General Instructions:: CBSE 2009 Science X (SET 1)

CBSE 2009 Science X (SET 1)
SCIENCE (Theory)
1
Time allowed: 2 hours Maximum Marks: 60
2
General Instructions:
(i) The question paper comprises of two sections, A and B. You are to attempt
both the sections.
(ii) All questions are compulsory.
(iii) There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in all
the three questions of five marks category. Only one option in such questions
is to be attempted.
(iv) All questions of Section A and all questions of Section B are to be attempted
separately.
(v) Questions number 1 to 6 in Section A and 17 to 19 in Section B are short

answer type questions. These questions carry one mark each.
(vi) Questions number 7 to 10 in Section A and 20 to 24 in Section B are short

answer type questions and carry two marks each.
(vii) Questions number 11 to 14 in Section A and 25 and 26 in Section B are also

short answer type questions and carry three marks each.
(viii) Questions number 15 and 16 in section A and question number 27 in section B

are long answer type questions and carry five marks each.
Section A
1.
In electrolysis of water, why is the volume of gas collected over one electrode
double that of gas collected over the other electrode?
Answer:
The balanced chemical equation for the electrolysis of water is:
Electricity
2 H 2O (l ) H2SO4
2 H 2 (g ) O2 ( g )
Water Hydrogen Oxygen
It can be observed from the balanced chemical equation that the volumes of hydrogen
and oxygen produced during electrolysis are in the ratio 2: 1. Thus, the volume of
hydrogen gas collected in the process is double than that of oxygen.
2.
What effect does an increase in concentration of H+ (aq.) in a solution have on

the pH of solution?
Answer:
The pH of the solution is indirectly proportional to the concentration of H+ ions.

Hence, with an increase in the concentration of H+ (aq.) in a solution, the pH of the
solution will decrease.
3.
What happens when a small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol?
Answer:
When a small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol, sodium reacts with ethanol to
give sodium ethoxide. Hydrogen gas is evolved in the process. This reaction can be
represented by the following equation.
2Na + 2CH3CH 2 OH 2CH3CH 2 O Na + + H2

Sodium Ethanol Sodium ethoxide Hydrogen
4.
Draw a schematic diagram of an electric circuit consisting of a battery of two

cells each of 1.5 V, 5 , 10 and 15 resistors and a plug key, all connected in
series.
Answer:
The emf of each cell is 1.5 V.

When the two cells are connected in series, the emf of the battery becomes (1.5 + 1.5)
V = 3 V.
Therefore, the schematic diagram of the series circuit is as follows:
5.
When is the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a

magnetic field the largest?
Answer:
When a current-carrying conductor is placed perpendicular to the direction of the

magnetic field, the force experienced by the conductor is the maximum.
6.
State the rule which gives the direction of magnetic field associated with a
current-carrying conductor.
Answer:
The direction of the magnetic field produced around a current-carrying conductor is

determined by the right-hand thumb rule. According to this rule:
If one holds a current-carrying conductor with the right hand, such that the thumb
points in the direction of the current flowing through the conductor, then the other
fingers will wrap around the conductor in the direction of the field lines of the
magnetic field due to the conductor.
7.
(i) Name the products formed when sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated.
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved in the above.
Answer
(i) When sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3),

water (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas are formed.
(ii) The chemical equation involved in the above reaction can be represented as:
2 NaHCO3 Na 2 CO3 H 2O CO 2
Sodium hydrogen Sodium Water Carbon
carbonate carbonate dioxide
8.
(i) What is observed when a solution of potassium iodide is added to a

solution of lead nitrate taken in a test tube?
(ii) What type of reaction is this?
(iii) Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the above reaction.
Answer:
(i) When a solution of potassium iodide is added to a solution of lead nitrate

taken in a test tube, the precipitation of a yellowish solid is observed. This
yellowish solid is lead iodide. Potassium nitrate is formed along with lead
iodide.
(ii) This is a double displacement reaction.
(iii) The balanced chemical equation for the above reaction is:
2KI(aq ) + Pb(NO3 )2(aq ) 2KNO3(aq ) + PbI2(s )

Potassium Lead Potassium Lead
iodide nitrate nitrate iodide
9.
What is an electric circuit? Distinguish between an open and a closed circuit.
Answer:
An electric circuit consists of electric devices (bulb, fan, etc.), switching devices (key,
fuse, etc.) and source of electricity (electric cell, battery, etc.). These are connected by
conducting wires.
An open circuit is an incomplete circuit and current does not flow through it, while a
closed circuit is a complete circuit and current flows through it.
10.
Calculate the resistance of an electric bulb which allows a 10 A current when

connected to a 220 V power source.
Answer:
Current flowing through the electric bulb, I = 10 A
Voltage of the source in the circuit, V = 220 V
According to Ohm’s law,

