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According to the important role of accounting information emanating from the
operation and the fact that accurate information is the heart of the financial
reporting of any business; it would be wise for managers to understand that a
good accounting organization of a company is difference. So they have an
incentive to put in place, with diligence, accounting organization will
scrupulously to provide information giving a true picture of the company to the
various users. In this case, the leaders of the NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION
understood. Indeed, they admitted that records cannot provide reliable
information if all the information is correctly reflected in the accounts.
During our training within the department accountant NORD-SUD
COMMUNICATION, we found deficiencies in the accounting organization.
Thus, we found it necessary to understand and analyze the accounting
organization taking the theme "IMPROVEMENT OF THE ACCOUNTING
ORGANIZATION OF A PRESS COMPANY: CASE OF NORD-SUD
COMMUNICATION".
So we posed the following questions:
- How accounting of NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION is organized?
- How to explain dysfunctions in this accounting organization?
- How could we improve in order to get regular financial statements giving
a true and fair view of the economic and financial situation of the
structure?
The objectives of our study are general and specific:
- general, in the sense that our study focused on the accounting organization
aims to improve the accounting business organization;
- specific, in the sense that our study specifically aims to identify existing
weaknesses in the accounting system and propose recommendations for
improving the organization.

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To do this, we used the approach of evaluation of internal control to detect
possible weaknesses in the accounting organization and propose appropriate
solutions. This approach has used the following methodological materials:
- The collection of information and documents through interviews with
those involved in the accounting organization of company, library use,
consultation of written documents, research in websites and the field
observations ;
- the information processing through internal control questionnaire and a
grid of segregation of duties;
- the dissemination of information by presenting to a jury.
This work comprises two main parts:
- The first will be devoted to the environment of the study where we will
briefly introduce NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION and discuss the
concepts of accounting system, financial statements and internal control;
- The second will focus on analysis of the accounting organization set up by
the company and recommendations.














4





























5
In this part I, we will present the environmental study. In this context, we will
meet with the press company in Chapter I. Chapter II will focus on the
conceptual framework of accounting organization, financial statements and
internal control.




















6
CHAPTER I: PRESENTATION OF NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION
The presentation NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION begins with a presentation
on the history of its creation and its mission, and the description of its activities
and its strategy, and finally its organizational structure.
I- GENERALITY ON NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION

NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION created May 17, 2005 is the company
publication of the daily "Nord Sud Quotidien" and the weekly "Sports Abidjan".
With a capital of 5,000,000 FCFA, 60% owned by Mr MEITE Sindou NORD-
SUD COMMUNICATION aims to become the sub-regional leader in the field
of media.
the company's main activity is publishing and marketing its own products whose
the daily Nord Sud Quotidien and the weekly Abidjan Sports and the sale of
advertising space in various titles published by the company..
II- ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
The company consists of a decision-making and executive body:
The General Management: Its role is to ensure the ongoing management and
proper functioning of the company. It is responsible for ensuring the
implementation of the objectives of the entity.
The administrative and financial department: It manages the accounting and
administrative forecast of the company. Clearly, she is in charge of accounting,
accounting controls and takes decisions on resource allocation. Two (02)
services are attached to the Administration and Financial department: the
accounting department consists of accountant who supports the establishment
and issuance of invoices, bank reconciliations, management accounts of the third
and two (02) collectors who deal with client reminders and debt collection
customer; and sales department whose role is to monitor and develop sales,
advertising, promoting newspaper and other products of the company.

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Directions editorial: They deal with everything that relates to the content of
Nord Sud Quotidien et dAbidjan Sports. These are the supervisors of all work
related to information processing.
The flowchart NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION can be depicted as follows:
Diagram n1 flow chart of NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION

























Source: NORD-SUD Communication
At the end of this chapter, we now have a good knowledge of the history,
mission, operations and activities of the company NORD-SUD
COMMUNICATION in which we conducted our study.
ASSISTANT MANAGER
DIRECTION
EDITORIAL OF
ABI DJ AN SPORT

