Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2009 (I) mini-forum [Last update 2-April-2009]

Paper I 1 A B C
2. (a) Consider ≡ + + .
1. (a) Method I (u − 1)(u + 1)(u + 3) u − 1 u + 1 u + 3

Consider (1 + x) n + x(1 + x) n = (1 + x) n +1 . Then, 1 ≡ A(u + 1)(u + 3) + B(u − 1)(u + 3) + C (u − 1)(u + 1)

k +1
Compare coefficient of x , we have n C k +1 + n C k = n +1 C k +1 1 1 1
Put u = 1, −1 and −3 , we have A = , B=− and C =
Method II 8 4 8

n! n! (such that A + B + C = 0 )
n C k +1 + n Ck = +
(k + 1)! (n − k − 1)! k! (n − k )! Put u = 2 x , we have

n!  1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=  +  = ⋅ − ⋅ + ⋅
k! (n − k − 1)!  k + 1 n − k  (2 x − 1)(2 x + 1)(2 x + 3) 8 2 x − 1 4 2 x + 1 8 2 x + 3

n! n +1 n
1 n
1 1 1 1 1 1 
= ×
k! (n − k − 1)! (k + 1)(n − k )
(b) ∑ (2k − 1)(2k + 1)(2k + 3) = ∑  8 ⋅ 2k − 1 − 4 ⋅ 2k + 1 + 8 ⋅ 2k + 3 
k =1 k =1  
(n + 1)! 1  1 1 1 1 
=
(k + 1)! (n − k )!
= n +1 C k +1 = 1 + +  + ... + + 
8  3 5 2n − 3 2n − 1  

 n +1  n  1 1  1 1 1  1 
(b) (1 + x) 2 n +1 = (1 + x) n +1 (1 + x) n =  ∑ n +1 C k x k  ∑ n C r x n − r 
  −  +  + ... + + + 
 k =0  r =0  4 3  5 2n − 3 2n − 1  2n + 1 
n +1 n
1  1 1 1  1 1 
= ∑ ∑ n +1 C k ⋅ n C r x n + k − r +  + ... +
8  5
+ + + 
2n − 3 2n − 1  2n + 1 2n + 3 
k = 0 r =0

n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Compare coefficient of x n , we have 2 n +1 C n = ∑ n +1 C k ⋅ n C k . = (1 + ) − ( +
8
)+ ( +
3 4 3 2n + 1 8 2n + 1 2n + 3
)
k =0

2008 2008
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) ∑ ( 2009 C k + 2009 C k +1 ) ⋅ 2009 C k +1 = ∑ 2010 C k +1 ⋅ 2009 C k +1 = − ⋅ + ⋅
12 8 2n + 1 8 2n + 3
→
12
as n → ∞
k =0 k =0

2009 2009
= ∑ 2010 C s ⋅ 2009 C s = ∑ 2010 C s ⋅ 2009 C s − 2010 C 0 ⋅ 2009 C 0
s =1 s =0

= 2( 2009) +1 C 2009 − 1 = 4019 C 2009 − 1

Page 1
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2009 (I) mini-forum [Last update 2-April-2009]
∞
1 1
(c)
4000
< ∑ (2k − 1)(2k + 1)(2k + 3)  π π   1
 cos 2( ) sin 2( )  
1 

k =m
4. (a) A= 8 8  = 2 2 
∞
1 m −1
1  sin 2( π ) − cos 2( π )   1 −
1 
 
=∑ −∑  8 8   2 
2
k =1 ( 2k − 1)(2k + 1)(2k + 3) k = m ( 2k − 1)( 2k + 1)(2k + 3)

1 1 1 1
 1 1  
  cos 2( − π ) sin 2( − π ) 
= ⋅ − ⋅
8 2(m − 1) + 1 8 2(m − 1) + 3  −
(b) (i) B= 2 2 = 8 8 
1  1 1   −π −π 
= − −   sin 2( 8 ) − cos 2( 8 ) 
4(4m 2 − 1)  2 2  

1001 The geometrical meaning of the transformation of B is

m< ≈ 15.82, greatest positive integer m = 15.
4 −π
The reflection in the straight line y = [tan( )]x .
3. (a) As f and g are both divided by x + 2 , we have f (−2) = 0 = g (−2) . 8
Put x = −2 into the first given condition,
 1 1   1 1   π π
   −   cos − sin
f (−2) = g (−2) + (−2) 3 + k (−2) 2 + 8(−2) + 8 2  =  0 − 1 = 
(ii) AB =  2 2   2 2 2
 1 1   1 1   1 0   π π
i.e. k=4
 −  − −   sin cos 
 2 2  2 2  2 2 
(b) (i) Let g ( x) = Q( x)( x 2 − 1) + (4 x − 1) for some polynomial Q(x) .
[ ]
Then f ( x) = Q( x)( x 2 − 1) + (4 x − 1) + ( x 3 + 4 x 2 + 8 x + 8) which represents a rotation about the origin in anti-clockwise
= Q ( x)( x 2 − 1) + ( x 3 + 4 x 2 + 12 x + 7) π
direction by an angle .
= Q ( x)( x 2 − 1) + ( x 3 + 4 x 2 + 12 x + 7) 2
= Q ( x)( x 2 − 1) + ( x + 4)( x 2 − 1) + (13x + 11)
∴ f (1) = 13 + 11 = 24
(ii) The remainder = 13x + 11

