YEAR 5

TERM 1 / 2011
WEEK 2 /
students name SUBJECT History
SCORE


HISTORY


I Circle the words which remind you of Ancient Greece.



Each answer is worth 1 point.



II Which of these pieces of information about Athens are true (T) and which are false (F)?

In the early 500s BC a new way of government was invented in Athens.

Democracy means power to the slaves.

Athens was divided into ten tribes.

Only a female citizen had a say in how the city was run.

Men could not be citizens.

Slaves and foreigners could be citizens as well.

The Council made all the laws.

The citizens met to vote on new laws put forward by the Council.

Each answer is worth 2 points.


Score 17
Score 16

YEAR 5 TERM 1

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III Read the text and answer the questions below.

While Athens was trying democracy as a form of government, its
rival Sparta had two kings. One king might stay at home, while the other
was away fighting battles. Fighting battles was what the Spartans did best.
Greeks said that in a battle one Spartan was worth several other men. The
Spartans spent so much time training for battle that they would have
starved without slaves called helots. The helots worked on the Spartans'
farms. They grew the food for the Spartan soldiers and their families.

1. How many kings were there in Sparta? __________________________________________
2. What were the kings doing? ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How did the Spartans use their time? ___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Who were HELOTS? _________________________________________________________
5. What did the helots do? ______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

IV Read carefully What is wrong in this story? Circle 9 mistakes and write corrected
answers in the box to the right. One is done for you.
The Greek states often fought each
other. Sparta and Athens fought a
long war, called the Peloponnesian
War, from 431 to 404 BC. Athens
won. Only the threat of invasion by
a foreign enemy made the Greeks
forget their quarrels and fight on
the opposite side. Their main enemy
was Turkey. The wars against Persia lasted on and off from 490 to
449 BC. The Persian kings tried to conquer Greece and make it part of
the Persian Empire. In the end, Persia defeated Greece in the 330s BC.

The Battle of Marathon was a famous Greek defeat against
the Persians. About 10,000 Greeks, mostly from Athens, fought an
army of 20,000 Persians led by Archimedes. The Greeks surprised their
friends by charging downhill straight at the Persians. Marathon is
remembered for the heroism of a Greek named Pheidippides. Before
the battle, he had run for 2 days and nights - over 240 km - from Athens
to Olympia to fetch help. Then he fought at Marathon. After the battle,
he ran 3,672 km non-stop to Athens, but died as he gasped out the
news of victory. The modern Marathon race is over the same distance
as his epic run from Marathon to Athens.



Sparta


same
Persia

Greece defeated
Persia

victory

King Darius
enemies


Sparta
42 km
Each answer is worth 3 points.

Score 30

YEAR 5 TERM 1

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V Read carefully What is wrong in this story? Circle 9 mistakes and write corrected
answers in the box to the right. One is done for you.

Most Greek houses were small,
with a yard at the back. The
house was made of sun-dried
stone brick. The house had a
roof of clay tiles, and small
windows, with no glass, but
wooden shutters to keep out
the hot sun. There was a lot of
furniture in most Greek homes. People sat on wooden chairs or stools.
Rich people decorated the walls of their homes with graffiti.

Apart from having separated roles in the society, men and women had
common rooms in their home. The female area was called andron and
the male part was called gunaikon. Married women stayed at work
much of the time. At home, Greek women spent much of their time
spinning thread and weaving cloth. They looked after the slaves and
prepared food.

Slaves did the hard work, on the farm, in the fields and workshops and
in the house too. Sometimes 50 slaves worked for a rich family.

in the middle

mud



little

frescos


separated, male
female , home

children




Each answer is worth 2 points.



VI Read the article about growing up in Greece and then sort out the cards into the table
below, showing the differences between Athens and Sparta.

Children in Athens
Greek families in Athens were very large but parents preferred to have boy children. A father
had a right to decide whether or not the family would keep a new baby. Unwanted or weak
babies were sometimes left to die outdoors. Anyone finding an abandoned baby could adopt
it and take it home, perhaps to raise it as a slave. If a couple were rich, they might hire a poor
neighbour or a slave to nurse a new baby. At 3, children were given small jugs - a sign that
babyhood was over. Until age 6 or so, boys were taught at home by their mother or by a male
slave.

