Chapter 38 IV-750 Bolts

38 Bolts
Chapter 38
Bolts
KISSsoft calculates bolt joints in accordance with VDI 2230 (2003). The bolt
calculation functions help you find your way through the maze of tables and data
defined in the standards. In addition to providing tables with standard values, the
program also has a range of options that allow you to enter your own definitions for
most of the constraint values (such as geometry and material data). Although the
VDI 2230 standard does not have iteration functionality, i.e. it can be calculated
manually, the flexible input and modification options give you a userfriendly soft-
waresolution at your fingertips. However, you must be familiar with VDI 2230
before you can interpret the results and enter the required values correctly in the
program.
VDI 2230 compares the permissible assembly preload (F
M
and also, to some extent,
F
Mzul
) with the minimum and maximum assembly preload (F
Mmax
and F
Mmin
). Here
the first is a value calculated with 90% of the bolt yield point and the last two are
determined by the loads required to guarantee that the joint functions correctly.
Assembly preload F
Mzul
is therefore determined from the strength of the bolt, while
assembly preloads F
Mmin
and F
Mmax
are determined fromthe function of the connec-
tion. The necessary assembly preload F
Mmin
is calculated from the axial force F
A
and the resilience of the partsand the screw , the embedding loss F
Z
, the thermal
forces F
V th
and the required clamping force F
Kerf
. F
Mmax
can be calculated from
F
Mmin
while taking into consideration the coefficient of friction and the tightening
technique (tightening factor
A
).
(38.1)
(38.2)
The necessary assembly preload F
Mmax
must now be smaller than the sustainable
pretension of the bolt F
Mzul
. Similar to this comparison is the comparison between
the minimum required assembly preload F
Mmin
and the minimum preload achieved
by tightening at, for instance, 90% of the yield point F
Mzul
/
A
:
(38.3)
Chapter 38 IV-751 Bolts
38.1 Inputs for Basic data
The entries you make in the Basic Data tab form part of the service- and bolt data
and include the bolt type, washers, and the tightening technique.
Figure38.1: Basic data input tab.
38.1.1 Working data
You enter operating data in the Basi c dat a tab. You can then use it for the
following screwing configurations:
1. Bolted joint subject to an axial load
2. Bolted joint subject to an axial and a transverse load
3. Flanged joint with torque and loads
4. Multi-bolted plate joint for any bolt position
Chapter 38 IV-752 Bolts
An axial loading F
Amax
,F
Amin
and a required clamping force F
Kerf
are determined
each time, from the operating data.
Figure38.2: Bolting configurations: 1/2, 3 and 4
38.1.1.1 Bolted joint subject to an axi al load
The occurring axial forces F
Amax
and F
Amin
are entered directly. The necessary
clamping force F
Kerf
is defined in accordance with
(38.4)
and the required clamping force for axial load transmission F
KQ
and the sealing
function F
KP
are calculated. F
KA
is present to prevent gaping in the required
clamping force and is calculated by the program.
38.1.1.2 Bolt joint under axi al and shearing force
In the second configuration, the required clamping force for axial load transmission
is calculated from the shearing force F
Q
, the torque M
T
, the coefficient of friction
m
T
, the diameter d
a
and the number of load transmitting interfaces q
T
:
(38.5)
Chapter 38 IV-753 Bolts
(38.6)
F
KQ
Required clamping force for transferring a shearing force and/or a
torque through friction grip (for e.g. for friction grip)
F
KP
Clamping force required to guarantee a sealing function (required
when internal pressure is present)
T
Interface coefficient of friction (when shearing force or torques are
present), see Figureon page IV-753.
38.1.1.3 Flanged joint with torque and loads
The forces on the single bolt in the case of flanged joints (with stress fromtorque
and/or shearing force and/or bending moment and/or axial force) are calculated in
accordance with [63], and also partially in accordance with [61], Example. 8.4:
d Bolt nominal diameter
n Number of bolts
T
Coefficient of friction between the parts, see Figure 38.3
F
Q
Shearing force on configuration
F
Amax
Axial force on configuration (maximum)
F
Amin
Axial force on configuration (minimum)
Resultant operating load on the bolt that is subject to the highest
stress:
F
Bo
Upper threshold value
Chapter 38 IV-754 Bolts
F
Bu
Lower threshold value
F
KP
Configuration sealing load
F
Kerf?
