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Hybrid Rice in India Current Status and Future Prospects











BC Viraktamath
Project Director
Directorate of Rice Research
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30


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Introduction
Rice is the staple food crop grown in an area of 44 Mha with a production of 99 m.t. (2008). The
country witnessed an impressive growth in rice production in the post-independence era due to
the adoption of semi dwarf high yielding varieties coupled with the adoption of intensive input
based management practices. Rice production was increased four times, productivity three times
while the area increase was only one and half times during this period. In order to keep pace with
the growing population, the estimated rice requirement by 2025 is about 130 m.t. Plateuing trend
in the yield of HYVs, declining and degrading natural resources like land and water and acute
shortage of labor make the task of increasing rice production quite challenging. The current
situation necessitates looking for some innovative technologies to boost rice production.
Encouraged by the success of hybrid rice technology in enhancing the rice production and
productivity in China, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) initiated a national
program for development and large scale adoption of hybrid rice in the country in December
1989. The project was implemented through a National Network comprising research, seed
production and extension networks. The hybrid rice research network consisted of 11 research
centres and many voluntary centres spread across the country (Fig-1). The addresses of some of
these centres is given in AppendixI. The seed
Present National Hybrid Rice
Research Network
Delhi, Faizabad,
Mandya, Maruteru, Coimbatore
Karjat,
Nawagam
Cuttack, Raipur,
Jabalpur
DRR, Hyderabad
SRC & CC

Fig.1 Hybrid Rice Research Network in India

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production network consisted of public sector seed production agencies such as National Seed
Corporation, State Farms Corporation of India and the State Seed Development Corporations in
addition to many private sector seed companies. The extension network consisted of state
departments of Agriculture, extension wings of the SAUs, Krishi Vignan Kendras (Farm science
centres) and the NGOs. Effective linkages were established within the different sub-components
of the network. The entire project was co-ordinated and implemented by the Directorate of Rice
Research (DRR), Hyderabad. The project initiated by the ICAR, was further strengthened by the
technical backstopping from IRRI Philippines, FAO, the financial support from the UNDP, Mahyco
Research Foundation, World Bank funded National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) and
IRRI/ADB Project on Hybrid Rice. These projects were continued till 2005.
The visionary approach of the policy makers, generous funding from the donors and
effective implementation of the multi-disciplinary program in a mission mode by the project
personnel, helped India to become the second country in the world after China to develop and
commercialize hybrid rice.
Hybrid rice technology is likely to play a key role in increasing the rice production. During
the year 2008, hybrid rice was planted in an area of 1.4 m.ha. and an additional rice production of
1.5 to 2.5 m.t. was added to our food basket through this technology. More than 80 % of the total
hybrid rice area is in eastern Indian states like Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, with
some little area in states like Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Punjab and Haryana. As rice is a key source
of livelihood in eastern India, a considerable increase in yield through this technology will have a
major impact on household food and nutritional security, income generation, besides an economic
impact in the region. In view of this, hybrid rice has been identified as one of the components
under the National Food Security Mission (NFSM) launched by the Government of India (GOI) with
the aim to enhance rice production by 10 m.t. by 2011-12. Similarly, added emphasis is being
given for adoption of hybrid rice under the special scheme of GOI to bring green revolution to
eastern India. The present status of hybrid rice in the country, the major challenges and the future
outlook for this innovative technology are briefly given in this bulletin.

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2. Development of Hybrids
2.1 CMS system
Most of the rice hybrids in the country and elsewhere in the world are developed by using
the CMS or the three line system. This system involves a CMS or A line, a maintainer or a B line
and a restorer or R line (Fig.2). Since three lines are required for the production of a hybrid, this is
popularly called as the three line system. The CMS line is multiplied by growing it along with its
corresponding B line in isolation. The A line seed thus obtained will be grown along with R line
in isolation for the production of hybrid rice seed. The three line system is by far the most stable
and widely used system in the world, although two line system is being used to a limited extend in
China.
Fig. 2: Hybrid Rice Seed Production by using Three Line System













rr
S
X rr
rr
N
S
rr
S
X RR
Rr
N
S
Step-I
(CMS Multiplication)
Step-II
(Hybrid Seed Production)
CMS or
A line
Maintainer or
B line
CMS or
A line
Hybrid to be commercially
grown by farmers


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2.2 The system of evaluation of rice hybrids
The multilocational evaluation trials are conducted by every state in most crops at selected
locations under different agro-climatic zones to identify a variety/hybrid suitable for these zones.
In rice also, multi-location evaluation of promising experimental hybrids at 25 30 locations
representing different agro-climatic zones of the country is the major activity in the hybrid rice
network, coordinated by the Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad-500 030 through which
hybrids are being tested in replicated trials. The breeders across the country nominate their best
hybrids identified based on their performance in preliminary replicated yield trials for evaluation
in nation-wide multilocation trials. The test hybrids are nominated both by the public sector
research organizations and private sector R&D units.
The test hybrids are pooled together based on duration and are evaluated in Initial Hybrid
Rice Trials (IHRT). Each nominating hybrid entry is assigned IET (Initial Evaluation Trial) number
which indicates its identity. An entry possessing IET number suggests that it has undergone
multilocation testing in the AICRIP trials. Based on duration of the hybrid entries three groups of
trials viz., Early (<120 days), Mid-Early (121-130 days) and Medium (131-140 days) are constituted.
Besides this, one more trial (HRT-MS) is constituted based on grain type viz., medium slender grain
type (similar to BPT 5204) with a purpose to identify the promising hybrids in this grain type
category. Likewise, special trials are also constituted for evaluation of hybrids under abiotic stress
conditions like saline alkaline conditions. A separate trial to evaluate the hybrids suitable for
shallow low lands (SLHRT) is also conducted with the help of CRRI, Cuttack.
Prior to kharif season 1999, test hybrids were sent for evaluation only at hybrid rice
network centers and at the research farms of some private seed companies. Based on the
experiences gained over the years and necessity of comparing the hybrids with best available high
yielding inbred varieties, the revised system (Fig. 3) of evaluation of promising hybrids identified
in Initial Hybrid Rice Trial (IHRT) along with inbred varieties in advance variety trials has been
adapted since kharif season 1999. Test hybrids which record more than 5% yield advantage over
the best hybrid check and 10% yield advantage over the best varietal check are promoted to next
stage of testing. The hybrids promoted from IHRT are included in AVT-1 and subsequently

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promoted to AVT-2 if their performance is good in AVT-1. At AVT stage, the experimental hybrids
are evaluated along with the best inbred entries in the same trial, this providing opportunity for
critical comparison between the hybrids and the inbreds. At the AVT-2 stage, hybrids will also be
tested for agronomic performance, disease/insect pest resistance and grain quality traits. Those
entries with consistent yield advantage and other desirable traits will be identified for release at
the time of Annual Rice Workshop by a specially constituted Varietal Identification Committee
(VIC). The proposals of identified hybrids are placed before the Central Sub-Committee on Crop
Standards, Notification and Release of Varieties (CSCCSN & RV) for deliberation and final approval.
This is a well organized, proven system tested over the years and found to be very effective.
Evaluation of most promising hybrids along with the promising inbred cultures in the same trials
has given much credence to this system.
Fig. 3: System of evaluation of rice hybrids in National coordinated trials



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2.3 Hybrids released
As a result of concerted efforts for over two decades, totally 46 hybrids have been released
for commercial cultivation in the country. Among these, 29 have been released from the public
sector while remaining 17 have been developed and released by the private sector
(Table 1). Out of 46 hybrids, 22 have been released by the State Variety Release Committees,
while 24 viz., PHB-71, PA 6201, KRH-2, PA 6444, Pusa RH-10, RH 204, Ganga, Suruchi, DRRH-2,
JKRH-401, PA 6129, Sahyadri-4, GK 5003, DRH 775, HRI 157, PAC 835, PAC 837, DRRH-3, US 312,
Rajlaxmi, Indam 200-017,CRHR-32, NK 5251 and 27P11 have been released by the CSCCSN & RV.
Among the central releases, seven hybrids viz., KRH-2, Pusa RH-10, DRRH-2, Sahyadri-4, DRRH-3,
Rajlaxmi and CRHR 32 are from the public sector and the remaining 17 are from the private sector.
Though 46 hybrids have been released in the country so far, some of them have been
outdated, and some are not in the production chain. Such hybrids which are in the production
chain and available for commercial cultivation are listed below (Table 1).
Table 1: Hybrids currently available for cultivation
Central releases State releases
Public Sector KRH 2, Pusa RH 10, DRRH 2, Rajlaxmi,
Sahyadri 4, DRRH 3, CRHR 32
PSD 3, Ajay, CoRH 3, Indira
Sona, JRH 8
Private Sector PHB 71, PA 6129, PA 6201, PA 6444, JKRH
401, Suruchi, GK 5003, DRH 775, HRI-157,
PAC 835, PAC 837, US 312, Indam 200-
017, NK 5251, 27P11

