ITTIHAD UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Student Name: Zubaidah Abdul Rehman Alim Al Din
Student ID: 20042080
Course: Introduction to Management
ro!ect: Research
Historical Foundation of Management
"Management" (from Old French mnagement "the art of conducting, directing", from Latin manu agere "to lead by the
hand") characterizes the process of leading and directing all or part of an organization, often a business, through the
deployment and manipulation of resources (human, financial, material, intellectual or intangible). Early tentieth!century
management riter "ary #ar$er Follett defined management as "the art of getting things done through people."
Historical Foundation and Development:
%t as traced by the riters that management as &umerian traders and ancient Egyptian pyramid builders. &la'e!oners
through the centuries faced the problems of e(ploiting)moti'ating a dependent, but many pre!industrial enterprises, gi'en
their small scale, did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically. *ut inno'ations such as the
spread of +rabic numerals (,th to -,th centuries) and the codification of double!entry boo$!$eeping (-./.) pro'ided tools
for management assessment, planning and control.
19th century:
0pon argument during the modern management as a discipline began as an off!shoot of economics in the -/th century. +t
the same time, the inno'ators de'eloped technical production elements such as standardization, 1uality control
procedures, cost accounting, interchangeability of parts, and or$ planning.
20th century:
2oards the end of the 34th century, business management came to consist of si( separate branches, namely5
6uman resource management
Operations management or production management
&trategic management
"ar$eting management
Financial management
%nformation 2echnology management
21st century:
%n the 3-st century e find it increasingly difficult to subdi'ide management into functional categories in this ay. "ore
and more processes simultaneously in'ol'e se'eral categories. %nstead, e tend to thin$ in terms of the 'arious
processes, tas$s, and ob7ects sub7ect to management. 2he approach to management promotes a natural ay to manage
business. + list of some of the areas of management can be found later in this article.
Management also has a responsibility to innovate and improve the functioning of the organiation:
8hief E(ecuti'e Officer (8EO)
9ice #resident, "ar$eting
"ar$eting "anagers
#romotions "anagers
#ublic :elations "anagers
&ales "anagers
+ccount E(ecuti'e
8reati'e ;irector
"edia ;irector
age " o# "