FUNCTION OF CEREBELLUM

recap
Main motor pathway
- Direct
*CST
*CBT
- Indirect
Basal Ganglia
- circuit
- neurotransmitter
- cerebellum
Cerebellum
Accounts for approximately 10% of the brains
volume, but contains over 50% of the total
number of neurons in the brain
Discussion
Cellular organization (Neuronal Circuit)
Input signals to cerebellum
Output signals from cerebellum
Function of cerebellum in motor control
Clinical abnormalities
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION OF
CEREBELLAR
(NEURONAL CIRCUIT)
CEREBELLAR CORTE
The cerebellar cortex is divided into three layers
- The innermost layer ! the granule cell layer
- The middle layer ! the "urkinje cell layer
* The "urkinje cell layer forms the border
between the granule and molecular layer
- The outer layer ! the molecular layer
* is made of the axons of granule cells and the
dendrites of "urkinje cells, as well as a few
other cell types
CORTE AND #$ITE MATTER
Cortex and white matter of cerebellum
CORTEX
1%Molecular layer
"arallel fibres
Stellate cell
Basket cells (junction of M & ")
'% "urkinje cell layer
"urkinje cells
3% Granular cell layer
Granule cell
Golgi cell
WHITE MATTER
1% Deep cerebellar nuclei
Dentate
Interposed (globus and
emboliform)
Fastigial
'% Mossy fibres
3% Climbing fibres
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Functional unit of cerebellar
Input fibres !
- Climbing fibre
- Mossy fibre
Output !
- "urkinje fibre
The Input fibres
Climbing fibre ! carry information that originate
from inferior olive of medulla to cerebellum
Mossy fibre ! carry information from all other
fibres from different parts of the brain
- Cerebrum
- Brain stem
- Spinal cord
Functional unit of cerebellar
Mossy and climbing fibers will ECITE deep
nuclear cell
Mossy and climbing fibers will also synapse
with purkinje cell
"urkinje cell will IN$IBIT deep nuclear cell
"urkinje cell
The axons of "urkinje cells id the OUT"UT from cerebellar
cortex
They pass information to
- Deep cerebellar nuclei
* dentate
* fastigial
* interposed
- Vestibular nuclei
The output is entirely IN$IBITOR( in nature
The neurotransmitter is GABA
Functional unit of cerebellar
Other inhibitory cells in the cerebellum !
- Basket cells
- Stellate cells
- Golgi cells
IN"UT INFORMATION TO CEREBELLUM
Afferent Tracts Transmits
Vestibulo cerebellar Vestibular impulses from labyrinths direct
via vestibular nuclei
Dorsal spino cerebellar "roprioceptive and exteroceptive
impulses from body
Ventral spino cerebellar "roprioceptive and exteroceptive
impulses from body
Cuneo cerebellar "roprioceptive and exteroceptive
impulses from head and neck
Tecto cerebellar Auditory and visual impulses via inferior
and superior colliculi
"onto cerebellar Impulses from motor and other parts of
cerebral cortex via pontine nuclei
Olivo cerebellar "roprioceptive input from whole body via
relay in inferior olive
Exteroceptive receptor !
OUT"UT INFORMATION
Cerebellum has deep nuclei
Dentate
Interposed (globus and emboliform)
Fastigial
All input signals will go either one of the deep from
From the deep nuclei, the output signals leave
cerebellum and are distributed to other parts of the
brain
OUT"UT! #here will all the efferent
pathways lead to)
PARTS OF
CEREBELLUM
NUCLEI PROJECT TO FUNCTION
Vermis Fastigial nuclei The vestibular &
reticular nuclei
For balance and
posture
Intermediate zone Interposed nuclei The red nucleus
and the thalamus
nuclei
For posture, gait
and coarse
movements
Lateral zone Dentate nucleus Thalamus nuclei For skilled
moements of hands
and fingers
FUNCTION OF CEREBELLUM IN
MOTOR CONTROL
#A(S OF CLASSIF(ING CEREBELLUM
Zones
- vermis
- paravermis
- cerebellar hemisphere
Fissres an! "o#es
- Fissures
* primary fissure
* posterolateral fissure
- Lobes
* anterior
*posterior
*fisciculonodular
Ph$"o%enetic !i&isions
*archicerebellum
*paleocerebellum
*neocerebellum
Fnctiona" Zones '#ase! on connecti&it$(
*vestibulocerebellum
*spinocerebellum
*cerebrocerebellum
Function of Cerebellum in Motor
Control
The nervous system uses the cerebellum to
coordinate motor control at 3 levels !