New hybrids
2.4 Multilocational evaluation of released hybrids
To make a comparative evaluation of hybrids released in the country and to get
information on their adaptability in different states across the country, multilocational evaluation
of released hybrids was taken up in three phases. In the first phase, all the hybrids released prior

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to 1999 were extensively tested during three seasons viz., Kharif 1999 (64 locations), rabi 1999-
2000 (15 locations) and kharif 2000 (46 locations). Based on overall mean (125 locations) pooled
over three years, the hybrids viz., KRH-2, PHB-71, Sahyadri, PA 6201, NSD-2 and DRRH-1 were
found promising and widely adapted. KRH-2 hybrid topped in both the kharif seasons, whereas
Sahyadri hybrid was found to be better during rabi season (Table 2).
Table 2: Hybrids found suitable for other states (other than for which they are released) based
on MLT data-Phase I
HYBRIDS Released for the states Found suitable for other states
based on MLT performance (1999
& 2000)
1 DRRH 1 Andhra Pradesh Tripura
2 CORH 2 Tamil Nadu Tripura
3 Sahyadri Maharastra Tripura
4 NSD 2 Uttar Pradesh Tripura and Maharastra

In the second phase, all the hybrids released after 2000 were tested in 32 35 locations
across the country during kharif 2006 (34 locations), kharif 2007 (35 locations) and kharif 2008 (32
locations) seasons. Based on the criteria of 10% yield advantage over the best varietal check and
5% over the best hybrid check promising hybrids for different states have been identified (Table
5).
In the third phase, the seven hybrids released after 2009 were tested in 26 locations across
the country during Kharif 2010. Four hybrids viz., PAC 835, PAC 837, Indam 200-017 and DRH-775
have shown the significant yield advantage over the checks (Table 3).

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Table 3: Hybrids found suitable for other states (other than for which they are released) based
on MLT data-Phase II

S.No Hybrids Released for the
states
Found suitable for other states based on MLT
performance (2006,07 & 08)

Early group
1 CORH-3 Tamilnadu New Delhi, Uttarkhand, Assam, Chattisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal,
2 DRRH -2 Haryana,
Uttarkhand, West
Bengal and
Tamilnadu
New Delhi, Assam, Chattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat
Mid-Early Group
3 PSD -3 Uttarkhand Assam, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra
Pradesh and Tamilnadu
Medium group
4 CRHR-5 Orissa Bihar and Andhra Pradesh
5 JKRH-2000 West Bengal, Bihar
and Orissa
Jharkhand
6 PA 6444 U.P, Tripura, Orissa,
A.P, Karnataka,
Maharastra and
Uttarkhand
Jharkhand and Gujarat
*States in bold font represent hybrids performed well in all three seasons


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Table 3 Promising hybrids identified in MLT Phase III (Kharif 2010)
S.No. Hybrid DFF Yield (kg/ha)
Mean North East West South
Mid-early
2. Indam 200-017 96 5602
[6]
5326
[20]
5312
(20)
[5]
6004
(14)
5684
[9]
3. DRH-775 97 5662
(10)
[8]
5382

[22]
5492
(24)
[9]
5752 5832
5. IR-64 92 4843 4844 4387 4968 5207
6. Local Check 97 5166 5830 4417 5271 5670
7. PA 6201 95 5261 4427 5038 5970 5198
Medium
1. PAC-835 97 5721
(14)
[10]
6311
(22)
[15]
5144 6134
(18)
[19]
5892
(18)
[9]
2. PAC-837 97 5724
(14)
[10]
6039
(16)
[10]
5194

[6]
5181 6488
(30)
[20]
3. Jaya 98 5039 5189 4928 5205 5006
4. Local check 97 4832 5123 4455 5103 4932
5. KRH-2(Hybrid check) 96 5207 5503 4898 5172 5475

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*( ) yield advantage in percent over the best varietal check
*[ ] yield advantage in percent over the best hybrid check
2.5 Evaluation of hybrids under abiotic stress conditions
In general, hybrids are known to have more tolerance to abiotic stresses because of their
genetic plasticity. In order to find out the suitability of hybrids to abiotic stresses like moisture
stress (rainfed upland) and saline/alkaline soil conditions, many released hybrids were tested in
the hot spot locations to assess their performance.
Based on preliminary studies, the following hybrids were found to be promising under
different abiotic stress conditions (Table 4).
Table 4: hybrids suitable for abiotic stress conditions
Abiotic Stress Promising Hybrids

Rainfed upland DRRH-2, PSD-3, PSD-1, KJTRH-4
Salinity DRRH-28, PSD-3, KRH-2, HRI-148,
JRH-8, PHB-71
Alkalinity Suruchi (MPH-5401), PHB-71, JKRH-2000,
CRHR-5, DRRH-2, DRRH-3

2.6 Identification of hybrids suitable for aerobic conditions
The dwindling of fresh water resources in coming years forced the researchers to develop
hybrids for water limiting situation i.e. growing rice in aerobic situation. There are no hybrids
released so far, especially for aerobic condition, however some released hybrids showed better
performance in water limited conditions.

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Aerobic rice is a form of water saving technology practiced without standing water and
without stress. There are several forms of water saving methods; among them are direct seeded
aerobic rice (DSAR), alternate wetting and drying conditions. It is performed with scheduled based
irrigation at different crop growth period. In an experiment conducted at DRR, Hyderabad for
AWD and control irrigated plots, transplanting was done with 20-25 days old seedlings in puddled
soil and Butachlor (1.5 kg / ha) was applied 5-6 days after planting. After 15 days of transplanting
(i.e., once crop get established) till maturity AWD plots was maintained below saturation and need
based irrigation without standing water was maintained through out the crop growth stages. The
plots were irrigated immediately when hairline cracks formed. However, a thin film of standing
water was maintained for a week during flowering period and continuing AWD cycles after
flowering till harvest. The quantity of water used for each irrigation was measured through water
meters and quantified at the end of the crop growth. Whenever there is rain it was treated as one
irrigation and excess water in direct seeded aerobic(DSAR) and AWD where drained out
immediately.
In case of direct seed aerobic rice (DSAR) is basically as like that of wheat or maize crop.
Before sowing, the field is dry prepared by plouging 2-3 times to make soil porous and fine tilth.
Even total weed killers like roundup also recommended if more ploughing is not possible. A light
irrigation (30 mm) after sowing is needed to promote emergence of seedlings. Subsequent
irrigation applications depend on the soil water status and crop requirement. Weed infestation is
a major problem, so preemergence herbicide (pendimethalin) is recommended. The
preemergence herbicide is usually effective for 3-4 weeks after application. Late-emerging weeds
can be controlled by hand weeding. Dibbling of seeds for direct seeded aerobic (DSAR) rice was
also done on the same date where nursery sowing was done for AWD and control plots. Once crop
get established the procedures of irrigation is similar to AWD conditions. The main parameters like
flowering date did not change as much, but slower plant growth, reduction in total dry matter, leaf
rolling, membrane injury, stomatal conductance have varying effects than in irrigated conditions.
In an experiment conducted at DRR, Hyderabad during Kharif 2006, highest frequency of
promising entries were recorded in hybrids (45%) followed by IR 64 introgression lines (17%),

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Teqing introgression lines (16%) and varieties (14%). The hybrids like KRH-2, PSD-1, DRRH-3,
DRRH-2, PSD-3 and CRHR-5 showed stable performance under aerobic conditions. Promising
entries identified are DRRH-2, DRRH-25 and ARB-16 in early (Rasi) duration, PA 6201, RWC-15,
ADTRH-1, IR 66, DRR 13B, ARB 198 in mid early (IR 64) group and CRHR-3, NDR-3026, KRH-2,
Sahyadri, HRI-126 and PHB-71 in medium (Jaya) duration group. The mean yield and percentage
promising entries identified among different group of breeding materials is given in Table-5.
Table-5: Mean yield of entries tested under aerobic condition
Type of material No. of
Entries
Five plant
Yield in grams `
Promising
Entries
Mean Range No. %
IR 64 introgression lines 140 103 60-130 24 17
Teqing introgression lines 135 106 58-129 21 16
I x J derivatives 250 92 35-115 25 10
Varieties 65 95 49-118 9 14
Hybrids 20 105 85-135 9 45
B lines 30 71 40-94 1 3
R lines 60 90 50-108 6 10
Total 700 99 35-135 95 14

Another set of experiment conducted for a period of 3 years (2008-2010 Kharif) with AYT
entries. The water saved under aerobic plots was around 30%. The comparative performance of

