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CFT COLUMN BASE DESIGN AND PRACTICE IN JAPAN


Toko HITAKA
1
, Keiichiro SUITA
2
, and Mikiko. KATO
3


SUMMARY

Currently, the CFT column base is designed in a similar manner as the steel column base in Japan.
There are three column base designs used in Japan. Of the three, the base plate connection has
been used for the longest time. The Japanese steel column base design was changed twice in its
past after 1978 and 1995 earthquakes. After the 1995 earthquake, the moment resisted by the base
plate is estimated considering its rotational stiffness. Ductile design is possible if ductile anchor
bolts are used. If conventional non-ductile anchor bolts are used, the design is similar to the AISC
design. The embedded column connection was introduced after 1978 earthquakes to increase the
rigidity of the column base. The behavior of the embedded column base is reliable, but the base
plate connection is preferred if the construction period must be short. Behavior of the CFT
column base is similar to that of the steel tubular column base. The purpose of the most researches
on the CFT column base is to enhance workability. The semi-embedded column base is one such
example. This is a combination of the base plate and the embedded column connection. While the
construction process is similar to the base plate connection, the performance is the same as the
embedded column connection.


Keywords: concrete filled steel tube, column base, connection, design method, ductility.


INTRODUCTION

In Japan, behavior of the CFT columns and connections were actively studied during the past decades, but little
attention was paid to the CFT column bases. This is due to the perception, common among the researchers and
engineers, that the performance of the CFT column base will be equal or better than the steel tubular column
base, because the inner concrete may prevent local buckling of the steel. The steel tubular column on the other
hand has been widely employed for building frames since long time ago in Japan, where the space frame system
is the norm in the practice. Behavior of the steel tubular columns, including its column bases, was thoroughly
studied and the tubular column bases are designed using an established design procedure. CFT column bases are
currently designed using similar procedure. The objective of this paper is to introduce the design procedure for
the steel column base most frequently used by the Japanese engineers.

Three types of column base design exist in Japan; base plate connection, encased base plate connection, and
embedded column connection, as shown in Figure 1. Among the three, the base plate connection has the longest
history in Japan. Encased base plate connection is becoming unpopular these days. The embedded column
connection is used mostly in the large-scale buildings. Most CFT frames used to be employed only for such
buildings, where this connection is used. Recently, the increasing demand for shorter construction period is
pushing the employment of the base plate connection for CFT columns. When the building has basements, the
section of the column is switched from tube to a cross-H section at the ground level, which is embedded in the
concrete wall.

So far, the CFT buildings, and therefore their column bases, have not been challenged by large earthquakes.
Many steel base plates, however, were damaged due to large earthquakes. The design methods were revised after
some of these events. Benchmarking earthquakes are Izu-Ohshima inshore and Miyagi-ken offshore earthquakes
in 1978 and Kobe earthquake in 1995. Many base plate connections were found severely damaged in both cases.

1
Reserch Associate, Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Japan, e-mail: hitaka@arch.kyushu-u.ac.jp
2
Associate Professor, Div. of Earthquake Disaster Prevention, Disaster Prevention Researvh Institute, KyotoUniversity, Japan,
e-mail: suita@archi.kyoto-u.ac.jp
3
Engineer, Nikken Sekkei Co., Japan, e-mail: katoum@nikken.co.jp
282
Behavior of the steel column bases was actively studied after the 1978 earthquakes. The findings still are the
basis of the current design methods to this day. In response to Kobe earthquake, design method for the base plate
connection was reviewed. The results were presented in the publication from Building Center of Japan in 2001.

Recent studies on CFT column bases are to develop better column base designs, rather than to grasp the behavior
of traditional column bases. Ideas of several such studies are, for example, to develop column bases that are
physically very close to a pin, damage-control type, or Semi-Embedded type.

In the following, the second chapter introduces a brief history of steel base plate connection design. Damaged
steel column bases found after Kobe earthquake are also shown. The structural design is reviewed by building
officers of the city/prefecture government in Japan. Engineers commonly design buildings using procedures
recommended by Building Center of Japan (this procedure is called BCJ design procedure hereafter). The third
chapter describes the current BCJ design procedure of the base plate and the embedded column connection, and
compare the two connections from construction and other aspects. The last chapter introduces two recent
experimental researches on CFT column bases in Japan.























