CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Purpose of the study
3. System description and events after power failure
4. Methodology of analysis
5. aw water inta!e system input data
". Solution procedure
#. esults and $iscussion
%. &onclusion
'. eference
(a)les and Plots
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C.W.SYSTEM TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
1. INTRODUCTION
(he 0arnata!a Power &orporation 1imited20arnata!a has decided to set up a
2 3 5-- M4e thermal power at )ellary2 0arnata!a. 5s a part of the engineering activities
of the pro6ect 2a Surge analysis of the aw 4ater Inta!e System due to power failure is
carried out.
(he aw 4ater Inta!e System of the proposed plant consists of the wet pit type
vertical tur)ine pumps and connecting pipeline . (he static head for the present system is
of the order of 1-- mtrs in addition to a large frictional head due to large length of
pipeline and fairly high velocity of pumping2 arrived at from other techno/economic
considerations of the pro6ect. (hus2 any possi)ility of a high surge pressure due to system
transients has to )e studied carefully during the detailed design of the inta!e water system
2 so that the system components are a)le to withstand the e3treme pressure conditions.
(he ade7uate installation of surge control devices also plays a significant role in
designing the system.
(his report descri)es a procedure for the study of hydraulic transients in the aw
4ater Inta!e System of the proposed plant. (he transient pressure waves due to system
distur)ances caused )y power failure in the pumping station is studied. (he mathematical
formulation is derived from fundamental physical laws of conservation of momentum and
continuity. 5 computer/)ased methodology of analysis !nown as the Method of
Characteristics has )een used in solving the resultant e7uations for different system
parameters and )oundary conditions. 5 computer program using this methodology has
)een used to analy8e the system transients.
2. PURPOSE O T!E STUDY
(he purpose of this study is to evaluate the time history of pressure in the aw
4ater Inta!e system during the transient state that arises due to power failure.
Specifically2 it would evaluate the pressure tra6ectory at some critical points in the system
that are considered most vulnera)le under such conditions. (he study would also suggest
some possi)le mitigation options2 if re7uired2 to control or eliminate the pea! upsurge or
downsurge.
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". SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND E#ENTS ATER POWER AILURE
(he elements 9 their characteri8ing parameters relevant in transient analysis are:
Pump/motor set
ated values of flow2 head and speed of the pump
Specific speed of the pump
*our/7uadrant pump characteristics
ated efficiency of the set
(he moment of inertia ;4
2
< of the pump/motor set
5ir inlet valves
.um)er and locations of such valves
Pipeline
Pipe diameter and thic!ness
Pipe material and their elastic properties
+ul! modulus and density of fluid
Pipeline elevation
$uring normal operation2 the pump motor2 )y e3erting a tor7ue on the rotating
shaft2 conveys energy to the impeller to cause flow through the pump and to develop a
total dynamic head ;tdh< increase from suction to discharge flange.
(he instant power is lost2 the reactive tor7ue of the li7uid on the impeller causes it
to reduce its rotational speed2 which in turn reduces the =tdh> and causes rarefaction
waves to )e transmitted downstream and pressure waves to )e transmitted upstream at
sonic velocity through the connected piping.
(he flow through the pump may reverse in a few seconds and then a short time
later the rotation of the pump may reverse2 causing it to run away )ac!wards. $epending
on the system parameters2 this might result in the development of high head at the pump.
(here is also the possi)ility that the discharge pipeline due to its profile2 may suffer low
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pressures causing formation of vapour cavities. (he collapse of the vapour cavities may
cause dangerously high pressures to develop.
$. MET!ODOLO%Y O ANALYSIS
(he )asic differential e7uations for transient flow2 namely the continuity and
momentum e7uations2 form a pair of 7uasi/linear hyper)olic partial differential e7uations
in terms of two dependent varia)le2 velocity and hydraulic grade line elevation and two
independent varia)les2 distance along pipeline and time. In the method of
characteristics?1@2 these e7uations are transformed into four ordinary differential
e7uations. +y applying the finite/difference scheme2 using an space/time or 3/t grid2 two
e7uations !nown as the positive ;&A< and negative ;&/< characteristics are arrived at as
follows :
(he pipeline is divided into a num)er of reaches2
each e7ual to d3 and a time is computed dtBd3,a2
where CaC is the wave velocity. (he &A e7uation
holds good for d3,dtBa2 while &/ e7uation has to
satisfy the criteria of d3,dtB/a. 4ith reference to *ig
22 if the dependent varia)les D;velocity< and E
;Eead< are !nown at any instant of time;t< at nodes
5 and + along the pipeline2 then one can arrive at
their corresponding values at the instant of time
;tAdt< at node P )y solving the &A and &/
characteristics applied )etween 5/P and +/P
respectively.
(he characteristic e7uations ta!e the form :
C& ' !
P
( !
A
) *a+,A- *.
P
/ .
A
- ) *fd0+2,DA
2
-.
A
|.
A
| F.;1<
C/ ' !
P
( !
1
&*a+,A- *.
P
/ .
1
- & *fd0+2,DA
2
-.
1
|.
1
| F.;2<
where2
E
P
B Eead at P a B 4ave velocity
E
5
B Eead at 5 g B 5ccl. due to gravity
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5 +
P
x
t
*ig 2 : 3/t grid
&& &/
E
+
B Eead at + 5 B Pipe &ross/sectional area
G
P
B *low at P $ B $iameter of pipe
G
5
B *low at 5 f B &oefficient of friction
G
+
B *low at + d3 B each length
5t the either end of the pipeline2 only one of the characteristic e7uation is
availa)le in the two varia)les. *or the upstream end2 the &/ characteristic holds good
while for the downstream2 the &A characteristic e7uation is valid. (hus2 an au3iliary
e7uation is needed in each case that specifies G
P
and E
P
or some relation )etween them.
(hat is2 the e7uation must convey information on the )ehavior of the )oundary to the
pipeline. (his au3iliary e7uation thus specifies the )oundary condition. *or the study of
transients in a cooling water system2 the )oundary conditions used are those at the &4
pump2 condenser and downstream )oundary.
$.1. P234 1o25dar6
(he discharge G2 of a vertical tur)ine pump depends upon the rotational speed .2
and the pumping head EH and the transient/state speed changes depend upon the tor7ue (2
and the com)ined moment of inertia of the pump2 motor and li7uid entrained in the pump
impeller. (hus2 four varia)les I namely G2 E2 . and ( I have to )e specified for the
mathematical representation of the pump. (he curve showing the relationship )etween
these varia)les are called the pump characteristics. Darious authors have presented these
curves in different forms for suita)le computer analysis .Jf all those methods proposed
for storing pump characteristics2 the method used )y Marchel et al ?2@ appears to )e the
most suita)le and is used herein.
$efining the following non/dimensional varia)les :
B G,G

