Day 1 Part 1 - AVR Concept

1
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9h00: Welcome & lnLroducuon 1h30
10h30: 8reak 0h10
10h40: CeneraLor lundamenLals 1h30
12h30: Lunch 1h00
13h30: LxclLauon SysLem lundamenLals 1h30
13h00: 8reak 0h10
13h30: LxclLauon SysLem lundamenLals 3h00
16h30: Cpen ulscusslons 0h30
17h00: Lnd of 1ralnlng
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9h00: lu 8egulauon 1h30
10h30: 8reak 0h10
10h40: uLCS200 lnLroducuon 1h30
12h30: Lunch 1h00
14h00: uLCS200 lnLroducuon 1h30
13h00: 8reak 0h10
13h10: uLCS200 Pardware & Soware 1h30
17h00: Lnd of 1ralnlng
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10h30: 8reak 0h10
10h40: luncuonal 1esLs on uLCS200 1h30
12h30: Lunch 1h00
13h00: 8reak 0h10
17h00: Closlng and Concluslon of 1ralnlng
Questions on Electricity
lnLroducuon Lo CeneraLor and LxclLauon SysLem
Who Invented Electricity?
3
4
Who Discovered Electricity?
Benjamin Franklin
(1706 1790)
5
1752 The Kite experiment

600 BC Thales of Miletus
Benjamin Franklin

Amber
6

AMBER = !"#$%&'( (Greek)
AMBER = Elector (Greek)

Elector = Greek God, Awakener
7

x 50,000
Electron
Elector = Greek God, Awakener
Generator
How it all started?
8
Generator How it all Started?
Discovery of Electricity
Discovery of Magnetism
9
Discovery of Link Between Electricity & Magnetism
For Motor
Discovery of Link Between Electricity & Magnetism
10
Discovery of Electricity + Magnetism + Force
For Motor
Force
(Motion)
Electricity
Magnetism
For Motor
11
First Generator
Built in 1663
By Otto von Guericke
Work on Electrostatic

1663 Electrostatic Generator
1791 Discovery of EMF
By Alessandro Volta
!
The voltage or electric potential difference across the
terminals of a cell when no current is drawn from it.
Definition:

12
Tank
Battery
Switch
Bulb
Tap
Water
Wheel
Electrical vs Water Analogy
Source
Source
Control
Load
Control
Load
Electrical vs Water Analogy
13
Analogy of Voltage
Analogy of Current
14
Analogy of Voltage

By Andr-Marie Ampre
!

1820 Link between Magnet & Current
By Hans Christian ersted
Electromagnetism
15
Electromagnetism
Relationship between Electric Current & Magnetic Field
Electromagnetism
Relationship between Electric Current & Magnetic Field
16
!

1820 Electromagnetism
How it all started
1821 Electromagnetism and Motion
Michael Faraday
Current produces force on each others
17
At t = 0
B = Magnetic Field
F = Force
Positive charge moving out of the page
At a quarter period
Electromagnetism
Relationship Between Electromagnetism & Force
Electromagnetism
Direction
of Current
Magnetic
Field
Flemings Left Hand Rule Right Hand Grip Rule
18
Motor or Generator ?
Electromagnetism
For Motor For Generator
Flemings Left Hand Rule
19
Motor or Generator ?
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

20
Motor
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

Generator
21
Generator
Generator
22
Generator - Dynamo
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

Generator - Dynamo
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

23
Generator - Dynamo
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

Slip Ring
24
Dynamo DC Generator
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

Split Ring
Dynamo DC Generator
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

Thomas Edison
25
Dynamo DC Generator
Generator - Dynamo
26
Thomas Edison Nikola Tesla
AC Power System
27
Transformer
HVDC Transmission
28
AC Synchronous Alternator
AC
Output
Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
29
AC
Output
2 Stator
Poles
Permanent Magnet
2 Rotor Poles
30
AC
Output
Permanent Magnet
2 Rotor Poles
2 Stator
Poles
A Nollet electro-magneto generator, using permanent magnets, invented in 1850
31
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720
3 Stator Poles
32
C
A
B
3 Stator Poles
A
B
C
A
B
C
Generator
Windings
6 Stator Poles
4 Rotor Poles
33
Frequency =
RPM x Number of Poles
120
Frequency
In Hertz
2-Pole 4-Pole 6-Pole 8-Pole
60
3600 1800 1200 900
A
B
C
A
B
C
4 Rotor Poles
LOAD
Example of PMG curve
Current
P
M
G

o
u
t
p
u
t

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
r
m
s
)

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0/4 ceiling 4/4
(at nominal speed)
34
Power Electric Converter (Inverter)
AC
DC AC
DC
Rectification Modulation
Battery
Charging
Wind Turbine PMG Generator
A
B
C
A
B
C
35
LOAD
Example of PMG curve
Current
P
M
G

o
u
t
p
u
t

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
r
m
s
)