Page 2
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2009 (I) mini-forum [Last update 2-April-2009]
5. (a) Method I (c) An +1 > An is obvious, and

(n + 2)! n n
3 ∞
3 3 1
For n = 1 and 2, n
> 1 is obvious. An = ∑ a k < ∑ ( ) k < ∑ ( ) k = ⋅ =3
4 k =1 k =1 4 k =1 4 4 3
1−
(n + 2)! n + 2 n + 1 5 4 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 4
For n > 2 , n
= ⋅ ... ⋅ ⋅ >1
4 4 4 4 4 4
Thus, { An } is increasing and bounded above by 3, so lim An exists.
n →∞
So, for all positive integers n, (n + 2)! > 4 n

3n 3n 1
i.e. an = < n n
1  n 1 n n n
(n + 2)! 4 6. (a) (i) ∑ S + a ≥ n ∏ S + a  =
 1
=
G
k =1 k  k =1 k 
Method II  n n
 ∏ (S + a k ) 
 
3 1 3  k =1 
When n = 1 , a1 = = < ( )1
(1 + 2)! 2 4 a1 a 2 a
(ii) Apply AM ≥ GM for the set of positive numbers { , ,..., n } :
3 S S S
Assume a k < ( ) k for some positive integer k.
4 1 1
1 n ak  n a n 1  n n G
Then,
3
a k +1 − ( ) k +1 =
3
×
3k 3
− ( ) k +1 ∑ ( + 1) ≥  ∏ ( k + 1)  =  ∏ ( S + a k )  =
n k =1 S
4 k + 3 (k + 2)! 4  k =1 S  S  k =1  S

3 3 3
× ( ) k − ( ) k +1  n 
< (by assumption)  ∑ ak 
k +3 4 4 1 ak n
1  k =1  n +1
Note that ∑ ( + 1) = ⋅ 
n k =1 S n S
+ n =
n
3  4   
= ( ) k +1  − 1  
4  k + 3   

3 1− k n +1 S S n
= ( ) k +1 Thus, ≤ . i.e. ≥
4 k +3 n G G n +1
≤0 as k ≥ 1 n
S  n 1  n
(b) ∑ S +a =  ∑
S + ak
S ≥ ⋅ S
 G
(by (a)(i))
3 k =1 k  k =1 
i.e. a n < ( ) n for all positive integers n.
4 n2
≥ (by (a)(ii))
3 n +1
(b) 0 < an < ( ) n , lim a n = 0 by Sandwich Theorem
4 n →∞

Page 3
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2009 (I) mini-forum [Last update 2-April-2009]

1 λ 2 (ii) When λ = −1 , D = 0 .
7. (a) (i) coefficient determinant D = 5 − λ 1 = 3(λ − 3)(λ + 1) x − y + 2z = 1 − − − < 1 >
λ −1 1 
(E) becomes: 5 x + y + z = 5 − −− < 2 >
− x − y + z = a − −− < 3 >
(E) has unique solution iff D ≠ 0 iff λ ≠ 3 and λ ≠ −1 
In this case, z 3z
On solving <1>, <2>, we have x = 1− , y=
1 λ 2 2 2
5 −λ 1 For consistent, the above solutions satisfy <3>,
Dx a −1 1 λ a − 2λ − 3
x= = = z 3z
D 3(λ − 3)(λ + 1) (λ − 3)(λ + 1) a = −(1 − ) − + z = −1
2 2

1 1 2 t 3t
Solution set = {( 1− , , t ): t ∈ ℜ }
5 5 1 2 2
Dy λ a 1 −3(λ − a ) (b) Put a = 3 and λ = −2 such that λ ≠ 3 and λ ≠ −1
y= = =
D 3(λ − 3)(λ + 1) (λ − 3)(λ + 1) The solution of the first 3 equations, by (a)(i), is