Required clamping force
M
B
Bending moment on configuration
M
T
Torque on configuration
F
Kerf
Required clamping force
F
KQe
Required clamping force (e.g. for friction grip)
F
KPe
Required clamping force to ensure sealing (for internal pressure)
F
KA
Required clamping force to prevent gaping under eccentric load
If you select a flanged joint configuration, we strongly recommend that you define
the geometry of the stressed parts as i ndi vi dual annul us segment s. The
program then automatically generates a suggested value for the pitch (t
t
) and the
screw radius (t
rs
).
Experience shows that the results of VDI 2230 are usually very conservative for
flanged joints. In order to achieve realistic results, you should increase the
coefficient of friction between the parts.
Figure38.3: Interface friction grip coefficients in accordance with [75]
38.1.1.4 Mul ti -screwed plate joi nt for any screw positi on
For multi-bolted plate joints, you can define bolts in any position subject to
shearing force and a bending moment in two directions as well as a torsional mo-
ment. The bolts load distribution is calculated assuming that rigid plates are
Chapter 38 IV-755 Bolts
connected by springs at the bolts positions. By using a rigidity coefficient you can
model different bolt diameters (doubled diameter equals fourfold rigidity).
Once you have entered the operating data in the Basi c dat a tab, you can define
the screw positions in the Posi t i ons of Bol t tab. You can either enter the
bolt positions in a table or import them from a file. The resulting axial forces as
well as the clamping forces required to transmit shearing force are also displayed in
the table.
Figure38.4: Bolt position tab
Optionally an additional factor for thrust bolts can be defined, in which it is
assumed that compression is transmitted directly via the plates. However, you must
know what you are doing when you select this coefficient. In [62], under the
keyword Multi-bolted Plate Joint, for example, an average pressure point of plate
height is assumed. You use the factor for thrust bolts to set this status.
The program then automatically selects the bolt with the highest axial force for the
calculation. As a rule and, to ensure that the calculation results are on the safe side,
the maximumrequired clamping force is used for all bolts. However, you can select
a further option to deactivate this function.
When you calculate the necessary clamping force, you can also take the prefix of
the shearing force into account. Shear loads caused by torsional and transverse for-
ce are then added at specific points and subtracted at other points. You should only
include the prefix if you know the direction of the shearing force and if this force is
constant.
To save you having to specify the sequence in which the incremental distances
between the bolts repeat themselves, for every single bolt, you can define the posi-
Chapter 38 IV-756 Bolts
tion of particular bolts in the Sizing function. Click the button in the table
(above, on the right) in the Bolt position tab to open this window where you can
enter different configurations.
You can enter these values here:
line (values for: starting point, end point, number of bolts)
circle (values for: center point, radius, number of bolts)
circle segment (valuesfor: radius, starting angle, end angle, number of bolts)
Chapter 38 IV-757 Bolts
Figure38.5: Size position of bolt
Figure38.6: Position sizing options
You can add positions by transferring existing positions, however, if you only want
to use positions shown in the configuration, you must delete all the others.
38.1.2 Screw data
The type, geometry, surface roughness and strength class of a bolt can all be
defined as bolt data.
Bol t t ype: the following standard bolt data stored in the database can be
accessed to help define a particular bolt type:
EN ISO 4762/ Cylindrical screw with socket head bolt
DIN 912 Standard thread M1.6 - M64
EN ISO 4014/ Hexagon headed bolts with shank (formerly DIN 931 T1)
DIN EN 24014 Standard thread M1.6 - M64
EN ISO 4017/ Hexagon headed bolt with thread to head (formerly DIN 933)
DIN EN 24017 Standard thread M1.6 - M64
Chapter 38 IV-758 Bolts
EN ISO 1207/ Cylinder head stud with slot
DIN 84 Standard thread M1.0 - M10
EN ISO 8765 Hexagon headed bolt with shank

Fine thread M8.0 - M64
EN ISO 8676 Hexagon headed bolt without shank

Fine thread M8.0 - M64
EN 1662 Hexagon headed bolt with flange, light series form F

Standard thread M5.0 - M16
EN 1662 Hexagon headed bolt with flange, light series form U

Standard thread M5.0 - M16
EN 1665 Hexagon headed bolt with flange, heavy series form F

Standard thread M5.0 - M20
EN 1665 Hexagon headed bolt with flange, heavy series form U

Standard thread M5.0 - M20
ASME B18.2.1 Square bolts, UNC thread, 0.25-1.5in
ASME B18.2.1 Hex bolts, UNC thread, 0.25-4in
ASME B18.2.1 Heavy hex bolts, UNC thread, 0.5-3 in
ASME B18.2.1 Hex cap screws, UNC thread, 0.25-3 in
ASME B18.2.1 Heavy hex screws, UNC thread, 0.5-3 in
Ref er ence di amet er : you can input any value as the reference diameter or,
after entering the operating data, click a button to input an approximate size.