V=IR
Where, R is the resistance of the electric bulb
V 220
R 22
I 10
Therefore, the resistance of the electric bulb is 22 .
11.
(a) What is meant by periodicity in properties of elements with reference to

the periodic table?
(b) Why do all the elements of the same group have similar properties?
(c) How will the tendency to gain electrons change as we go from left to right
across a period? Why?
Answer:
(a) The properties of elements are not distinct and recur from time to time. In the
periodic table, elements are arranged in such a manner that the elements with
similar properties are present in the same group.
(b) The properties of elements depend upon their electronic configurations.

The elements having similar electronic configurations have similar properties.
As the elements of the same group have similar electronic configurations, they
have similar properties.
(c) As we move from left to right across a period in the periodic table, the
tendency to gain electron increases.
On moving from left to right across a period in the periodic table, there is an
increase in the nuclear charge of the elements. At the same time, the size of
the elements decreases. As a result, the effective nuclear charge acting on the
valence electrons increases. Hence, the tendency to gain electrons increases.
12.
(a) Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions of organic

compounds.
(b) With a labelled diagram describe an activity to show the formation of an

ester.
Answer
(a) Esterification reaction is the reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols.
In such reactions, esters get formed. Esters are sweet-smelling organic
compounds with the general formula RCOOR. The general reaction for
esterification reaction is:
Acid
ROH + RCOOH RCOOR H2O
Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester Water
Alcohol and carboxylic acid can be re-obtained from an ester by treating it

with an acid or a base. This reaction is used in the preparation of soaps and is
known as saponification reaction.
NaOH
RCOOR ROH RCOOH
Ester Alcohol Carboxylic acid
(b) 1 mL of ethanol and 1 mL of glacial acetic acid are taken in a test tube. 3-4
drops of concentrated sulphuric acid are then added to a test tube. The
resulting mixture in a water bath is then heated (as shown in the figure) for 5
minutes. After this, the contents are poured in a beaker containing 20 mL
water. A sweet-smelling compound (ethyl ethanoalte) will be obtained as the
product.
Formation of ester
When ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of an acid, ethyl
ethanoate is formed. Ethyl ethanoate is an ester and has a sweet smell.
Acid
CH3CH 2OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH 2CH3 H2O
Ethanol Ethanoic acid Ethyl ethanoate Water
13.
For which position of the object does a convex lens form a virtual and erect
image? Explain with the help of a ray diagram.
Answer:
When an object is placed between the focus and the optical centre of a convex lens, a
virtual and erect image of the object is formed.
When the object is placed between the focus F1 and optical centre O:
In this case, the image is formed on the same side as the object. This image is virtual,
erect, and very large in size. It is formed behind 2F1.
P’Q’ is the image.

PQ is the object.
F2 is the focus on the other side of the lens.
14.
(a) Define the term ‘volt’.
(b) State the relation between work, charge and potential difference for an
electric circuit.
Calculate the potential difference between the two terminals of a battery

if 100 joules of work is required to transfer 20 coulombs of charge from
one terminal of the battery to the other.
Answer:
(a) Volt: Volt is the unit of potential difference between two points. If 1 joule
work is done to move 1 coulomb positive charge from one point to another,
then the potential difference between the points is 1 volt.
1 V = 1 J C–1
One volt is also defined as the potential difference across a resistance of 1 ohm
when 1 ampere of current flows through it
(b) The relation between work (W), charge (Q) and potential difference (V):
The work required to be done (W) to move a positive charge Q, between two
points in a circuit having potential difference V, is QV. That is,
W = QV
In the given problem:
Work, W =100 J
Charge, Q = 20 C
W QV
W 100
V 5V
Q 20
Therefore, the potential difference between the two terminals of a battery is

5 V.
15.
(a) Distinguish between ionic and covalent compounds under the following
properties:
(i) Strength of forces between constituent elements
(ii) Solubility of compounds in water
(iii) Electrical conduction in substances
(b) Explain how the following metals are obtained from their compounds by
the reduction process:
(i) Metal M which is in the middle of the reactivity series.