1 λ 1 x = −1 , y = 3 , z = 4
5 −λ 5 which does not satisfy the last equation, so the given system is inconsistent.
Dz λ −1 a 2λ ( λ − a ) (c) The system is equivalent to (E) by putting λ = −1 and a = −1 .
z= = =
D 3(λ − 3)(λ + 1) (λ − 3)(λ + 1)
t 3t
Solution set = {( 1− , , t ): t ∈ ℜ } (by (a)(ii))
2 2
For consistent, the above solution satisfy 4 x 2 + 2 y − z = 28
(2 − t ) 2 + 3t − t = 28
0 = t 2 − 2t − 24 = (t − 6)(t + 4) , t = −4 or 6
When t = −4 , x = 3 , y = − 6 , z = −4
When t = 6 , x = −2 , y = 9 , z = 6

Page 4
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2009 (I) mini-forum [Last update 2-April-2009]
r cos θ = −1 − −− <1> 3 3
8. (a)  (d) | 2 I − M |= = 12 ≠ 0
r sin θ = 3 − −− < 2 > − 3 3

< 1 >2 + < 2 >2 : r 2 = 4 , r=2 (as r > 0 ) ∴ 2 I − M is a non-singular matrix.

<2> 2π (e) Note that M 2010 = 2 2010 I (by (b), as 2010 is a multiple of 3)
: tan θ = − 3 , θ= ( cos θ < 0 and sin θ > 0 )
<1> 3 Put A = 2 I in (c),
n 2009 2009
 cos θ − sin θ   cos nθ − sin nθ 
(b) M n = r n   = r n   ∑ 2 2009 −r M r = ∑ (2I ) 2009−r M r − 2 2009 I
 sin θ cos θ   sin nθ cos nθ  r =1 r =0

For M n to be a diagonal matrix, = (2 I − M ) −1 [(2 I ) 2010 − M 2010 ] − 2 2009 I

2nπ = (2 I − M ) −1 [2 2010 I − 2 2010 I ] − 2 2009 I

0 = sin nθ = sin
3 = − 2 2009 I
n = 3k for all integer k ≥ 1 .

2 nπ
In such case, cos nθ = cos = cos 2kπ = 1
3

1 0
Then M n = 2 n  
0 1
(c) As AM = MA , MA r M = A r M for all integer r ≥ 0 .
2009 2009 2009
( A − M ) ∑ A 2009 − r M r = ∑ A 2010− r M r − ∑ M ⋅ A 2009−r M r
r =0 r =0 r =0

2009 2009
= ∑ A 2010 −r M r − ∑ A 2009−r M r +1
r =0 r =0

2009 2010
= ∑ A 2010 −r M r − ∑ A 2010− r M r
r =0 r =1

= A 2010 M 0 − A 0 M 2010 = A 2010 − M 2010

Page 5
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2009 (I) mini-forum [Last update 2-April-2009]
9. (a) (**): 0 = ( x 2 + px) 2 + q( x 2 + px) + r = x 4 + 2 px 3 + ( p 2 + q) x 2 + pqx + r 10. (a) Let g (t ) = t ln t − (1 + t ) ln(1 + t ) for t > 0 .
(*) can be written as (**) g ' (t ) = ln t − ln(1 + t ) < 0 for t > 0
⇔ A = 2p , B = p 2 + q , C = pq , D = r g (t ) is strictly decreasing for t > 0 and g (t ) is continuous at t = 0 ,

A  A 2  2 p  2 (2 p ) 2 
 = pq = C
so g (t ) < g (0 ) = 0 for t > 0
⇔ B− = ( p + q) −
2  4  2  4 
 i.e. t ln t − (1 + t ) ln(1 + t ) < 0 for t > 0
(b) (***) can be written as (**), then a x ln a
x⋅ − ln(1 + a x )
− 20  (−20) 2  1+ a x a x ln a x − (1 + a x ) ln(1 + a x )
230 = λ− , λ = 77 (b) f ' ( x) = =
2   2
4  x x 2 (1 + a x )

So, (***) can be written as ( x 2 + px) 2 + q( x 2 + px) + r = 0 <0 for all x > 0 (by (a), as a x > 0 for a > 0 )
where −20 = 2 p , 77 = p 2 + q , 230 = pq and 120 = r (c) (i) Q f (t ) is strictly decreasing for t > 0 ,
i.e. p = −10 , q = −23 and r = 120 ∴ f ( p ) ≤ f (q) as p ≥ q > 0
2 2 2
∴ (***) becomes: 0 = ( x − 10 x) − 23( x − 10 x) + 120 ln(1 + a p ) ln(1 + a q )
≤
= ( x 2 − 10 x − 15)( x 2 − 10 x − 8) p q

= [ x − (5 − 40 )][ x − (5 + 40 )] ln(1 + a p ) q ≤ ln(1 + a q ) p

× [ x − (5 − 33 )][ x − (5 + 33 )] i.e. (1 + a p ) q ≤ (1 + a q ) p for a > 0
i.e. roots are 5 ± 40 or 5 ± 33 (as log is a strictly increasing function.)

