Introduction

HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular
environmental comfort. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering,
based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer. HVAC is
important in the design of medium to large industrial and office buildings such as
skyscrapers and in marine environments such as aquariums, here safe and healthy building
conditions are regulated ith respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from
outdoors.
Heating
A heater is an ob!ect that emits heat or causes another body to achieve higher temperature. "n
a household or domestic setting, heaters are usually appliances hose purpose is to generate
heating .#ther types of heaters are #vens and $urnaces. Heaters e%ist for all states of matter,
including solids, liquids and gases. &here are ' types of heat
transfer( convection, conduction and radiation. &he opposite of a heater (for armth) is an air
cooler used to keep the user cooler than the temperature originally surrounding them. &here
are many different types of heating systems. Central heating is often used in cool climates to
heat houses and public buildings. )uch a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to
arm ater, steam, or air in a central location such as a furnace room in a home or
a mechanical room in a large building. &he use of ater as the heat transfer medium is knon
as hydronics.
Ventilation
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control temperature or
remove any combination of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon
dio%ide, and to replenish o%ygen. Ventilation includes both the e%change of air ith the
outside as ell as circulation of air ithin the building. "t is one of the most important factors
for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. *ethods for ventilating a building
may be divided into mechanicaland natural types.
Air Conditioning
Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be
removed through radiation, convection, or conduction. +efrigeration conduction media such
as ater, air, ice, and chemicals are referred to as refrigerants. A refrigerant is employed
either in a heat pump system in hich a compressor is used to drive thermodynamic
refrigeration cycle, or in a free cooling system hich uses pumps to circulate a cool
refrigerant (typically ater). $ree cooling systems can have very high efficiencies, and are
sometimes combined ith seasonal thermal energy storage so the cold of inter can be used
for summer air conditioning. Common storage mediums are deep aquifers or a natural
underground rock mass accessed via a cluster of small,diameter, heat e%changer equipped
boreholes. )ome systems ith small storages are hybrids, using free cooling early in the
cooling season, and later employing a heat pump to chill the circulation coming from the
storage.
Components of HVAC
1. The Furnace
&he furnace unit is typically fairly large, requiring its on space ithin a building. "t is often
installed in the basement, in the attic, or in a closet. &he furnace pushes the cold or hot air
outard into the ducts that run through every room in the building. &hroughout the ducts,
there are vents that allo the arm or cool air to pass into rooms and change their interior
temperature.
2. The Heat Exchanger
Heat e%changers reside in the housing of every furnace unit. -hen the furnace is activated by
the thermostat, the heat e%changer begins to function as ell. Air is sucked into the heat
e%changer, either from the outside or from a separate duct that pulls cool air out of the
building.s rooms. &his type of duct is called a cold air return chase. -hen the cool air comes
into the heat e%changer, it is quickly heated and blon out through the ducts to be dispersed
into the building. "f the furnace operates on gas, the heating is accomplished by gas burners.
"f it uses electricity, it is done via electric coils.
3. The Eaporator Coil
/ike heat e%changers, evaporator coils are also part of the furnace unit. Hoever, they serve
the opposite function to that of heat e%changers. &hey are also attached to a different part of
the furnace. "nstead of being ithin the furnace housing, they are installed inside a metal
enclosure that is affi%ed to the side or the top of the furnace.
0vaporator coils are activated hen cool air is needed. -hen triggered, the evaporator coil
supplies chilled air, hich is then picked up by the furnace bloer and forced along the ducts
and out through the vents. &he internal design of an evaporator coil resembles that of a car.s
radiator. 0vaporator coils are connected to the HVAC system.s condensing unit, hich is
typically located on the e%terior of the building.
!. The Condensing "nit
&he condensing unit is installed outside the building, separate from the furnace. "nside the
condensing unit, a special kind of refrigerant gas is cooled through the e%change of heat ith
the air outside. &hen, it is compressed and condensed into liquid form and sent through a tube
or a line made of metal. &his tube runs straight to the evaporator coil. -hen the liquid
reaches the coil, a series of small no11les spray the liquid, loering its pressure and alloing
it to resolve back into gaseous form. 2uring the evaporation of liquid to gas, heat is absorbed,
causing a sudden drop in temperature and supplying cold air for the furnace bloers. &he
refrigerant gas is then sent back outside to the condensing unit, and the process is repeated
again to generate additional cold air.
#. The $efrigerant %ines
&he refrigerant lines are the metal tubes that carry the liquid to the evaporating coil and return
the gas to the condensing unit. +efrigerant lines are usually made from aluminum or copper.
&hey are designed to be durable and functional under e%treme temperatures.