(ii) Metal N which is high up in the reactivity series.
Give one example of each type
OR
(a) Distinguish between ‘roasting’ and ‘calcination’. Which of these two is

used for sulphide ores and why?
(b) Write a chemical equation to illustrate the use of aluminium for joining
cracked railway lines.
(c) Name the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte used in the electrolytic
refining of impure copper.
Answer:
(a) (i) The forces of attraction between the constituent elements (positive and
negative ions) of ionic compounds are stronger than the forces of
attraction between the constituent elements of covalent compounds.
(ii) Ionic compounds are soluble in polar solvents such as water and are
insoluble in non-polar solvents such as petrol, kerosene, etc.
Covalent compounds on the other hand dissolve readily in organic
solvents such as alcohol and acetone, but are insoluble in polar
compounds.
(iii) Ionic compounds conduct electricity in their molten state or aqueous

form, whereas covalent compounds do not conduct electricity.
(b) (i) Metals that are present at the centre of the reactivity series are
moderately-reactive. Therefore, metal M is a moderately-reactive
metal. After obtaining the metal oxides from ores, the metal oxides are
reduced to obtain the pure metals. As metal M is a moderately reactive
metal, its oxide can be reduced by using coke (carbon).
Metal oxide + Carbon Metal + Carbon monoxide
One example of metal M: Iron (Fe)
(ii) Metals that are present higher up in the reactivity series are very
reactive metals. Hence, metal N is a highly reactive metal. Oxides of
highly reactive metals cannot be reduced by using coke. Therefore,
these metals are reduced by passing electric current through their
molten salts. This process is known as electrolytic reduction.
One example of metal N: Sodium (Na)

OR
(a) Roasting involves the strong heating of an ore in the presence of an excess of
air. On the other hand, calcination involves the strong heating of an ore in the
absence of air.
Among these two, the process that is used for sulphide ores is roasting. This is
because on roasting, metals sulphides get converted into metal oxides. This is
done because the reduction of oxides is comparatively easier than the
reduction of sulphides.
(b) Aluminium is more reactive than iron and can be used for reducing iron oxide
to iron. The equation for the same is:
Fe2O3 (s) 2Al(s) 2Fe(l ) Al2 O3 (s) Heat

Iron III oxide Aluminium Iron Aluminium oxide
The iron produced in this reaction is in liquid (molten) state as this reaction is
highly exothermic. This reaction is known as ‘thermit reaction’ and is used for
joining and repairing railway tracks or broken pieces of iron in heavy
machines.
(c) A large block of impure metal (copper) is made the anode and a thin strip of
pure metal (copper) is made the cathode. An acidified solution of copper
sulphate (CuSO4) is taken as the electrolyte.
16.
(a) What is myopia? State the two causes of myopia. With the help of labelled
ray diagram, show
(i) The eye defect myopia
(ii) Correction of myopia using a lens.
(b) Why is the normal eye unable to focus on an object placed within 10 cm
from the eye?
OR
(a) What is dispersion of white light. What is the cause of such dispersion.
Draw a diagram to show the dispersion of white light by a glass prism.
(b) A glass prism is able to produce the spectrum when white light passes
through it, but a glass slab doesn’t produce any spectrum. Explain why it
is so.
Answer:
(a) Myopia: It is a defect of vision in which a person cannot see distant objects
clearly, but has no problems in seeing nearby objects.
Causes of Myopia:
(i) Excessive curvature of eye lens
(ii) Elongation of the eyeball
(i) Ray diagram of the eye defect myopia
(ii) Ray diagram of the correction of myopia
(b) For a normal eye, the near point (i.e., the minimum focus distance) of the eye
lens is 25 cm. The curvature of the eye lens becomes the maximum (and
hence, the focal length becomes the minimum) when an object is placed
exactly 25 cm from the eye lens. If an object is placed at a distance of 10 cm
(i.e., within the 25 cm distance from the eye lens), then the curvature of the
eye lens cannot increase further. Therefore, the focal length of the eye lens
does not get adjusted to focus the light rays coming from the object onto the
retina. As a result, a blurry image of the object is formed on the retina.
OR
(a) Dispersion: The splitting of white light into its seven component colours is
called dispersion.
Cause of dispersion:
Dispersion of white light occurs because of the varying speeds of different

coloured lights through different media. White light consists of seven colours.
The speeds of these coloured lights are the same through air. However, their
speeds vary in other media. Therefore, when white light enters from one media
to another, its component colours get refracted by different angles. As a result,

