mercredi 13 octobre 2010

HVAC
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AIR CONDITIONING
DEFINITION:
Air conditioning means maintaining the air space dust free, odor free
and at a temperature of 21 1:C with the relative humidity between 45% and
55%.
REFRIGERATION:
Process of removing heat from an enclosed space or from a substance in
order to lower its temperature.
The basic working of Air conditioner is based on the Refrigerant Cycle.
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REFRIGERANT CYCLE
Five basic components of Refrigerant Cycle:
1) Condensing coil/Condenser
2) Expansion Valve
3) Evaporator
4) Compressor
5) Refrigerant
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SUCTION PRESSURE:
It is also said LOW SIDE PRESSURE .
In air conditioning systems, the suction pressure is the intake pressure
generated by the system compressor while operating.
Suction pressure is determined on the basis of temperature of the space or the
product to be cooled.
DISCHARGE PRESSURE:
It is also called as HIGH SIDE PRESSURE / HEAD PRESSURE is the pressure
generated on the output side of a gas compressor in a refrigeration or air-
conditioning system.
Discharge pressure will be determined based on the temperature of the cooling
medium like air or water.( If the cooling water/air temperature is high then the
discharge pressure will be high resulting in low system efficiency)
SUCTION PRESSURE AND DISCHARGE PRESSURE
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PT CHART
PT CHART
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TYPES OF CHILLER
The chiller can be classified based on the
compressor types:
1.Reciprocating Chiller
2. Centrifugal Chiller
3. Screw Chiller
4. Scroll Chiller
RECIPROCATING CHILLER:
The capacity of reciprocating chiller is from 0.5 to 150 TR.
The cost is low
The major draw back is a high level of maintenance is required.
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CENTRIFUGAL CHILLER:
The capacity of centrifugal chiller is from 90 to 2000 TR
The Centrifugal chillers has high operational efficiency at full loads, compact size
and availability in large size
SCREW CHILLER:
The capacity of screw chiller is from 20 to 1000 TR.
They are compact in size, quite and vibration free and high energy efficiency both
in full and part load operation
SCROLL CHILLER:
These chiller have capacity less than 30 TR.
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COOLING TOWER
COMPONENTS OF COOLING TOWER:
1. Frame and casing
2. Fill
3. Cold water basin
4. Drift eliminator
5. Louvers
6. Air inlet
7. Nozzles
8. Fans
COOLING TOWER
MECHANICAL DRAFT
NATURAL DRAFT
INDUCED
DRAFT
FORCED
DRAFT
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DRIFT
ELIMINATOR
HOT WATER HOT WATER
COLD WATER COLD WATER
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COOLING TOWER PERFORMANCE
Performance Parameters:
1.Wet Bulb temperature
2.Range
3.Approach
4.Effectiveness
5.Blow down
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1) WET BULB TEMPERATURE:
The wet-bulb temperature is the lowest temperature a liquid may be cooled
by the process of evaporation and then be used to calculate relative humidity.
2) RANGE:
Difference between the temperatures of inlet and outlet water of the cooling
tower.
Range (C) = inlet water temp outlet water temp
Higher the RANGE BETTER the PERFORMANCE.
3) APPROACH:
Difference between cooling tower outlet water temperature and the ambient
wet bulb temperature.
Approach (C) = outlet water temp Wet bulb temp
Lower the APPROACH(in C) BETTER the performance
COOLING TOWER PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
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4) EFFECTIVENESS:
Effectiveness in % = Range / (Range + Approach)
High effectiveness = good performance
5) BLOW DOWN:
The portion of the circulating water that is removed in order to maintain the
amount of dissolved solids and other impurities at an acceptable level is called
cooling tower blow down. It may be noted that if we can ,somehow ,maintain
higher TDS (total dissolved solids) concentration in the circulating water ,it will
result in reduced blow down and hence water conservation . However the higher
the TDS concentration, the greater the risk of scale, biological growth and
corrosion.
SCALE
FORMATION
CORROSION
COOLING TOWER PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
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BASIC WORKING OF AIR HANDLING UNIT
SPACE TO BE
CONDITIONED
RETURN AIR
AIR
AIR
FILTER
AIR TEMPERATURE IN THE CONDITIONED
SPACE NEEDS TO BE 22C TO 23C
AHU/CANVAS
TEMP 15C
FAN
Y STAINER
CHILLER
WATER
COIL
CHILLED WATER WITH 8C TEMP
CHILLED WATER
WITH 11C TEMP
RETURN AIR TEMP
24C-25C
AIR
R
E
T
U
R
N

A
I
R
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PARAMETERS TO BE MONITERED FOR AHU & FCU
1) The temperature of the space to be conditioned is to be 22:c-23:c
2) The return air temperature must be 24:c-25:c.
3) The t1(temperature difference between room and return air) should be 1:c or
2:c
4) If t1 is more than 2:c, then it means some external hot air is mixing with the
return air.
5) The t2(temperature difference between return air and AHU canvas or FCU
grille temp) should be 7 :c to 9:c
6) If t2 is less than 7:c then it means the heat transfer at the chilled water coil is
improper.
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If so we have to check the following:
The chilled water temperature(to be about 8:c)
Y strainer cleanliness
Coil & Aluminium fins cleanliness
Airflow in cfm (400 cfm/TR for AHU, 600 cfm/TR for PAC)
Air filter cleanliness
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TO FIND AIRFLOW IN CFM THROUGH AHU
1) Divide the air filter area equally into 6 or 9 parts as under
2) Measure the velocity of air at each part using anemometer in
feet/minute
3) Find the average of the above velocities (V)
4) Find the area of the air filter in square feet (A)
5) Then the quantity of air passing through the AHU (Q)
Q = AV in cubic feet / min
1 2
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3
6 4
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