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0/4 ceiling 4/4
(at nominal speed)
LOAD
Static Excitation
36
Slip Rings
Split Rings
Types of Commutations
Generator Output
Excitation
Input
Brushless Excitation
37
Generator Output
Excitation
Input
Brushless Excitation
Murray Alternator with Belt Driven Exciter
Murray alternating current direct-connected unit with high speed Corliss engine
and belt-driven exciter, 50, 75, 100 KVA alternator and 150 RPM engine.
Generator in earlier days..
38
Meidensha 21.92 MVA, 11kV
39
40
Synchronous Generator Rotary Exciter
Excitor
Main Rotor
PMG
Main Stator Winding
41
Bearing
Shaft
Rectifier
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Main Stator
Fan
Main Rotor
Main Rotor
High-remanence steel core
Stores Residual Magnetism
10 - 14 pole magnet field
High frequency Generator
XX- (F2)
X+ (F1)
N S N S
COIL CONNECTIONS
To A.V.R Output terminals
Excitation System Wound Exciter Stator
42
3 Phase A.C output, each Phase connected to 2 diodes on Main Rectifier.
High Frequency output, ( from 10 to 14 Pole Exciter Stator ).
Exciter generator is a magnetic power amplifier supplying the main rotor current.
SHAFT
W
U
W
U
V
V
Excitation System Wound Exciter Rotor
SHAFT
W
U
W
U
V
V
The Rectifier assembly is mounted on Exciter Rotor Core, (drive end side).
NOTE: BC & Frame 8 Generators are mounted at the non-drive end side.
Wound Exciter
Rotor
Exciter Rotor & Main Rectifier Assembly
Rectifier
Assembly
SHAFT
A.C Input connections
D.C Output
connections
43
SHAFT
Exciter Rotor 3 Phase
with Internal Star Point
Each phase is connected to a positive and negative Diode
Exciter Rotor & Main Rectifier Connections
SHAFT SHAFT
3 Phase A.C Exciter Rotor Connected to Rectifier input terminals
Rectifier Input
Terminals (A.C)
Rectifier Output (D.C)
To Main Rotor
44
A.C output from the
Exciter Rotor is rectified
from A.C, to D.C, by the
Main Rectifier assembly.
Rectifier
Assembly
Exciter
Stator
Exciter
Rotor
A V R
XX- (F2)
X+ (F1)
SHAFT
SHAFT
SHAFT
Main Rectifier Assembly
Varistor
(Surge Suppressor)
3 Phase A.C Input
from Exciter
Rotor(Insulated
Terminals)
! Rectifier Diodes
Positive Plate
Cathode Stud
Rectifier Diodes
Negative Plate
Anode Stud
DIODE MIN. 25 AMP 800 VOLT
Aluminium
Heat-sinks
! Split Two-Piece
Rectifier Hub
45
+VE
0
-VE
Rectifier Diode
Positive Heatsink
Cathode Stud
Rectifier Diode
Negative Heatsink
Anode Stud
+VE
0
-VE
+VE
0
-VE
A.C Input to Rectifier
Diodes( 150 HZ to 180 HZ per
second)
+
Main Rectifier Assembly Operation of a Diode
Full wave 3 Phase rectification will produce a D.C output of 1.35 X A.C input voltage
A.C Input to Rectifier Diodes (150 to 180HZ)
D.C output to Main Rotor
+
-
Main Rectifier Assembly 3 Phase rectification
46
SHAFT
Metal Oxide Varistor (Surge Suppressor)
Clamping @ 100 Amp 1365 Volts
Clamping @ 30 Amp 680 Volts
Diode Protection Device
For Transient Suppression
Main Rotor
Connections
SHAFT
Direction of D.C current to Main rotor
Typical high voltage transient created by fault
condition in the distribution system.
Up to 2- 3000V (peak voltage)
Varistor clamping
level.
UC/BC 680V
HC/F8 1365V
Crash Synchronising onto live bus-bars.
Electric storm, (lightning), and field effects on
overhead lines (distribution systems).
Arcing, caused by faulty switching, motor
failure, short circuits in the distribution system.
Full load D.C
output from
main Rectifier
t = " sec's
duration.
Direction
of fault
transient
Energy absorbed
by Varistor.