&. The Thermostat
&he thermostat controls the function of the furnace. "t is directly connected to the furnace and
includes temperature,sensing technology as ell as user controls. A thermostat is usually
positioned somehere ithin the building here it can easily discern temperature and remain
accessible to users. A large building may have more than one thermostat to control different
areas of the structure. &he inhabitants of the building can manually set the thermostat to a
certain temperature. "f the air in the room or building is too cold, the heat e%changer kicks in
and blos heat through the vents. "f the room is too arm, the condensing unit and
evaporator coil start to function, and the air conditioning system sends cool air throughout the
building or to one particular section of the building.
'. The (ucts
Heating ducts are put in during the construction of a home or a building. &hey are often run
through the ceiling. "n each room, at least one rectangular opening is cut into the duct so that
a vent or vents can be installed.
). The Vents
Vents are usually rectangular in shape. &hey are placed in the ceiling, ith their edges
corresponding to the opening in the duct above. As arm or cool air pours through the ducts,
vents allo it to disperse into the rooms belo. Vents are usually made of metal, hich can
handle a ide range of temperatures. &he vent is comprised of a rectangular edge or frame,
ithin hich is a series of thin metal slats. &he slats are angled to channel the air donard.
)ome vents also include a manual control that lets users angle the air toard a different part
of the room depending on their preference.
*rinciples of Thermod+namics in HVAC application
Heat Transfer
Heat is a form of energy. 0very ob!ect on earth has some heat energy. &he less heat an
ob!ect has, the colder e say it is. Cooling is the process of transferring heat from one
ob!ect to another. -hen an air,conditioning system cools, it is actually removing heat and
transferring it somehere else. &his can be demonstrated by turning on a )pot Cooler and
placing one hand in front of the cold air no11le and the other over the arm air e%haust.
3ou ill feel the action of the transfer of heat.
,ensi-le and %atent Heat
&here are to forms of heat energy hich are sensible heat and latent heat.)ensible heat
is the form of heat energy hich is most commonly understood because it is sensed by
touch or measured directly ith a thermometer. -hen eather reporters say it ill be 45
degrees, they are referring to sensible heat./atent heat cannot be sensed by touch or
measured ith a thermometer. /atent heat causes an ob!ect to change its properties. $or
e%ample, hen enough latent heat is removed from ater vapor (steam or humidity), it
condenses into ater (liquid)."f enough latent heat is removed from ater (liquid), it ill
eventually free1e. &his process is reversed hen latent heat is added.
Change of ,tate
An ob!ect that changes from a solid to a liquid or liquid to vapor is referred to as a change
of state. -hen an ob!ect changes state, it transfers heat rapidly.
Humidit+
*oisture in the air is called humidity. &he ability of air to hold moisture directly relates to
its temperature.
&he armer air is, the more moisture it is capable of holding. +elative humidity is the
percentage of moisture in the air compared to the amount of moisture it can hold. A
moisture content of 657$ air ith 859 relative humidity is loer than :57$ air ith 859
relative humidity.-hen the humidity is lo, seat evaporates from your body more
quickly. &his allos you to cool off faster. High humidity conditions do not allo seat
to evaporate as ell because the air is at its ma%imum capacity.Humidity is also a form of
latent heat. -hen air contains more humidity, it has more latent heat.
$efrigerants
+efrigerants are substances used by air conditioners to transfer heat and create a cooling
effect. Air,conditioning systems use specially formulated refrigerants designed to change
state at specific temperatures providing optimum cooling.;ortables use a refrigerant
called +,<< or HC$C,<<. HC$C stands for hydrochlorofluorocarbon. &his is currently the
most common refrigerant used by air,conditioning systems.
%atest Technolog+ in HVAC Application
Chilled .eams
Chilled beams can offer facility managers energy,efficient alternatives to standard air
conditioning systems in retrofits, renovations or ne construction.
$irst developed in =oray in >468, the technology has been used successfully throughout
commercial applications in 0urope for at least <5 years, according to A)H+A0. ?ut chilled
beams are !ust starting to see more use in the @nited )tates as an alternative to conventional
systems.
Chilled beams are hydronic HVAC components that circulate chilled or heated ater. )uch
systems use pumps to move ater instead of using fans to move air and they run more quietly
than conventional cooling systems, according to
Thermostat /ith -uilt0in 1i0Fi connectiit+
$igure shos the @.). Aeneral )ervices Administration (A)A).
&he icomfort -i,$i
B
thermostat gives you total remote comfort control. "t makes it easy for
you to ad!ust your homeCs temperature and save energy from anyhere in the orld, using a
smartphone, tablet or laptop.
(ual0fuel comfort
2ual,fuel system offers the perfect combination of efficiency and comfort ith to energy
sources an electric heat pump and a gas furnace.