BRIEF HISTORY OF STEEL COLUMN BASE DESIGN IN JAPAN

Two major events changed the Japanese steel column base design since the steel members started being used for
buildings. They are the establishment of the new seismic design standards in 1981 and the revision of the
Japanese building code in 2001.

Before 1981

The structural steel, in its earliest days, was mainly used for the factories in Japan, which at that time was
enjoying an economic boom. In those days, built-up members consisting of angles and rivets were used for
building frames. The column base was base plate connections, reinforced by ribs and shear panels placed
between the built-up components. Tension and shear were resisted by anchor bolts. Shear lags were used when
large shear was expected. In the structural design, the connection was modeled as a pin or a rigid end depending
on the designers strategy. At this time, it did not make much difference whether the connection was regarded as
a pin or a rigid connection, because the story drift was not regulated by the code.

In 1966, Japanese Industrial Standard was revised, which included the wide flange shapes. This caused great
reap for these steel members to be used for buildings. The design approach for column bases remained the same
as for the built-up members. Normally, for the connections modeled as pins, the anchor bolts were located
between the flanges.

The earthquakes around Miyagi prefecture in 1978 caused severe damages to the base plate connections. The
Base Beam
Base Plate
Non-Shrinkage
Mortar
Hoop
Reinforcing Bar
Anchor Bolt
Base Beam
Base Plate
Base Beam
Base Plate
Anchor Bolt
Anchor Bolt
a) Base Plate Connection b) Encased Base Plate Connection c) Embedded Column Connection
Figure 1 Column Bases in Japan
Base Beam
283
column base design became an issue for the first time. Many researchers were motivated to study behavior of the
steel column bases, and its effect on the overall building behavior. The damages proved that the rigidity of the
actual base plate connections is not to be relied on. The smaller rigidity of the column base meant larger strength
demand for the second floor beams.

After 1981, Pre-Kobe Earthquake

Reflecting the observations of the damages, the new seismic design standard was endorsed in 1981. However,
the column base design practice itself remained the same as before. Rather, it was the story drift limit endorsed
in the new standard that drew designers attention to the column base design. In the new standard, the story drift
angle of a building under design seismic force should not be more than 1/200 rad. Whether the column base is
modeled as a pin or rigid end now mattered. The reports of the damaged base plate connections generated the
view that the performance of such connections is no better than pins. The legislation announced that only the
column bases with embedded length of more than 30 cm were to be regarded as rigidly connected to the ground.
The base plate connections were thus modeled as pins after the incident. The encased base plate connections and
the embedded column connections were invented because of this change. The embedded column connections
were mostly used for large-scale buildings, and base plate connections, for mid-to-small buildings.

In the meantime, some companies developed base plate connection packages for wide flange shape and tubular
members used for building frames. Combinations of cast-steel base plate, anchor bolts and washers were sold
with a design manual. The performance (i.e. rotational stiffness, strength and ductility) of such connections is
pre-qualified by the authority. Non-commercial base plate connections, thus regarded as pin connection, were
designed to resist only to shear and tension.

Steel Column Bases Damaged during Kobe Earthquake

Some details of column base damages found in 426 steel buildings are
reported in Reconnaissance (AIJ, 1995) after Kobe earthquake. The
damaged buildings were mostly low-rise. Eighty-two percent of these
buildings had less than 6 stories (CFT was still quite new structural
member at this time. Hence no CFT buildings damaged in Kobe).
Base plate connection was found in 63% of the 426 buildings.
Sixty-seven percent of the unbraced frames with base plate
connections (112 buildings) collapsed or were severely damaged. In
almost all the damaged base plate connections, anchor bolts had
fractured or elongated severely. Other forms of damage were also
found in a few cases (e.g. large plastification of base plate in 6
buildings, fracture at welds between the column and the base plate in
4 buildings). Twenty-six percent of unbraced frames and 29% of
braced frames were damaged in the column base. No damages in the embedded column connections were
reported. Figure 2 shows an example of a damaged base plate connection. The column of this four-story building
is a 200x200 wide flange shape member. The damaged connections were mostly such small base plate
connections that had been modeled as pins.