High Transient surges can be created by:-
DIODE PROTECTION DEVICE
Metal Oxide Varistor (Surge Suppressor)
47
SHAFT D.C
Main Rotor
The Rectifier Output is a smooth D.C Supply across the Aluminium Heat Sinks
This is fed to the Main Rotor windings
Main Rectifier
Main Rotor connections to Main Rectifier
S
S
N N
D.C Input
From Main
Rectifier
! The Rotor coils are connected in Series (4 Pole Rotor shown).
! Each coil is reversed to the adjacent coil, producing the required polarity
ANTICLOCK
CLOCK CLOCK
ANTICLOCK
Main Rotor Winding Coil Group connections
48
SHAFT
S
S
N N
Wound Main Rotor - Poles & Frequency
Main Stator Coils in Slots (section)
4 Pole Main Rotor
The NEGATIVE Pole of the 4 pole Rotor is directly under the slot, therefore the
coil conductors in this slot will be going fully NEGATIVE
Main Stator Core
(section)
Air Gap
Consider the Coils in the slot at 12 O'clock position, marked with the ARROW.
1 Cycle
The coil conductors in this slot will now be at ZERO VOLTAGE.
The Rotor has now rotated Clockwise 45 , until exactly half-way between
Negative and Positive Poles appears beneath the 12 O'clock position.
SHAFT
S
S
N N
4 Pole Main Rotor
Main Stator Core
(section)
Air Gap
1 Cycle
49
The coil conductors in this slot will now be at the FULLY POSITIVE position
The Rotor has now rotated Clockwise 90 , until the POSITIVE Pole is DIRECTLY
UNDERNEATH the 12 O'clock position.
The 4 Poles will produce 2 FULL CYCLES for each 360 FULL REVOLUTION.
SHAFT
S
S
N N
4 Pole Main Rotor
Main Stator Core
(section)
Air Gap
1 Cycle
SHAFT
S
S
N N
SHAFT
S
S

N
N

N
S

4 Pole 2 Pole
Generator Frequency (HZ) = Speed (N) X Pairs of poles (P)
120
SHAFT
S
N
6 Pole
50
Core built from high grade Electrical Steel, to reduce Iron losses (heat).
Each lamination is electrically insulated to minimise Eddy Currents in the core.
12 Ends Out Re-connectable, 6 Ends out Star / Delta, or Dedicated Windings.
Class H Insulation as standard, 125 C Temperature rise in 40C Ambient.
2/3rds Pitch windings, Triplen ( 3
rd
, 9
th
, ect.), Harmonics virtually eliminated.
Laminated Steel core Copper Windings Output Leads
Wound Main Stator Assembly
OUTPUT
CONDUCTORS
COIL PHASE GROUP
OUTPUT CONDUCTORS
Stator Winding Coils (Lap winding)
The output voltage of the stator is determined by the number of turns per coil, the
stator core length, the velocity of the magnetic field (rotor), and the strength of the
magnetic field.
The Current capacity of the coil is determined by the copper conductors cross
sectional area, and number of conductors in parallel.
STATOR
CORE
LENGTH
COIL END
(OVERHANG)
COIL
TURNS
COIL
SPAN
(PITCH)
Wound Main Stator Assembly
51
U
5

W
2

V
5

U
5

W
2

V
5

W
5

V
2

W
5

V
2

MAIN ROTOR
(4 POLE)
Typical Main Stator 12 Wire Re-connectable
WINDING LEADS
START OF COIL
GROUP
WINDING LEADS
FINISH OF COIL
GROUP
GROUP 1
GROUP 4
GROUP 3
GROUP 2
MAIN STATOR WINDING
SECTION ( 48 SLOT )
2/3RDS PITCH = 2/3
RD
X 12
= 8 SLOTS
( SPAN 1 TO 9)
COILS PER GROUP
= 48/12 = 4
FULL PITCH = 12 SLOTS
( SPAN 1 - 13)
SHAFT
S
S
N N
V
6

U
6

W
1
V
6

W
6

V
1

W
6

V
1

U
6

W
1
AVR Sensing
& Power supply
from Main Stator
3 Phase Output
Neutral
Connections shown in Series Star
Typical Main Stator 12 Wire Re-connectable
6
7
8
U
V
W
N
V6
W
5