- The vestibulocerebellum
- The spinocerebellum
- The cerebrocerebellum
The areas !
- The vestibulocerebellum ! the flocculonodular
- The spinocerebellum ! most of the vermis and
adjacent intermediate zone
- The cerebrocerebellum! lateral zones
Function of Cerebellum in Motor
Control
1)The vestibulocerebellum
Calculate the rates and the directions of movements
Transmit the calculated information to brainstem vestibular and reticular
nuclei to compute the next required positions
Eg vestibule-ocular reflex
Controls the balance between agonist and antagonist muscle contraction of
the spine,hip and shoulder during RA"ID changes in body positions
Maintain equilibrium of the movements and posture
') The spinocerebellum
Intermediate zone, vermis
"rovide smooth, coordinate movements of the agonist
and antagonist muscles of periphery especially DISTAL
limb movements
Receive intended plan of movement from motor cortex
(cerebrum) and red nucleus (brainstem)
Receive actual movement result from the distal part of
the body
The spinocerebellum
"revent overshoot movements and to damp
movements
All movements are naturally *pendulum
"endulum movement tends to overshoot
cerebellum provides the damping system
prevents overshoot or intentional tremors
The spinocerebellum
Control of ballistic movements
Movement is pre-planned and set into motion for
a specific distance and then to stop%
Involve rapid movement that is so fast it is not
possible to receive information from either
periphery or from motor cortex
Examples !
* finger typing
* saccadic movements of the eyes
3) The cerebrocerebellum
The lateral zone
Concerned with !
"lanning of sequential movements
* Ability to progress smoothly from one
movement to the next in orderly succession
Timing function
* "rovide appropriate timing for each succeeding
movement
The cerebrocerebellum
Extramotor predictive function !
"redicting the rate of progression of auditory and
visual phenomenon
Eg a person can predict from the changing visual
scene how rapidly he/she is approaching an object
CLINICAL ABNORMALITIES OF
CEREBELLUM
Clinical abnormalities of cerebellum
Dysmetria
Ataxia
Failure of progression
Dysdiadochokinesia
Dysarthria
Intention tremor
Cerebellar nystagmus
$ypotonia
Clinical abnormalities of cerebellum
Dysmetria ! the effect where the movement
overshoot their intended marks
"ast pointing ! a clinical test to manifest dysmetria
Ataxia ! dysmetria effect causing incoordinate
movements
Clinical abnormalities of cerebellum
Failure of progression
Dysdiadochokinesia ! due to inability to predict where
the different part of the body will ne% So no orderly
succession of movement% Can be demonstrated by
rapidly changing one hand upward and downward
Dysarthria ! lack of coordination in larynx, mouth and
respiratory muscle and inability to predict duration
and intensity%
*Speech ! some syllables held loud, some weak, some
held long & some short intervals
Clinical abnormalities of cerebellum
Intention tremor + action tremor ! result
from overshooting or failure to dampen
movement when movement reach the
indented mark
Cerebellar nystagmus ! tremor of the eyeball when
one attempt to fixate the eye
Clinical abnormalities of cerebellum
$ypotonia ! dereae tone of the peripheral
muscle on the same side of the lesion due to
damage to the deep cerebellar nuclei because
cerebellum does fascilitate the motor cortex
and brainstem motor nuclei
TEST FOR CEREBELLAR FUNCTION
Dysergia ! improperco-ordinated function of a muscle group
Dysmetria ! inability to properly gauge the distance between two points%
Tested with finger-to-nose movements
Dysdiadochokinesia ! inability to do rapid alternating movements
Scanning speech ! prolonged separation of syllables, often seen with
cerebellar dysfunction
GAIT Disturbances !
Cerebellar lesions ! central cerebellar lesion shows unsteady gait, but
conventional cerebellar signs may be normal
"osterior columns lesions ! loss of proprioceptive results in unsteady gait
when eyes are closed, but relatively normal gait when eyes are open
Festinating gait ! "arkinsonian gait, shuffling walk
Rombergs test ! patient cant maintain balance with legs tight together,
with eyes closed
Tibubation ! body tremor when standing or walking, sign of cerebellar%
Common Causes of Cerebellar Lesions
I% Multiple Sclerosis
II% Cerebellat Strokes
III% Tumors
IV% Degeneration
V% #ernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
VI% Alcoholic Cerebellar Degeneration
VII% Cerebellar $emorrhage
VIII%Fredricks /Friedreichs Ataxia