Children in Sparta
When babies were born in ancient Sparta, Spartan soldiers would come by the house and
check the baby. If the baby did not appear healthy and strong, the infant was taken away,
and left to die on a hillside, or taken away to be trained as a slave (a helot). Babies who
passed this examination were assigned membership in a brotherhood or sisterhood, usually
the same one to which their father or mother belonged.

Education in Athens
In ancient Athens, the purpose of education was not only to produce citizens trained in the
arts but also to prepare citizens for both peace and war.

Score 16

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Boys went to school at age 7. One of the most popular schools was
Academy, founded by a famous philosopher Plato. Only children from rich
families went to school because the teachers were paid by their parents.
A wealthy family sent a slave to walk to school with the boys. The slave
stayed at school to keep an eye on them during lessons. Most Greeks
schools had fewer than 20 boys, and classes were often held outdoors.
Boys at school learned reading, writing, arithmetic, music and poetry.
Books were very expensive and rare, so subjects were read out-loud, and
the boys had to memorize everything. They wrote on wooden tablets covered with soft wax,
using a pointed stick called a stylus. The wax was melted and reapplied from time to time.
They used an abacus, with beads strung on wires or wooden rods, to help with maths. Part of
their lessons included learning stories and poems by heart. Boys did also athletics, to keep fit
and prepare them for war as soldiers. They ran, jumped, wrestled and practised throwing a
spear and a discus. They trained on a sports ground called a gymnasium. At the age of 14,
children of tradesmen began to learn a trade. Most boys had to work hard as farmers, sailors,
fishermen and craftworkers (potters, builders, metalworkers and stone-carvers). The children
of rich Athenians went to the Assembly, the market place and the gymnasium to watch, listen
to and learn from the older men. When they turned 18, they entered military school for two
additional years. At age 20, they graduated.

Athenian girls were not allowed to go to school and were often educated at
home by their mothers. A few girls learned to read and write, but many did not.
Girls learned housework, cooking and skills such as weaving at home. Most girls
were only 13-16 years old when they married. Often their fathers chose husbands
for them. A girl's husband was often older, in his thirties. The day before she
married, a girl sacrificed her toys to the goddess Artemis, to show she was
grown-up. In most of the other Greek city-states, women were required to stay
inside their homes most of their lives. They could not go anywhere or do anything without
their husband's permission, not even visit a woman who lived next door. They had no
freedom.
Education in Sparta
In ancient Sparta, the purpose of education was to produce a well-drilled, well-disciplined
marching army. Spartans believed in a life of discipline, self-denial, and simplicity. They were
very loyal to the state of Sparta. Every Spartan, male or female, was required to have a
perfect body.

All fit and healthy Spartan boys were sent to military school at age 6 or 7.
In Spartan schools, science or math were not considered important
subjects, students could hardly read even after they were out of
school. Only warfare mattered. Teachers mostly cared about raising good
soldiers, taught to obey all orders, and to be ready to endure all kind of
hardship. They lived, trained and slept in the barracks of their
brotherhood where they had to sleep on the ground, shave their heads,
and march barefoot. They were taught survival skills and other skills
necessary to be a great soldier. School courses were very hard and often
painful. The boys were not fed well, and were told that it was fine to steal food as long as
they did not get caught stealing. If they were caught, they were beaten. It was a disgrace to
show any sign of fear or pain. The boys marched without shoes to make them stronger. It was
a brutal training period. Somewhere between the age of 18-20, Spartan males had to pass a
difficult test of fitness, military ability, and leadership skills. Any Spartan male who did not
pass these examinations became degraded to a middle class. They were allowed to own
property, have business dealings, but had no political rights and were not citizens. If they
passed, they became a full citizen and a Spartan soldier. Spartan citizens were not allowed to

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touch money. That was the job of the middle class. Spartan soldiers spent most of their lives
with their fellow soldiers. They ate, slept, and continued to train in their brotherhood
barracks. Even if they were married, they did not live with their wives and families. They lived
in the barracks. Military service did not end until a Spartan male reached the age of 60. At age
60, a Spartan soldier could retire and live in their home with their family.