ADMINISTRATIVE
AND FINANCIAL
DEPARTMENT
DIRECTION
EDITORIAL OF NORD-
SUD QUOTI DI EN
ACCOUNTING
DEPARTMENT
SALES
DEPARTMENT
- SECRETARIAT
- STEWARDSHIP
SERVICE
REDACTION
SERVICE
- EDITOR
- ASSISTANT
EDITOR
- SECRETARY
GENERAL OF
THE EDITORS
- JOURNALISTS
- GRAPHICS
DESIGNERS
- CORRECTORS

REDACTION
SERVICE
MANAGER
- EDITOR
- ASSISTANT
EDITOR
- SECRETARY
GENERAL OF
THE EDITORS
- JOURNALISTS
- GRAPHICS
DESIGNERS
- CORRECTORS


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CHAPTER II: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Firstly, this chapter will help us understand the concept of accounting,
accounting procedures and financial statements, and secondly to have a broader
knowledge of internal control.
I- CONCEPT OF ACCOUNTING AND ACCOUNTING PROCEDURES
This section will cover the general information on accounting, accounting
procedures and financial statements.
I-1/ Generalities on the accounting
For the General Accounting Plan, accounting is an organization of financial
information system to capture, classify, store encrypted data and present
statements reflect a true and fair view of the financial position and results of the
entity at the closing date.
1
As an information tool, the accounting must not
only guarantee the regularity and fairness of the financial information, but also
give an accurate image of reality. Indeed, the information cannot be properly
exploited if it is processed through procedures to ensure its regularity and
sincerity. The concept of accurate image remains closely linked to the
obligations of regularity and sincerity above all. The respect of accurate image
in the company is also to seek the most appropriate accounting treatment when
neither the law nor doctrine provide a solution or when there is a choice between
several methods.
Accounting principles can be understood as laws or regulations adopted and
recommended as a guide for action
2
. The Uniform Act of OHADA has
identified eight accounting principles. There is said ninth principle of the
primacy of reality over appearance, partially retained.



1
LEFEBVRE F., Plan comptable gnral refonte 1999, Levallois Perret, 1999, p.31
2
ANTHONY R., Management accounting principles, D.R. Irwin homework, 1970, p.7

9
I-2/ Accounting organization
According GOVOEI B.
3
: reliability of financial and accounting information
and therefore the financial statements is based on the framework in which
information is processed based . It should be clear that account books and
others supports which are required to be kept:
- the plan of the accounts;
- the journal ;
- the general ledger ;
- the trial balance ;
- the inventory book.
Three (03) systems are known and have been proven over time and space. This
is the classic system, centralizing system and computerized accounting system.
To make its computerized accounting, NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION uses
SAGE SAARI COMPTABILITE 100. This is a software package designed for
the production of all accounting operations, including:
- the establishing of the plan of the accounts and the management of the
general accounting ;
- budget management;
- the regulations of thirds, reminders-customers and statements thirds;
- bank reconciliations and editing of accounting statements.
The steps of the accounting treatment are:
- control of vouchers : All vouchers from outside or internal enterprise
services should be subject to prior checking by the accountant;
- imputation of accounting documents: After being checked by the
accountant, vouchers are imputed using a piece of accounting imputation.
this phase is called pre-recognition;
- entry accounting documents: The entry is made from pieces of
accounting imputation and by the journal;

3
GOVOEI B., prcis de comptabilit gnrale, Etudis, op. cit., p.39

10
- Control of entries: From journals, accountant shall control of entries by
reconciliation with pieces of accounting imputations ;
- the classification of vouchers : Vouchers which are stapled pieces of
accounting entries that have been input are classified in chronos, in
chronological order and because of a time by the journal.
I-3/ Concept of Financial Statements
According to OHADA, annual financial statements include the balance sheet,
income statement, the statement of resources and expenditures of funds and
annexed statement of the just-ended financial year. They form an indivisible
whole and describe regular and sincere events, operations and situations exercise
to give a true and fair view of the assets, financial position and results of the
company. They are prepared and presented to allow their comparison over time,
year by year, and their comparison with the annual financial statements of other
companies. There are three (03) presentation models:
- the normal system of presentation of financial statements and
bookkeeping which corresponds to the highest level requirement.
According to article 26 of Uniform Act of OHADA, it comprises the
balance sheet, income statement of exercise, the statement of resources
and expenditures of funds of the exercise and the statistical additional
state institution. NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION applies this system ;
- the simplified system which includes the establishment of a balance
sheet, an income statement for the year and an annexed statement,
simplified under the conditions defined by the OHADA accounting
system;
- the minimum cash system based on the establishment of a statement of
revenue and expenditure releasing the result cash (net revenue or net loss),
drawn from a cash accounting to be kept by companies belonging to the
system.

