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Customer Applications CenterAsia


March, 2013
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Sample Kit
AD8221
AD8420
AD8421
ADR4525


The World Leader in High Performance Signal Processing Solutions






Agenda
09:30 ~ 10:40



10:40 ~ 10:55
10:55 ~ 11:55
12:00 ~ 13:00
13:00 ~ 14:00
14:00 ~ 14:30 ADI
14:30 ~ 15:00 ADI
15:30 ~ 17:00
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The World Leader in High Performance Signal Processing Solutions
Ampl i f i er s

Op Amps & In Amps
Applications & Specifications

Hao Meng
CAC, Asia
Mar. 20
th
, 2013

Agenda: Ampl i f i er s

Basic Architectures

Choosing an op amp for your application

Specifications for DC performance
Specifications for AC performance
Specifications that affect DC & AC performance

Other types of Amplifiers

Popular I& I and Medical applications

PLC/DCS
EKG/EEG/MRI
Portable IR Sensing
10
Basi c Ar c hi t ec t ur es
Voltage Feedback
Text Book Op Amp

Current Feedback
Also called Transimpedance Amps
Typically Higher Speeds than Voltage Feedback

Both Types of Architectures Respond to Input Signals by
Forcing the + and - Inputs To the Same Voltage
11
Vol t age Feedbac k Vs Cur r ent Feedbac k
Voltage Feedback





Responds to an Error
Voltage between the Inputs
Balanced, High Impedance
on + and - Inputs
Constant Gain Bandwidth
Product
Can reduce Johnson noise with
low R values
G = 2, BW = 100 MHz
G=20, BW = 10 MHz
Current Feedback





Responds to a Current
Error on an Input
High + Input and
Low - Input Impedances
Bandwidth Set by
Feedback Resistor
Increasing R
F
reduces BW
Decreasing R
F
reduces
stability
+
R
F












































R
G












































R
F
+












































R
o
R
G












































Vol t age Feedbac k and Cur r ent Feedbac k
Open-Loop Char ac t er i st i c s
Voltage Feedback Current Feedback
Choosi ng t he Ri ght Op Amp
-
+
V
IN
V
OUT
Z
IN
=
+
-
+
-
AV
IN

A
OL
=

Z
OUT
= 0
Ideal Op Amp Characteristics:
Infinite input impedance
Zero output impedance
Infinite bandwidth
Infinite open loop gain
No DC Errors



Sour c es of Er r or i n Op Amps
DC or Low Frequency Performance affected by:
Offset Voltage
Input Bias Current
Thermal Drift
1/f noise
AC Performance affected by:
BW (Bandwidth)
Slew Rate
Gain Error
Settling Time
Noise
Distortion
Additional Specifications
CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio)
PSRR (Power Supply Rejection Ratio)
Input Common Mode Range
Low Power and Rail to Rail Operation
Op Amp Spec i f i c at i ons
Offset Voltage
Adds a small voltage
to the input
V
OUT
= Gain(V
IN
+ E
OS
)
High Gain or High E
OS

increases effect on
output.

Offset Voltage due to differences in input transistors
E
OS
can be positive or negative
How to measure it:
Configure amplifier for very high gain (G>100)
Ground both inputs
Measure output voltage
E
OS
= V
OUT
/Gain

E
OS
+
-
V
REF
V
IN
V
OU
T
Op Amp Spec i f i c at i ons
Offset Voltage: Reducing the Error
System calibration can compensate for initial offset voltage
Offset voltage changes with temperature and time
Auto-Zero Op Amps:
Second op amp (A2)
corrects offset error
of first op amp (A1)
Eliminates change over
time and temperature!
Also reduces 1/f
(low frequency) noise
Used in the same way
as other op amps
See AD8552 data sheet
for complete theory
_
+
+
_
S Z
S
Z
A1
A2
NULL
NULL
IN
+IN
V
OUT
S = SAMPLE
Z = AUTO-ZERO
+
-
-
+
V
IN
V
OUT
I
B