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the genotypes under irrigated aerobic conditions is depicted in Fig. the genotypes B 644F-MR-6-0-
0, IR 7885-B1-1-1, WR-3-26, CR-691-58, VLD-16, Anjali were found promising under aerobic
conditions.
Hybrids found promising under aerobic conditions are PSD-3, DRRH-2, PA-6201, KHR-2,
DRRH-3, JKRH-401, 27P11 and Sahyadri were found promising with more than 15-20 percent yield
advantage over the respective checks.
2.7 Grain quality considerations
The cooking quality preferences vary from region to region. Rice is one cereal that is
consumed mainly as whole milled and boiled grain. The quality in rice will have to be considered
from the view point of milling quality, grain size, shape, appearance and cooking characteristics. A
hybrid should possess high turnout of whole grain (head) rice and total milled rice, with varying
length:breadth ratio (L/B) ranging from 2.5 to 3 mm and medium (5.5 6.6 mm) to long slender (>
6.6 mm) translucent grain, intermediate gelatinization temperature (GT) and amylose content
(AC). Besides this, high quality rices like Basmati should have length wise expansion without
increase in girth coupled with distinct aroma.
The large scale adoption of hybrid rice depends on the profitability of the technology,
which in turn depends on level of heterosis and market price of the produce as determined by
region specific grain/cooking quality requirements. Hence, quality considerations are of
paramount importance for the popularization and large scale adoption of hybrid rice in India.
Grain quality features of all released hybrids in the country are furnished in Table 10. It is
evident from the table that most of the hybrids have grain quality features either better or on par
with that of popular varietal checks like Jaya, IR 64 and Annada which are grown in different parts
of the country. By choosing appropriate parental lines, it is possible to develop hybrids with
desirable grain and cooking quality traits as per the region specific requirement of the consumer.
Release of Pusa RH 10 - The worlds First Superfine Grain Aromatic Rice Hybrid: Using the
Basmati quality parental lines (CMS and restorer lines) developed at Indian Agricultural Research

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Institute, (IARI), New Delhi, the hybrid Pusa RH 10 was developed and it was released by
CSCCSN&RV in July 2001 for commercial cultivation in the irrigated eco-systems of Haryana, Delhi
and Uttaranchal (Fig. 5). It has excellent grain quality (Table 9) and is early duration hybrid,
maturing in 115 days as against 135 days taken by the best check variety Pusa Basmati 1, with 40%
higher yield. By virtue of its earliness, it is suitable for planting after the onset of monsoon without
any yield reduction and has high per day productivity. The release of Pusa RH 10 is the hallmark
achievement of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute and the Indian Council of Agricultural
Research.

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Table 10: Grain quality characteristics of released hybrids
S.
NO
Hybrid Hullin
g
(%)
Milling
(%)
HRR
(%)
KL
(m
m)
KB
(m
m)
L/B
rati
o
Gr
ain
Ty
pe
KLA
C
(m
m)
ER W
U
(ml
)
VE
R
AS
V
AC
(%)
1 APHR-1 73.0 60.0 - - - LS - - 270 - 2.2 25.8
2 APHR-2 76.6 67.8 55.9 6.2 2.1 2.9 LS 10.
2
1.6 260 3.8 2.3 27.8
3 (MGR-
1)CORH-1
- 67.6 55.9 5.8 2.02 2.8
7
MS 9.2 1.5
8
290 4.5 - 31.4
4 KRH-1 - 63.2 61.9 6.3 2.0 3.2 LS 9.3 1.5 240 - 4.0 18.0
5 CNRH-3 77.6 70.3 51.7 5.8 2.3 2.6 MS 10.
9
1.9 220 4.5 3.5 27.5
6 DRRH-1 77.5 73.0 52.0 6.8 2.1 3.3 LS 11.
3
1.7 208 5.3 4.0 25.0
7 KRH-2 77.6 73.0 57.3 6.1 2.2 2.8 LB 12.
3
2.0 203 4.7 2.2 27.0
8 Pant
Sankar
Dhan -1
78.0 70.0 59.0 7.5 2.0 3.8 LS 9.7 - 245 5.3 3.0 23.1
9 PHB 71 79.7 71.3 58.6 6.5 2.1 3.1 LS 12.
4
1.9 223 4.7 2.4 22.8
10 CORH-2 79.0 70.9 48.0 5.9 2.3 2.6 MS 11.
3
1.9 355 4.7 4.1 25.9
11 ADTRH-1 79.1 75.0 71.0 6.6 2.1 3.2 LS 11.
4
1.7 240 5.0 4.5 24.5
12 Sahyadri 67.6 51.5 6.9 2.1 3.2
5
LS 11.
7
1.7 215 4.5 6.6 21.6

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13 Narendra
Sankar
Dhan-2
78.3 70.5 46.2 6.6 2.2 3.0 LS 11.
7
1.8 238 5.0 6.1 21.2
14 PA 6201 77.2 68.0 61.0 6.0 2.1 2.8 LS 10.
9
1.8 110 5.2 2.0 24.0
15 PA 6444 80.0 74.0 64.0 6.2
1
2.06 3.0
1
MS - - - - 4.5 INT
16 Pusa RH-10 81.0 67.0 61.0 6.7
4
1.74 3.7
8
LS 1.7
8
1.7
6
- - 4.5 24.3
17 PRH-
122(Ganga)
80.0 74.5 68.5 6.7
9
2.09 3.2
4
LS - - - - 4.4 21.6
18 RH-204 79 73.6 57.0 6.4
6
2.18 2.9
6
LS - - 330 5.2 7.0 23.5
19 Suruchi 80.0 72.0 68.0 5.3
8
2.0 2.6
9
MS - - - - 5.3 23.6
20 Pant
Sankar
Dhan-3
78.8 67.3 63.8 2.1 6.9 3.2
4
LS 11.
9
1.7
2
245 3.9 6.5 20.0
21 Narendra
Usar
Sankar
Dhan-3
71.0 64.0 - - - LS - - - - 7.0 -
22 DRRH-2 75.0 73.0 63.0 6.5 1.92 3.4
LS
9.2 1.4
2
220 5.1 6.5 25.5
23 Rajlakshmi 80.0 72.0 60.3 7.4
4
1.98 4.3
7
LS 10.
0
1.5
3
255 3.7
5
5.0 26.1
24 Ajay 80.0 72.0 62.0 7.2
2
2.04 4.4 LS 10.
5
1.5
0
225 3.6 4.5 26.4
25 Sahyadri-2 78.0 70.2 56.0 7.0 2.03 3.4 LS - - - - 6.0 22.7

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5
26 Sahyadri-3 78.0 74.5 60.2 7.5
1
2.2 3.3
8
LS - - - - - 24.8
27 HKRH-1 81.4 69.3 62.1 6.5
0
2.0 3.2
5
LS - - - - - 18.1
28 JKRH-401 82.0 74.0 59.0 6.2
0
2.15 2.8
8
LB - - 265 - 5.2 24.5
29 CORH-3 72.9 68.2 60.3 6.5
0
2.2 2.9
5
MS - - - 4.3 4.0 21.7
30 Indira Sona - 78.7 55.0 7.1
0
2.05 3.4
3
LS - - - - - -
31 JRH-4 - 69.2 53.4 6.2
5
2.23 2.8
0
LB - - 190 5.3 4.0 26.8
32 JRH-5 - 68.4 53.0 6.6
3
2.15 2.9
6
LS - - 190 5.3 6.0 24.6
33 PA 6129 - 74.0 63.0 6.6
4
1.75 3.8 LS - - - - 7.0 24
34 GK 5003 - 73.0 68.0 6.3 1.85 3.3 LS - - 260 - 4.0 24.3
35 Sahyadri 4 - 71.0 58.0 6.7
4
1.76 3.8
2
LS - - - - 7.0 21.4
36 JRH-8 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
37 DRH 775 79.6 73.9 64.7 6.6 1.95 3.3
8
LS - - - - 5.0 24.5
38 HRI-157 - 71.0 65 6.1
5
2.22 2.7
6
LB - - - - 4.5 24.0
39 PAC 835 - 72.35 59.6
0
5.9
2
2.05 2.9
6
MS - - - - 6.6 23.3

