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What is Lateral Earth Pressure?

How it is important in the design of


civil engineering structures?
The pressure exerted by the soil against an engineering structure or
acting on a surface of surrounding soil mass is called earth pressure
Lateral pressure or horizontal stress is due to lateral stresses in soil.
The ratio between the lateral and vertical effective stress is defined as
coefficient of earth pressure, k
Typical Application of Retaining Structures
Magnitude and distribution of lateral pressure is important in designing
structures such as retaining wall, silo, tunnel and strutted excavation.
Type of Retaining
Structures
Earth Pressure Theory
Depending on the deformation characteristics of structure and hence
the associated soil, lateral earth pressure may have varying
magnitude; and classified as:
1. Earth pressure at rest (no deformation)
2. Active earth pressure (lateral expansion)
3. Passive earth pressure (lateral contraction)
Earth Pressure At Rest
When a soil maintains the same lateral dimension regardless of the
vertical pressure, the lateral pressure exerted by the soil on the
structure or the lateral stress induced within the soil mass is known as
earth pressure at rest. The ratio of lateral effective stress,
h
, to
vertical effective stress,
v
, at this condition is termed as coefficient of
earth pressure at rest and designated by k
o
.
Typical of soil Typical values of k
o
Normally consolidated clay
Over consolidated clay
Compacted clay
Heavily machine compacted clay
Loose sand
Dense sand
Tamping sand in layers
0.40 0.70
1 4
1 2
2 4
0.45 0.50
0.35
May be up to 0.80
Active Earth Pressure
When a soil expands laterally due to stresses, the maximum lateral
stress at which the soil fails due to shear is called active earth
pressure. The ratio of lateral stress to vertical stress at this condition is
termed as coefficient of active earth pressure and designated by k
a
.
Passive Earth Pressure
When a soil contracts laterally due to stresses, the minimum lateral
stress at which it fails due to shear is called passive earth pressure.
The ratio of lateral stress to vertical stress at the condition is termed
as coefficient of passive earth pressure and designated by k
p
.
Rankine's Theory
Active Pressure for Cohesionless Soil
Horizontal Soil Surface
Active Pressure for Cohesionless Soil
Inclined Soil Surface
Coulomb Theory
Active Pressure for Cohesionless Soil
Graphical method (Cullman line construction) for cohesionless
soil
Effect of Surcharge and Ground Water on Active Pressure
of Cohesionless Soil
Total thrust P
a
= P
a
+ P
w
= k
a
qz + k
a
z
2
+
w
z
w
2

Rankine's Theory
Active Pressure for Cohesive Soil Horizontal Soil Surface
Tension crack
- For soil with cohesion and friction (c, )
- For soil with cohesion only (c
u
,
u
= 0
o
)
Coulomb Theory
Rankine's Theory
Passive Pressure for Cohesionless Soil - Horizontal Soil Surface
= k
p
z
Rankine's Theory
Passive Pressure for Cohensionless soil Inclined Soil Surface
Passive Pressure for Cohesionless Soil Inclined Soil
Surface
Where,
Coulomb's Theory
Earth Pressure Theory
Passive Pressure of Cohesive Soils
p
p
= k
p
z + 2c k
p

P
p
= k
p
z
2
+ 2c z k
p
Cohesive soil with
u
= 0
o
p
p
= z + 2c
u
P
p
= z
2
+ 2c
u
z
Retaining Walls
Type of Retaining Walls
Design of Gravity and Reinforced
Concrete Wall
Factor of safety against forward sliding of the wall, Fs, should not be less
than 2.
F
s
= c.B + W tan
P
aH
Factor of safety against overturning, Fo, need to be checked. It is
also not to be less than 2. Taking moment at wall toe
F
o
= stabilizing moment
overturning moment
Wall Drainage Systems
Design of Sheet Pile Wall
Free Earth Support Method
The wall is assumed to be rotating at its base (point C)
By taking moment at point O, depth of penetration d, can
be calculated
In construction, the depth of wall constructed is usually
increased by 20% the calculated depth, that is 1.2d
Strutted Excavation
Factor of safety against base
heave
z/B N
c
(for B/L = 1.0)
0
1
2
3
4
6.2
7.6
8.4
8.7
8.9

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