I
B

I
OS

Offset error is a function of I
B
, I
OS
, and the resistors connected
around the amplifier
I
B
is the main source of error
I
B
is usually > 10 x I
OS
Low I
B
op amps can use large resistors without causing dramatic
errors
Op Amp Spec i f i c at i ons
Input Bias Current and Offset Current
The Ef f ec t s of I nput Bi as Cur r ent
The bias current will introduce an error term depending on the
values of the bias current and the source resistance
+
-
R
F
R
I
I
B-
I
B+
V
IN
V
OUT
= - (V
IN
/R
I
+ I
B-
) x R
F

CMOS and JFET input stages
have the lowest I
B

Down to 10pA or less
For example: AD8605, AD8033
I
B
of FET input op amps varies
with temperature
Input bias canceled op amps
also have very low I
B
Most are < 10nA
For example: OP27
Op Amp Spec i f i c at i ons
Bias Current: Reducing the Error
The bias current will introduce
an error term depending on
the values of the bias current
and the source resistance
+
-
R
F
R
I
I
B-
I
B+
V
IN
V
OUT
= - (V
IN
/R
I
+ I
B-
) x R
F

How a parameter changes with Temperature
Common drift specifications are V
OS
, Gain, I
B
Every product has different drift behavior
Auto-zero and Gain Programmable Amplifiers typically have the
lowest drift
Example of Temperature Drift graphs:
Op Amp Spec i f i c at i ons
Temperature Drift
Temper at ur e Dr i f t : Converting to resolution or % error
Example application:
Measuring 0-100 mV output from a sensor
Operating from -10C to 50C
Offset voltage change is 1.5V/C
Initial calibration performed at 25C
Calculate difference in offset voltage due to temperature
50C - 25C = 25C
25C (-10C) = 35C (The larger temperature change)
(1.5V/C)*(35C) = 52.5V
Convert the difference in offset voltage to resolution
Full scale signal is 100mV
52.5V / 100mV = 0.000526 (or 0.0526%, or 526 ppm)
How many bits is that?
2
X
= 1/(0.000526)
2
X
= 1901
Log
2
(1901) = x If your calculator does not have a log base 2 function
Log
10
(1901)/Log
10
(2) = x
x = 10.89, or almost 11 bits of resolution are possible with this amount of
temperature drift
Ratio Changed with
Temperature!
IC
Op Amp Spec i f i c at i ons
Temperature Drift: Reducing the Error
Auto-zero and Gain Programmable Amplifiers typically have
the lowest drift
Integrating gain resistors reduces temperature drift errors
R2 R1
R2 R1
Gain = R1 / R2
Ratio unchanged
with temperature
No Drift!
Op Amp Spec i f i c at i ons
Low Frequency Noise
At low frequencies voltage & current
noise density rise.
1/f noise has a corner frequency: F
C
Voltage noise frequently specified
as peak value for 0.1 10Hz
To calculate RMS noise in 1/f region
from F
L
to F
H
(where K = noise at 1 Hz):
Kln(F
H
/F
L
)
Multiply RMS by 6.6 to estimate
peak-to-peak value
F
c
Op Amp Spec i f i c at i ons
Finding the best choice for low frequency applications
ADIs parametric search lets you search for op amps that
meet the specs you need for:
Offset Voltage
Bias Current
Offset Voltage Drift
Low Frequency Current Noise
Low Frequency Voltage Noise
Input Capacitance
Input Impedance
Operating Temperature Range
And more
AC Per f or manc e Spec i f i c at i ons
Bandwidth
Slew Rate
Settling Time
Phase Margin
Noise
Distortion
Op Amp Spec i f i c at i ons
Gain-bandwidth Product
The usable bandwidth of an amplifier depends on the gain for
which it is configured

Gain * Bandwidth = GBW product
For example:
An amplifier has a 1MHz GBW product
It only has a bandwidth of 10kHz in a gain of 100 configuration