Post-Kobe Steel Column Base Design

Reflecting the damages observed after the event, efforts were made to investigate proper seismic design force
into the base plate connection. The results were reflected in BCJ design procedure (explained in the next
chapter). The procedure for the embedded column design remained unchanged. In the new procedure, strength
demand for the base plate connection is estimated considering the rotational stiffness of the connection. Another
major change is the introduction of a design method relying on ductility of the anchor bolts. Engineers, however,
are still careful in using this method.


CURRENT STEEL COLUMN BASE DESIGN IN JAPAN

Background Researches

Most of the findings about steel column bases, i.e. the rotational stiffness, yield and ultimate strength, types of
damages, histeresis, were made in late 1970s and 1980s. The rotational stiffness of the connection varies
Figure 2 Damaged Base Plate
284
depending on the construction detail or quality. The currently used equation for stiffness (the equation (1) in the
next section) tends to underestimate the stiffness, especially in the case where specimens are not loaded axially.
The ultimate strength of the steel column base connections is well predicted using the current design formula
(the equation (2) in the next section). Figure 3 compares the calculated strength and test results of the
connections (AIJ, 2001). The horizontal axis is the axial load ratio for the base plate connection (Left), and the
embedded column length for the embedded column connection (Right). In Fig. 3b, it is observed safe to expect
hinging of the column at the base if more than twice the column depth of the lower end of the column is
embedded.



Figure 3 Comparison of Measured Strength and Calculated Strength
(Left: Base Plate Connection, Right: Embedded Column Connection)

The slip model is appropriate as the hysteresis model for base plate
connections. The histeresis curve slips at a moment estimated as the
moment resisted by concrete bearing as observed in Figure 4 (Akiyama,
1985). The shape of the hysteresis loops varies according to axial load, but
the buildings overall behavior is not much affected (Kawano, 1998). The
engineers have so far avoided relying on the ductility of base plate
connections, because of its thinner hysteresis loops. However, analytical
studies have shown that the story drift and hinging of frame members may
be distributed along the height more equally if the column bases are
semi-rigid rather than perfectly-rigid (Yamada, 1997 and Kawano, 1998).

In another analytical study, ductility demand for the base plate connections
was investigated. The results showed that the plastic rotational capacity of
0.03 rad. of the column base is sufficient for buildings of varied base shear
strength ( 0.25), beam-column strength ratio ( 1.2), and column base
column strength ratio (more than 1/3) (Hasegawa, 2000).

Base Plate Connection

A typical configuration of the base plate connection is shown
in Figure 5. Reinforcement in the base concrete is designed so
that the force transferred from the steel column will be resisted
by the RC column under the base plate, and then the base
concrete beams. The anchor bolt embedment length must be
larger than 20 times the diameter of the anchor bolts (same as
for the reinforcing bars in the AIJ RC design standard). The
anchor bolts diameter is typically less than 50mm. Anchor
bolts are usually tied to each other by so-called anchor beams
shown in Fig. 5. The upper limit of the marginal clearance for
bolt holes is around 5mm. Nowadays, using shear lags is rare
in Japan. The anchor bolts shear strength is used to resist
shear force. Leveling nuts are not used.

The major changes in the BCP design procedure after Kobe
Embedded Length / Column Length
Figure 4 Hysteresis of Base
Plate Connection
Column
Base plate
Mortar
Base Concrete
Anchor bolt
Hoop
Anchor Beam
Figure 5 Typical Base Plate Connection
285
earthquake are 1) estimation of design moments for the frames and the column bases considering the rotational
stiffness of the base plate connection, and 2) different design approaches depending on ductility of the anchor
bolts. If ductile anchor bolts are to be used, yielding is allowed for the column base (anchor bolts) under large
earthquakes. Yielding of base plates is not favored.

Rotational Stiffness and Design Moment of the Base Plate Connection

The rotational stiffness of a base plate connection,
BS
K , is calculated by the following equation (1).

( )
b
c t b t
BS
l
d d A n E
K
2
2
+
=
(1)
E : Youngs modulus,
t
n : number of bolts on the tension side,
b
A : anchor bolts section area,
b
l : embedded
length of the anchor bolt. Other geometric notations are defined in Fig. 7. This equation gives a conservative
estimation of the stiffness. A linear analysis considering this rotational stiffness gives larger moments for the
first story columns and the second story floor beams. In the case of a base plate connection with configuration as
shown in Figure 8, the distance between the flexural point of the first story column and the ground level
generally is 0.4 to 0.45 times story height. This value is not much affected by the detail of the connection (e.g.
anchor bolt location, stiffeners around the column end). In most cases, it is only for the second floor beam
sections that larger section is required if the rigidity of the column base is reduced (Hasegawa, 2000).

