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Naturally occurring cobalt (Co) is composed of 1 stable isotope,

59
Co. 28 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most
stable being
60
Co with a half-life of 5.2714 years,
57
Co with a half-life of 271.8 days,
56
Co with a half-life of 77.27 days, and
58
Co
with a half-life of 70.86 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 18 hours and the majority of
these have half-lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 11 meta states, all of which have half-lives less than 15
minutes.
The isotopes of cobalt range in atomic weight from
47
Co to
75
Co. The primary decay mode for isotopes with atomic mass unit values
less than that of the most abundant stable isotope,
59
Co, is electron capture and the primary mode of decay for those of greater than
59 atomic mass units is beta decay. The primary decay products before
59
Co are iron isotopes and the primary products after are
nickel isotopes.
Radioactive isotopes can be produced by various nuclear reactions. For example, the isotope
57
Co is produced by cyclotron
irradiation of iron. The principal reaction involved is the (d,n) reaction
56
Fe +
2
H n +
57
Co.
[1]
Standard atomic mass: 58.933195(5) u
Contents
1 Use of cobalt radioisotopes in medicine
2 Industrial uses for radioactive isotopes
3 Table
3.1 Notes
4 References
Use of cobalt radioisotopes in medicine
Cobalt-60 (Co-60 or
60
Co) is a radioactive metal that is used in radiotherapy. It produces two gamma rays with energies of 1.17
MeV and 1.33 MeV. The
60
Co source is about 2 cm in diameter and as a result produces a geometric penumbra, making the edge of
the radiation field fuzzy. The metal has the unfortunate habit of producing a fine dust, causing problems with radiation protection.
The
60
Co source is useful for about 5 years but even after this point is still very radioactive, and so cobalt machines have fallen from
favor in the Western world where linacs are common.
Cobalt-57 (Co-57 or
57
Co) is a radioactive metal that is used in medical tests; it is used as a radiolabel for vitamin B
12
uptake. It is
useful for the Schilling test.
[2]
Industrial uses for radioactive isotopes
Cobalt-60 (Co-60 or
60
Co) is useful as a gamma ray source because it can be producedin predictable quantity, and high
activityby simply exposing natural cobalt to neutrons in a reactor for a given time. It is used for
sterilization of medical supplies, and medical waste;
radiation treatment of foods for sterilization (cold pasteurization);
industrial radiography (e.g., weld integrity radiographs);
density measurements (e.g., concrete density measurements); and
tank fill height switches.
Cobalt-57 is used as a source in Mossbauer spectroscopy of iron-containing samples. The electron capture decay of the
57
Co forms
an excited state of the
57
Fe nucleus, which in turn decays to the ground state with emission of a gamma ray. Measurement of the
gamma ray spectrum provides information about the chemical state of the iron atom in the sample.
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Table
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nuclide
symbol
Z(p) N(n)

isotopic mass (u)

half-life
decay
mode(s)
[3][n 1]
daughter
isotope(s)
[n 2]
nuclear
spin
representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)
range of natural
variation
(mole fraction)
excitation energy
47
Co 27 20 47.01149(54)# 7/2-#
48
Co
27 21 48.00176(43)# p
47
Fe
6+#
49
Co 27 22 48.98972(28)# <35 ns
p (>99.9%)
48
Fe
7/2-#

+
(<.1%)
49
Fe
50
Co 27 23 49.98154(18)# 44(4) ms

+
, p (54%)
49
Mn
(6+)

+
(46%)
50
Fe
51
Co 27 24 50.97072(16)# 60# ms [>200 ns]
+ 51
Fe 7/2-#
52
Co
27 25 51.96359(7)# 115(23) ms

+ 52
Fe
(6+)
52m
Co
380(100)# keV 104(11)# ms

+ 52
Fe
2+#
IT
52
Co
53
Co 27 26 52.954219(19) 242(8) ms
+ 53
Fe 7/2-#
53m
Co 3197(29) keV 247(12) ms

+
(98.5%)
53
Fe
(19/2-)
p (1.5%)
52
Fe
54
Co
27 27 53.9484596(8) 193.28(7) ms

+ 54
Fe
0+
54m
Co 197.4(5) keV 1.48(2) min
+ 54
Fe (7)+
55
Co
27 28 54.9419990(8) 17.53(3) h