-hat makes this system so ideal is that it seamlessly alternates beteen the to energy
sources, depending on outdoor conditions. A heating and cooling system all in one, the heat
pump functions as both of heating and cooling system, reducing gas fuel consumption. #n
e%tra cold days the gas furnace becomes the primary heat source, ensuring ma%imum comfort
is maintained.
,ustaina-le ,olution2
1) $eflectie Coatings
+eflective coatings come in a ide variety of paints, membranes, and te%tures to reflect solar
and ultraviolet heat. &he use of reflective coating can reduce interior temperatures of a
building 6 to >5 degrees and has a life e%pectancy of ten times that of normal paint. @sing
reflective coatings ill reduce energy needed to cool homes, offices, and shopping centres.
0nergy star reflective coatings are composed mainly from acrylic or urethane. +eflective
coatings should be applied by a certified contractor because they might require special
surface preparation, repair of leaks or damaged areas and proper selection of materials.
$eflectie $oof Coatings
3ou can loer cooling costs and e%tend roof life by putting a light coloured coating (also
called cool,coating system) over an e%isting roof. +eflective roof coatings can provide a
ater tight surface as ell as reflecting heat and reducing heat transfer to the inside of the
building. &his e%tends the life of HVAC systems and reduces maintenance costs.
+eflective coatings are measured in terms of their albedo. &he higher the albedo of a surface,
the more heat it reflects and the better its performance in reducing interior temperatures.
&ypical coating costs can vary from D5.85 to D>.85 per square foot depending on quality of
coating and roof condition. +eflective coatings are categori1ed by the "+) as restoration, not
capital improvement, alloing deduction of its e%pense in one year instead of amorti1ation
over the life of the roof.
$eflectie $oof Coating .enefits
&he use of reflective coatings on roof surfaces is a simple solution to increase building
endurance and save money. ?elo is a list of possible benefits(
+educes interior temperature by 6,>5 degrees
+educes roof surface temperature by <5 to E5 degrees
0%tends life of HVAC systems
+educes energy consumption
Can reduce the si1e of original HVAC design system
Creates a more comfortable interior environment
Can be applied over almost any roof surface
0%tends life of roofing systems
0asier installation hen compare to other alternative surface materials
-ide variety of colours to choose from
&he reflectiveness of the coating have be measured by test methods A)&* 0F<F,6>, 045',
4E, C>8F4,5F, 0>4>:,46 or a solar spectrum reflectometer, and have a minimum reflectivity
of 689. &he @.).
2) $oof 3ardens and Energ+ ,aings
Helps to keep cities arm in inter, the urban heat island makes cities and tons seltering
hot in summer, hich means air,conditioners and other cooling equipment have to ork
harder and longer. &he resulting spike in energy demand puts a real strain on electrical grids,
and can send summer energy bills through the roof.
A roof garden, hoever, can ease the burden on homes and commercial buildings. A study by
the =ational +esearch Council of Canada found that an e%posed roof can get as hot as >8:
degrees $ on a sunny dayG an identical roof, hen covered by a green, shady roof garden,
stays relatively cool at !ust 66 degrees $.
&his cooling effect resulted in big energy savings. According to the Canadian report, the
average daily energy demand for air,conditioning ith the bare roof as E.5 to 6.8 k-h
(<5,855,<8,E55 ?&@). ?ut the shade plants in the rooftop garden reduced the heat flo,
thereby reducing the average daily energy demand to less than >.8 k-h (8,>55 ?&@) ,, a
savings of over 68 percent.
The Architectural .enefits of 3reen $oofs
"n addition to energy savings, roof gardens have a beneficial effect on roofs themselves. *ost
roofs, e%posed as they are to sun, ind, sno and rain, go through rather large variations in
temperature. &hese e%treme temperatures cause the roof membrane to shrink in cooler
eather, and e%pand in hot eather.
All this shrinking and selling takes a toll on the roof, shortening its lifespan ,, but rooftop
gardens can help. "n the Canadian research noted above, the bare roof e%perienced daily
temperature fluctuations of :' degrees $G the roof gardens reduced this variation to !ust <<
degrees $. -hen the city of +oanoke, Va., installed a green roof on its municipal building ,,
at a relatively lo cost of D><',555 ,, it added <5 to E5 years to the life of the current roof.
$oof 3ardens and ,torm /ater 4anagement
Another big advantage to roof gardens is their ability to manage rainfall, making it cleaner
hile also reducing its quantity, thus easing the burden on local storm seer systems.
-hen the Canadian researchers compared the runoff from a bare roof and a rooftop garden,
the difference as astounding( &he roof garden reduced the amount of runoff by 68 percent,
and delayed the run,off time by F8 minutes. $or asteater systems that routinely discharge
ra seage after a rainstorm, this finding is big nes.
3) 1indo/s
As by on assumption e have thought about implementing an e%tra criteria that e come
out ith hich is Heat film as it has better thermal resistivity compared to )olar film.