dispersion occurs.
Dispersion of white light by a glass prism
(b) The two faces of a glass prism are at an angle (angle of prism) with each other.
Therefore, the angle of incidence and the angle of emergence of a light ray
become different in the case of a prism. Therefore, when white light gets
dispersed after entering a prism, its component colours spread more after
refracting through the opposite face of the prism.
In the case of a glass slab, the two opposite faces of the slab are parallel to
each other. Therefore, the angle of incidence and the angle of emergence of a
light ray remain the same for a glass slab. Therefore, the dispersed light rays
combine to form white light after refracting through the second face of the
glass slab.
Section B
17.
Which compounds are responsible for the depletion of ozone layer?
Answer
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer.
18.
Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction?
Answer:
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) copying is an essential part of reproduction as it passes

genetic information from the parents to the offspring. Therefore, it determines the
body design of an individual.
19.
Where does digestion of fat take place in our body?
Answer:
The digestion of fats takes place in the small intestine.
20.
How is charcoal obtained from wood? Why is charcoal considered a better fuel
than wood?
Answer:
Charcoal is obtained when wood is heated in the absence of air. This process is known
as destructive distillation of wood.
Charcoal is considered a better fuel than wood because the former has a better
calorific value than wood. Also, charcoal does not produce any smoke when burnt.
21.
Describe how hydro-energy can be converted into electrical energy. Write any
two limitations of hydro-energy.
Answer:
In hydropower plants, a large amount of water is stored at a height. This stored water
is then allowed to fall on rotating turbines. The force of the running water (kinetic
energy of running water) causes the turbines of the plant to spin. The rotating turbines
then spin the generator, which ultimately produces electricity. In this manner, the
kinetic energy of the running water is converted into mechanical energy and then
finally into electrical energy.
Two limitations of hydropower energy

Causes a change in the course of rivers and lot of land is submerged under water.
Fish and wildlife are affected drastically.
22.
What is Chipko movement? Why should we conserve forests?
Answer:
The Chipko movement, which originated in Reni, Garhwal, was an agitation of tribal
habitants directed against deforestation in the region and their alienation from the
forests.
We must conserve our forests to preserve biodiversity (range of different life forms)
so as to avoid the loss of ecological stability. A large number of tribes live in and
around forests. If forests are not conserved effectively, then these tribes may lose their
habitat. If forests are not managed properly, then water resources, quality of soil, and
even the amount of rainfall in a particular region may get affected. In simple words,
without forests, life will become extremely difficult for human beings.
23.
Suggest any four changes that you would like to be incorporated in the life-style
of students of your age to move towards a sustainable use of available resources.
Answer:
A student should incorporate the following changes in his/her life-style to move

towards a sustainable use of available resources:
(i) Prevent the cutting of trees and promote the planting of trees
(ii) Stop using plastic and polythene bags for carrying goods
(iii) Use recycled paper
(iv) Throw biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes into separate bins
(v) Waste minimum amount of water while using and repair leaking taps
(vi) Promote rainwater harvesting
24.
Describe the role of the following in human beings:
(i) Seminal vesicles
(ii) Prostate gland
Answer:
(i) Seminal vesicles - The secretions of seminal vesicles contain many proteins
and enzymes and thus provide nutrition to the developing sperms.
(ii) Prostate gland - The prostate gland secretes a slightly alkaline fluid that
lubricates the sperms and neutralises the acidity of the vaginal tract.
25.
What is ‘Phototropism’? How does it occur in plants? Describe an activity to

demonstrate phototropism.
Answer:
The growth movement of plants in response to light stimulus is known as

phototropism.
In plants, the bending of shoots towards light is known as positive phototropism,
while the bending of roots away from light is known as negative phototropism.
Activity: Take two seedlings of mustard plant and keep them in a small bottle
containing water. Close the bottle with a split cork and keep it inside a wooden box
(provided with a small opening on one side). After this, keep the box near a light
source in such a way that the opening in the box faces the light source.
Response of a plant to light