In Sparta, girls also went to school at age 6 or 7. They lived, slept and
trained in their sisterhood's barracks. No one knows if their school was
as cruel or as rugged as the boys school, but the girls were taught
wrestling, gymnastics, and combat skills. Some historians believe the
two schools were very similar, and that an attempt was made to train
the girls as thoroughly as they trained the boys. In any case, the
Spartans believed that strong young women would produce strong babies. At age 18, if a
Sparta girl passed her skills and fitness test, she would be assigned a husband and allowed to
return home. If she failed, she would lose her rights as a citizen, and became a member of the
middle class. Women in Sparta were free to move around, and visit neighbors without
permission.



NOW ASK YOUR TEACHER TO GIVE YOU THE CARDS. Look at the cards
and sort them out according to the input from the text, then glue them.
Be careful, some might be tricky!


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ATHENS SPARTA









Each answer is worth 2 points.


Score 36

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A father had a right to decide whether
or not the family would keep a new
baby.
When babies were born, soldiers would
come by the house and check the baby.
Anyone finding an abandoned baby
could adopt it and take it home,
perhaps to raise it as a slave.
If the baby did not appear healthy and
strong, the infant was taken away, and
left to die on a hillside, or taken away to
be trained as a slave.
Only children from rich families went to
school because the teachers were paid
by their parents.
All fit and healthy Spartan boys were
sent to military school.
Boys at school learned reading, writing,
arithmetic, music and poetry.
Science or math were not considered
important subjects, students could
hardly read even after they were out of
school.
Boys ran, jumped, wrestled and
practised throwing a spear and a discus
on a sports ground called a gymnasium.
Boys lived, trained and slept in the
barracks of their brotherhood where
they had to sleep on the ground, shave
their heads, and march barefoot.
When they turned 18, they entered
military school for two additional years.
Somewhere between the age of 18-20,
young men had to pass a difficult test
of fitness, military ability, and
leadership skills.
The purpose of education was not only
to produce citizens trained in the arts
but also to prepare citizens for both
peace and war.
The purpose of education was to
produce a well-drilled, well-disciplined
marching army.
Girls were not allowed to go to school
and were often educated at home by
their mothers.
Girls went to school at age 6 or 7, where
they lived, slept and trained in their
sisterhood's barracks.
Women could not go anywhere or do
anything without their husband's
permission, not even visit a woman
who lived next door.
Women were free to move around, and
visit neighbors without permission.


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VII Read the text and answer the questions below - T if they are true or F if they are false.

Most Greek cities had a theatre. It was in the
open air, and was usually a bowl-shaped arena
on a hillside. Some theatres were very big, with
room for more than 15,000 people in the
audience. Only men performed the plays!
Women were not allowed. Dancers and singers,
called the chorus, performed on a flat area
called the orchestra. Over time, solo actors also
took part, and a raised stage became part of
the theatre.

The plays were comedies (funny) or tragedies (sad). Greek actors wore masks, made from
stiffened linen, with holes for eyes and mouth. The opening for mouth was large to help make
the actors voice louder. Actors also wore wigs. They wore thick-
soled shoes too, to make them look taller, and padded costumes
to make them look fatter or stronger. The masks showed the
audience what kind of character an actor was playing (sad, angry
or funny). Some masks had two sides, so the actor could turn
them round to suit the mood for each scene.

In the beginning, the plays were performed as a sacrifice to the
gods, since Greek lives basically revolved around them. As the
centuries progressed, they added stages and two or three
actors. Interestingly, they had painted boards that they used for
scenes and loud drums that they used for thunder effects. A
machine for lifting and raising the gods, which was called Deus-
ex-machina was also used. Having rules, the plays were always
required to follow a specific form. The plays were very
interesting and complex and many of them had talented
writers.

T or F

1. A few Greek cities had a theatre.

2. The theatre was in a closed room called arena.

3. Only women played in the theatre.

4. Orchestra was a flat area in front of the stage.

5. Greek actors wore masks without holes for eyes and mouth.


6. In the beginning, the plays were dedicated to the slaves.

7. Deus-ex-machina was a machine for lifting gods.

Each answer is worth 1 point.