11
Components of the annual financial statements are the number four (04).
Indeed, the balance sheet described separately the assets and liabilities
constituting the assets of the company. He appears separately equity. The
income meanwhile summarizes the income and expenses which appear, by
difference, the net income or net loss for the year. Then, the statement of
resources and expenditures of funds of the exercise traces the flow of
resources and flow of expenditures for the year. Finally, annexed statement
completes and accurates the information provided by others annual financial
statements.
II- ACCOUNTING ORGANIZATION AND INTERNAL CONTROL
This section deals with the internal control and its role in the accounting
organization of company.
II-1/Considerations relating to internal control and accounting organization
The accounting system of the company must be organized effectively to be able
to produce the required financial information. The general organization
presupposes the existence of effective internal control systems of which one
component is made by the organization and holding of financial accounting.
Responsibility for the organization and bookkeeping is done by general
management of the company. It is for the general management of the company
to establish adequate systems of internal control.
Documentation describing the procedures and accounting organization is
established to enable the understanding and control of the treatment system. The
organization of the processing system ensures the existence of the audit trail.
II-2/ Internal control
Internal control is the set of security contributing to the control of the company.
It aims, on the one hand the protection, preservation of heritage and quality of

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information, on the other, the application of management's instructions and helps
improve performance
4
.

The internal control objectives for:
- Promote the efficiency and effectiveness;
- Protect assets;
- Ensure the reliability of financial reporting;
- Ensure compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.
Components of internal control are:
- control environment: The control environment sets the level of staff
awareness of the need to control ;
- evaluation and risk management: Every business is faced with a set of
external and internal risks that must be evaluated ;
- control activities: Control activities are defined as the application of
standards and procedures helping to ensure the implementation of
guidance from management ;
- information and communication: Pertinent information must be
identified, collected and distributed to the entire organization in a form
and timeframe that enable people to carry out its responsibilities;
- pilotage: The internal control systems must themselves be controlled in
order to be evaluated over time, qualitative performance.
Internal control is being implemented through:
- physical protection of assets and records: This is the set up of a system
for precautions to prevent the loss, theft or misappropriation of assets and
official documents and erroneous records ;
- System definition of powers: It consists of holding of Manual definition
of tasks that allows management to assign powers to restrict or to
perform or carry out actions or transactions ;

4
HOUSSAINI M., laudit interne oprationnel et financier : fondement & techniques 1re dition, Clet, 1999,
p.54

13
- financial plans and budgets: They define strategies and objectives in
financial terms and serve as a starting point for setting priorities,
allocating resources and measuring performance ;
- information and documentation: This is the maintenance of a proper
information system able to identify, classify, record and report data in
accordance with the rules and legal obligations ;
- independent review and monitoring of performance: The objective is
to determine whether internal controls are functioning properly.
Performance audits are intended to provide independent feedback by
detecting errors or irregularities;
- segregation of duties: Adequate segregation of duties should help to
ensure that errors are detected and reduce the risk of concealing
irregularities.
At the end of this chapter, sincerity, regularity and fair presentation of financial
statements is the result of the correct application of the accounting organization
established through the application of good faith rules, accounting principles and
procedures of accounting system of OHADA









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At the end of this section, we can say that the awareness of torque quality /
quantity of accounting information to be made available to a public increasingly
numerous and interested in the performance of companies, is a certainty.



























15



























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In this second part, we will try to analyze the accounting organization
established by NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION. This part will be divided into
two chapters. At first, the chapter I will discuss the evaluation of the accounting
organization through an analytical tasks and internal control questionnaire,
listing the strengths and weaknesses. In a second step, Chapter II is to make
concrete recommendations for improving the accounting organization.


