* Note: This is not true for current feedback amplifiers
3 Ways t o Spec Bandw i dt h
-3dB bandwidth
Usually most favorable conditions
Small signal 0.2Vp-p or less not slew limited
Can include some artificial bandwidth due to excessive peaking
Gain of 2 bandwidth is less open for interpretation
-0.1dB flatness
Gain flatness over frequency
Critical in video applications
Full-power bandwidth
Large signal; should be at least 2Vp-p
May be Slew Rate limited
Full-power BW says nothing about distortion
28
Sl ew Rat e
Slew Rate is the maximum rate of change at an
amplifiers output in response to a step change at
the input.
+
-
time
voltage
time
voltage
Slew Rate is expressed in V/s
When driving larger signals, slew rate limits bandwidth
F
MAX
= (Slew Rate)/2Vpk

Bandw i dt h Requi r ement s
Slew Rate & Loop Gain Error
When driving larger signals, slew rate limits bandwidth
F
MAX
= (Slew Rate)/2Vpk
Rule of Thumb: Select amp with much higher BW than you
think you need
Make sure slew rate can support this
Why?
Loop Gain Error:
A
CL
not perfectly flat until it crosses A
V
Error in A
CL
= 1/(1+A
V
/A
CL
)
As A
CL
gets closer to A
V
, gain error rises
A
V
A
CL
Gain

Frequency



DEAD
TIME
SLEW
TIME
RECOVERY TIME FINAL SETTLING
ERROR
BAND
TIME
SETTLING TIME
Set t l i ng Ti me
Settling time depends on:
The output step voltage, and
The settle to percentage of final value
Output settles to 0.1%? 0.01%?
0.1% accuracy is around 10 bits
Estimate settling time to N bits of accuracy:
t
S
= 0.11(1+N)/f
-3dB
**
AD8091 GBW product = 110MHz, @ G=25 BW =4.4MHz
t
S
= 0.11(1+14)/4.4MHz = .375s

**

valid if output amplitude rolls off @20dB/decade for at least 1 decade beyond f
-3db

DEAD
TIME
SLEW
TIME
RECOVERY TIME FINAL SETTLING
ERROR
BAND
TIME
SETTLING TIME
Set t l i ng Ti me Gr aphs
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(V
S
=
5.0V, T
A
=+25C unless otherwise noted)
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min Typ Max Units
DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
Slew Rate SR -4V <V
OUT
<4V, R
L
=10k

13 V/

s
Gain Bandwidth Product GBP 15 MHz
Phase Margin o 64 degrees
Settling Time t
S
To 0.1%, A
V
=-1, V
O
=2V Step 475 ns
0.5 V/div.
250 ns/div.
35
Why Phase Mar gi n i s I mpor t ant
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
V
o
l
t
s
Time uSec
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
1 10 100 1000
d
B
Frequency MHz
Peaking in the
Frequency Domain
causes Ringing in
the Time Domain As
a result of Low Phase
Margin
36
Rel at i on Bet w een
Open Loop Gai n and Phase
Phase Margin - Phase Remaining before the Phase Delay through
the Amp Reaches 180 degrees
Margin of Less than 30 degrees can be a Problem
St andar d Cur r ent Feedbac k Ampl i f i er
Conf i gur at i ons
Inverting Amplifier Non-Inverting Amplifier
+
_
f
R
g
R
out
V
in
V
GND AC
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
) (
1
1
1
s Z
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
V
V
g
O
f
O
f
g
f
in
out
If R
o
<<R
f,g
:
(
(
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
) (
1
1
s Z
R
R
R
V
V
f
g
f
in
out
+
_
f
R
out
V
g
R
in
V
If R
o
<<R
f,g
:
(
(
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
) (
1
1
1
s Z
R
R
R
V
V
f
g
f
in
out
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
) (
1
1
1
1
s Z
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
V
V
g
O
f
O
f
g
f
in
out
Cur r ent CFB Ampl i f i er St abi l i t y Anal ysi s
Case I n Poi nt AD8007
R
f

