7/5/2014 Copy of Copy of Sindhi and Muhajir Conflict in Pakistan by Angel Colon on Prezi

file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/AJAY%20SHOKEEN/Desktop/Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20Sindhi%20and%20Muhajir%20Conflict%20in%20Pakist 1/3
Transcript of Copy of Copy of Sindhi and Muhajir Conflict in Pakistan
To Do:
-"Takeover" of Sindhi politics by Muhajir
-Muhajir government representation
-Establishment of Urdu as national language (Muhajir language)
-Beginning of conflict
-East Pakistan riots (Biharis, who are closely related to muhajirs)
-MQM and Sindhi nationalist parties
Background Sindh Province Enlarged map of Sindh Muhajir or Mohajir means immigrant in Arabic and refugee
in Urdu Muhajir Background Muhajir are Urdu-speaking Muslim immigrants from India that migrated to the new
Muslim state of Pakistan.
Came to Sindh as largely middle-class and educated group
Sindhi Background
Appeal for Peace by MQM Founder Altaf Hussain Migration into Sindh Karachi Hyderabad Mirphur Khas
Sukkar 815,000 Urdu-Speaking Muslims (7:50-10:46) Muhajir Genocide English Translation: United National
Movement
Liberal political party of Pakistan
MQM: Muttahida Qaumi Movement The Muhajir Quami Movement (MQM) was a political party created in
1984 to represent the Muhajir community
Establishment of the government's quota system enraged the Muhajir community so they called for this group to
represent their interests in education, business, and government
How MQM Came About Obtained immense political power through violence
Second largest party in Sindh and third largest in the country
7/5/2014 Copy of Copy of Sindhi and Muhajir Conflict in Pakistan by Angel Colon on Prezi
file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/AJAY%20SHOKEEN/Desktop/Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20Sindhi%20and%20Muhajir%20Conflict%20in%20Pakist 2/3
Influence on Pakistan Attempts to Mitigate Conflict Pakistan's People Party and Sindhi Nationalism The
establishment of the predominantly Sindhi-speaking socialist Pakistan's People Party in 1968 gave a platform for
the poor Sindhi to voice their grievances on a national stage
1992 to 1999: Pakistan Army's Operation Clean-up
MQM was accused of being anti-Pakistani, planning a separatist breakaway state, and being behind criminal
activity that killed thousands of Urdu-speaking civilians dead.
The government's claims it attempted to end terrorism in Karachi but the MQM perceived this operation as an
attempt to wipe out the party altogether due to its major power and political influence.
Result = Political violence. MQM organized protests and strikes against general elections and such.
Violence rises among MQM, MQM factions, and Sindhi nationalist groups resulting in the deaths of thousands in
Karachi. MQM Conflicts Reformation of Federal System Two proposed reforms
in the 1980's by President Zia aimed at creating administrative units out of the provinces
One proposal would have split Sindh into Sindhi and Muhajir areas
Policy Question How do we reconcile political discrimination that leads to ethnic conflict between the Muhajir
and Sindhi ethnies in Pakistan? Background Muhajir %E2%80%8E Reasons for immigration:
Muhajir Integration and the Beginning of Ethnic Tensions Establishment of Urdu as national language
Rise of Political Representation At first, Muhajir peoples showed little interest in developing ethnic nationalist
front
Then policies of Prime Minister Ali Bhutto expanded economic and educational opportunities for the poorer
Sindhi peoples, threatening the position of urban Muhajirs
Rise of Muhajir Ethnic Nationalism The Pakistan Movement and the Independence/Partition of India in 1947
Muhajir Migration Two Nation Theory %E2%80%8E Background Politics and their leader... Atlaf Hussain
The Boiling Point Warning
Graphic Video Ahead Sindhi people feel threatened by influx of immigrants into their homeland Sindhi Concerns
Sudden ascension of Muhajirs into high government positions as well as economic prosperity creating worries
they will be outclassed and pushed out of their homeland Sindh's Urban and Rural Divide Sindh Theoretical
Analysis and Policy Prescription Constructivist Even with same religion, conflict erupts: why?
Importance of Language
Territorial Considerations Instrumentalist Creation of Political Parties "representing" the interests of ethnic groups
Policy #1 Implement Ethnofederal system similar to Russia; decentralized administration but represented by
"Pakistan" in foreign affairs
7/5/2014 Copy of Copy of Sindhi and Muhajir Conflict in Pakistan by Angel Colon on Prezi
file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/AJAY%20SHOKEEN/Desktop/Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20Sindhi%20and%20Muhajir%20Conflict%20in%20Pakist 3/3
Split up Sindh into mini-provinces by ethnicity Pros Cons -Rural/urban economic divide
-Does not resolve differences between the groups
-More political power lies in cities
-Allows ethnic groups to govern according to their interests
-Destroys legitimacy of terrorists cells claiming to fight for their ethnic group Policy #2 Bring together PPP and
MQM for peace talks to create agreements for improved education and cultural exchange between the two
ethnic groups in order to build trust and understanding between the Muhajirs and Sindhis. Pros Cons -Long term
tactic
-Attatchment to political parties
-Ends instrumentalist tactics by political parties -Promotes long-term peace between groups Alyssa Pack
Fadesola Ojeikere
Andrew Pelizzaro Language Riots Sindhi intellectuals at Sindh University propose making Sindh the official
language of the province. The bill is drawn up by Sindh legislators. Ayub Khan One Unit System
Economic development in Karachi Jinnah Bhutto's Reforms Nationalization Education Bureaucracy Quotas
Although Muhajir make up only 8% of the population in Pakistan, they held 33.5% of governmental positions by
1973
Higher education level + policies favorable to the Muhajir
=
the rise of Muhajir elites into Sindhi politics Language: Sindh
Original native people of Sindh province PPP and MQM use groups to seize power Sindhi & Urdu Languages
Source: Gallup Pakistan poll from April 2011 by the Pakistani affiliate of Gallup International Association What
do you primarily indentify yourself as? Sindhi's speak Sindh Muhajir's speak Urdu Primary identities in Pakistan
Indo-Aryan language A type of Hindi-Urdu