+ 55
Fe
7/2-
56
Co 27 29 55.9398393(23) 77.233(27) d
+ 56
Fe 4+
57
Co 27 30 56.9362914(8) 271.74(6) d EC
57
Fe 7/2-
58
Co 27 31 57.9357528(13) 70.86(6) d
+ 58
Fe 2+
58m1
Co 24.95(6) keV 9.04(11) h IT
58
Co 5+
58m2
Co
53.15(7) keV 10.4(3) s 4+
59
Co 27 32 58.9331950(7) Stable 7/2- 1.0000
60
Co
27 33 59.9338171(7) 5.2713(8) a

- 60
Ni
5+
60m
Co 58.59(1) keV 10.467(6) min
IT (99.76%)
60
Co
2+

-
(.24%)
60
Ni
61
Co 27 34 60.9324758(10) 1.650(5) h
- 61
Ni 7/2-
62
Co
27 35 61.934051(21) 1.50(4) min

- 62
Ni
2+
62m
Co 22(5) keV 13.91(5) min

-
(99%)
62
Ni
5+
IT (1%)
62
Co
63
Co 27 36 62.933612(21) 26.9(4) s
- 63
Ni 7/2-
64
Co
27 37 63.935810(21) 0.30(3) s

- 64
Ni
1+
65
Co 27 38 64.936478(14) 1.20(6) s
- 65
Ni (7/2)-
66
Co
27 39 65.93976(27) 0.18(1) s

- 66
Ni
(3+)
66m1
Co 175(3) keV 1.21(1) s (5+)
66m2
Co
642(5) keV >100 s (8-)
67
Co 27 40 66.94089(34) 0.425(20) s
- 67
Ni (7/2-)#
68
Co
27 41 67.94487(34) 0.199(21) s

- 68
Ni
(7-)
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68m
Co 150(150)# keV 1.6(3) s (3+)
69
Co 27 42 68.94632(36) 227(13) ms

-
(>99.9%)
69
Ni
7/2-#

-
, n (<.1%)
68
Ni
70
Co 27 43 69.9510(9) 119(6) ms

-
(>99.9%)
70
Ni
(6-)

-
, n (<.1%)
69
Ni
70m
Co 200(200)# keV 500(180) ms (3+)
71
Co
27 44 70.9529(9) 97(2) ms

-
(>99.9%)
71
Ni
7/2-#

-
, n (<.1%)
70
Ni
72
Co
27 45 71.95781(64)# 62(3) ms

-
(>99.9%)
72
Ni
(6-,7-)

-
, n (<.1%)
71
Ni
73
Co
27 46 72.96024(75)# 41(4) ms 7/2-#
74
Co 27 47 73.96538(86)# 50# ms [>300 ns] 0+
75
Co
27 48 74.96833(86)# 40# ms [>300 ns] 7/2-#
^ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
1.
^ Bold for stable isotopes 2.
Notes
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak
assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one
standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
Nuclide masses are given by IUPAP Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental
Constants (SUNAMCO)
Isotope abundances are given by IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
References
^ L. E. Diaz. "Cobalt-57: Production" (http://www.med.harvard.edu/JPNM/physics/isotopes/Co/Co57/prod.html). JPNM Physics
Isotopes. University of Harvard. Retrieved 2013-11-15.
1.
^ L. E. Diaz. "Cobalt-57: Uses" (http://www.med.harvard.edu/JPNM/physics/isotopes/Co/Co57/uses.html). JPNM Physics Isotopes.
University of Harvard. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
2.
^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx 3.
Isotope masses from:
G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and
decay properties" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3128.
Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A).
doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001).
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Bhlke, P. De Bivre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic
weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/75/6/0683
/pdf/). Pure and Applied Chemistry 75 (6): 683800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683).
M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://iupac.org/publications
/pac/78/11/2051/pdf/). Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 20512066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051). Lay summary (http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-
weights_revised05.html).
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and
decay properties" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3128.
Isotopes of cobalt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_cobalt
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Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A).
doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001).
National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/). Brookhaven National
Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.
David R. Lide (ed.), orman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC
Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
Isotopes of iron Isotopes of cobalt
Isotopes of
nickel
Table of nuclides
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