f
R Neglecting
R
s Z
Gain Loop
o
) (
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
g
O
f
O
f
R
R
R
R
R
s Z
Gain Loop
1
) (
R
f
Unstable!
Loop Gain (Log)
}
Margin
( )
f
R Log s Z Log Gain Loop Log
10 10 10
) ( =
.) log
1 / (
impedance an of the taking of difficulty circumvent
to to respect w dB in calibrated be could Ordinate
Ampl i f i er Noi se Sour c es
_
f
R
g
R
out
V
+
p
R
) ( noise
i
( )( )
) (
=
noise f
i R Noise Current Input Inverting To Due Noise Output
) (
f
R noise
v
f f
kTR Noise R To Due Noise Output 4 =
noise
v
( ) Gain Noise v Noise Voltage referred Input To Due Noise Output
noise
) ( =
) (+ noise
i
( )( ) Gain Noise R i Noise Current Input Inverting Non To Due Noise Output
p noise
) (
) (+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
g
f
R
R
Gain Noise 1
) (
g
R noise
v
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
g
f
g g
R
R
kTR Noise R To Due Noise Output 4
) (
p
R noise
v
( )( ) Gain Noise kTR Noise R To Due Noise Output
p p
4 =
Noiseless
Amplifier
Hi gh Fr equenc y Noi se
Low Noise Amplifiers Are Characterized By...
Low Voltage Noise Densities, e
n
: < 10 nV / Hz
Low Current Noise Densities, i
n
: < 10 fA / Hz
Noise is usually specified in some frequency band
e.g. 100 Hz to 10MHz
Noise can peak near resonances
Total noise may be higher than can be determined from simple
calculations
1/f
CORNER FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY
Noise Peak
@ Resonance
Specified Noise
Noi se
Combining sources
Uncorrelated noise sources combine root-sum-square:
Total Noise = (E
N
2
+ I
N-
2
+ N
RF
2
+ N
RI
2
)
Reducing effect of amplifier noise:
42
Di st or t i on
Changes in the output wave form relative to the input wave
form
For pure sine wave in the output will have some energy at
multiple of the input frequency - harmonics

SFDR
Frequency
THD
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
SNR
THD- Total Harmonic Distortion
Sum of all distortions at all
harmonics
Usually 2nd and 3rd
harmonics contribute the most
SFDR - used for communications and other systems
Spurious-free Dynamic Range in dB
Range between the input signal and largest spurs
Addi t i onal Op Amp Per f or manc e Spec s
CMRR
PSRR
Crosstalk
Input Common Mode Range
Rail-to-Rail Requirements
Low Power Applications
Common Mode Rej ec t i on Rat i o (CMRR)
Acm
Adm
CMRR log 20 =
Adm is the differential mode gain, which ideally is infinite
Acm is the common mode gain, which ideally is zero
CMRR is important in non-inverting, difference or instrumentation amplifiers
Inverting amplifier configurations are not (there is no common mode voltage)
Pow er Suppl y Rej ec t i on Rat i o (PSRR)
Vio is the change at the output, referred back to the input
is the increment of the supply voltage change
Vs
Vio
PSRR

= log 20
Vs
The power supply pins of an amplifier are signal inputs (i.e. supply
voltages). The ability of the amplifier to reject noise and unwanted
signals present on the power supply line is important!
Where
Cr osst al k
Specification for multi-
channel devices

Measure of how much
information from a channel
is seen in another channel

Normally specified when
gain and configuration on
each channel is equal
Otherwise Crosstalk may be
different

Typically specified in dB
Vin
V2
Va
Vb
How much of the output Va
do you see on output Vb?
Also, how much of input Vin
is seen on output Vb?
I nput Common Mode Vol t age Range
Input Common Mode Voltage Range is the maximum range the input can
swing and still operate in the specified limits of the amplifier.