After 2-3 days, it will be observed that the shoots bend towards light, while the roots
bend away from light. This type of growth movement in response to light stimulus is
known as phototropism.
26.
Explain how the sex of the child is determined at the time of conception in
human beings.
Answer:
Every somatic (body) cell of humans contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Out of these
23 pairs, the first 22 pairs (44 chromosomes) do not determine the sex of an individual
and they are known as autosomes. The remaining one pair determines the sex of the
individual. This last pair is known as the sex chromosomes and are represented as X
and Y.
The male gametes have 22 autosomes and either an X or a Y sex chromosome.
On the other hand, the females have XX sex chromosomes, along with the 22
autosomes. This means that their gametes can only have an X sex chromosome
Therefore, the sex of the child is determined by the type of the sperm (containing an
X or a Y sex chromosome) which fuses with the egg cell (containing an X
chromosome) at the time of conception.
If the X gamete of the male fuses with the X gamete of the female, then the offspring
will be female.
On the other hand, if the Y gamete of the male fuses with the X gamete of the female,
then the offspring will be male.
27.
(a) Draw a sectional view of the human heart and label on it Aorta,
Pulmonary arteries, Vena cava, Left ventricle.
(b) Why is double circulation of blood necessary in human beings?
OR
(a) Draw the structure of a nephron and label the following on it:
Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, Renal artery, Collecting duct.
(b) What happens to glucose that enters the nephron along with filtrate?
(a)
(b) The movement of blood twice through the heart is known as double
circulation. Double circulation is necessary in human beings as it allows
separation of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood for a more efficient supply
of oxygen to the body cells. This efficient system of oxygen supply is very
useful in warm-blooded animals such as human beings.
As we know, warm-blooded animals have to maintain a constant body
temperature (by cooling themselves when they are in a hotter environment and
by warming their bodies when they are in a cooler environment). Hence, they
require more O2 for more respiration, so that they can produce more energy to
maintain their body temperature. Thus, the circulatory system of humans is
more efficient because of the double circulatory heart.
OR
(a)
(b) The glucose that enters the nephron along with the filtrate is selectively re-
absorbed as the urine flows along the tube.

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CBSE 2009 Science X (SET 1)

(ii) All questions are compulsory.

(v) Questions number 1 to 6 in Section A and 17 to 19 in Section B are short

(vi) Questions number 7 to 10 in Section A and 20 to 24 in Section B are short

(vii) Questions number 11 to 14 in Section A and 25 and 26 in Section B are also

(viii) Questions number 15 and 16 in section A and question number 27 in section B

The balanced chemical equation for the electrolysis of water is:

What effect does an increase in concentration of H+ (aq.) in a solution have on

The pH of the solution is indirectly proportional to the concentration of H+ ions.

What happens when a small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol?

2Na + 2CH3CH 2 OH 2CH3CH 2 O Na + + H2

Draw a schematic diagram of an electric circuit consisting of a battery of two

The emf of each cell is 1.5 V.

When is the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a

When a current-carrying conductor is placed perpendicular to the direction of the

The direction of the magnetic field produced around a current-carrying conductor is

(i) When sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3),

(i) What is observed when a solution of potassium iodide is added to a

(ii) What type of reaction is this?

(iii) Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the above reaction.

(i) When a solution of potassium iodide is added to a solution of lead nitrate

(ii) This is a double displacement reaction.

2KI(aq ) + Pb(NO3 )2(aq ) 2KNO3(aq ) + PbI2(s )

What is an electric circuit? Distinguish between an open and a closed circuit.

Calculate the resistance of an electric bulb which allows a 10 A current when

Current flowing through the electric bulb, I = 10 A

Voltage of the source in the circuit, V = 220 V

According to Ohm’s law,

Where, R is the resistance of the electric bulb

Therefore, the resistance of the electric bulb is 22 .

(a) What is meant by periodicity in properties of elements with reference to

(b) The properties of elements depend upon their electronic configurations.

(a) Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions of organic

(b) With a labelled diagram describe an activity to show the formation of an

Alcohol and carboxylic acid can be re-obtained from an ester by treating it

P’Q’ is the image.

(a) Define the term ‘volt’.

Calculate the potential difference between the two terminals of a battery

In the given problem:

Therefore, the potential difference between the two terminals of a battery is

(i) Strength of forces between constituent elements

(ii) Solubility of compounds in water

(iii) Electrical conduction in substances

(i) Metal M which is in the middle of the reactivity series.

(ii) Metal N which is high up in the reactivity series.

Give one example of each type

(a) Distinguish between ‘roasting’ and ‘calcination’. Which of these two is

(iii) Ionic compounds conduct electricity in their molten state or aqueous

Metal oxide + Carbon Metal + Carbon monoxide

One example of metal M: Iron (Fe)

One example of metal N: Sodium (Na)

Fe2O3 (s) 2Al(s) 2Fe(l ) Al2 O3 (s) Heat

(i) The eye defect myopia

(ii) Correction of myopia using a lens.

(i) Excessive curvature of eye lens

(ii) Elongation of the eyeball

(i) Ray diagram of the eye defect myopia

(ii) Ray diagram of the correction of myopia

Dispersion of white light occurs because of the varying speeds of different

to another, its component colours get refracted by different angles. As a result,

Dispersion of white light by a glass prism

Which compounds are responsible for the depletion of ozone layer?