This sizing function usually leads to bolt diameters that are too large. We therefore
recommend you input a value that is 1 or 2 standard sizes less than the system's
propsed value.
Bol t l engt h: if you are entering your own bolt geometry, you can input any
value as the bolt length. Otherwise, after you input the bolt length, the system sets
it to the next standard length.
Sur f ace r oughness of t hr ead/ head suppor t : the surface
roughness influences the amount of embedding and consequently the preload loss
of the screw connection.
St r engt h cl ass: behind the input field for standard strength classes, click
the button to define your own strength values.
Own def i ni t i on of bol t geomet r y: to define your own bolt geometry,
set the Bol t t ype selection list to Own i nput . This activates the
Def i ne. . . button and can be used to input your own values for bolt geometry.
Chapter 38 IV-759 Bolts
Figure38.7: Dialog with three tabs for defining your own bolt geometry.
Figure38.8: Bolt geometry
1. General: input the bolt head dimensions and the hole diameter if a bored
bolt is being used.
2. Thread: input for the standard value, thread size, pitch and thread length.
3. General: values for the individual bolt cross-sections. button adds a
new cross-section, button removes the selected one. Click the but-
ton to delete all the cross-sections.
Chapter 38 IV-760 Bolts
38.1.3 Type of bolt connection
To define the bolt joint type, activate either Nut or Blind hole. This corresponds to
the difference between Through-bolt and Single-bolt joints as defined in VDI.
Click on the appropriate Define... button to open the corresponding input dialog for
additional data about the nut or the threaded part.
Figure38.9: Input dialog for data about thread and nut
For cut threads, the counter bore depth t
s
describes a threadless milling that is
primarily designed to extend the clamping length (see also Figureon page IV-
757).
Chapter 38 IV-761 Bolts
38.1.4 Washers
If this flag is set, a flat washer is inserted between the nut and the part and/or the
head and part. Click Def i ne to enter additional data
Figure38.10: Defining washers.
38.1.5 Tightening technique
Uncertainties such as, for example, the variation of coefficients of friction,
differently precise tightening techniques, instrument, operating and reading errors
result in the variation of the achievable assembly preload. For this reason,
oversizing the bolt is necessary, and is expressed by the tightening factor
A
=
F
Mmax
/F
Mmin
. If the required minimumpreload F
Mmin
remains constant, then an
increasing tightening factor
A
means that the bolt must be sized for a larger maxi-
mumassembly preload F
Mmax
(due to the greater variation). Tightening technique
and associated tightening factors:
Tightening fac-
tor
A
Tightening technique Adjusting technique
1,0 Yield point-determined
Tightening mechanically or
manually
1,0 Angle of rotation-controlled
tightening mechanically or
Experimental determination of
the preload moment and angle of
Chapter 38 IV-762 Bolts
manually rotation
1.2 to 1.6 Hydraulic tightening Adjustment by means of
measuring length or pressure
1.4 to 0.25 Torque controlled tightening
with a torque wrench, torque
indicating wrench or a precision
torque wrench with dynamic
torque measurement
Experimental determination of
the required tightening torques
on the original bolting part, e.g.
by measuring the length of the
bolt
1.6 to 1.8 ditto Defining the nominal tightening
torque by estimating the
coefficient of friction(surface
andlubrication ratios)
1.7 to 0.25 Torque controlled tightening
with a torque wrench
Torque wrench adjustment with
a tightening torque, set to the
nominal tightening moment (for
an estimated coefficient of
friction) plus a supplement.