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40 PAC 837 - 71.1 50.6
7
5.7
5
5.49 2.3
0
LB - - - - 3.8
3
25.9
41 DRRH 3 80.2 71.7 67.3 5.2
8
2.00 2.6
4
MS - - - - 4.0 23.8
42 US 312 72.1 70.0 68.0 6.1
0
2.02 2.9
5
MS - - - - 5.0 23.1
43 Indam 200-
017
- 72.3 58.9 6.1
3
2.27 2.6
9
LB - - - - 5.5 24.3
44
CRHR-32
- 71.0 51.6
0
5.4
7
2.09 2.6
1
MS - - - - 5.0 25.6
45
NK 5251
- 72.1 69.1 6.0
0
1.96 3.0
6
LS - - - - 5.0 23.2
46
27P11
80.3 72.2 62.0 5.2
2
1.82 2.8
7
MS 8.5 1.6
3
275 5.6 5.0 24.3
HRR : Head Rice Recovery; KL : Kernel length; KB : Kernel breadth; L/B ratio: Length/breadth ratio;
KLAC : Kernel length after cooking; ER : Elongation ratio; WU : Water uptake; VER : Volume
Expansion Ratio; ASV : Alkali spreading value; AC : Amylose content; GC : Gel consistency
2.8 Development of hybrids for Southern India
A perusal of the area covered under hybrids indicates that hybrids have not made a dent in
the southern region. It is because of the fact that people in southern India prefer medium slender
grained premium quality rices like BPT 5204, Ponni Mahsuri etc., but the existing hybrids are long
grained and sticky.
In order to develop and release medium slender grain hybrids with better cooking quality
on par with a popular variety BPT 5204, separate trials for medium slender grain type hybrids
were conducted for the past six years. The list of promising hybrids in advanced stage of release
with high heterotic potential and better grain quality traits is given in Table - 11. Among these
hybrids, DRRH-3, developed by DRR, Hyderabad is found to be superior both in terms of yield
advantage and grain quality traits on par with BPT 5204 (Fig. 6). Therefore, this hybrid has been

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released recently for commercial cultivation in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. DRRH-3 is the first MS grain type hybrid released in the
country and this is a significant contribution of DRR, Hyderabad to hybrid rice technology.
Table 11: Promising hybrids with medium slender grain quality
Hybrid
Grain yield Grain quality traits
t/ha
Adv
(%)
Milling
(%)
HRR
(%)
WU
(ml)
ASV
AC
(%)
GC
(mm)
DRRH-3 6.1 33 72 67 205 5.0 23.8 63
27P11 5.8 26 74 70 255 5.0 22.9 26
BPT 5204 4.6 - 72 68 200 5.0 23.4 23

Fig. 6: Comparison of 27P11 and BPT-5204 grain type

It is expected that with release of some more hybrids of MS grain type for commercial
cultivation in the southern states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, TamilNadu, Pondicherry and
Maharashtra where very limited area is under hybrid rice at present, will accelerate the rate of
adoption of medium slender grain type hybrids in the near future.

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2.9 Resistance to insect pests and diseases
For the stable performance of hybrids across locations/seasons, it is necessary that the
hybrids should possess resistance/tolerance to major insect pests and diseases. Hence
incorporation of resistance to major insect pests and diseases is one of the major objectives of the
hybrid rice breeding programme. In addition to development of parental lines with high level of
resistance to biotic stresses, hybrids in the coordinated trials are being regularly screened for
resistance to major insect pests viz., stemborer, BPH, WBPH, leaf folder and gall midge and
diseases viz., blast, bacterial leaf blight (BLB), rice tungro disease (RTD), brown spot, sheath blight
and sheath rot through national hybrid rice screening nurseries. Table 12 lists the released
hybrids with resistance or tolerance to inspect pests and diseases. Major emphasis is being given
now for the development of parental lines with inbuilt resistance to major pests and diseases.
Table- 12: Pest and Disease reaction of released hybrids
S.
NO
Hybrid BL BLB RTV ShBL BS GLH SB BPH WBPH GM LF
1 APHR-1 MR MR
2 APHR-2 MR
3 (MGR-1) CORH-1 R R MR MR MR MR
4 KRH-1 T T
5 CNRH-3
6 DRRH-1 R
7 KRH-2 R T R
8
Pant Sankar Dhan -
1
MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
9 PHB 71 T T T T
10 CORH-2 MR MR MR
11 ADTRH-1 MR R
12 Sahyadri MR R

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13
Narendra Sankar
Dhan-2
R R R R R
14 PA 6201 MR MR MR
15 PA 6444 MR MR MR MR R MR
16 Pusa RH-10 MR MR MR MR
17 PRH-122(Ganga) R MR MR MR MR MR MR
18 RH-204 R T T R
19 Suruchi R MR
20 Pant Sankar Dhan-3 MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
21
Narendra Usar
Sankar Dhan-3
R MR MR MR MR
22 DRRH-2 R R MR MR
23 Rajalakshmi MR MR MR MR
24 Ajay MR MR MR MR MR MR
25 Sahyadri-2 MR R MR
26 Sahyadri-3 R MR MR MR MR MR MR R
27 HKRH-1 R MR MR
28 JKRH-401 MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
29 CORH-3 T T T T T
30 Indira Sona MR MR R
31 JRH-4 R T T R T
32 JRH-5 R T T T
33 PA 6129 R MR MR R
34 GK 5003 R R MR MR MR
35 Sahyadri 4 MR MR T T T T
36 JRH-8

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37 DRH 775 MR MR
38 HRI-157 MR MR
39 PAC 835 R MR MR
40 PAC 837 R MR MR MR
41 DRRH-3 MR MR T
42 US 312 R MR MR MR R
43 Indam 200-017 MR MR MR MR
44 CRHR-32 MR MR
45 NK 5251

Bold font indicates central release,
BL: Blast, BLB: Bacterial Leaf Blight, RTV: Rice Tungro virus, ShBl: Sheath Blight, BS:Brown Spot,
GLH: Green Leaf Hopper, SB: Stem Borer, BPH:Brown Planthopper, WBPH : White Backed
Planthopper, GM: Gall Midge, LF: Leaf folder, R-Resistant, T-Tolerant and MR-Moderately
resistant

2.10 Improvement of parental lines
Development and evaluation of CMS lines: Development of commercially useable CMS lines
with desirable traits is an important activity of the hybrid rice network project in India. Work on
development of region specific CMS lines is actively done by many centres. Presently 48-50
promising maintainers are at various stages of conversion program in the backcross nursery. List
of promising CMS lines developed by different centres in India is given in Table 13.

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Table 13: Promising CMS lines developed

Centre Promising CMS lines developed

DRR, Hyderabad DRR 6A, 9A, 10A, 12A, 14A, 15A
IARI, New Delhi Pusa 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 10A, 11A
PAU, Ludhiana PMS 3A, 10A, 12A, 17A
RARS, Karjat KJTCMS 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A
ARS, Ratnagiri RTN 8A, 10A, 13A, 14A
APRRI, Maruteru APMS 6A, 8A, 9A
CRRI, Cuttack CRMS 32A, CRMS 31A

Genetic improvement of restorers and maintainers: Parental line improvement program was
taken up by recombination breeding and by resorting to genetic male sterility-facilitated
population improvement. In the recombination breeding, single, three way and in complete
back crosses among restorers/ outstanding partial restorers as one group and
maintainers/outstanding partial maintainers as the other divergent group were made and
desirable segregants were selected in different generations. In the restorer breeding program
the major selection criteria were relatively tall stature, improved plant type with synchronous
tillering, lower panicle position, sturdy culm, long/heavy panicles, moderate to heavy tillering,
MS/LS grain type with intermediate amylose content, delayed leaf senescence, better pollen
production and dispersal ability. However, in the maintainer breeding program selections were
carried based on desirable traits viz., relatively short stature, improved plant type, high rate of
exserted stigma (> 30%), MS/LS grain type with better grain quality, moderate to heavy
tillering, lower panicle position and synchronous tillering and slow leaf senescence with high
number of opened spikelets. Through this program more than 1500 restorers and 500

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maintainers were developed. Among the restorer breeding material, highest frequency of
restorers were found in lines derived from crosses among restorers (61 64%) as compared to
that of restorer x partial restorer crosses. Among the maintainer breeding lines, crosses
involving all maintainers gave higher frequency of maintainers (56-65%) as compared to
maintainer x partial maintainer crosses (35 44%). Through genetic male sterility facilitated
recurrent selection four new composite populations of restorers viz., DRCP 101, DRCP 102,
DRCP 103 and DRCP 140 and two of maintainers viz., DRCP 104 and DRCP 105 were developed
at DRR, Hyderabad. Large number of productive segregants with many desirable traits were
being handled by pedigree method and 500 new parental lines were developed.
Large number of parental lines developed from these programs are being regularly
utilized in the development of hybrids. The status of utilization of the new parental lines is
given in Table - 14.
Table - 14: Status of utilization of new parental lines
S. No. Status of utilization No. of
entries
1. No. of hybrids released/in the advanced stage of
release
04
2. No. of hybrids in the national trials 20
3. No. of hybrids in station trials 250
4. No. of restorers in experimental hybrid seed
production
120
5. No. of new CMS lines developed 17
6. No. of B lines in CMS conversion program 50
7. No. of breeding lines released as varieties 05