Exceeding the Input Common Mode Voltage Range can cause
the amplifier to distort the input signal or even damage the amplifier!
48
Rai l t o Rai l Ampl i f i er s
What is a Rail-Rail Amplifier?
True Rail-Rail Op Amps Can Swing to Within a Few mV
of Their Power Supply Rails, Either on the Input, the
Output or Both
True Rail-Rail Op Amp
+V
S
GND
INPUT
OUTPUT
+
-
Why Use a Rai l -t o-Rai l Ampl i f i er ?
Rail-to-rail amplifiers maximize signal swing between the supply
voltages
Many high speed A-D converters operate from single +3V to +5V
supply
V
S
V
S
Analog-Digital
Converter
Rail-Rail
Amplifier
V
OUT
Rai l -t o-Rai l I nput I ssues
Offset voltage will vary over the input common-mode range
Could result in low CMRR at certain V
CM
Possible increase in cross-over distortion
In bipolar input stage: Input bias current will switch
direction!
At high V
CM
, bias current flows into the inputs
At low V
CM
, bias current flows out of the inputs
Tip: Use an input bias correction resistor to minimize output
error
Of f set Vol t age May Change Si gni f i c ant l y
Ac r oss V
CM
Range of R-R I nput !
Rai l -t o-Rai l Out put Ampl i f i er s
Output Saturation Voltage is defined as how close the output
can get to a supply rail
In rail-to-rail output amplifiers, V
OUT,MAX
will vary with output
current and supply voltage
Higher I
OUT
means the output
voltage cannot get as close
to the supply rails
Both for sourcing and
sinking current

V
out

V
OUT
vs. I
OUT
Can Change Wi t h Fr equenc y










V
OUT,MAX
& I
OUT,MAX
are specified at DC
Operating Region Decreases with Increased Frequency
I
out
Increasing
frequency
V
out
, Max
I
out

Short Circuit
Operating
Region
Ot her t ypes of Ampl i f i er s
Ot her t ypes of Ampl i f i er s
Instrumentation Amps

Difference Amps

Log Amps

Variable Gain Amps

Differential Amplifiers
Ampl i f i er I nt egr at i on
Resistor Divider Input
Conditions Input Voltages
Larger than Supply Rails
Vin = 120V. +/-Vs = 12V
Level Shift, diff to single ended
Single IC Solution
High CMRR vs. Freq, Temp
Matched Resistors 0.01%
High Input Impedance
Level Shift, Diff to single-ended
Single resistor set the gain
High CMRR vs. Freq, Temp
Matched Resistors 0.01%
op amp instrumentation amp difference amp
A device that measures small,
precision signals in a noisy
environment
Di f f er enc e Ampl i f i er Appl i c at i on
High Side Current Sensing
Applications:
Linear Solenoid Control (Hydraulics)
Motor Control
PLC Front-End
Product Selection
Low R
SHUNT
low V
os
important

Tolerate & reject high CMV
Temperature Drift
Common Mode Voltage Range:

This image cannot currently be displayed.

-5 to +68V 120V 270V


AD8205
G = 50
Lowest Cost
AD628
Programmable
Gain
AD629
G = 1
Pwr
Supply
Pwr
Switch
Control
Loop
R
SHUNT
Solenoid
Load

I
L
R
COMP
Advantages
Balanced, high impedance load
High CMR @ power line freq
Rejects common mode noise when a
sensor is located remotely from amp.
Vref enables bipolar output with
single supply operation
Types of In Amps
Lowest drift : Chopper Stabilized In-Amps
Most flexible: Programmable Gain & Offset


I nst r ument at i on Amps
Amplification & CMR
The World Leader in High Performance Signal Processing Solutions
Log Ampl i f i er s and
RMS Pow er Det ec t or s
Flat output despite Varying Crest
Factor (Peak to Average Ratio)
60
What Does a Log Amp Do?

High Dynamic Range Signal Measurement

Log
Large Dynamic Range RF Signal - Handles
nanovolt to volt signal levels!
output signal
Log
Output
What is it used for?