µ
(ii) Put a = > 0 in (c)(i), then
(c) Put A = µ , B = 77 , C = 230 , D = 60 into (a) λ

µ µ
(1 + ( ) p ) q ≤ (1 + ( ) q ) p , i.e. (λ p + µ p ) q ≤ (λq + µ q ) p
µ µ2  λ λ
230 =  77 − ,
2  4 


0 = µ 3 − 308µ + 1840 = (µ + 20)(µ 2 − 20µ + 92) = (µ + 20)[(µ − 10) 2 − 8]

∴ µ = −20 , 10 ± 2 2

Page 6
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2009 (I) mini-forum [Last update 2-April-2009]
(iii) For n = 1, the statement is trivial. Method II
q p
 r   r  1 1
Assume  ∑ a k p  ≤  ∑ a k q  for some integer r ≥ 1 . Note that ≥ >0 (as p ≥ q > 0 )
 k =1   k =1  q p
q q
 r +1 p   r  1 1
 ∑ a k  =  ∑ a k p + a r +1 p  By (c)(iii), replacing p by and q by , we have
 k =1   k =1  q p
q
 p   n 1 
q
 n 1 
p
  r  q p  a q  ≤ a p  .
≤  ∑ a k  + a r +1 
q
(by assumption)  ∑ k   ∑ k 
 k =1    k =1   k =1 
 
1
 r q
( p
= A + a r +1 p q
), where A =  ∑ a k q 
 k =1 

(
≤ A q + a r +1 p ) p
(by (c)(ii))

p
 r 
=  ∑ a k p + a r +1 p 
 k =1 
p
 r +1 
=  ∑ a k p 
 k =1 
i.e. the statement is true for all positive integers n.
(iv) Method I
q p
 n   n 
By (c)(iii), we have  ∑ bk p  ≤  ∑ bk p  for positive bk ' s .
 k =1   k =1 
1
pq
For given a k ' s > 0 , put bk = a k > 0, then

q p
 n 1   n 1 
 a q  ≤ a p  .
 ∑ k   ∑ k 
 k =1   k =1 

Page 7
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2009 (I) mini-forum [Last update 2-April-2009]

11. (a) (i) z 10 = 1 = cis 2kπ for k ∈ Z. (b) (i) z n = cos nθ + i sin nθ , z − n = cos nθ − i sin nθ
2kπ 1
z = cis for k = −4,−3,−2,...,3,4,5 zn + = 2 cos nθ
10 zn

4π 3π 2π π 1
= cis(± ) , cis(± ) , cis(± ) , cis(± ) , 1 or −1 (ii) zn − = 2i sin nθ
5 5 5 5 zn

∴ z 10 − 1 sin 5θ sin 5θ θ
(c) (i) lim = 5 lim ⋅ = 5 × 1× 1 = 5
4 θ→0 sin θ θ→ 0 5θ sin θ
kπ − kπ
= ( z + 1)( z − 1)∏ ( z − cis )( z + cis )
k =1 5 5 (ii) Substitute z = cos θ + i sin θ into (a) (ii),
4 together with the result in (b), we have
kπ kπ kπ kπ
= ( z + 1)( z − 1)∏ [( z − cos ) − i sin ][( z − cos ) + i sin ]
k =1 5 5 5 5 4
kπ
2i sin 5θ = 2i sin θ∏ (2 cos θ − 2 cos )
4
kπ 2 kπ k =1 5
= ( z + 1)( z − 1)∏ [( z − cos ) sin 2 ]
k =1 5 5 4
kπ
∴ sin 5θ = 16 sin θ∏ (cos θ − cos )
4
kπ k =1 5
= ( z + 1)( z − 1)∏ ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
k =1 5 sin 5θ 4
kπ
lim = 16 lim ∏ (cos θ − cos )
4 θ→0 sin θ θ→0 k =1 5
kπ
(ii) z 10 − 1 = ( z 2 − 1)∏ ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
k =1 5 4
kπ
∴ 5 = 16∏ (1 − cos )
1 1 4
kπ k =1 5
∴ z5 − = ( z 2 − 1)∏ ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
z5 z5 k =1 5 4
kπ
= 16∏ (2 sin 2 )
4 k =1 10
kπ
z 2 − 1 k =1
∏ ( z 2 − 2 z cos 5
+ 1)
4
kπ 5
= × 4 ∏ sin 2 10 =
z z k =1 16 2
4 4
1 1 kπ kπ 5 kπ
= (z − )
z
∏ ( z + z − 2 cos 5
) i.e. ∏ sin 10 =
16
as sin
10
> 0 for k = 1 , 2, 3, 4.
k =1 k =1

Page 8