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Genetic enhancement for yield heterosis through exploitation of New Plant Types (NPT): Most
of the commercial hybrids now in cultivation belong to intra sub specific group (indica/indica or
japonica/japonica) and have few ancestors with narrow genetic base. The insufficient genetic
diversity is recognized as a major cause for the yield ceiling in hybrid rice that has appeared for
nearly 20 years.. Standard heterosis in these hybrids is in the range of 10-20 percent (0.75 to 1.5
t/ha) over the popular high yielding inbred varieties. One of the strategies contemplated to
further enhance the yield potential of hybrid rice is development of inter sub specific
(indica/japonica) hybrids. This strategy is based on the experience that the magnitude of heterosis
is in the order of indica/japonica>indica/javanica>japonica/javanica > indica/indica >
japonica/japonica the inter sub specific hybridization approaches utilizing tropical japonica lines
such as Akihikari, Koshihikari and wide compatibility indica donors like Dular and Nagina 22 and a
number high yielding indica rice varieties through a complex crosses, a series of NPT combining
dark green erect leaves, sturdy stem, moderate but synchronous tillering and grain number up to
250-350/panicle were developed. At present a large number of NPT derivatives in indica
background are available, some of these are being used for conversion into CMS lines and a
number of perfect restorers in NPT background have been identified. Utilization of NPT based CMS
and restorer lines in hybrid development are likely to raise level of heterosis multifold.
2.11 Two line breeding system:
The greater dependence on a single source of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) by the use
of WA system and the most difficult and laborious process of seed production and parental line
development warrant the development of alternate methodologies to exploit hybrid vigour in rice.
Two line breeding based on two new kinds of genetic tools viz., photosensitive genic male sterility
(PGMS) and thermo-sensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) systems is one such possibility. In this
system multiplication of female line is very simple, since it is multiplied as any ordinary genotype
through self pollination under fertile phase. There are no problems of alternative rows,
synchronization, supplementary pollination etc. unlike in three line system where CMS lines are
multiplied or maintained utilizing maintainer line through A x B seed production plots. China has
developed rice hybrids using this system. In India, GB Pant University of Agriculture and

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Technology, Pantnagar has been the first institute to develop two line hybrid UPRTGH 332 in the
country and entered in the national trial for multi location tests. Research work is also underway
at DRR, Hyderabad and TNAU, Coimbatore on similar lines.
2.12 Optimization of cultivation package
Extensive agronomical trials were conducted over the locations and seasons to optimize
the cultivation package to exploit the full potential of hybrids. Trials were conducted on seeding
dates, seed rate, nursery management, plant population, method of planting, nutrient and water
management and other related aspects. Based on the results obtained from these trials, a
generalized package has been developed which is given below (Table-15).
Table 15: Package for cultivation of hybrid rice
Activity Requirement
Seed rate : 12 - 15 kg/ha
Seeding density (in nursery) : 25-30 g/m2
Spacing : 15 x 15 or 20 x 15 cm
Seedling/hill : One or two
Nitrogen level : 120-150 kg/ha (based on soil fertility and local
recommendation) to be given in three splits
Phosphorus & Potassium : 60:60 kg/ha. Potash to be given in two splits.
Plant protection : Need based

The package for cultivation of hybrids is more or less similar to that of high yielding
varieties except the nursery management and planting density in main field. Since the cost of
hybrid seed is higher, there is a need to economize on seed quantity used for sowing. Hence only
25-30 gm of seed per square meter is to be spread uniformly while sowing in the nursery bed.

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Sparse sowing is very important and it helps to obtain healthy vigorous seedlings with 3-4 tillers
within 20-25 days for planting.
Another way to economize on seed rate is to plant only one or at the most two seedlings
per hill as against 4-6 seedlings per hill planted in case of high yielding varieties. Due to sparse
seeding, the seedlings are healthy, vigorous and multi-tillered and hence even with one or two
seedlings, field establishment of the crop is very good. By adopting sparse seeding and planting of
one or two seedlings per hill, it is possible to adequately cover an area of one hectare with only
12-15 kg of hybrid seed. Split application of nitrogen and potash is also very important to obtain a
good hybrid rice crop.
2.13 Economics of cultivation of hybrid rice
With good management, yield advantage of 1.0 1.5 t/ha can be obtained by cultivation of
hybrids as compared to the high yielding varieties under the same set of growing conditions.
Hybrid seed cost is the only additional expenditure incurred in cultivation of hybrids. The hybrid
seed is sold generally at the rate of around Rs. 150-180 per kg. Hence Rs. 2200-2700 is spent
towards seed cost for one hectare. In case of high yielding varieties, farmers use 40-50 kg seed
per hectare obtained at the rate of Rs. 15-20 per kg. Hence additional seed cost for hybrids works
out to be about Rs. 1600-2000/- per hectare.
Additional yield obtained through cultivation of hybrids is 1.0 1.5 ton per hectare. At the
market price of Rs. 10,000/- per ton of paddy, additional income obtained is Rs. 7,000/- to Rs.
10,000/- per hectare. Hence after deducting the additional cost towards seed of Rs. 2000/-, the
net profit by cultivation of hybrid rice is Rs. 8,000 to Rs. 12,000/- per hectare.
A study by Aldas Janaiah and Fangming Xie (2008) has shown that hybrid rice varieties are
indeed superior to inbred rice varieties for yield and profitability in Chhattisgarh and eastern Uttar
Pradesh. Hybrid rice outyielded the existing inbred varieties by about 36% in Chhattisgarh and
24% in Uttar Pradesh (Table 16) under farmerss field conditions. On average, the yield gain of
hybrid rice over the existing popular inbred rice varieties in eastern India is about 30% in farmers
fields, which is a phenomenal increase under rainfed uplands. Another important finding of this

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study, is that hybrid rice grain fetched almost the same price as inbred rice grain in the markets of
Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.
Table 16: Average yield (t/ha) of hybrid and inbred rice varieties
State Hybrid Inbred Yield gain % Yield gain
Chhattisgarh 4.5 3.3 1.2 36.4
Uttar Pradesh 6.2 5.0 1.2 24
(Ref: Janaiah A and Xie F. 2010. Hybrid rice adoption in India: farm-level impacts and
challenges. IRRI Technical Bulletin No. 14, IRRI)
2.14 Large scale cultivation of Hybrid Rice
It is one and half decade now since the first hybrids was developed and released for
commercial cultivation in India in 1994. During 2008, hybrids were grown in area of around 1.4
million hectares (3.0% of the total rice area). Area under hybrid rice in India, year-wise for the last
ten years is given in Graph 1.
During the first decade, adoption of hybrid rice has been much slower than expected
mainly because of lower grain quality and consequently lower market price for the produce.
However, the yield advantage of hybrids in the range of 15-20% over the high yielding inbred
varieties has been well established in the farmers field. The adoption of hybrid rice in the initial
years has been rather slow but steady one. It has picked up during the last five years since 2004,
mainly because of increasing popularity and profitability of hybrid rice among the rice farmers of
eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. Large scale adoption of hybrid rice is
expected in these states during next decades.

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Hybrid rice is also picking up in Haryana and Punjab states in recent years. It is reported
from these states that less fertilizers and water are needed for hybrid rice as compared to the high
yielding varieties. The earliness of hybrids is also another advantage reported, facilitating timely
sowing of wheat crop or creating possibility of growing short duration inter crops. It is expected
that by 2010 and 2015, hybrids may be cultivated in India in an approximate area of 2.5 and 4.0
million hectares respectively.
To intensify the cultivation of hybrid rice and popularize this technology with farming
community, Government of India has recently has constituted a Task Force on Hybrid Rice with
Dr Swapan K Datta, DDG (CS), ICAR, New Delhi, Sri Siraj Hussain, CMD, FCI, New Delhi & Sri S K
Roongta, CMD, NSC, New Delhi as members and Sri Ashish Bahuguna, Additional Secretary, Dept.
of Agriculture & cooperation, GOI, as Chairman, to develop state specific strategies for promotion
of hybrid rice cultivation to accelerate its adoption and address various constraints. The task force
started reviewing the status of hybrid rice cultivation in various rice growing states & seed
production issues and is contemplating various options to intensify the utilization of this
technology in a much bigger way in the country.
3. Hybrid Seed Production
Success of hybrid rice technology primarily depends on, magnitude of heterosis which
determines profitability, timely availability of quality seed and affordability of hybrid seed to the
farmers. Production of pure hybrid seed in self pollinated crops such as rice, at affordable price, is

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a highly skill oriented activity. Through extensive trials on different components like suitable
locations, seasons, planting time, planting geometry, row ratios, GA
3
application and
supplementary pollination etc., a package for production of hybrid seed was optimized. This
package was effectively demonstrated in farmers fields and the seed growers are following this
package with some modifications to suit local conditions. A summarized version of the package is
given in Table 17. Cost effective seed production technology helps in faster spread of the
technology.