V
2

W
6

U
6

W1
V1
U1
V
5

U
2

U
5

W
2

52
Wound Main Stator 12 Wire Re-connectable
Voltage Range (for winding 311)
380 to 440 V @ 50 HZ
416 to 480 V @ 60 HZ
Voltage Range (for winding 311)
190 to 220 V @ 50 HZ
208 to 240 V @ 60 HZ
Series Star
U1
U2
U6
U5
V2
W2
W5
V6
V1
W1
V5
W6
U
w v
N
8
7
6
Parallel Star
V5
U1
U2
U6
U5
V2
W2
W5
V6
V1
W1
W6
v
w
U
N
6
8
7
The stator windings are connected into six groups.
The groups can be connected by Newage, or the customer, to provide different voltage requirements.
Special Voltage requirements require special windings, e.g.; 600 Volt for Canada.
Voltage Range (winding 311)
220 to 250 V @ 50 HZ, 240 to 277 V @ 60 HZ
No Neutral connection.
Centre Tap for low volts (low current only)
Voltage Range (Winding 311)
220 to 250 V @ 50 HZ, 240 to 277 V @ 60 HZ
Single Phase Only, output across U & W
Centre Tap (N) for low volts
110 to 125 @ 50 HZ, 120 to 138 @ 60 HZ
Series Delta
U1
U2
U5
W6
U
W2
W5
V6
W1
w
U6
V2 V1 V5
v
Centre
Tap
6
8
7
Double Delta
U1 U2
U
W2
V6 W1
V5
U5
W6
W5
w
U6
V2
V1
N
7
6
8
Wound Main Stator 12 Wire Re-connectable
53
Number of Stator leads in parallel
increases with current rating
of generator,
ie: 12, 18, 24, 36, or 48 leads out.
Voltage Range (winding
312)
380 to 440 V @ 50 HZ
416 to 480 V @ 60 HZ
Single Phase (N)
= LL / !3
Dropper transformer
required
for AVR sensing
Star connection
U
U1
U2
V2 W2
V1 W1
w v
N
7
6
8
Each phase group is producing the full LINE to NEUTRAL voltage,
( Coil groups in each phase are in four parallel circuits).
The AVR cannot be connected directly to 6,7,and 8, for sensing signal or power
Wound Main Stator Ends Out
The AVR Sensing supply is connected to the main stator via a sensing
isolation transformer, which is fitted in the main terminal box.
SENSING SUPPLY FOR A.V.R IN STAR CONNECTION
7
6
8
7
6
Isolation transformer
Other windings producing higher voltage requirements will require a different
transformer ratio, to supply the AVR with the correct voltage adjustment range
Examples - 6 ends Stators
Winding 312
380 to 440 V @ 50 HZ
416 to 480 V @ 60 HZ
Single Phase (N) = L-L / !3

Winding 26
660 - 690 Volts @ 50 HZ
8
V
Star connection
U
U1
U2
V2 W2
V1 W1
N
W
Wound Main Stator Ends Out
54
X+ (F1)
XX- (F2)
D.C Output
From A.V.R
Into
Exciter Stator
A.C Power &
Feedback Signal
(Sensing)
From Main Stator
Operation of the Self Excited Generator
A.V.R
Bearing
Shaft
Rectifier
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Main Stator
Fan
Main Rotor
Main Rotor
The Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG)
! Generator Shaft (Non-Drive -End)
Dowel Pin for PMG Rotor Location
Through Bolt fixture to Shaft non drive end
Permanent Magnet Stator 3 Phase A.C 170 to 220 Volts, separate
power supply for the A.V.R
P2, P3, P4 Power Supply To A.V.R
Ceramic Magnet Rotor, highly magnetic saturated field. 8 Pole Rotor ,
100 HZ (at 1500 RPM ) or 120 HZ (at 1800 RPM )
Operation of the Separately Excited Generator
55
Operation of a Separately Excited Generators
X+ (F1)
XX- (F2)
PMG
Power
Supply
To A.V.R
A.C Sensing
Supply From
Main Stator
(2 or 3 Phase)
P2 -P3 -P4
6-7-8
A.V.R
THE PMG GENERATOR PROVIDES A SEPARATE POWER SUPPLY FOR AVR
Bearing
Shaft
Rectifier
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Main Stator
Fan
Main Rotor
Main Rotor
ADVANTAGES OF SEPARATE EXCITATION SYSTEM
UNAFFECTED BY WAVEFORM DISTORTION CAUSED BY NON LINEAR LOADS
POWERFUL VOLTAGE BUILD UP SYSTEM ON INITIAL RUN-UP, DOES NOT RELY
UPON RESIDUAL MAGNETISM.
SUSTAINED SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS,
ISOLATED POWER SUPPLY FOR THE AVR, (PROTECTS AVR FROM HIGH
TRANSIENT FAULT CONDITIONS IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM)
CAPABLE OF VOLTAGE BUILD UP AGAINST LOAD, (FREQUENCY STARTING OF
LARGE MOTORS).
Operation of a Separately Excited Generators
56
GENERATOR CONTROL SYSTEM
SPEED
GOVERNOR
PRIME
MOVER
EXCITER
ELECTRICAL
LOAD
PROTECTION
REGULATION
AND
CONTROL
GENERATOR
- The function of the voltage regulator is to provide precise
regulated generator voltage at no load and changing loads.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
GENERATOR VOLTAGE REGULATION
- Is expressed as the difference between the no load value
of voltage as compared to the full-load value for fixed
values of DC current applied to the field.
VNL VFL X 100
VFL
WHERE : VNL = Voltage No Load
VFL = Voltage Full load

Day 1 Part 1 - AVR Concept

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