civil engineering structures? The pressure exerted by the soil against an engineering structure or acting on a surface of surrounding soil mass is called earth pressure Lateral pressure or horizontal stress is due to lateral stresses in soil. The ratio between the lateral and vertical effective stress is defined as coefficient of earth pressure, k Typical Application of Retaining Structures Magnitude and distribution of lateral pressure is important in designing structures such as retaining wall, silo, tunnel and strutted excavation. Type of Retaining Structures Earth Pressure Theory Depending on the deformation characteristics of structure and hence the associated soil, lateral earth pressure may have varying magnitude; and classified as: 1. Earth pressure at rest (no deformation) 2. Active earth pressure (lateral expansion) 3. Passive earth pressure (lateral contraction) Earth Pressure At Rest When a soil maintains the same lateral dimension regardless of the vertical pressure, the lateral pressure exerted by the soil on the structure or the lateral stress induced within the soil mass is known as earth pressure at rest. The ratio of lateral effective stress, h , to vertical effective stress, v , at this condition is termed as coefficient of earth pressure at rest and designated by k o . Typical of soil Typical values of k o Normally consolidated clay Over consolidated clay Compacted clay Heavily machine compacted clay Loose sand Dense sand Tamping sand in layers 0.40 0.70 1 4 1 2 2 4 0.45 0.50 0.35 May be up to 0.80 Active Earth Pressure When a soil expands laterally due to stresses, the maximum lateral stress at which the soil fails due to shear is called active earth pressure. The ratio of lateral stress to vertical stress at this condition is termed as coefficient of active earth pressure and designated by k a . Passive Earth Pressure When a soil contracts laterally due to stresses, the minimum lateral stress at which it fails due to shear is called passive earth pressure. The ratio of lateral stress to vertical stress at the condition is termed as coefficient of passive earth pressure and designated by k p . Rankine's Theory Active Pressure for Cohesionless Soil Horizontal Soil Surface Active Pressure for Cohesionless Soil Inclined Soil Surface Coulomb Theory Active Pressure for Cohesionless Soil Graphical method (Cullman line construction) for cohesionless soil Effect of Surcharge and Ground Water on Active Pressure of Cohesionless Soil Total thrust P a = P a + P w = k a qz + k a z 2 + w z w 2
Rankine's Theory Active Pressure for Cohesive Soil Horizontal Soil Surface Tension crack - For soil with cohesion and friction (c, ) - For soil with cohesion only (c u , u = 0 o ) Coulomb Theory Rankine's Theory Passive Pressure for Cohesionless Soil - Horizontal Soil Surface = k p z Rankine's Theory Passive Pressure for Cohensionless soil Inclined Soil Surface Passive Pressure for Cohesionless Soil Inclined Soil Surface Where, Coulomb's Theory Earth Pressure Theory Passive Pressure of Cohesive Soils p p = k p z + 2c k p
P p = k p z 2 + 2c z k p Cohesive soil with u = 0 o p p = z + 2c u P p = z 2 + 2c u z Retaining Walls Type of Retaining Walls Design of Gravity and Reinforced Concrete Wall Factor of safety against forward sliding of the wall, Fs, should not be less than 2. F s = c.B + W tan P aH Factor of safety against overturning, Fo, need to be checked. It is also not to be less than 2. Taking moment at wall toe F o = stabilizing moment overturning moment Wall Drainage Systems Design of Sheet Pile Wall Free Earth Support Method The wall is assumed to be rotating at its base (point C) By taking moment at point O, depth of penetration d, can be calculated In construction, the depth of wall constructed is usually increased by 20% the calculated depth, that is 1.2d Strutted Excavation Factor of safety against base heave z/B N c (for B/L = 1.0) 0 1 2 3 4 6.2 7.6 8.4 8.7 8.9