Hybrid Seed Production Plot


Permanent isolation barriers in DRR Farm

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Supplementary pollinationsTable 17: Optimum package for hybrid rice seed
production and CMS multiplication
Activity Particulars
Seed rate A line or female Parent : 15 kg/ha
B or R line or male parent : 5 kg/ha
Nursery Sparse seeding (20 g/m2) to ensure multi-tillered (4-5)
seedlings in 25 days
Row ratio 2 B: 6A for CMS multiplication
2 R : 8A for hybrid seed production
Number of seedlings/hill 2 seedlings/hill for female parent
3 seedlings/hill for male parent
Spacing Male : Male = 30 cm
Male : Female = 20 cm
Female : Female = 15 cm
Plant : Plant = 15 cm or 10 cm

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GA3 application 60-90 g/ha in 500 litres of water at 5-10% heading in two
split doses on consecutive days (60% on first day & 40 %
on the second day)
Supplementary pollination Four to Five times a day at peak anthesis with 30 minutes
interval during flowering phase (10-12 day period)
Roguing At vegetative phase -


At flowering -

At maturity -
Based on morphological
characters of leaf and plant
type
Based on panicle/anther
characteristics
Based on grain characteristics
and percent seed set.
Seed yield 1.5 - 2.5 t/ha.

3.1 Large Scale Seed Production
India has got a strong seed sector both in public and private. However, private sector has
taken a lead in production and marketing of hybrid rice seed. More than 30 private seed
companies are taking up large scale seed production and about 10 of them possess their own R
& D set up. Large scale seed production is taken up in Karimnagar, Warangal, Nizamabad,
Kurnool and Nandyal districts of Andhra Pradesh, Tumkur, Mandya and Mysore districts of
Karnataka State and Kolhapur district in Maharashtra and Erode and Bhavanisagar districts of
Tamil Nadu state. Seventy to eighty percent of the total hybrid rice seed is produced in the
northern Telangana region (Karimnagar, Warangal and Nizamabad) of Andhra Pradesh state,
where all the leading seed companies take up their large scale seed production and the seed
growers are getting average seed yields of 1.5 to 2.5 tons/ha. Seed yields are higher in dry
(rabi) season as compared to wet (kharif) season, because the flowering period coincides with
rains during kharif season, results in poor seed set.

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It is estimated that during rabi 2009-10, the hybrid seed production was taken up on nearly
14,000 hectare area and approximately 21,000 tons of hybrid seed was produced in the country.
During rabi 2010 area under hybrid rice seed production is estimated to be more than 25,000 ha.
The leading private sector seed companies are; Hybrid Rice International (Bayer Bio Science); PHI
Seeds Ltd., Mahyco, Syngenta India Ltd., Nath Biogene Ltd., Advanta India Ltd., Sri Ram Bioseed
India Ltd., Indo-American Hybrid Seeds, J.K. Agri Genetics, Metahelics Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Ganga
Kaveri Seeds Ltd., US Agri Genetics Ltd., etc. The addresses of some of these companies are given
in Appendix II. Among the public sector seed agencies, State Seed Corporations of Maharashtra,
Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh and National Seed Corporation are taking up hybrid rice seed
production on a small scale. Initially the seed yields obtained were very low (0.3 to 0.5 t/ha), but
with experience over the years, 1.5 2.5 t/ha average seed yields are being obtained now. Hybrid
rice seed production in the country, starting with less than 200 tons of total production in the year
1995 has crossed 20,000 tons from 14,000 hectares in 2008 (Table 18).
Table 18: Progressive increase in area an production of hybrid rice seed
Year Area
(ha)
Seed
Production (t)

Year Area
(ha)
Seed
Production (t)

1995 195 200 2003 2865 4000
1996 1075 1200 2004 4350 8600
1997 1485 1800 2005 6800 12500
1998 1630 2200 2006 12000 18000
1999 1660 2500 2007 13000 19500
2000 1630 2700 2008 14000 21000
2001 1625 2900 2009 18000 27000
2002 1635 3100 2010 20000 30000

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3.2 Economics of hybrid seed production
The hybrid rice seed production is fast becoming a lucrative proposition for
entrepreneurial farmers. With the average seed yield of 1.5 to 2.5 t/ha and at average
procurement price of Rs. 30 40 per kg, the gross returns are Rs. 60,000 80,000 per hectare.
The cost of seed production is around Rs. 25,000 30,000 per hectare. Hence the net profit by
undertaking hybrid rice seed production works out to be Rs. 35,000 50,000 per hectare and
hybrid rice growers are benefited substantially. Besides, hybrid rice seed production generates
additional employment for 60 80 person days/per hectare, particularly for rural women in
activities like supplementary pollination, rouging, etc.
3.3 Hybrid Rice seed production through public-private participation
The public sector is strong in technology generation in terms of releasing hybrids and
optimizing the technologies for seed production. However, its capabilities in large scale seed
production and marketing are rather limited. On the other hand, the private sector is quite strong
in large scale seed production and marketing. Therefore harnessing the mutual strengths of public
and private sectors in a partnership mode is the key to popularize the public bred hybrids which
are as good or even better in some cases as compared to private hybrids. Public-private
partnerships for hybrid seed production have been fructified in India recently by signing
memorandum of understanding (MOU) by some companies with few public sector research
institutes and some examples are given in table - 19.
Table - 19: MOUs with private seed companies
Hybrid Developed by MOU with
DRRH-2 DRR,
Hyderabad
Sampoorna Seeds, Pratham Biotech Limited, Neo Seeds,
Vickys Agri Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Charoen Pokphand Seeds
(INDIA) Private Limited., Bioseed Research India Pvt.
Ltd.
DRRH-3 DRR,
Hyderabad
DevGen Seeds & Crop Technology Pvt. Ltd., Kaveri
Seeds, Indian Foundation Seed and Services

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Association, Ankur Seeds Pvt. Ltd, Ganga Kaveri Seeds
Pvt. Ltd
Pusa RH-10 IARI, New
Delhi
Indian Foundation Seed and Services Association, J.K.
Agri Genetics, Nath Biogene (I) Ltd., Devgen Seed and
Crop Technology Pvt. Ltd., Zuari Seeds Limited,
Advanta India Limited, Yashoda Seeds Pvt. Ltd.,
Namdhari Seeds Pvt. Ltd., Amareshwara Agri. Tech Ltd.,
Bhavani Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
PSD-1 &
PSD-3
GBPUAT,
Pantnagar
Syngenta India Ltd., Pune.

CORH 3 TNAU,
Coimbatore
Rasi Seeds (P) Ltd, Attur, T.N.

Ajaya,
Rajalakshmi
CRRI, Cuttack Annapurna Seeds, Vikkys Agri Sciences Pvt. Ltd.,
Hyderabad
KRH-2 UAS, Mandya Namdhari Seeds Pvt., Ltd., Bidadi, Bangalore.
Sahyadri-1 BSKKV, Karjat Syngenta India Ltd., Pune
JRH-4, JRH-5 JNKV, Jabalpur Vikkys Agri Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad

The effective public-private partnership between IARI, New Delhi and Indian Foundation
Seed and Services Association, Hyderabad resulted in faster spread of the first aromatic rice hybrid
Pusa RH-10 in the country.

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DRRH 3 signing MOU with Ankur Seeds
Besides this, private sector companies are also active in exporting hybrid rice seed to
countries like Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Nepal, Myanmar and Bangladesh. It is estimated
that about of 800 1000 tons of hybrid rice seed is exported to the above countries annually.
3.4 Problems in hybrid rice seed production
At present large scale hybrid rice seed production is concentrated in only two districts of
Andhra Pradesh, viz., Karimnagar and Warangal. More than 80% of the hybrid seed is being
produced in this region. With increase in demand for hybrid seed, additional areas are required
for seed production. Area suitable for seed production in Karimnagar and Warangal region has
already reached saturation with almost 18,000 ha under seed production in this region during
2009. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new areas suitable for large scale seed
production in other states, beginning has already been made by initiating large scale seed
production in Nalgonda, Khammam region of Andhra Pradesh, Raichur and Bellary districts of
Karnataka, Salem and Coimbatore, districts of Tamil Nadu and Kolhapur district of Maharashtra.
Similarly, the possibilities of undertaking seed production in late kharif season or in boro/summer
season need to be explored in southern and eastern states. Possibilitiy of good quality seed

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production may also be possible in states like Rajasthan and Gujarat even during kharif season,
where the rainy days are few and weather remain dry during kharif season.
Performance of public seed sector in hybrid rice seed production has not been encouraging
so far, though many good public hybrids have been released. Seed production personnel in public
sector have to be motivated to undertake large scale hybrid rice seed production. Hence the
National Seed Corporation, State Farms Corporation of India and the State Seeds Development
Corporations have to be encouraged and provided all the needed facilities and infrastructure to
take up large scale hybrid rice seed production. A change in the mindset of public sector seed
personnel will go a long way to popularize hybrid rice in the country.
Higher seed cost is another problem faced by the hybrid rice farmers. Private sector seed
companies are marketing the seed @ Rs. 150 200 per kg. Seed cost needs to be reduced to
around Rs. 100 120 per kg by enhancing the seed yield through refinement of the seed
production package.
The time gap between harvest of seed at the end of rabi season and requirement of seed
placement with the seed traders for kharif season, particularly for northern India, is too short. To
overcome this problem, the nurseries for seed production plots need to be seeded a bit early
during second fortnight of October itself and the innovative molecular marker technology for
testing the purity of hybrid seed need to be adopted so that seed lot can be released for
commercial sale as early as possible.
Though there were few problems in the initial stages of large scale hybrid rice seed
production in the country, the average seed yields obtained at present are satisfactory and are
increasing gradually over a period of time with the experience. It is possible to overcome minor
problems encountered. Hence by regular refinements in the seed production technology,
prospects for large scale hybrid rice seed production in India appear to be bright and this activity
will be very helpful to bring prosperity to the farming community in the near future.