Score 7

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VIII Fill in the gaps using words from the box.

pentathlon religious four 776 BC war
month Heraia days feast wreath
attend punished theatre safety olive


The Olympic Games began in 1)____________________ in Olympia,
in southwest Greece. The Games were a 2)____________________
festival held in honour of Zeus, king of the gods, and were staged
every 3)____________________ years at Olympia, a valley near a
city called Elis, where a flame would be lit to symbolise the death
and rebirth of Greek heroes. People from all over the Greek world
came to watch and take part. Only men, boys and unmarried girls
were allowed to 4)____________________ the Olympic Games. Married women were not allowed
into the Olympic Games. Any women caught sneaking in were 5)____________________ . Women
could own horses in the chariot race though. The city-states of Greece were often at
6)____________________. This made travel between them dangerous. So messengers sent out
from Elis announced a 'sacred truce lasting one 7)____________________ before the Games began.
This meant people could travel to Olympia in 8)____________________. The Olympic Games were
more important than wars because they were a religious festival. At the first one-day Olympic
Games, the only event was a short sprint from one end of the stadium to the other. Gradually more
events were added to make four 9)____________________ of competitions. They included
wrestling, boxing, long jump, throwing the javelin and discus, and chariot racing. In the
10)____________________, there were five events: running, wrestling, javelin, discus and long jump.
The Games ended with a 11)____________________. Lots of oxen were roasted in a giant barbecue.
Traders came to do business, entertainers such as jugglers and acrobats performed, and politicians
made speeches to the crowds. Winners were given a 12)____________________ of olive leaves, and
a hero's welcome back home. Winners might marry rich women, enjoy free meals, invitations to
parties, and the best seats in the 13)____________________. Unmarried women had their own
festival at Olympia every four years. This was called the 14)____________________, held in honour
of Hera, wife of Zeus. Women could compete in running races, though only unmarried girls took
part. Winners were awarded crowns of sacred 15)____________________ branches, the same as
men. As a rule Greek women did not go in for sport, unless they were Spartans.
Each answer is worth 2 points.


Score 30

YEAR 5 TERM 1

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IX Your teacher is going to give you cards with the parts of the myth about Minotaur. Put
the cards into the right order to tell the myth. Some parts are given to you

1. 7.
2. 8.

Minos's daughter, the princess,
Thought Theseus was cool.
She decided to help him in his quest
And gave him a ball of wool.
3. 9.
4. 10.
5.

Every now and then
He'd give the monster a treat.
He'd throw some people into the maze
For the monster to eat.
11.
6. 12.

Each answer is worth 2 points.


Score 20

YEAR 5 TERM 1

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Thousands of years ago
Before history had really begun,
There was a king called Minos.
He wasn't a very nice one.

He volunteered to be sacrificed
To the giant with the bull's head
But he did not plan to be eaten,
He planned to kill it instead.
King Minos had a pet monster,
A giant with the head of a bull.
This monster liked to eat people
Its hunger was insatiable.

Minos's daughter, the princess,
Thought Theseus was cool.
She decided to help him in his quest
And gave him a ball of wool.
This scary creature had a name
It was called the Minotaur.
It had sharp teeth that could bite
And pointy horns that could gore.

Theseus let out the wool
Behind him, as he explored,
So he knew he could find his way out again.
He also carried a sword.
The Minotaur lived in the labyrinth,
A maze of long corridors.
The king kept it locked up there
Behind big strong oak doors.

When Theseus found the Minotaur
It gave a terrible bellow.
But our hero was not afraid
He was a courageous fellow.
Every now and then
He'd give the monster a treat.
He'd throw some people into the maze
For the monster to eat.

The Minotaur lowered its horns and
charged
Theseus jumped aside.
He stabbed the monster with his sword
The monster fell down, and died.
One day, a hero called Theseus,
A very brave young man
Decided to put a stop to this,
And came up with a plan.

Then Theseus followed the trail of wool
And found the way out once more.
And nobody ever was again
Eaten by a Minotaur.



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X What was happening in Greece on these dates? Read the text below and fill in the boxes
on the timeline with the letter of the corresponding paragraph. Some are done for you.





