| Chemistry (Form 4)

1 Paper 3 (Section B Report Writing)

1
Chemistry
Paper 3 (Section B - Report Writing)

1. Aim
2. Variables
3. Hypothesis
4. Apparatus & Materials
5. Procedure of experiment
6. Tabulation of data

a) Experiment 1: The melting and freezing points of naphthalene

i) Aim
= To determine the melting/ freezing points of naphthalene when
heated/cooled.

ii) Variable
Manipulated v: The time of heating/ cooling
Responding v: The temperature of naphthalene
Constant v: The volume of water bath used

iii) Hypothesis
= The longer the time taken to heat/cool, the higher/lower the
temperature of naphthalene.

iv) Materials
= Naphthalene powder, water

Apparatus
= Boiling tube, retort stand with clamp, thermometer, stopwatch, Bunsen
burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, beaker, spatula, asbestos sheet




| Chemistry (Form 4)
2 Paper 3 (Section B Report Writing)
2
v) Procedure of experiment




1. A boiling tube is filled to about 5cm high with naphthalene powder.
2. The boiling tube is half-immersed in a beaker half-filled with so
water so that naphthalene powder in the boiling tube is totally
immersed in water.
3. A thermometer is put into the naphthalene powder in the boiling
tube.
4. The water in the beaker is heated gently and steadily.
5. The naphthalene powder is stirred continuously with a
thermometer throughout heating to get a uniform temperature.
6. While stirring, the temperature of naphthalene is recorded every
half a minute from the temperature of 60
o
C to 90
o
C.

vi) Tabulation of data
Can be used for both heating/cooling of naphthalene
Time (s) Temperature (oC)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210

| Chemistry (Form 4)
3 Paper 3 (Section B Report Writing)
3
b) Experiment 2: Reaction of alkali metals with water (Group 1 Elements)

I. Aim
= To determine the reaction of alkali metals with water.

II. Variable
Manipulated v: The alkali metals used
Responding v: The reactivity of the metal with water
Constant v: The size of alkali metal / the temperature of water

III. Hypothesis
= The lower the position in Group 1 elements in the Periodic Table, the
higher the reactivity of the elements with water.

IV. Materials
= Small pieces of lithium, sodium and potassium metals, and basin filled
with water, filter paper and red litmus paper

Apparatus
= Pen knife and goggles


V. Procedure of experiment

* Draw three of the same diagram and label each with lithium, sodium & potassium



| Chemistry (Form 4)
4 Paper 3 (Section B Report Writing)
4
1. A basin is half filled with water.
2. A piece of lithium is cut with a pen knife
3. The oil on its surface is dried with a filter paper.
4. The lithium is dropped into the water in the trough.
5. The reactivity of lithium with water is observed and recorded.
6. The water in the trough is then tested with a piece of red litmus paper
when the reaction stops.
7. The experiment is repeated by using sodium and potassium of the same
size.

VI. Tabulation of data

Metal Observation
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium



| Chemistry (Form 4)
5 Paper 3 (Section B Report Writing)
5
c) Experiment 3: The empirical formula of copper oxide

i. Aim
= To determine the empirical formula of copper oxide

ii. Variable
Manipulated v: The mass of copper oxide
Responding v: The mass of copper formed
Constant v: The excess of hydrogen gas

iii. Hypothesis
= The empirical formula of copper (II) oxide can be determined by finding
out the mass of copper and oxygen in a sample of copper (II) oxide.

iv. Materials
= Copper oxide powder, dry hydrogen gas

Apparatus
= Porcelain dish, combustion tube and electronic balance

v. Procedure of experiment

1. The combustion tube with a porcelain dish is weighed. The weight is recorded.
2. A spatula of copper oxide powder is placed in the porcelain dish. The combustion
tube with its contents is weighed again. The weight is recorded.
3. Dry hydrogen gas is passed through the tube for a few minutes to expell all the
air.

| Chemistry (Form 4)
6 Paper 3 (Section B Report Writing)
6
4. The copper oxide is than heated strongly and the hydrogen gas passing through
the end of the combustion tube is llit.
5. When all the copper oxide is reduced to copper metal (the black copper oxide has
all become brown), heating is stopped.
6. A continous stream of hydrogen gas is allowed to pass through the tube until it is
cooled.
7. The combustion tube with the contents is weighted. The weight is recorded.
8. The heating, cooling and weighing process is repeated until a constant weight is
obtained.

vi. Tabulation of data