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4. Application of Biotechnological tools for hybrid rice improvement
Molecular marker technology has tremendous potential for improvement of hybrid rice.
Since the selection can be done at seedling stage, molecular markers now offer opportunities to
breeders for manipulation of multiple traits. They can be deployed for hybrid rice improvement
and thereby help in increasing the breeding efficiency. The progress of research related to
application of DNA marker technology for hybrid rice improvement in India is given below.
4.1 DNA marker based assessment of genetic purity of seeds of rice hybrids and parental lines
Genetic purity of parental lines and hybrids is of crucial importance, as one percent
reduction in purity of hybrid seed, results in a reduction of about 100 kg/ha in yield of commercial
crop. Traditionally genetic purity is tested by Grow Out Tests (GOT), based on morphological
assay. This method requires space for growing the samples drawn, considerable time till
flowering/maturity (one season) and labour for raising the crop. Seed stocks and the investments
made are locked up till the results from GOT are received. To overcome these major problems,
Directorate of Rice Research, in collaboration with Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
(CCMB), Hyderabad has developed a DNA marker technology for rapid and reliable estimation of
genetic purity of parental lines and hybrids.
Centrifuge at
10000 g for
2 min
Treat at 100
O
C
for 10 min
Use the supernatant
as template DNA for
PCR
PCR Agarose gel
Electrophoresis
Gel documentation
Steps involved in DNA Test for assessing Hybrid rice purity
2-3 day
old
seedling
Tease out shoot and root using
sterile forceps
Microcentrifuge tube
with 200 l of
extraction buffer
Motorised pestle


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This method involves isolation of DNA from 3-5 days old seedlings, setting up a polymerase chain
reaction using rice micro-satellite and sequence tagged site primers with isolated DNA,
subsequent resolution of PCR products by agarose gel electrophoresis and finally estimating the
purity of samples based on DNA banding pattern (Fig. 2 & 3). This procedure requires just 5-7 days
and more than 1000 samples can be analysed in a day. This method costs only Rs. 5.00 per
seedlings, thus for a sample of 400 seedlings as required for GOT, total expenses of only Rs. 2000/-
are needed for this molecular method. Efforts are in progress to popularize this method among
the seed companies.
4.2 Marker-assisted identification of fertility restorer genes and their introgression into parental
lines
At Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, studies of fertility restoration
in two rice hybrids showed a dominant monogenic inheritance in both F2 crosses viz., IR58025A /
IR40750 and IR62829/MTU9992. Mapping studies identified RM6100 linked to Rf4 gene on
chromosome at distance of 8.7 cM and 7 cM in the above hybrids. The marker RM6100 identified
restorer and maintainer lines with 97.5% efficiency. At Directorate of Rice Research (DRR), studies
of fertility restoration of two hybrids showed a dominant digenic control in F2 (IR58025A/KMR3)
and BC1F1 populations (IR62829A/IR10198//IR62829A). RM6100 was very close to the gene at a
genetic distance of 1.9 cM. The accuracy of the marker RM6100 in predicting fertility restoration
was validated in 21 restorer and 18 maintainers with 94.9% efficiency.

4.3 Molecular marker-assisted introgression of biotic stress resistance genes into hybrid rice
parental lines:
In an effort to improve the elite parental lines IR58025A, IR68897A, APMS6A, Pusa 6A, BCW56,
EPLT109 and PRR 78 for bacterial blight and blast resistance, the molecular markers are being
used for introgression of resistance genes in a backcross breeding programme at DRR, Hyderabad
& IARI, New Delhi. The improved lines are being screened for presence of target biotic stress

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resistance genes using the linked markers and presence/absence of the major fertility restoration
gene locus Rf4 with the help of the gene-linked SSR marker RM6100.
4.4 Marker Assisted Screening of genotypes for the presence of wide compatibility (WCG) genes
The utilization of wide compatibility genes (WCG) in overcoming the partial hybrid sterility (HS)
while exploiting the inter sub-specific hybridization (indica/japonica) was further speeded up with
the development of new set of multiplex marker system at S5 locus. This system called S5-MMS
targets the functional nucleotide polymorphisms (FNP) at S5, is suitable for deployment in marker-
assisted selection (MAS) of wide compatible genotypes and for identification of allelic status at S5
in rice varieties (Fig. 9). This way many rice genotypes were identified possessing S5-neutral allele
(S5n), which could be immediately deployed in hybrid rice breeding for development of superior
inter-sub specific rice hybrids.
Fig. 9: The functional marker system S5-MMS can clearly distinguish all the three allelic states
at S5 locus

S5-MMS can clearly distinguish genotypes possessing neutral allele at S5 locus (lanes 13 to 18) from
those possessing indica (lanes 1 to 6) or japonica allele (lanes 7 to 12) and hence is highly useful for
quick identification of wide compatible genotypes and predicting the success of inter-subspecific
cross combinations based on allelic status at S5. In addition, it can also precisely discriminate indica
from japonica at this locus. Lanes 1-6: IR36, TKM6, IR64, ADT37, Jaya, W1263, ; Lanes 7-12:
Nipponbare, Akihikari, Koshihikari, Sasanishiki, Taipei 309, J84; Lanes 13-18: Dular, Nagina22,
Akshaydhan, Varadhan, RP2068, Anjali

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4.5 Screening of restorer lines for presence of Rf3, Rf4 and WCG genes
Molecular markers are becoming increasingly useful in enhancing the efficiency in crop
improvement. With the availability of molecular markers linked to fertility restoration and
wide compatibility, breeding lines can be easily screened and identified as restorers & wide
compatible genotypes without any test crosses and complications associated with phenotype-
based screening. In Directorate of rice research 100 breeding lines were screened for the
presence of fertility restorer genes and wide compatible S5 neutral allele. The lines having
presence of all Rf4, Rf3 and Wc genes are presented in the following table (Table 20). These
lines could be immediately utilized in hybrid rice breeding program to exploit higher level of
heterosis.
Table 20: Restorer lines having Rf3, Rf4 and S5 neutral allele
S.No Breeding lines Alleles Present
1 KMR-3R Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
2 Ajaya-R Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
3 GQ-86 Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
4 GQ-58 Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
5 GQ-64-1 Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
6 DR714-1-2R Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
7 945-1-2 Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
8 SG 17-118-3 Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
9 SG-27-175 Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
10 SG-27-177 Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
11 Shrabani Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral

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5. Technology Transfer
Hybrid rice is an innovative, readily adaptable and economically feasible technology for
Indian agriculture. There is a need to create awareness about the advantages of taking up hybrid
rice cultivation, not only among Indian rice farmers but also among the policy makers as well as
development and extension personnel at various levels. In addition to creating the awareness
about the specific advantages of undertaking hybrid rice cultivation, there is also an urgent need
to train farmers and farm women in hybrid rice cultivation and the seed personnel and seed
growers in hybrid rice seed production technology. All these activities were initiated on a smaller
scale, which need to be intensified further in the years ahead.
5.1 Compact block Frontline Demonstrations
To create awareness about the advantages of taking up hybrid rice cultivation among the
rice farmers, large number of compact block frontline demonstrations were organized across the
country. These demonstrations were organized in 16 states during the last 9 years. The salient
features from the demonstrations are given in Table - 21.
12 255 Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
13 IBL 57 Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
14 517 Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
15 TCP-9263 Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
16 111-3 Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral
17 611-1 Rf4+Rf3+S5 Neutral

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Table 21: Frontline demonstrations organized
State Hybrids demonstrated No. of
Demonstrations
(1 ha. each)
Yield advantage
(kg/ha.)
Uttar Pradesh NSD-2, PSD-1, PSD-3
6444, PHB-71, KRH-2
1522 850-2215
Karnataka KRH-2 1240 700-1650
Maharashtra Sahyadri, KRH-2,
PHB-71, PA 6444
845 1450-2610
Andhra Pradesh PHB-71, PA 6444, DRRH-1 600 650-1170
Tamil Nadu CORH-2, CORH-3
ADTRH-1, PHB-71
890 715-1210
West Bengal PA 6444, PHB-71, KRH-2
CNRH-3
695 1020-1670
Orissa PA 6444, PHB-71, KRH-2 858 810-1050
Uttaranchal PSD-1, PSD-3, PHB-71 640 780-1155
Goa KRH-2, Sahyadri 680 1450-2370
Bihar, Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand, Punjab,
Haryana, Gujarat,
Tripura
KRH-2, PHB-71, PA 6444,
Sahyadri, DRRH-1,
PSD-3
1180 950-1870
Total 8877

