COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123

COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123

Expected Course Outcome
# Course Outcome Coverage
1 Explain the concepts that underlie modern computer architecture, its
evolution, functions and organization.

2 Identify the best organization of a computer for achieving the best
performance when asked to make a selection from the current
market.
3 Demonstrate the flow of an instruction cycle.
4 Differentiate types of memory components in terms of its technology
and usage.
5 Convert integer and floating point numbers to its internal data
representation.

6 Construct a series of computer instructions to perform low-level
processor operations.
7 Explain the RISC and CISC computers, and single core and multi-core
computers
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
Architecture
Attributes visible to the
programmer
Instruction set
Number of bits used for data
representation
I/O mechanisms
Addressing techniques
Compatibility - Sharing basic
architecture
Intel x86 family
IBM system / 370 family
Organization
Implementing the features
Control signals
Interfaces
Memory technology
Organization differs between
versions
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
Structure
Method in which
components relates to each
other
Function
Operation of individual
components as part of the
structure
4 computer functions
a. Data movement
b. Control
c. Data storage
d. Data processing
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
Functional View
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Data
Movement
Apparatus
Control
Mechanism
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Processing
Facility
Operating
Environment
(source and
destination of
data)
Figure 1: Four computer functions
COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
a) Data Movement
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Data
Movement
Apparatus
Control
Mechanism
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Processing
Facility
Operating
Environment
(source and
destination of
data)
Figure 2: Four computer functions Data Movement
COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
b) Storage
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Data
Movement
Apparatus
Control
Mechanism
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Processing
Facility
Operating
Environment
(source and
destination of
data)
Figure 3: Four computer functions - Storage
COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
c) Processing - Storage
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Data
Movement
Apparatus
Control
Mechanism
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Processing
Facility
Operating
Environment
(source and
destination of
data)
Figure 4: Four computer functions Processing from/to Storage
COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
d) Processing: Storage I/O
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Data
Movement
Apparatus
Control
Mechanism
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Processing
Facility
Operating
Environment
(source and
destination of
data)
Figure 5: Four computer functions Storage to I/O
COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
Structure Top Level
Recap: Method in which components relates
to each other
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Peripherals
Communication
lines
Computer
Main
Memory
Central
Processing
Unit (CPU)
Input Output
Computer
Systems
Interconnection
COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
Structure
Computer > CPU
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Computer
Main
Memory
Central
Processing
Unit (CPU)
Input Output
Systems
Interconnection
CPU
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
(ALU)
Registers
Control Unit
Internal CPU Interconnection
COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
Structure
Computer > CPU > Control Unit
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CPU
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
(ALU)
Registers
Control Unit
Internal CPU Interconnection
Control Unit
Sequencing
Logic
Control Memory
Control Unit Registers and
Decoders
COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
Decimal
Binary
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
Decimal System
Decimal digits; 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Example: 83
Eight tens plus three: 83 = (8*10) + 3
Radix or base of 10
Each digit in the number is multiplied by 10 raised
to a power corresponding to that digits position
Example: 83
83 = (8*10
1
) + (3*10
0
)
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1 0
COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
Decimal System (2)
Decimal fractions
Use negative powers of 10 corresponding to
digits position
Example: 0.256
2 tenth plus 5 hundredths plus 6 thousandths:
0.256 = (0 * 10
0
) + (2 * 10
-1
) + (5 * 10
-2
) + (6 * 10
-3
)
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-1 -2 -3 0
COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
Decimal System (2)
Integer and decimal fractions
Integer: Use positive power of 10 - corresponding
to that digits position
Decimal fraction: Use negative powers of 10
corresponding to digits position
472.256 = (4 * 10
2
) + (7 * 10
1
) + (2 * 10
0
) +
(2 * 10
-1
) + (5 * 10
-2
) + (6 * 10
-3
)
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-1 -2 -3
0 1
2
COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
Binary System
Binary digits; 0 1
Base of 2
Value depends on its position
Example: 10
2
10
2
= (1 * 2
1
) + (0 * 2
0
) = 2
10
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1 0
COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
Additional Reference
http://WilliamStallings.com/COA/COA7e.html
http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html
WWW Computer Architecture Home Page
CPU Info Center
Processor Emporium
ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture
IEEE Technical Committee on Computer Architecture
Intel Technology Journal
Manufacturers sites
Intel, IBM, etc.
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
Additional Reference
William Stallings, Computer Organization and
Architecture: Designing for Performance, 8th.
Edition, Prentice-Hall Inc., 2010
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123
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This teaching material is belongs to
Systems and Networking Department
College of Information Technology
Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN)
Malaysia
2014