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ENGINEERING MATERIALS (MCB 3023)
Properties of Materials
2013 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONASSDNBHD
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means
(electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recordingor otherwise) without the permission of thecopyright owner.
Delivered by: Dr Norlaili Amir (DR NORLAILI)
(05-368 7145) norlailiamir@petronas.com.my
Room20, Level 3, Block 18, Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
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MBB/MCB 3023 Course Outcomes (CO)
Apply knowledge of materials properties for engineering
design and applications.
Select suitable materials for a given engineering application.
Interpret and analyze materials properties data
in engineering applications.
Identify the appropriate materials mechanical
property testing and its relevant standard.
1
2
3
4
At the end of the course, the students should be
able to:
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J an2013 NORLAILI UTP 3
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Mechanical Engineering Programme Outcomes (PO)
PO 1 Engineering Knowledge - Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals and an engineering specialisation to the solution of complex
engineering problems
PO 2 Problem Analysis - Identify, formulate, research literature and analyse complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences
PO 3 Design/Development of Solutions - Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design systems, components or processes that meet specified
needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations(CAPSTONE/FYP/LAB)
PO 4 Investigation - Conduct investigation into complex problems using research based
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of information to provide valid conclusions
(ME)
PO 5 Modern Tool Usage - Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools,
including prediction and modelling, to complex engineering activities, with an understanding of the limitations;(ME)
PO 6 The Engineer and Society - Apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety,
legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practice
PO 7 Environment and Sustainability - Understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in societal and
environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development
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Metals and
Alloys
Polymers
Hybr i d
@Composi t es
Wire-
reinforced
cement
(Cermet)
Filled polymers
CFRP GFRP
Steel-cord
tyres
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Role of Materials in Product Success
Failure of products:
1. Insufficient design
2. Insufficient properties
Design flaws occurs
because the
designers and tool
fabricators never use
the product -
common in large
corporations.
Insufficient properties is a materials
engineering issue.
Properties: characteristic that
distinguish and identify a material.
Originate in the nature of material
at the atomic or molecular level.
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Material properties
Chemical Mechanical Physical
Thermal
Material
characteristics that
relates to the
structure of
materials, its
formation fromthe
elements, and its
reactivity with
chemicals, other
materials, and
environment.
The
characteristics of
a material that
are displayed
when a force is
applied to the
material.
Characteristics
of materials that
relate to the
interaction of
these materials
with various
forms of energy
and with human
senses.
Procurement/Manufacturing considerations are not listed in property handbooks
and not even legitimate category by most standards. However the available shapes,
sizes, surface texture, tolerances on materials are often the most important selection
factors.
The properties
of a material
change with
temperature,
usually for worst.
Start to creep or
oxide/degrade.
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Materials Property Spectrum
Composition
Microstructure
Phases
GrainSize
CorrosionResistance
Inclusions
Tensile/compressive
Toughness
Ductility
Fatigue
Hardness
Creepresistance
Shear strength
AvailableShapes,
Sizes, Surface
Texture
Manufacturing
Tolerances
Composition
Fillers, Crystallinity
Molecular weight
Flammability
Spatial configuration
Chemical resistance
Tensile/compressive
Heat distortion
Pressure-velocity limit
Toughness, Stress
Rupture, Creep
Manufacturingtolerances,
Stability, AvailableSizes,
moldability, surface
texture
Composition
Porosity
Grainsize
Crystal Structure
CorrosionResistance
Tensile/compressive
Fracturetoughness
Transverserupture
Hardness
AvailableShapes,
Sizes, SurfaceTexture
Manufacturing
Tolerances, Stability
Composition
Matrix/reinforcement bond;
Volumefractionof
reinforcement;
Reinforcement nature
Tensile/compression
Fracturetoughness
Creepresistance
Reinforcement orientation
AvailableshapeandSizes
Manufacturingtolerances
Stability
Specific heat
Coefficient of
Thermal
Expansion
Thermal
conductivity
Heat
distortion
temp
Glass
transition
temp
Magnetic
Electrical
Optical
Acoustic
Gravimetric
Color
CHEMI CAL PHYSI CAL MECHANI CAL
Procurement/
Manufacturing
considerations
M
E
T
A
L
S
P
O
L
Y
M
E
R
S
C
E
R
A
M
I
C
S
C
O
M
P
O
S
I
T
E
S
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Properties-Product Design Relationship
How the
properties of
engineering
materials
affect the way
in which
products are
designed.
Properties
Bulk
mechanical
properties
I NTRI NSI C ATTRI BUTI VE
Bulk non-
mechanical
properties
Surface
properties
Price and
Availability
Production
properties: ease
of mfg,
fabrication,
joining, finishing
Aesthetic
properties:
appearance,
texture, feel
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Mechanical Properties of Materials
Learning Objectives:
students should be able to:
1. Achieve an understanding of the difference between
strength and toughness.
2. Gain a secure knowledge of tensile testing and its
product.
3. Learn how to use mechanical properties in materials
selection and failure analysis.
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Spectrum of Mechanical Properties
Mechanical
properties
Strength
Tensile
Yield
Compression
Flexural
Shear
Creep
Stress
rupture
Formability
% elongation
% reduction
area
Bend radius
Stiffness
Modulus
of
elasticity
Flexural
modulus
Toughness
Impact
strength
Notch
sensitivity
Critical
stress
intensity
factor
(K
1c
)
Durability
Hardness
Wear
resistance
Fatigue
strength
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The key mechanical properties obtained from a Tensile Test:
1-Modulus of Elasticity (E);
2-Yield Strength (Y.S).
3-Tensile Strength (TS);
4-Ductility, 100x
failure
(elastic recovery occurs after fracture);
5-Toughness (measured under load; hence the dashed line is
vertical)
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The tensile test is the most common test for determining such
mechanical properties of materials as strength, ductility,
toughness, elastic modulus, and strain-hardening capability.
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14 Significance of Stress-Strain Data