h B E,E

B .,.

B (,(

where su)script designates the value of the varia)les at the rated condition.
(hus for homologous pumps2 h,
2
B constant 9 , B constant. Since and )ecomes
8ero while analy8ing the transients for all four 8ones of operation2 the characteristics are
represented in the following form:
Eead &haracteristics : h,;
2
A
2
< vs. tan/1 ;,< F.;3<
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(or7ue &haracteristics : ,;
2
A
2
< vs. tan/1 ;,< F.;4<
(he 8ones of pump operation are :
Kone of Jperation Sign of Sign of ange of Btan/1 ;,<
Pump A A - '-
Lnergy dissipation / A '- 1%-
(ur)ine / / 1%- 2#-
(ur)ine energy dissipation A / 2#- 3"-
Eead +alance L7uation : E
d
B E
s
A E F.;5<
Speed &hange L7uation : ( B /4
2
d,dt F.;"<
L7uations ;3<2 ;4<2 ;5< and ;"< alongwith the &/ characteristics for the first
discharge pipe are used for the solution of the varia)les h2 2 2 and E
d
. .ewton
aphson method is used for the solution of the resulting non/linear e7uations.
$.2 Air I57et #a78es
(o protect the pipeline from vacuum conditions ;or low a)solute pressures<2 air/
inlet valves are positioned at high points along the line. 4hen the line pressure at the air
valve drops )elow atmospheric pressure2 the air valve opens to admit air. (his
phenomenon is handled in the analysis )y resetting the pressure at the location of the air
release valve to atmospheric2 whenever it falls )elow atmospheric pressure at that
location.
9. RAW WATER INTA:E SYSTEM INPUT DATA
(he aw water inta!e system of the 2 3 5-- M4 +(PS pro6ect at +ellary2
0arnata!a comprises of five ;44A1S< vertical water pumps of rated capacity 1'-- m
3
,hr
each and rated head 1"% M4&2 to pump raw water and deliver it to the raw water
reservoir at +(PS site.
(he discharge pipeline has )een divided into several pipe sections.
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P234 Characteristics
(he specific speed of the pump is 23 SI units ;ref. (a)le/2<. (he four/7uadrant
pump characteristics data is availa)le in Wylie and Streeter ?1@2 for pumps of specific
speeds 25 SI units and 14# SI units. (he four/7uadrant characteristics curve for this
analysis has )een from the availa)le data for a pump of specific speed 25 SI units.
P234/Motor WR
2
(he rated efficiency is has )een considered to )e %5M . (he 4
2
of the pump has
)een calculated as '.24 0g/m
2
2 that of the motor is #5.3 0g/m
2
from formulation
availa)le in Wylie and Streeter ?1@. (he detailed calculation is shown in (a)le/2.
Air I57et #a78es
5ir inlet valves have )een assumed to )e located at regular intervals of 25-m
along the entire pipeline and at high points of the pipeline. (he purpose of locating the
air inlet valves at these locations are to avoid formation of vapour cavities in the system
)y admission air when the pressure falls )elow the atmospheric level .
So5ic #e7ocit6
(he sonic velocity ;a< at which the shoc! wave travels has )een calculated as per
Wylie and Streeter ?2@ :
0,
a B ? @
N
F.;#<
1 A ;0$,Lt< &
1
where2
0 B Modulus of igidity of fluid B 2.2 OPa
L B Modulus of Llasticity for steel B 2-# OPa
$ B $iameter of the pipe B 1321 mm
t B L7uivalent thic!ness of steel pipe B 14 mm
&
1
B ;1/
2
< B -.'1
B PoissonPs atio B -.3
B $ensity of fluid B 1--- 0g,m
3
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Su)stituting the values in e7uation ;#< we get2
Sonic Delocity a B 11-4 m,s
.
;. SOLUTION PROCEDURE
(he computational steps involved in the numerical scheme that has )een followed
