall
cassettes on primary columns
M SZ A B
LFK mm mm
100/600 99 600 19 35
120/600 119 600 39 85
130/600 129 600 49 85
W