Parameter Description
Modulus of
elasticity (E)
Used to measure the relative stiffness of materials.
Yield strength
(YS/
y
)
Design stresses must be lower than the YS to ensure
that a part does not fail by plastic deformation. Shear
strength may be estimated from this YS.
Ultimate tensile
strength (UTS/ TS)
The ultimate tensile stress is the maximum stress
observed in a tensile test. Necking begins when the
value is reached.
UTS/YS ratio The ratio provides an indication of the degree of work
hardening that has occurred.
% elongation Indication of material ductility and toughness
% reduction in area Indication of material ductility and toughness
General shape of
curve
Area under the curve provides a relative indication of
material toughness. Interstitial activity in the material
can be observed. Relative level of work hardening are
assessed.
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Examples of
the Stress-
Strain
responses in
various
materials.
(Figure 4-10)
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(ksi)
strain
(in./in)
Stress
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:

T
e
n
s
i
l
e

T
e
s
t
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When the load is first applied, the specimen
elongates in proportion to the load; this behavior is
called linear elastic.
The engineering stress (nominal stress) is defined
as the ratio of the applied load, P, to the original
cross-sectional area, A
0
of the specimen:
Tensile Test
o
A
P
= Stress, g Engineerin
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Tensile Test
The engineering strain is defined as:
where l is the instantaneous length of the specimen.
As the load is increased, the specimen begins (at some level
of stress) to undergo permanent (plastic) deformation.
The stress at which this phenomenon occurs is known as
the yield stress,
y
, of the material.

y
usually is defined as the point on the stressstrain
curve that is offset by a strain of 0.002, or 0.2%
elongation.
o
o
l
l l
e
) (
Strain, g Engineerin