Strength of Column Base and Anchor Bolts Ductility

Figure 6 schematically shows the column base
design procedure for regular buildings of more than
certain volume. In Japan, designing of such a
building is a two-step procedure. First, the design
moment, axial and shear forces for each member
are obtained by linear static analysis considering
the rotational stiffness of the column base,
BS
K .
The base plate connection design is determined at
the second step. Depending on the ductility of the
used anchor bolts, the ultimate or yield strength of
the connection is compared with either (=1.3)
times the plastic strength of the column (M
pc
) or
the force that exist in the column base when the
building is resisting with its full capacity (M
la
).
M
la
is obtained by multiplying the forces due to
the earthquake load in the connection by (=2).
The value for , 2, was determined because the
ultimate base shear of steel frames is usually about
twice the design seismic load.
A ductile anchor bolt is defined by the yield ratio
of the steel. The yield ratio of a ductile anchor bolt
is no more than 0.75 (0.65 for some special anchor
bolts). These values are determined so that the yield
strength of the anchor bolts shank exceeds the
ultimate strength of its thread section. The base
plate connections with such anchor bolts possess
the plastic rotational capacity of more than 0.03
rad.

In the case of using ductile anchor bolts, the ultimate strength of the base plate connection,
u
M may be used.
u
M is estimated assuming stress distribution as shown in Figure 7. The compression strength of the concrete is
0.85 times its mix strength.
u
M is calculated by the equation (2),

2
nd
Step
1
st
Step: ASD (Rotational Stiffness Considered)
If Ductile
Anchor
Bolts Used
If
pc u
M M
A B C
Yes
No
la y
M M
G O A L
la u
M M
Yes
No
Figure 6 BCJ Base Plate Connection Design Method
286
( )
( )
( )

+
|
|
.
|

\
| +

+
+

=
t u
u
u u
t u
t u
u
d T N
N
T N D T N
d T
d N N
M
2
1
2
(2)

where N : axial force in the connection,
u
N : maximum compression strength of base concrete under the base
plate (
c
BDF .85 0 = ),
u
T : maximum tensile strength of anchor bolts on the tension side,
c
F : mix strength of
concrete. Other geometric notations are defined in Fig. 7.
If non-ductile anchor bolts are used, the connection must be designed such that neither the concrete nor the
anchor bolts will be damaged by the force, M
la
. This is similar to comparing M
la
with the yield strength
calculated using the ASD procedure shown in AISC Design Guide (1990).
In AISC Design Guide (AISC, 1990), a base plate connection under axial force with large eccentricity as shown
in Figure 8 is designed as an example using ASD and LRFD methods. The same connection is designed here
using Japanese procedure for a comparison. For the Japanese case, the anchor bolts are assumed non-ductile.
Assuming that the moment is generated by the seismic load and the axial load is caused by the gravity, the
design moment for the Japanese designing was multiplied by 4/3 (=2/3x2), reflecting the first step of BCJ design
procedure. Considering the column base rotational stiffness in the Japanese case, the design moment for the
column base is reduced to about 2/3 of the American case, where the column base is assumed perfectly rigid.
The design moment caused by the seismic force is then multiplied by (=2) at the second step. Minimum
required anchor bolt diameter and base plate thickness are calculated for the connection under axial load, P
Figure 8 Design Comparison (US-Japan)
n
t
Bolts on the tension side =2
P: Axial force 120kip (267kN)
Connection is designed for varying
design moment, M.
D=B=14in.(356mm)
d
e
=1.5in.(35mm)
t
b
B.P.thickness
l
a
Embedded length
d
b
Diameter of A. Bolt
d
b

B
D
l
a

t
b

P
M
d
c

Figure 7 Stress Distribution in Base Plate Connection
In Concrete In Anchor Bolts (two cases)
0
30
60
90
2 3 4 5
A
n
c
h
o
r

B
o
l
t

D
i
a
m
e
t
e
r
B
a
s
e

P
l
a
t
e

T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s

(
m
m
)
M/(0.5DP)
B.P.
Thickness
JP
ASD
LRFD
A. Bolt
Diameter
LRFD
ASD
JP
( )
u u u
T N N N >
( )
u u u
T N T N >
( )
u u
T N T 2
287
(=267kN) and varying moment, M. The design results for the required base plate thickness and anchor bolt
diameter are compared in Figure 8. The horizontal axis of the graph is the moment divided by P and half the
depth of the column section. Despite the difference of material strength used in the calculation in the US and
Japan as shown in Table 1, the results are similar. Ductility of anchor bolts does not affect the result unless the
design sequence A in Figure 6 is taken.