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CHAPTER I: EVALUATION OF THE ACCOUNTING ORGANIZATION
OF NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION
Will be discussed here to conduct a thorough analysis of the accounting
organization NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION to lead to the identification of
strengths and apparent weaknesses.
I- ACCOUNTING ORGANIZATION ESTABLISHED BY THE
COMPANY
The analysis of the accounting organization is done by identifying the
incompatible functions and an evaluation through internal control questionnaires
of main cycles.
I-1/ The identification of incompatibilities: the separation of functions
This identification is based primarily on the principle of separation of functions.
A grid containing existing functions within the company and the personnel for
each function is fulfilled. These are:
- sales of advertising inserts cycle
We have developed a form of separation of functions. According to this record,
there is a cumulative function at the accountant. Indeed, it is the accountant who
is in charge of billing advertising inserts but also the control of the same billing.
- Treasury cycle (bank-fund)
At this level, there is an accumulation of incompatible functions in the
accounting. The accountant provides decision functions, detention values and
accounting, which clearly shows an internal control system cash failed.
- Payroll cycle
There is a combination of functions at the administrative and financial manager.
It provides decision-making functions, personnel management by the detention
of personnel records and the determining of the salary level, of preparation and
calculation, of accounting, of control and approval of payroll.



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I-2/ Evaluation of internal control of accounting organization of the
company
Mainly, this evaluation consists of analysis from sales of advertising inserts
cycle, treasury cycle and payroll cycle through an internal control questionnaire.
- sale of advertising inserts cycle
Based on our internal control questionnaire, we find that advertising inserts are
made to a purchase order accepted. In addition, no control is made to ensure that
all invoices are recorded and that all the invoice numbers are subject to
accountancy monitoring. In addition, clients statements are issued monthly and
are sent to each client.
- treasury cycle (bank-fund)
At the bank, we find no controls are in place to verify the discounts bank check.
Bank reconciliations are not controlled or approved by a manager to ensure
effective accounting entries and pending transactions.
Affecting the Fund, we find no checks are in place to ensure immediate
restoration in bank of money collected by collection agents. Checks presented
by employees of the company at accountant who serves as treasurer, are very
often bad checks. In addition, when the accountant receives a check, do not cash
it automatically (the bank).
- Payroll cycle
For accounting, it does not ensure that any changes in the status of employees
are taken into account for the payroll. This is explained by the fact that the
administrative and financial manager is the same one which is responsible for
almost the entire payroll. In other words, it is solely responsible for the payroll.
II- STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
In the first step, the objective of this section is to develop the mapping of risks
relating to main cycles that have already been the subject of analysis to know
sales of advertising inserts, treasury (bank-fund) and payroll. In a second step, it
will be to enumerate the strengths and weaknesses of NORD-SUD
COMMUNICATION.

19
II-1/ The mapping of risks relating to main cycles
Risk mapping is a tool to identify, analyze, classify, compare and prioritize risks
in order to develop methods and procedures for the dual purpose of preventing
and controlling them, or even eliminate them. We will in this part identify the
different types of risks and weaknesses (See summary table of
recommendations).
II-2/ Strengths
We found some strength in the assessment of internal control over the
accounting organization. These are:
- sale of advertising inserts cycle
advertising inserts are made only for an order accepted ;
digital sequences of pre-numbered invoices are controlled ;
sending invoices to customers immediately. Invoices are sent by
courier ;
sending monthly statements directly to clients;
reconciliation between payments received and invoices issued.
- Treasury cycle
checks are drawn on behalf of NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION ;
establishment of checks is done on behalf of named beneficiaries ;
delivery of checks are made to the bank account NORD-SUD
COMMUNICATION ;
bank reconciliations are prepared regularly ;
- payroll cycle
there is a personnel file for each employee containing a photo,
marital status, date of appointment, details of remuneration and
deductions to be made and a copy of the employment contract ;
payroll is checked and approved by a manager before payment ;
before signing checks or transfer orders, the signatories shall ensure
that the pay was approved ;

20
when wages are paid in cash, the identity of the beneficiary is
checked before payment;
II-3/ Weaknesses (See summary table of recommendations)
Grid separation of duties and internal control questionnaire allowed us to
identify existing weaknesses in the accounting organization of NORD-SUD
COMMUNICATION.
Toutes ces faiblesses numres ont fait lobjet dune cartographie. All these
weaknesses listed have been mapped.
In sum, the elaboration of a mapping of risks related to principal operations
allowed us to identify weaknesses in the accounting system of the company. In
addition, the accounting system includes forces that were also listed.
At the end of this chapter, we can remember that through our various
evaluations, we found anomalies (combination of functions) on the separation of
functions NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION. In addition, this assessment
through the analysis of different operations corresponding to the main flow of
accounting and financial information allowed us to identify strengths and
weaknesses of NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION and also identify areas of risk
s 'thereto.









