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H
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Kinematics

1. DispIacement, veIocity and acceIeration

Displacement distance moved in a specified direction from a fixed point.
Velocity rate of change of displacement.
Acceleration rate of change of velocity.
When acceleration and velocity are in the same direction, object is speeding up. When
acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions, object is slowing down.

2. Graphs
dispIacement-time veIocity-time acceIeration-time
y-vaIue Displacement Velocity Acceleration
Gradient Velocity Acceleration NA
Area under Graph NA Displacement Velocity

3. Equations of motion for uniformIy acceIerated motion in a straight Iine (must derive)

From a = sIope of v-t graph = (v u)/t
v = u + at - (i)

From (i), t = (v u)/a - (ii)

DispIacement, s = Area under v-t graph
s = (u + v) t - (iii)

Substitute (ii) into (iii):
s = (v + u) (v u)/a = (v
2
u
2
)/2a
! !! ! v
2
= u
2
+ 2as - (iv)

Substitute (i) into (iii):
s = [u + (u + at)]t
s = ut + at
2

u
v
v - u
t
s
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4. Motion under Gravity without Air Resistance

Without air resistance, onIy force acting on object is its own weight.
Consider an object thrown vertically upward,
Resultant Force on object = mg
ma = mg
a = g
a = 9.81 m s
-1

Since the acceleration is of constant magnitude and always
directed downward (whether the object is moving up or
down), the 4 equations of motion can be used.
5. Motion under Gravity with Air Resistance
n reality, an object moving through a fluid (e.g. gas, liquid, molten substances etc)
experiences a resistive force in opposition to its motion as fluids exhibit a certain resistance to
motion.
This resistive force also known as the drag force depends on the velocity of the body. For low
speeds, the drag force is proportional to velocity ( v F
D
), but for high speeds the drag force is
proportional to the square or the cube of the velocity (
2
D
v F ).
Consider a body that is dropped from rest in air. ts initial velocity is zero, hence the drag force
F
D
is also zero. The body falls with an acceleration a = g.


























As the body moves downwards, F
D
v. f mg is larger than F
D
,
then there is a resultant downward force and hence a downward
acceleration.
ma = mg - F
D
a = (mg F
D
) / m

The velocity of the falling body eventually reaches a maximum and
uniform velocity called the terminaI veIocity, v
T
.
This occurs when F
D
= mg.
Hence resultant force on the body is zero, hence acceleration of
the body is zero.
ma = mg - F
D
since mg = F
D
,
a = 0









mg
mg
mg
mg mg
Upward
Motion
Downward
Motion
Speed of
body
increases
until
terminal
vel. is
reached
F
D
= kv
T

Weight of
Object=mg
F
D
=kv
v
mg
v
T

This is the case of motion with non-uniform acceIeration. The
acceleration starts with value g, but decreases to zero at the
time when terminal velocity is achieved.
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Consider a stone thrown verticaIIy upward with an initiaI veIocity, u. Sketch the s-t, v-t &
a-t graphs for the motion with and without air resistance.

Taking upwards as positive,
























6. ProjectiIe motion

The path traveled will be a parabolic curve.
To analyze a projectile motion, the motion is resolved into horizontal motion and vertical
motion.
The vertical and horizontal components are independent of each other. Thus, the equations
of motion are applied to the vertical and horizontal motions separately.











Note: Subscript x denotes horizontal component and Subscript y denotes vertical component.

The displacement and velocity at an instant is the vector sum of their components.
v=
" "
y x
v v +
Direction of the projectile motion at an instant can be given by
!
!
"
#
$
$
%
&
=

x
y
v
v
#
tan


u
u
y
u
x
VerticaI Motion
(Constant Acc.)
v
y
= u
y
+ gt
s=
) t )( v u (
2
1
+

s
y
= u
y
t + gt
2

v
y

2
= u
y

2
+ 2gs
y

HorizontaI Direction
(Constant Velocity)
v
x
= u
x

s
x
= u
x
t


Without air resistance

With air resistance
t / s

Terminal Velocity, v
T
Positive
v / m s
-1
t *

t / s

- 9.81
a / m s
-2
t *

At t*, terminal
velocity is reached.

s / m

t / s


Terminal Velocity,
Constant gradient
t *

t
upward
t
downward