Table 1 Material Strength Used for Design
1st Step 2nd Step
ASD LRFD
Anchor Bolt
0.33Fu 0.56Fu
Base Plate
0.75Fy 0.9Fy
Concrete
2Fc/3 Fc 0.350.7Fc 0.511.7Fc
Elements
J apan US
S
t
r
e
s
s
Fy

Fy and Fu: nominal yield and tensile strength of steel, respectively, Fc: mix strength of concrete


Embedded Column Connection

Figure 1c shows a typical configuration of the embedded column connection. The embedded column length is
determined such that the moment and shear will be resisted by the bearing of concrete on the embedded column.
In the case of steel tubular column, about twice the column depth is generally sufficient for the embedded
column length. Filling concrete in the steel tube embedded in the concrete has been one of the solutions to avoid
kink near the concrete surface since early days. The problem in the embedded column design arises if the column
is located at the fringe of the building and the base concrete cannot be extended outward.

Larger rotational stiffness is expected for the embedded column base than the base plate connection. In the
linear analysis, the rigid point of the column is assumed to be 1.5 times column depth below the concrete.

Other Issues

In using the base plate connections, engineers have two options, i.e. to use commercial connections or to design
and fabricate the connections using ordinary material. Though expensive, the commercial connections possess
reliable rigidity and large rotational ductility. If the base plate connections are to be fabricated, the engineers
estimate the stiffness using the equation (1). Although not readily available yet, the ductile anchor bolts were
specified in the Japanese Industrial Standard in 2002. The circulation of such anchor bolts will increase, and so
will the fabricated ductile base plate connections in future.

In terms of construction, the embedded column connection is not too desirable. In the case of employing this
connection, steel members must be erected before the base concrete casting. This requires that preparation and
fabrication of steel members and selection of the construction workers should all be finished before casting the
base concrete. One major attraction of using steel system is that its construction period is shorter. Replacing the
embedded column connection with the commercial base plate connections, despite the expense, is sometimes a
reasonable solution.

It is a difficult task to place anchor bolts correctly to match the column location. The poured concrete some times
washes the anchor bolts away from its original position.

If large stress is expected in the connection (e.g. braced columns) complete joint penetration groove weld is used
between the steel column and the base plate. Fillet welding is used if the strength is sufficient to resist design
force.

As to possible problems in using CFT instead of steel columns, more reinforcement is needed in the base
concrete beam because the column has larger strength than steel columns. Likewise, the required embedded
column length is larger for the CFT columns.


SEMI-EMBEDDED COLUMN CONNECTION TEST

(This research is a work of Morino, et. al. (2003))
Objective: Studying the behavior of Semi-embedded CFT Column Base. According to studies on the embedded
column bases, the embedded column length is determined by the moment generated by the bearing of the
288
concrete, which is roughly two times the depth of the column section (2D). Semi-embedded CFT Column Base
consists of a CFT column embedded over the length shorter than 2D in the base concrete, a base plate and anchor
bolt. A concrete pocket similar to those required for shear lags is required. But it is not necessary for the column
to be placed before the base concrete casting, thus the construction is similar to that for the base plate connection.
The construction procedure of the semi-embedded column base is schematically illustrated in Figure 9. Firstly,
concrete is cast for the foundation beam with anchor bolts arranged, leaving a void area for the steel erection.
Then, the steel is erected, and finally the concrete is post-cast into the pocket beneath the column base. In this
manner, a mixed construction of steel and concrete is avoided.