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CHAPTER II: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE
ACCOUNTING ORGANIZATION

After making our findings and outlined the risks associated with them, we now
offer our various recommendations to improve the accounting organization of
NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION and strengthen internal control. On this, we
can make recommendations as:
I- IMPROVEMENT OF SALE OF ADVERTISING INSERTS CYCLE,
TREASURY CYCLE AND PAYROLL CYCLE (See summary table of
recommendations)
II- IMPROVEMENT THE GENERAL FRAMEWORK OF INTERNAL
CONTROL OF THE ACCOUNTING ORGANIZATION (See summary
table of recommendations)

Summary table of recommendations
TABLEAU: SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS
EXISTING
SITUATION
WEAKNESSES
IDENTIFIED
RISKS
ASSOCIATED
RECOMMENDATIONS
SALES OF ADVERTISING INSERTS
There are no
budgetary
control system
for sales within
the company

Lack of political
budgeting sales

- Risk that
unexpected
expenses are
made
-
Impoverishment
of funds for
unexpected
expenses and
estimated
- Ensure that budgets
are prepared on the
basis of specific
criteria and predictions
of short-term evolution

- Make a permanent
budget follow from
dashboards to correct
deviations

- Administrative and
Financial department
should require a state
sales under a policy of
sales budgeting
Purchase orders Non filing of - Loss of orders Perform archiving

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are not archived
following the
date of reception
purchase orders
from the date of
reception
- Litigation or
loss of a
customer
purchase orders
following the date of
receipt
Phone orders
are not
necessarily
confirmed in
writing by the
client before
being executed
Phone orders are
not subject to
confirmation in
writing
- Risk that the
commands are
not executed

- No evidence to
support orders
made

- Risk of error in
the product, the
location, size
and number of
passes of the
advertising
inserts passing

- Risk that
purchase orders
are not
established for
telephone orders
-Place telephone
orders in writing to
maintain proof in case
of contestation
-Entering these
commands in the
module business
management software
SAGE SAARI
COMPTA 100

The numerical
sequence of
invoices is not
regularly close
the digital
sequence of
orders
-Few regular
reconciling
purchase orders
and invoices

- Poor
management of
purchase orders

-Risk of
confusion
between
commands of
client X and
client Y

- Risk that the
advertising
inserts past is
not consistent
with the
customer's order

Make a specific
numbering orders
according to the date
of receipt and treat
them for better
monitored accounting
and a proof in case of
disputes

23
- Risk of error in
establishment of
invoices
The accountant
deals not only to
establish the
bills but also
make the
control of these
bills
Dual
Occupations of
accountant
(billing and
control of
invoices)
-Establishment
of invoices by a
single person
-
Misappropriatio
n of assets
-Establishment
and registration
of fictitious
invoices
- Recruitment of an
accountant assistant

-Billing advertising
inserts only by the
accountant and his
assistant

- strict daily control of
invoices and
accounting entries by
Administrative and
Financial manager
- Invoices are
not controlled
by a person
other than that
set

-There is no
control in place
to ensure that all
invoices are
recorded and
that all the
invoice numbers
are subject to
accounting
follow

- accounting
vouchers are not
necessarily
approved by a
manager before
their accounting



- Lack of control
accounting
documents

-No approval
accounting
documents
before
accounting

- Lack of
manual of
procedures dun
describing the
accounting for
the sale of
advertising
inserts

-Recording a
transaction in
the wrong
account

-Risk of error in
the deferred
amounts in the
software
accounting
-Confusion
between the
accounting
documents
seized and not
seized

- Risk of
omission, delay
and error in
accounting for
bills
- Recording without
delay in SAARI
accounting software
after checking the
Administrative and
Financial manager

- Registration of the
words "accounted on"
on the invoice
controlled
-Establish devices to
strict controls to
ensure the competence
of staff
-Establish devices
fraud detection and
inculcate the notion of
ethics staff