in this study are stated )elow:
Step 1: (he head and flow at each point of the pipeline under steady state condition
is calculated. Eere2 time QtP is ta!en as 8ero.
Step2: (he transient calculations is started at the pump )oundary. *or the time step
;t A t<2 solve e7uations ;2<2 ;3<2 ;4<2 ;5< and ;"< simultaneously )y using
.ewton ahpson method2 to evaluate h2 , 2 and E
d
at the pump
)oundary. It may )e noted that E
d
of e7uation ;5< and E
P
of e7uation ;2<
are identical in this case.
Step 3: &alculate the head E
P
and the flow G
P
at the instant ;tAt< at all locations
in the pipeline )y solving e7uations ;1< and ;2< simultaneously.
Step 4: &hec!ing is done for formation of vapour cavity at all locations in the
pipeline. In case it occurs2 the head is reset to vapour pressure. (he cavity
volume is calculated at the particular location.
Step5: 5t the other )oundary at discharge end2 it is assumed that the head remains
constant. (hus2 from the &A characteristics of e7uation ;1<2 G
P
is
calculated at this )oundary at time ;tAt<.
Step ": epeat steps 2 to 5 for the entire transient period with incremental time
step t.
<. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(he results are shown in graphical form in &hart/1. &hart/1 shows the ma3imum
and minimum pressures e3perienced )y the pipeline along with pipeline elevation up to 4--
seconds after power failure. 5lmost entire pipe e3periences a minimum pressure well )elow
atmospheric reaching a total vaccum at most of the sections of the pipeline. (he ma3imum
head encountered is 224 M4& .
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Since the pipeline thic!ness has )een designed to withstand a design pressure of 25.3
0g,cm
2
;1.5 times the total pump head<2the thic!ness of the discharge duct is ade7uate
enough to ta!e care of these e3treme pressures from high surges. 5s regarding the effect of
down surge2 the pipe is safe against ;1< &ollapse in total vaccum condition for the over
ground portion of the piping and ;2< &ollapse and )uc!ling from elastic insta)ility resulting
from loads and deformations for the )uried portion of the piping. ;ref. (a)le/4<.
=. CONCLUSION
It can )e concluded from the analysis that )y providing air inlet valves at
appropriate other high points in the system22 the pressure in the entire pipeline during
transient caused )y power failure can )e !ept within accepta)le limits.
It is recommended that 2-- .+ air inlet valves )e provided at an interval of 25-m along
the entire length of the pipeline and at all the high points of the pipeline.
Provision of air vent,inlet valve at proper locations is a standard engineering
feature in a water supply system. (he transient analysis indicates that the aw 4ater
Inta!e system2 as designed2 will )ehave in a very sta)le manner in case of a power failure
leading to tripping of the inta!e pumps. .o other devices such as inlet or outlet isolation
valves2 surge tan!s etc. is re7uired for improving the performance of the system from this
consideration.
>. REERENCES
?1@ 4ylie2 L. +.2 Streeter2 D. 1.2 Fluid Transients2 McOraw Eill Inc.2 1'#%2 pp
%"/11#
?2@ Marchal2 M.2 *lesch2 O.2 and Suter2 P.2 =(he &alculation of 4aterhammer
Pro)lems )y Means of the $igital &omputer2> paper presented at
International Symposium on Waterhammer in Pumped Storage Projects2
sponsored )y 5mer. Soc. Jf Mech. Lngrs.2 1'"52 pp. 1"%/1%%.

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