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A During the 7
th
century BC, the 'city-state' Corinth was taken over by Kypselos and he
made himself the ruler. This kind of leader is called a tyrant.
B In the 4
th
century BC, Philip II, the king of Macedonia, took control of Greece. After his
death, his son Alexander the Great took the throne.
C In the 8
th
century BC, the Greeks started the practice of the Olympic games, which
were held every 4 years in Olympia, in honour of the god Zeus. During this period, all
the city-states announced truce.
D In the 6
th
century BC, democracy began in Athens. Male citizens were given the chance
to vote in order to decide how the city-state should be run. This is often said to be one
of their greatest ideas.
E In the 2
nd
century BC, Rome conquered Greece, which becomes part of the Roman
Empire.
F In the 5
th
century BC, the Greeks defeated Persian invaders at the battles of Marathon.
G At the beginning of 5
th
century, Greek theatres first became popular in Athens. Greeks
found entertainment by visiting theatres to see magicians, jugglers and plays. The
actors often wore masks to show the audience if they were happy or sad.
H During the 'Classical Period', which was in the 5
th
century, in Greece there was a lot of
interest in arts, science and architecture especially in the city-state Athens.
I The Parthenon in Athens was a huge temple, built to house a statue of the Goddess
Athena in the 5
th
century. She was put there to look over and protect the city-state.
Each answer is worth 2 points.

XI Circle the correct answer.

1. Hades was a god of
A the Underworld.
B the Death.
C the Souls.

2. Hades and Zeus were
A friends.
B enemies.
C brothers.



3. Hades wife was
A Hada.
B Persephone.
C Athena.

4. Hades lived
A in the temple.
B in the Mount Olympus.
C in the Underworld.



Score
12
A
E H

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page 16 of 24
5. Hades dog, Cerberus, had
A one head.
B two heads.
C three heads.


6. Orpheus played a
A flute.
B lyre.
C guitar.

7. The name of his love was
A Eurydice.
B Jasmin.
C Madusa.

8. Orpheus played his instrument and
A sent his wife to the Underworld.
B saved his wife from the Underworld.
C could have saved his wife if he had not
turned to see if she was following.

9. Sisyphus job in the Underworld was to
A roll a bog rock up the hill.
B feed Cerberus.
C row the boat on the river Styx.

10. To do a Sisyphean task means to do something:
A very difficult.
B very boring.
C over and over again without any
concrete result.

Each answer is worth 2 points.


XII Read the text and circle the right answer.

The history of the Persian Wars was first written down by a Greek, Herodotus, in his
'Histories'. This was in fact the first ever book of history, and Herodotus is sometimes called
'the father of history.' Herodotus travelled widely and interviewed lots of people for his book.
It was first published (and read aloud in public) around 424 BC - about 55 years after the last
battle of the Persian Wars. In his book Herodotus talks about the Battle of Marathon, which
affected the course of the Persian Wars.

The story holds that in 490 BC 10,000 Greek hoplites
fought the Persian army of 25,000 warriors (including
men from various parts of the Persian Empire) and won.
But the war between Greece and Persia did not happen
out of the blue. In 491 BC, Darius decided to try to take
over Greece without fighting. He sent heralds to each
polis in Greece, asking for soil and water, which was a
symbol for submission (giving over your land and sea to
Persia). At Sparta, King Kleomenes pushed the heralds
into a well, saying 'Get your soil and water there.' At
Athens, general Miltiades persuaded the Athenian citizens
to vote for executing the heralds. Like the Spartans, they
pushed them into a hole on the ground. Now the war was
inevitable! King Darius had been getting ready for an invasion of Greece. He ordered the
construction of hundreds of ships and summoned a great army.

In 490 BC, a few days before the battle the Athenian lookouts spotted a fleet of Persian ships
approaching the coastline of Peloponnesian peninsula. Although the Athenians expected the
Persian charge, they thought that King Darius would attack from the sea just off Athens, but
he was cleverer than that. The fleet disembarked some 40 km away from Athens, in the Bay
of Marathon.

Under the guidance of Miltiades, the Athenian general, the Athenian army marched quickly to
block the two exits from the plain of Marathon, and prevent the Persians moving inland. At
Score
20

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not found.

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the same time, Athens's greatest runner, Pheidippides, had been sent to Sparta to request
that the Spartan army march to the aid of Athens. However, Pheidippides arrived during the
festival of Carneia, a divine period of peace, and was informed that the Spartan army could
not march to war until the full moon rose. This meant that Athens could not expect
reinforcement for at least ten days.

According to Herodotus, Greeks had sacrificed a goat to the goddess Artemis before the
battle and sworn that if they won the battle each year they would sacrifice one goat for every
Persian killed. Their belief was their strength throughout the battle.