-Conception of manual
of accounting

24
procedures

TREASURY
-The company
has not set up
accounting
procedures for
the receipt

- Balance by
seniority claims
does not serve as
a basis for a
systematic
procedure
recovery of
receivables


- Lack of a
manual of
procedures
describing the
recognition of
the receipt


- Lack of a
systematic
procedure for
recovery of
receivables
- Risk of fraud

-Non-cash
transactions
optimization

-Delay
settlement of the
customer

-Alteration of
the need for
working capital

-Risk of failure
of a encashment

-Risk of account
receivables
clients as paid
- Conception of
manual of accounting
procedures

- Set up by the
company of a device
for systematic
recovery of accounts
receivable through the
balance by seniority
claim

Credit limits are
established for
each customer







No credit limit




- Non-
compliance with
commitments
made by the
company

- Risk of loss

- Increase in
uncollected
receivables


- Administrative and
Financial department
must set a credit limit
for each customer and
ensure compliance
with this limit

- Any application for
credit should be
addressed directly to
the Administrative and

25


- Lack of
liquidity
Financial manager
who shall be the sole
signatory of these
grants.


Cash are not
held in safe
Lack of a safe
- Risk of loss

- Flight Risk

- Risk of
impaired tickets
Checkbooks unused in
service and species
should be kept in a
safe place under the
sole responsibility of
the person responsible
for their preparation
The accountant
is the treasurer.
It has access to
accounting,
establishes
checks and bank
reconciliations,
retains cash and
checks and
grants advances
without
permission
Dual
Occupations
(accounting
registration,
detention value,
decision
making,
granting
advance without
the permission
of
Administrative
and Financial
manager)
- Falsification of
documents

- Embezzlement
(encashment)

- Error of
accounting

-Failure in
recording of
transactions

- Heaviness in
the tasks

- Recordings
cascade to
conceal the
initial diversion
- Recruitment of a
treasurer who will
function the treasury
management

-A request for advance
should be addressed
directly to the
Administrative and
Financial Director

- Establishment of
bank reconciliations by
the accountant


Bank
reconciliations
are not checked
or signed by
Administrative
and Financial

Lack of
supervision by
Administrative
and Financial
Director
- Irregularity in
bank
reconciliations

- Absence in
monitoring cash
transactions

- Handling Bank
Reconciliation
- The bank
reconciliations should
be regular, once a
month

- Bank reconciliations
should be controlled
by the Administrative
and Financial Director

26
Director (increase or
deducted from
the pending
items) to
perform fraud

The accountant
fills pieces cash
and pays the
freight charges
Dual
Occupations
(establishment
of cash
vouchers,
payment of
transport costs)
Fictitious
Regulations

- Fraud through
the
establishment of
fictitious
invoices.
-The accountant will
be responsible for
establishing pieces
cash and cashier,
collecting and
disbursing the funds of
less than 50 000 FCFA
The company
has not
established
accounting
procedures
relating to
disbursement
Lack of a
manual of
procedures
relating to
accounting of
disbursement
transactions
-Risk of Fraud

-Non-optimizing
operations
disbursement

-Late payment
commitments
issued by the
Company

-Risk of double-
Regulation


Conception of manual
of accounting
procedures

The company
does not
regulate checks
against cash at
the checkout
Checks against
cash unregulated
-Risk of Fraud

-Risk of non-
receipt of the
check (bad
checks)

-Lack of
liquidity into the
coffers of the
company if the
checks are
returned with
insufficient
funds
- Make sure that the
checks are not with
insufficient funds prior
to acceptance

-Accept checks of an
employee up to a
certain amount


27
PAYROLL
In accounting,
payroll service
does not ensure
that any changes
in the status of
employees have
been taken into
account
-Lack of
monitoring of
the movements
of staff and level
of monthly staff
costs

-Absence of
control taking
into account
changes in the
status of
employees in
accounting


-Fraud by
establishing
payslips for
fictitious
employees

- Swelling of the
salaries of some
employees

-Check-monthly data
on staff numbers by
controlling elements
non-standard wage

-Updated monthly
individual personnel
files

- Restrict access to the
database on wages for
authorized persons
Payroll is
managed by a
single person
who is the
Administrative
and Financial
Director
Dual
Occupations
(determining the
salary level,
preparation,
accounting,
control and
approval of
payroll)
- Falsification of
documents