2.5 to0.25 Pulse controlled tightening with
a percussion wrench
Torque wrench adjustment with
tightening torque as described
above
Chapter 38 IV-763 Bolts
38.2 Data input for clamped parts
The Cl amped par t s mask displays data about the materials andgeometry of the
clamped parts, the distances involved for eccentric load/clamping and data about
the load introduction factor.
Figure38.11: Tab: Clamped parts.
38.2.1 Geometry of clamped parts
There are several basic types of clamped parts:
Plates
Cylinder
Prismatic solids
Segments of annulus
Chapter 38 IV-764 Bolts
Figure38.12: Clamped parts.
If you select Plates, it is assumed that the clamping cone will be able to expand
freely sidewise. For all the other selection options, click the Geomet r y button to
enter the type of clamped part you want to use in the calculation.
Figure38.13: Geometry inputs for the cylinder, prismatic bodies and annulus segments.
Chapter 38 IV-765 Bolts
Click the Bor e button to define a threadless through-bore in the part. You can also
define chamfers at the head and or nut here. These chamfers are then included
when the bearing areas are calculated. The chamfering reduces the outside radius of
the bearing area therefore increases the surface pressure.
Figure38.14: Defining through-bores and chamfers under head and nut.
You simply enter the different material situations in the list. The upper values for
permissible pressure, e-module and thermal expansion are material values that
apply to roomtemperature and, unless they are values you entered, alwaysshown
with a gray background. If the "Calculate temperature dependent material data
automatically with estimation formulae" in Cal cul at i ons/Set t i ngs is set,
the values for running temperature are calculated empirically and displayed in the
lower half of the particular material. You cannot edit these values. If the flag is not
set, you must input your own values. Click the buttons to call the particular
empirical formulae so they can be applied in the calculation. Click the button
to add a material and the button to delete the selected element. Click the
button to delete all the elements. The calculated clamping length is displayed in the
l
k
field.
Chapter 38 IV-766 Bolts
38.2.2 Distances for eccentric clamping/ load
Figure38.15: Possible load cases in the case of eccentric clamping.
As you can see in Figure 38.12, the axis of the center of gravity of the clamp solid
-axis. The distance between load
line of action A - A and the center of gravity axis 0- 0 is always positive. The dis-
tance s between bolt axis S - S and center of gravity axis 0 - 0 is set as positive, if
the bolt axis S - S and the load line of action A - A lie on the same side as the cen-
ter of gravity axis 0 - 0, if not, this value is negative.
The dimension u defines the distance of the center of gravity axis 0 - 0 to the point
at which gaping first occurs. In Figure 38.12 this is the distance to the right-hand
side in cases 1 and 2, but the distance to the left-hand side in case 3.
38.2.3 Load application
The VDI guideline issued in 2003 defines equations for calculating the load appli-
cation factor. Here, you must select a configuration in accordance with Figure
38.13. The parting line must lie within the range shown in gray. The length of the
clamped parts h, the distance to the connection piece a
k
and the length of the
connected solid l
A
as shown in Figure 38.14 define the position of the application
of load point and therefore also the load application factor.
In singlebolt connections, only configurations SV1, SV2 and SV4 are available.
You must use the height h
ESV
up to the parting line as the height h.
Chapter 38 IV-767 Bolts
Figure38.16: Configurations for defining the load application factor as shown in VDI 36 (16
edition).
Figure38.17: Inputs for defining the load application factor as shown in VDI 36 (17 edition).
Chapter 38 IV-768 Bolts
38.3 Input the Constraints data
In this calculation, you can define the yield point, the maximum assembly preload
or both tightening torques as constraints. If you define the maximum and minimum
tightening torque as constraints, the tightening factor is then calculated from this
torque variation and the friction coefficient variation. You can also enter values for
the number of load cycles, embedding amount, preload loss and temperatures for
the screw connection in this window.
Figure38.18: Preset values, ready for input.
Use of the yield point
In usual bolt layouts, the bolt is tightened to 90% of its yield point to calculate the
pretension force. However, if you use yield point or angle-of-rotation controlled
tightening, you can increase this value up to 100%.