The huge Persian army lined up on the plain confronting
their enemy. The Persians were expecting individual, hand-
to-hand fighting. The Athenians gave them a mass, united
charge. The Persian force was large but scattered and
poorly organized. The Athenian force was not intimidated
by the larger numbers of their opponents. Miltiades
thinned the centre of the army and strengthened the flanks
(sides). As the Persians charged, the Greeks surrounded
them and attacked united.
The armies fought for a long time, according to
Herodotus. The first sign of progress came when
the Greek left flank defeated the Persian right
flank. The Greeks chased their enemies into the
Great Marsh, where many drowned or were cut
down. Many also ran back to their ships which
began to weigh anchor
and leave. This was the
turning point of the
battle - the first point at which the Greeks began to win.
Pheidippides was fighting along with other hoplites but when
Athens won, Miltiades ordered him to run to Athens as quickly as
he could and deliver the news of their victory. Pheidippides was
running 42 km from the Bay of Marathon to Athens in intense
summer heat without stopping. As he reached Athens, he
exclaimed Nike! and collapsed dead from exhaustion.
The Athenians had won a stunning
victory. Despite being outnumbered
two to one, their strength, bravery,
better arms, and superb battle
formations had won the day. The
number of dead was finally counted,
and the result was amazing. According
to Herodotus, 6,400 Persians were
killed. In fact so many Persians had
been killed that the Athenians could
not keep their promise to Artemis,
and instead sacrificed 500 goats every
year. And how many Athenians lost
their lives? Only 192.


Greek custom was to raise
a trophy at the turning
point. In fact, the word
trophy comes from the
Greek tropaion - which
means turning point.
Usually arms like helmet,
sword or shield were fixed
to a tree stump as a trophy.
After Marathon the
Athenians raised a white
column at the turning
point. A replica of this
column has been built in
modern times at the same
point.

YEAR 5 TERM 1 / 2011 Error! Reference source
not found.

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page 18 of 24
1. Who first wrote about the Persian
Wars?
A Herodotus.
B Hercules.
C Hellespont.

2. What was Herodotus called?
A Hero of Dotus.
B Mother of storytelling.
C Father of history.

3. When did the Battle of Marathon
happen?
A In 490 AD.
B In 490 BC.
C In 940 BC.

4. How many hoplites took part in the
Battle of Marathon?
A 10 thousand.
B 10 million.
C 10 thousand million.
5. How many Persian soldiers took part
in the Battle of Marathon?
A 25 thousand million
B 25 thousand
C 25 million

6. Who was the Persian King?
A Papirus.
B Marius.
C Darius.

7. Who did the Persian Kings send to
Greece?
A His friends.
B His heralds.
C His wife.

8. What did the Persian King want
Greece city-states to do?
A Dig soil and drink water.
B Harvest soil and water the crops.
C Symbolically give some soil and water.
9. What was the meaning of soil and
water?
A Land and sea.
B Food and drinks.
C Walking and swimming.

10. Where did the Persian King land?
A In Sparta.
B In Athens.
C In Marathon.

11. Who was Miltiades?
A Spartan king.
B Hoplite.
C Athenian general.

12. Who did the Athenians ask for help?
A Sparta.
B All city-states.
C No one.

13. Who did the Greeks sacrifice a goat to?
A Athena.
B Artemis.
C Arena.

14. What was the Greek strategy?
A To run at the Persians.
B To wait for the Persian attack.
C To thin the centre and strengthen
the flanks.

15. Why did Pheidippides run?
A To inform Athens about the victory.
B To escape certain death.
C To find the Spartans.

16. How many Greeks lost their lives?
A 6,400.
B 500.
C 192.
Each answer is worth 2 points.



Score 32

YEAR 5 TERM 1 / 2011 Error! Reference source
not found.

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page 19 of 24
XIII Read the text then mark the statement with either a tick or a cross .

Aristotle's father was a doctor who lived near Macedon, in the north of Greece. So
unlike Socrates and Plato, Aristotle was not originally from Athens. He was not from a rich family
like Plato, though his father was not poor either.

When Aristotle was a young man, about
350BC, he went to study at Plato's
Academy. Plato was already quite old then.
Aristotle did very well at the Academy but
he never got to be among its leaders, so
when Plato died, the leaders chose
someone else instead of Aristotle to lead
the Academy. Soon afterwards, Aristotle
left Athens and went to Macedon to be
the tutor of the young prince Alexander,
who grew up to be Alexander the Great.
When Alexander grew up and became king,
Aristotle went back to Athens and opened his own school there, the Lyceum, in competition with
Plato's Academy. Both schools were successful for hundreds of years.