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Almost 9000 frontline demonstrations on hybrid rice have been conducted in 16 states.
This is an on-going activity and the transfer of technology efforts are being intensified and large
number of demonstrations are being organized in many more states under the Macro-
Management scheme of the Ministry of Agriculture, which is being coordinated and implemented
by the Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad.
In 90-95% of the demonstrations organized, the hybrids have out yielded the best inbred
check varieties of the region. In few cases, due to improper crop management, hybrids could not
show the yield advantage. The yield advantage observed was high (1.5 2.5 t/ha) in Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, Maharasthra and Goa. It was moderate (1.0 t/ha) in many other states. The yield
advantage was on lower (0.5 t/ha.) in Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Field days were organized at all the strategic locations and the neighboring rice farmers
were made aware of the advantage of hybrid rice cultivation. Question-Answer sessions were
integral part of field day organization. Frontline demonstrations have proved to be a very effective
tool for popularization of hybrid rice and this activity is being intensified.
5.2 Training Programs
To impart the knowledge and necessary skills for hybrid rice cultivation and hybrid rice seed
production, appropriate training programs were organized for farmers, farm women, seed
growers, seed production personnel of public and private seed agencies, extension functionaries
of State Departments of Agriculture, officials of SAUs and NGOs etc. The duration of training
program varied from 1-21 days. In all 535 training programmes were conducted throughout the
country and 15160 participants were trained. Two winter schools were organized and 47
participants were trained at DRR, Hyderabad (Table - 22).

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Table 22: Training programs organized (from 1995-2010)
Theme Durat
ion
Clientele Number of
Training
Programs
Person
Trained
Hybrid rice cultivation 1 day Farmers 200 8060
Farm women 50 1300
Hybrid rice seed
production
3
days
Seed growers 90 1800
5
days
Seed production
personnel
106 2225
Hybrid rice technology 5
days
Extension workers
officials of SAUs and
NGOs
86 1710
Hybrid Rice Breeding 6
days
Breeders from Public
and Private Sector
1 18
Winter School on
Hybrid Rice
Technology
21
days
Scientists, Assistant
Professors from SAUs
2 47
Total 535 15160

Participants of HR training programme
In addition to the above mentioned national training programme, International training programs
were also organized for participants from Bangladesh, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Myanmar,
Korea and Egypt. DRR is regularly organizing training programme for the benefit of agricultural
officers (Hybrid Production Technology) and for the personnel of seed industry on hybrid rice seed
production. Interested persons may contact pdrice@drricar.org for further information in this
regard.

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Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217

5.3 Inter state farmers visit
For providing exposure to the farmers and farm women on hybrid rice cultivation and hybrid seed
production 10 interstate farmers visits were organized and 415 farmers and farm women were
benefited by these visits. These exposure visits were organized by Mandya, Maruteru,
Coimbatore, Karjat and Karnal centers. The farmers from one state were taken to other states
where they could see and learn about hybrid rice cultivation and hybrid seed production. This
unique activity was very helpful not only to disseminate the technology but also strengthened the
human resources in the farming community.
6. IMPACT OF HYBRID RICE TECHNOLOGY
Impact of hybrid rice technology in India was assessed by two reputed independent
agencies viz., Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad and Society for Management of Agri-
Rural Projects, Kanpur. Assessment of the impact was carried out in the states of Punjab, Haryana,
Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Bihar in Northern India, whereas in Southern India, it was carried
out in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Maharashtra in Western region
and West Bengal in eastern India were also covered under this study.
6.1 Salient findings from the impact assessment Study in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Bihar, Southern, Western and Eastern Indian States
There is an yield advantage of 1.0 1.5 t/ha in all the five states studied by cultivation of
hybrid rice over the highest yielding inbred checks in different states.
Additional net profit by cultivation of hybrids over the inbred checks ranged from Rs. 2,781 to
Rs. 6,291 per hectare.
The net profit by undertaking hybrid rice seed production was of around Rs. 21,000 per
hectare, at seed yield levels of 1.0 t/ha and the farm gate seed price of Rs. 50 per kg.
Except in the state of Punjab, farmers, researchers and extension workers were convinced that
the hybrids give considerably higher yields than the inbred varieties.

Page | 48
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217

There is some reluctance on the part of millers to offer similar price for hybrids as for the
inbred varieties in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
The prospects of large scale adoption of hybrid rice are bright, if grain quality of the hybrids is
improved and proper policy and institutional interventions are forthcoming.
6.2 Salient findings from the impact assessment Study in Maharashtra, Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and West Bengal.
Net profit by cultivation of hybrids ranged from Rs. 1250/ha in Andhra Pradesh to Rs. 6000/ha
in Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Net profit in hybrid seed production ranged from Rs. 7500/ha (AP) to Rs. 30,000/ha
(Karnataka).
Hybrid seed production, activity generates additional employment of 65 person days/ha and
most of them are women.
There is no adverse impact of hybrid rice cultivation on the environment.
In the process of development of hybrid rice, more emphasis should be given for market
preferences.
7. Major Challenges
Despite having great potential to enhance production and productivity of rice in the
country, hybrid rice has not been adopted on large scale as was expected. This is due to several
constraints. Some of the major constraints are;
Lack of acceptability of hybrids in some regions such as Southern India, due to region
specific grain quality requirement.
A few hybrids are reported to have stickiness and presence of mild aroma which is not
liked in Southern India.
Moderate (15 20%) yield advantage in hybrids is not economically very attractive and
there is a need to increase the magnitude of heterosis further.

Page | 49
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217

Lower market price offered for the hybrid rice produce by millers/traders, is acting as a
deterrent for many farmers to take up hybrid rice cultivation.
Higher seed cost is another deterrent for large scale adoption and hence there is a need to
enhance the seed yield in hybrid rice seed production plots.
Efforts for creating awareness and for technology transfer were inadequate in initial
stages.
Involvement of public sector seed corporations in large scale seed production has been less
than expected.
Non-availability of hybrids for boro season and long duration hybrids for shallow lowland
conditions.
Most of the constraints mentioned above are being addressed with right earnestness
through the on-going research projects and through aggressive transfer of technology efforts.
8. Future Outlook
A good beginning has been made by ushering in to an era of hybrid rice in the country.
Development of heterotic hybrids by the researchers, large scale production of hybrid seeds by
various seed agencies and transfer of this technology to the end users by the extension agencies
must go hand in hand to have the real impact of this technology in the Indian agriculture. Though
the hybrid rice technology has been introduced to Indian agriculture, the successful large scale
adoption of this innovative technology, in future, primarily depends upon the economic
attractiveness of this technology. Rice hybrids with still higher magnitude of heterosis coupled
with better grain, cooking and eating quality and possessing resistance to major pests and
diseases are being developed.
In the special mission mode programme to bring Green Revolution in eastern India, greater
emphasis is being given for enhancing rice production and hybrid rice adoption is one of the key
components identified, as it is the eastern India, where hybrid rice technology has made an
impact. Aggressive efforts are needed to bring more area under hybrid rice by involving all the
stakeholders.

Page | 50
For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP)
Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: naiprkmp@gmail.com, pdrice@drricar.org, shaiknmeera@gmail.com
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217

Many promising parental lines with better floral traits have been developed. Seed
production technology has to be further refined to obtain average seed yields of 2.5 to 3.0 t/ha on
a large scale, so that the cost of hybrid rice seed can be reduced to Rs. 100/- kg. Top priority has to
be given to maintain the purity of parental lines and to produce high quality hybrid seed.
Involvement of seed agencies in the public sector, NGOs and farmers cooperatives along with the
private seed sector will be crucial to meet the increased demand for hybrid seed in the years to
come. Transfer of hybrid rice technology from the research farms to the farmers field is as
important as developing the hybrids. Extension agencies have to play a greater role in creating
much needed awareness among farmers about the advantages of cultivating hybrid rice by various
innovative approaches.
Policy decisions of providing subsidy to meet the higher seed cost and giving minimum
support price for rice hybrids for the next 4-5 years would be very helpful to bring more area
under hybrid rice. Despite the few minor problems faced in the initial stages, timely and favorable
decisions by the policy makers and active involvement of researchers, seed producers and the
extension workers would certainly lead to successful hybrid rice cultivation on large scale in India
during coming decades. The national food security mission launched in the last year envisages
increasing of annual rice production by at least 10 million tons by the end of eleventh five year
plan by 2011-2012. Hybrid rice technology is likely to play a major role in increasing rice
production in the country. It is expected that by the year 2012 hybrids will be cultivated in India, in
3 million hectares and by 2015 hybrids are expected to cover at least 5 million hectares of the rice
area in the country, thereby contributing significantly towards national food security.

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