Assembly and working temperature
The extension to KISSsoft's bolt calculation function allows it to be used in the
calculation standard specified in VDI 2230, which also calculates bolt connections
for working temperatures between -200 and +1000 degrees Celsius. You can
specify different temperatures for the bolt and the clamped parts. You can also take
into account the temperature-dependent changes in the Young's modulus, in the
thermal expansion coefficients, in the yield point and in the pressures permitted for
the materials. You can either use empirical formulae to calculate these temperature-
dependent values or specify your own values. Since the empirical formulae for steel
have already been determined, you should check the values for hightemperature
changes or, even better, enter your own values here.
Chapter 38 IV-769 Bolts
All the criteria for the bolt connection are checked for assembly status at ambient
temperature as well as for stationary or non-stationary status at working
temperature (in accordance with VDI 2230: preload, bolt load, endurance limit and
surface pressure).
KISSsoft automatically performs the calculation for assembly and working
temperatures at the same time. This calculation should also be performed for a hig-
her temperature difference between the bolt and the parts. The minimum
temperature difference between the parts or the bolt and the assembly
temperaturemust, at least, equal to 30 C, so that results appear in the report.
38.3.1 Coefficient of fricti on
KISSsoft allows you to specify an interval for coefficients of friction. The mini-
mumvalue is used for calculation with F
M
, F
Mmax
and the maximum value is used
for calculation with F
Mmin
and F
M
/
A
. The maximum value therefore affects the
variation of the tightening torques.
Figure38.19: Coefficients of friction in the thread.
Chapter 38 IV-770 Bolts
Figure38.20: Coefficients of friction in head bearing area and nut bearing area.
38.3.2 Angle of rotation-controlled tightening
For the angle of rotation-controlled tightening, the report displays a preload torque
and an angle of rotation split into a number of steps. Here you can enter the value
for this preload torque and the number of steps. The angle of rotation is then
calculated with the medium assembly preload (F
M
+F
M
/
A
)/2. If you use a yield
point of 100%, this force is applied up to the yield point. To calculate the tightening
angle of rotation you can also enter the required plastic elongation of the weakest
cross section.
Chapter 38 IV-771 Bolts
38.4 Stripping strength
Select Repor t s/St r i ppi ng st r engt h to check the stripping strength of the
thread in accordance with VDI 2230 Chapter 5.
Figure38.21: Input for calculating the stripping strength
This is where you enter values for the length of engagement, tensile strength of
bolt/nut and the ratio of shearing strength bolt/nut. When you open this window it
already contains default values for the bolt calculation. You can still change these
values.
A report then shows the stresses, the minimumlength of engagement and the safety
against stripping under a load with maximum pretension force for this joint.
Chapter 38 IV-772 Bolts
38.5 Settings
Select Cal cul at i ons > Set t i ngs to enter additional values:
Figure38.22: Coefficients of friction in the thread.
Continue calculation if error messages appear
If you set this flag, the calculation will continue even if error messages appear,
for example to warn you that the yield point or the permitted pressure has been
exceeded.
Operating force only at operating temperature
Normally, KISSsoft calculates the minimumpreload based on the required
clamping load and loading at ambient and working temperatures. This flag can
be set when the working load only occurs at working temperatures. In this case,
the minimum preload is then only calculated at working temperature.
Calculate minimum preload achieved F
M
/
A
.
If this flag is set, the load F
M
/
A
is also calculated. The preload force F
M
/
A
is
the minimum preload force that must be present, if the entered F
M
is included
in the preload force.
a
is the tightening factor; it describes the variation in pre-
load. If this option is set, the results overview in the main screen mask shows
the results of the calculation with F
M
, otherwise the results with F
Mmax
appear.
Do not increase required clamping force for eccentric clamping
KISSsoft increases the required clamping force to prevent gaping for eccentric
clamping. You can switch off this function here. You can then specify your
own required clamping force. Take care when using this option. The calculati-
on assumes that gaping does not happen!
Automatically define temperature- dependent materials data
KISSsoft uses empirical formulae to automatically calculate materials data at
Chapter 38 IV-773 Bolts
working temperature. These empirical formulae do not take into account the
material data you entered, they use a average dependency for "commonly-used
steels"! Delete this flag if you want to enter your own materials data at working
temperature.