- Fraud by
increasing or
reduction of
elements or
falsification of
elements
previously
approved

- Omissions or
errors in
accounting

- Error in the
determination of
the amounts due
for payment
-Multiple
Accounting and
mis-attribution
-Assistance of
Administrative and
Financial Director in
its task of payroll by
the accountant,
treasurer and assistant
manager

- Transfers of wages
shall be made by the
Treasurer

- The payment of
wages less than 50 000
FCFA will be done by
the cashier

- Control of payslips
by someone other than
who performed the
calculations and
payroll accounting

28
It is after the
signing of
checks or
transfer orders
for payroll that
the
Administrative
and Financial
Director
compares the
amount to be
paid with
payroll
Lack of control
during the
signing checks
or transfer
orders
-Risk of error on
the amount

-Risk that the
elements of pay
initially
approved in the
payroll journal
are not taken
into account in
the preparation
of payslips and
checks
-The Administrative
and Financial manager
will carry out a check
of the calculation and
accounting payroll
performed by the
accounting before
giving its final
approval and signing
off on checks for
payroll


NORD-SUD
COMMUNICA
TION has not
established
procedures
relating to
accounting for
payroll

Lack of a
manual of
procedures
relating to
accounting of
payroll


-Risk of
misappropriatio
n of funds to pay

Fictional
settlement for
payroll



Conception of manual
of accounting
procedures by
NORD-SUD
COMMUNICATION
Source: Ourselves
This table summarizes all the weaknesses identified during our analysis of the
risks involved, and recommendations related to it to improve accounting
procedures and internal control of the NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION.
At the end of this chapter, we can remember that all these recommendations
should be applied with great interest as they will no doubt improve the
accounting system of the company.




29




At the end of this second part, we can say that our recommendations, our critics
namely weaknesses of the accounting organization identified through the
analysis of cycles of the sale of advertising inserts, cash and payroll, as well the
identification of risks associated with these weaknesses reflect the need to get
NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION towards good governance in the accounting
treatment of its operations and to an effective system of internal control.















30
























31





Our study on improving the accounting organization of a media company was
intended to improve the accounting organization of NORD-SUD
COMMUNICATION. Therefore we hypothesized utterance if weaknesses are
found at the accounting organization, then corrective action will be taken, and if
the recommendations are proposed, then they will resolve the dysfunctions in
the organization accountant. For this, we analyzed the strengths and weaknesses
of NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION.
About the strengths, the following were noted:
- advertising inserts are made only for an order accepted;
- reconciliation of payments received and invoices;
- correct holding of customer journals, cash journals and payroll journals;
- insurance for signatories that payroll was approved before signing checks;
- before accounting for payroll, amounts per account are compared with the
previous month and any abnormal variation is explained.
Regarding weaknesses, we noted:
- the lack of a manual defining the procedures for accounting for the sale of
advertising inserts, cash and payroll;
- accounting prepared invoices and performs control of these bills;
- no check is made to ensure that all invoices for customers and suppliers are
recorded and that all the invoice numbers are subject to accounting follow;
- the accounting is also the Treasurer. It has access to the accounts and
establishes checks, handles bank reconciliations, fill pieces cash, and the
custody and preservation of checks;

32
- bank reconciliations are no audited or signed by administrative and financial
manager and internal control is non-existent;
- any payroll is managed by one person, on administrative and financial
manager.
All these weaknesses show that the accounting organization and the internal
control system of NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION are experiencing failures.
On the assumption that the detection of weaknesses in the accounting system
allows corrective action is confirmed. We have striven to strengthen the
accounting organization established in providing solutions to contain and
minimize its weaknesses to better the risk of errors and fraud accounting. These
solutions include:
- the recording of invoices without delay in the software SAGE SAARI
COMPTA 100, after controlling for administrative and financial manager;
- bank reconciliations should be prepared regularly;
- the review and cancellation of vouchers, which must be analyzed by the
cashier ensuring that the parts that are presented are duly authorized by his
superior;
- checking receipts made by recovery agents of the company and the
development of a manual of accounting procedures;
- the allocation of tasks to a separate treasurer and accountant, manager and
administrative and financial manager and also hiring a treasurer;
- accounting for salaries, social charges and taxes in the month payment and
monthly reconciliation of accounts of personnel expenses to personal accounts
payables, social organizations, and state.
The hypothesis concerning the proposed recommendations for solving
malfunctions at the accounting organization is therefore confirmed. We hope
that recommendations could help improve the accounting organization.