=
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As the specimen (under a
continuously increasing load)
begins to elongate, its cross-
sectional area decreases
permanently and uniformly
throughout its gage length.
Figure shows a schematic
illustration of the loading and the
unloading of a tensile-test
specimen.
Note that, during unloading, the
curve follows a path parallel to the
original elastic slope.
Tensile Test
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The ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region is the modulus
of elasticity, E, or Youngs modulus:
This linear relationship is known as Hookes law.
The modulus of elasticity is essentially a measure of the slope
of the elastic portion of the curve and, hence, the stiffness of
the material.
The absolute value of the ratio of the lateral strain to the
longitudinal strain is known as Poissons ratio and is denoted
by the symbol V .
Tensile Test
e
E

= , elasticity of Modulus
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Figure 49
Poissons
ratio may be
calculated from
the stress
strain test by
measuring the
ratio of
transverse
strain to axial
strain.
Tensile Testing: Poisson Ratio
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Ductility
Ductility is the extent of plastic deformation that
the material undergoes before fracture.
There are two common measures of ductility. The
first is the total elongation of the specimen:
where l and I
o
are measured.
x100
) (
Elongation
o
o f
l
l l
=
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Ductility
The second measure of ductility is the reduction of
area:
where and are the original and final (fracture)
cross-sectional areas, respectively, of the test
specimen.
f
A
0
A
o
f o
A
A A ) (
area of Reduction

=
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Mechanical properties for various metallic and nonmetallic materials
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Definition
Types of indentors
Testing standards
Rockwell testing
Microhardness
Durometer
Test comparison
Designation of hardness
Hardness Tests (Durability)
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30 Hardness Test: Definition & Indentors

Hardness usually is
defined as
resistance to
permanent
indentation.
Several test methods
have been developed
to measure the
hardness of
materials, using
different indenter
materials and
shapes.
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31 Hardness Tests: Comparison

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Brinell Hardness: Calculation
(1) A 10-mm-diameter Brinell
hardness indenter produced an
indentation 2.50 mm in diameter in
a steel alloy when a load of 1000
kg was used. Compute the HB of
this material.
We are asked to compute the
Brinell hardness for the given
indentation. It is necessary to use
the equation in Slide 30 for HB,
where P = 1000 kg, d = 2.50 mm,
and D = 10 mm. Thus, the Brinell
hardness is computed as:
(2) What will be the diameter of an
indentation to yield a hardness of 300
HB when a 500-kg load is used?
This part of the problem calls for us
to determine the indentation diameter
d which will yield a 300 HB when P =
500 kg. Solving for d from the
equation in Slide 30 gives

HB =
2P
D D D
2
d
2




=
(2)(1000 kg)
()(10 mm) 10 mm (10 mm)
2
(2.50 mm)
2



=200.5

d = D
2
D
2P
(HB)D






2

= (10 mm)
2
10 mm
(2)(500 kg)
(300)()(10 mm)






2
=1.45 mm
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Comparison of
Hardness Tests
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Table 43 Some
ASTM hardness
test methods
Hardness Test: Standards
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Table 44 Mohs hardness scale (ceramics and minerals)
Hardness Test for Minerals
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Figure 415 Hardness tester
Hardness Tests: Tester
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Figure 416 Knoop hardness indents in a 200X cross
section of a nitrided surface. Note the gradient in
hardness. The effective case is 70 m.
4.5 Hardness Tests
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Figure 417 Shore Durometer hardness tester. Needle
on the bottom is the penetrator (ASTM D 2240).
4.5 Hardness Tests
For polymers
and elastomers
(vary over wide
range)
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Figure 419
Specification of
hardness
numbers for
metals
(ASTME 10,
E 384, and E
18).
See ASTME
140 for scale
conversions.
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*Hardness and Tensile Strength (TS)
Both Hardness and TS are indications of metals
resistance to plastic deformation. Consequently
there are roughly proportional.
A relationship has been established between the
ultimate TS and the Brinell hardness (HB) for
steel alloys as measured for a load of 3000 kg (the
following is in Metric and SI units respectively),
TS = 3.45 x HB (M) @ TS = 500 x HB (I)