Specimens and other details: a total of eight specimens were tested under horizontal load at the column top.
Table 2 summarizes the test specimens. The first alphabet indicates monotonic or recursive loading. The
numerals e.g. 22 indicate width-thickness ratio of the column tube. The last alphabet in the designation of the
specimen signifies F: full, H: half, Q: quarter, Z: zero length of the required embedded length for the embedded
column connection by AIJ (2001). No axial loading. The base plate is thick enough not to yield due to tension in
the anchor bolts. The base plate is fillet welded around the steel tube. Anchor bolts are designed for two
specimens (Z and Q) such that the ultimate moment resisted by concrete baring and the anchor bolts will be
equal to the yield strength of the CFT column. Anchor bolts are tied together by so-called anchor beams near
the bottom.








Figure 9 Construction of Semi-Embedded
Column Connection
Table 2
Dimensions Related to Test Parameter
Figure 10 Specimen Figure 11 Test Setup
Specimen
289



Figure 12 Horizontal Force Rotation Relation
(: horizontal displacement of loading point, H
cu
: plastic strength of CFT column)



Test Parameter: Embedded column length (le in Table 2).

Results: The behavior of specimens is compared in Figure 12. Performance of the column embedded over 1D
(R22H) is almost equivalent to those of the embedded column connection (R22F). The specimen with less
embedded length (R22Q) behaves fairly similarly to the column with a base plate connection (R22Z). It was
observed that the reinforcing bars also carried substantial amount of moment in R22H. The strength of the
specimens R22Z, R22Q and R22F are estimated considering the moment resisted by anchor bolts and concrete
bearing (H
bu1
in Fig. 12). The ultimate strength of R22F slightly exceeds H
bu1
, which is substantially larger than
the column plastic strength. H
bu2
in the figure for R22H is estimated considering the moment resisted by the
reinforcing bars. A stiffness estimation method was proposed. The calculated stiffness showed good agreement
for the specimens R22H and R22F.


CONCLUDING REMARK

CFT column base designs are similar to the steel column. For the steel buildings, the base plate connections are
more frequently used among the three column bases used in Japan, because the required construction period for
this connection is shorter. The situation is the same for CFT column bases.

The design procedure for the base plate connection for steel buildings was revised after the discovery of many
damaged base plates caused by Kobe earthquake. In the latest procedure, the strength demand for the frame is
estimated considering the reduced rigidity at the column base. The base plate connection is designed in different
manners depending on the ductility of the anchor bolts. Yielding of the anchor bolt is allowable if its yield ratio
is no less than 0.75. The base plate connections with such anchor bolts possess plastic rotational capacity of
more than 0.03 rad.

The embedded column connection is mostly used for large-scale buildings. So far, no damages have been
reported for this type of column base. The embedded column length of more than twice the depth of steel column
290
is required for the hinging in the column lower end.

A new CFT column base, the semi-embedded column connection was proposed and tested by Morino, et.al.
Combined with anchor bolts and a base plate, the semi-embedded column connection possesses equivalent
structural performance as the embedded column connection. The construction process is similar to that for base
plate connections, hence more economical than the embedded column connection.


REFERENCES

Akiyama, H. (1985), Seismic Design of Steel Column Base, ISBN4-8189-0531-3 C3052. (in Japanese)
AISC, Steel Design Guide Series Column Base Plates, Chicago, Illinois, 1990
Architectural Institute of Japan (1995), Reconnaissance report on damage to steel building structures.
Architectural Institute of Japan (2001), Recommendations for Design of Connections in Steel Structures. (in
Japanese)
Building Center of Japan (2001), Commentary on structural design standard and techniques. (in Japanese)
Hasegawa, T. (2000), Seismic response behavior of steel rigid frames having exposed-type column base,
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 46B, 657-665. (in Japanese)
Kawano, A. (1998), On the effect of restoring force characteristics of column-base on inelastic response
behavior of weak-beam steel frame under earthquake ground motion, Journal of Stract. Constr. Eng., AIJ,
Vol. 507, 139-146. (in Japanese)
Morino, S., Kawaguchi, J., Tsuji, A., and Kadoya, H. (2003), Strength and stiffness of CFT semi-embedded
type column base, Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Structure, Sydney, Australia,
June 2003, 3-14.
Yamada, T. and Akiyama, H. (1997), Influence of the rigidity of column bases on the ultimate earthquake
resistance of multi-story steel moment frames, Journal of Stract. Constr. Eng., AIJ, Vol. 496, 113-118. (in
Japanese)