33












I/ GENERAL BOOKS
1) LEFEBVRE Francis, Plan comptable gnral refonte 1999, Levallois-
Perret, France, 1999, 285 p.
2) TARDIEU Consultant, La gestion, cest simple, TOP Editions, paris,
1991, 235 p.
3) GOVOEI Bernard Dansou, prcis de comptabilit gnrale, Etudis,
Abidjan-Cotonou 2me dition, 2007, 863 p.
4) YACH Raouf, Contrle interne et organisation comptable de l'entreprise
: les textes de base du droit comptable, Les ditions Raouf Yach, paris,
2000, 250 p.
II/ SPECIFIC BOOKS
1) MIKOL Alain, gestion comptable et financire, Presses Universitaires de
France PUF, Paris, 1987, 130 p.
2) ANTHONY Robert, Management accounting principles, D.R.Irwin
homework, Londres, 1970, 490 p.
3) HOUSSAINI Mohammed Laraqui, laudit interne oprationnel et
financier: fondement & techniques, Clet, Paris 1re dition, 1999, 60 p.

34
III/ REPORTS
1) Rapport dactivit de la Commission des Operations de Bourse, 1969, 2 p.
2) BERNHEIM YVES, Associ Mazars & Guerard, image de la ralit et
ralit de limage : un des enjeux de la reforme, les chos, Paris, 31
janvier 1976 n 17076, p.32-34

3) KONAN Kouakou Jean Stphane, Lorganisation comptable : cas du
groupe TEOGEL, Licence Professionnelle en Techniques Comptables et
Financires, CESAG, Dakar, 2007, 42 p.
4) TRAORE Adama, Mise en place dune organisation comptable : cas de
shelec , Licence Professionnelle en Techniques Comptables et
Financires, Groupe LOKO, Abidjan, 2012, 90 p.
IV/ WEBOGRAPHY
1) ASHAAOUD Rachid, Guide pratique de laudit comptable,
http://www.scribd.com, 2013
2) NGANTCHOU Alexis, Le systme comptable OHADA,
http://www.scribd.com, 2013
3) SEDEGUI Bachir, le manuel dorganisation comptable outil de gestion et
de contrle : rle de lexpert comptable dans sa conception et sa mise en
place, www.kohalid.e-monsite.com, 2013
4) AYADI Shakib, IAS1 Prsentation des tats financiers,
http://www.scribd.com, 2013









35











DEDICATION I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II
SUMMARY III
INTRODUCTION 1

PART I: ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY 4

CHAPTER I: PRESENTATION OF NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION 6

I-Generality on NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION 6
II-Organisation structure 6

CHAPTER II: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 8

I- Concept of accounting and accounting procedures 8
I-1/ Generalities on the accounting 8
I-2/ Accounting organization 9
I-3/ Concept of financial statements 10
II-Accounting organization and internal control 11
II-1/Considerations relating to internal control and accounting organization 11
II-2/Internal control 11

PART II: ANALYSIS OF THE ACCOUNTING ORGANIZATION 15
OF NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION


CHAPTER I: EVALUATION OF THE ACCOUNTING ORGANIZATION
OF NORD-SUD COMMUNICATION
17

I-Accounting organization established by the company 17

36
I-1/The identification of incompatilities: the separation of functions 17
I-2/Evaluation of internal of accounting organization of the company 18
II-Strengths and weaknesses 18
II-1/The mapping of risks relating to main cycles 19
II-2/Strengths 19
II-3/Weaknesses 20



CHAPTER II: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT 21
OF THE ACCOUNTING ORGANIZATION


I-Improvement of sale of advertising inserts cycle, treasury cycle and payroll
cycle
21
II-Improvement of the general framework of internal control of the accounting
organization
21

CONCLUSION 30
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND OTHERS SOURCES 33
CONTENTS 35

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