Aristotle was more interested in science than Socrates or Plato, maybe because his father was a
doctor. He wanted to use Socrates' logical methods to figure out how the real world worked.
Therefore Aristotle is really the father of today's scientific method. Aristotle was especially
interested in biology, in classifying plants and animals in a way that would make sense. This is part
of the Greek impulse to make order out of chaos: to take the chaotic
natural world and impose a man-made order on it. When Alexander was
traveling all over Western Asia, he had his messengers bring
strange plants back to Aristotle for his studies. Aristotle also made
efforts to create order in peoples' governments. He created a
classification system of monarchies, oligarchies, tyrannies, democracies
and republics which we still use today.

When Alexander died in 323 BC, though, there were revolts against
Macedonian rule in Athens. People accused Aristotle of being secretly on the
side of the Macedonians (and maybe he was). He left town quickly, and spent
the last years of his life back in the north again where he had been born.

1. Aristotle came from a poor family.











Each answer is worth 2 point2.
Score 18

2. Plato was Aristotles teacher.

3. Alexander the Great was Aristotles tutor.

4. Aristotle is said to be a father of scientific method.

5. Aristotle was interested in classifying numbers.

6. Alexander planted strange plants in Western Asia.

7. Aristotle classified the types of governments.

8. Athenians accused Aristotle of treason.

9. Aristotle died in prison.


Figure 2: "We can not
learn without effort."
Figure 1: Aristotle is teaching young prince Alexander

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page 20 of 24
XIV Read the text and answer the questions below.

The Greeks developed philosophy as a way of understanding the world around them, without
resorting to religion, myth, or magic. Early Greek philosophers, some influenced by nearby
Babylonians and Egyptians, were also scientists who observed and studied the known world,
the earth, seas, and mountains here below, and the solar system, planetary motion, and
astral phenomena, above.

Astronomy, which began with the organization of the stars into constellations, was used, for
practical purposes, to fix the calendar. The Greeks estimated the size of the earth, they
figured out how a pulley and levers work, they studied refracted and reflected light, as well as
sound. In medicine, they looked at how the organs worked, and studied how a disease
progresses. They learned to make inferences from observations. Their contributions in the
field of mathematics went beyond the practical purposes of their neighbors.

Many of the ancient Greeks' discoveries and inventions are still used today, although some of
their ideas have been overturned. At least one, the discovery that the sun is the center of the
solar system, was ignored and then rediscovered.

Although the Greeks were the first Europeans to consider questions of astronomy,
mathematics, physics and biology, it was not until the time of Aristotle that they recognised
science as a discipline distinct from philosophy.

Pythagoras not only pioneered the study of mathematics in
the western world, but was also a reputed miracle worker. His
famous theorem for calculating the length of the hypotenuse
of a right-angled triangle is well known.

Hippocrates, a physician and medical writer, is the father of
modern medicine. He established a renowned school of
medicine on the island of Cos, where students learned to
diagnose illness through observation rather than theory. It
was from this school that the first version of the Hippocratic
oath derived.

Archimedes is most famous for running through the streets shouting Eureka! when he
discovered the principle of specific gravity while sitting in his bath. But we can also credit him
with the invention of the Archimedean screw a device still used to draw water upwards
and many important theories of geometry.


1. The Greeks developed philosophy
as a way of
A understanding the world
around them
B understanding the world
beneath them
C understanding the world
above them
2. The early Greek philosophers were
influenced by
A Babylonians and Phoenicians
B Egyptians and Phoenicians
C Babylonians and Egyptians
3. Astronomy began with
A organization of the stars into
constellations
B organization of the stars into
collections
C organization of the stars into
combinations
4. Astronomy was used to
A fix the calendar
B fix the stars
C fix the constellations
hypotenuse

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5. The Greeks estimated
A the size of stars
B the size of moon
C the size of earth
6. The Greeks studied
A light and sound
B reflection and recreation
C sound and contribution
7. The Greeks discovered that
A the Sun is the center of
universe
B the Sun is the center of solar
system
C the Sun is the center of
constellation
8. Pythagoras came up with
A a theorem for calculating the
length of the hypotenuse of a
right-angled triangle
B a theorem for calculating the
length of a right angle
C a theorem for calculating the
angle of the hypotenuse of a
right-angled triangle
9. Hippocrates taught how to
A to diagnose observation
through illness rather than
theory
B to diagnose illness through
observation rather than
theory
C to diagnose theory through
observation rather than illness
10. Archimedes was running through
the streets shouting
A Eureka!
B Europe!
C Eurepan!


Each answer is worth 1 point.


XV Answer the questions below.

1. Where was Alexander the Great born? __________________________________________
2. What was the name of his father? _____________________________________________
3. Where was his mother from? _________________________________________________
4. Why was Alexander the Great thought to have been divine? _______________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

5. What was the name of Alexanders horse? ______________________________________
6. What was the horse afraid of? ________________________________________________
7. How did Alexander tame the horse? ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Why do you think Alexander loved his horse so much? _____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Score 10

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page 22 of 24
9. Who did Aristotle learn from? ______________________________________________
10. Why was the school set outside Pella? _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
11. Who wrote Iliad? _________________________________________________________
12. Why do you think it was important for Alexander to learn the meaning of justice and the
skills of rhetoric? _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

13. What was the name of the river where the Macedonian and the Persian armies met for
the first time? ____________________________________________________________
14. Who was the Persian King of the Kings? _________________________________________
15. What was the Persian capital back then? _______________________________________
16. What is a Macedonian phalanx? _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
17. What is a sarissa? ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
18. When did the Battle of Issus happen? __________________________________________
19. Why do you think Alexander treated Darius family so nobly?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
20. In his reply to Darius, Alexander said Do not write to me as an equal. Why do you think
he said so? ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
21. Do you think that Alexander sent the Darius family back? __________________________
22. How did Alexander the Great cut the Gordian knot? _______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
23. Ancient Tyre was part of Phoenicia. What is this country called today? ________________
24. How long did the siege of Tyre last? ____________________________________________

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25. Why do you think Alexander was so cruel to the people of Tyre? _____________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
26. People say that Alexander changed Tyre forever. How come?
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
27. In terms of religion and power, what does it mean to be a pharaoh? _________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
28. What was the name of the pharaoh Alexander succeeded? _________________________
29. Which animals did Dairius use in the Battle of Gaugamela? __________________________
30. Why was Alexander disappointed when he found that Darius was dead? ______________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
31. Why did Alexander choose the hardest way, over the Hindu Kush mountains, to get to
Bactria? ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
32. Who was Roxanne? __________________________________________________________
33. What was the name of the famous King of Punjab? ________________________________
34. What was the name of the desert that Alexander and his army had to walk through on
their way back to Balylon?_____________________________________________________
35. How old was Alexander when he died? __________________________________________

Each answer is worth 2 points.
XVI

Score 70

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page 24 of 24
XVII Answer the questions below.

1. The first battle Alexander fought
was
A Battle at Chareonea.
B Battle at Persia.
C Battle at Thebes.

2. This battle happened in 338 BC.
How old was Alexander at that time?
A 12
B 27
C 18

3. Phillip and Olympias
A lived happily.
B divorced quickly.
C killed each other.


4. Why was Alexander angry at his
fathers wedding?
A Because he did not like the new
queen.
B Because he was afraid of his
father.
C Because he was insulted by
Attalus words.

5. How did Phillip die?
A He was killed by Olympias.
B He was killed by Alexander.
C He was killed by one of his guards.





Each answer is worth 2 points.


XVIII Circle the right answer.

1. The name of Alexanders horse was
A Bucephalus
B Borofolus
C Busefalum
2. Alexanders horse was afraid of
A being ridden.
B shadow.
C carrots.
3. How old was Alexander when
he first fought in a battle?
A 12
B 18
C 20
4. Why was Alexander thought to have
been divine?
A Because his name means divine.
B Because his father was god.
C Because his mother was goddess.



5. What was Alexanders first battle?
A Battle at Chareonea.
B Battle at Persia.
C Battle at Thebes.
6. The first polis Alexander conquered
was
A Athens
B Sparta
C Thebes
7. How did Alexander start invading Persia?
A He crossed the Hellespont.
B He walked to Troy.
C He rode Bucephalus.
8. Why did Alexander want to conquer
Persia?
A Because he wanted to be Persian.
B Because he wanted to become rich.
C Because he wanted to conquer the
largest kingdom in the world.
Each answer is worth 1 point.


Score
10
Score 8