To measure/control power in a radio transmitter
To measure received signal strength (RSSI) in radio receivers
10mV 100mV
1V
1V
2V
3V
L o g
A mp
C o mp
0 . 5 V
0 V
5 V
What does a Log Amp Out put show ?
LOG OUT
LIMITER OUT
Log Amplifiers Detect
Envelope
An amplifier whose gain can be electronically controlled. It is
symbolized as an amplifier with an electronic volume control pin
V
GAIN
Amplifiers used when the gain of the circuit must change
quickly.
A separate voltage sets the gain of the amplifier
Used for:
Time Gain Amplification
(TGA) as in Ultra sound:
Ultrasound and Sonar
Imaging
High Performance
Automatic Gain Control
(AGC) Systems
Var i abl e Gai n Ampl i f i er (VGA)
VGA - SYMBOLICALLY
V
GAIN
V
OUT
= A + B(V
IN
)(V
GAIN
)
V
IN
Tw o Types of VGA Appl i c at i ons
Maintain a Constant output:
As the Input signal level varies, the output level is maintained relatively
constant. Example: AGC circuit in a receiver, ultrasound, etc.
The Input Signal Remains Constant:
The input signal level is constant, and it is desired to vary the output.
Example: Output level control in a transmitter.
THE INPUT RANGE
IS LARGE
AMPLIFY OR ATTENUATE
FOR CONSTANT OUTPUT
THE INPUT SIGNAL
IS FIXED
AMPLIFY OR
ATTENUATE TO
VARY THE OUTPUT
Di f f er ent i al Ampl i f i er s
Performance Advantages
Rejects ground-based
noise important in single
supply systems
High common-mode
noise rejection
Flexible input common-
mode voltage levels
Twice the input signal swing in low voltage, single-supply
applications
Reduced second-order distortion products
Differential input ADCs require a high performance differential
driver
Anal yzi ng Vol t age Level s i n Di f f er ent i al
Ampl i f i er s
+ and input currents are zero
+ and input voltages are equal
Output voltages are 180 out of phase and symmetrical about V
OCM
Gain = R
F
/R
G

V
OUT+
- V
OUT-
= 5V 0V = 5V
V
OUT+
- V
OUT-
= 0V 5V = -5V
V
OUT
= 5V 10V swing
~
R
F

R
G

R
G

V
OUT

V
OUT+

+

GAIN =
R
F

R
G

V
IN+

V
IN

V
OCM

R
F

i = 0
i = 0
V+
V
V+ = V
V
OCM

V
OCM

V
OUT+
V
OUT
V
IN+
V
IN
=
5V


0V
The World Leader in High Performance Signal Processing Solutions
Appl i c at i ons f or
Ampl i f i er s
Process Control
PLC/DCS
Medical
EKG/EEG/MRI
Portable IR Sensing

The World Leader in High Performance Signal Processing Solutions
Pr oc ess Cont r ol
PLC: Pr ogr ammabl e Logi c Cont r ol l er
Key Building Block in Industrial Applications
What is a PLC?
A digitally operating apparatus that controls and monitors
industrial processes
Uses programmable memory for internal storage of instructions
Communicates via dense Digital or Analog I/O modules
Characteristics
I/O intensive : 20..256/CPU, high density of wiring, easy assembly
Provide binary and analog Input/Output with standard levels (+/-
10V, 0-10V, 0-5V, +/-5V, 4-20mA, Strain gauge, thermocouple, RTD)
Generally located near the plant and require robust construction.
Field-bus connection for remote I/Os
network connection is becoming common, allowing programming
on workstations


PLC/DCS Ar c hi t ec t ur e
Bus
ASIC
uC
Systems can be partitioned as:
Input Module
Output Module
I/O Module
Signal
Isolation
Digital Isolation
iCoupler Technology
External
Power
15-24V
Transformer
Isolation
isoPower Technology
ADC
SAR +
Signal
Condition
(Amp+MPX)
Analog Inputs
Temp
Pressure
Motor
Level
Vibration
+/-20mA
DAC
Bipolar/LVSS
V/I
Amplifiers
Analog Output
Valves
Vents
Control
Actuators
+/-20mA
The World Leader in High Performance Signal Processing Solutions
DCS Out put Modul es
DCS Out put St ages
High End
16-bit Resolution, 16-bit Accurate, 10us Settling
Architecture: High performance DAC/Channel
Output Ranges +/-10V, +/-5V, 0-10V, 0-20mA and 4-20mA
Mid Range
16-bit Resolution, 12-bit Accurate, 10us Settling
Architecture: DAC/Channel
Output Ranges +/-10V, +/-5V, 0-10V, 0-20mA and 4-20mA
Low End
12-16-bit Resolution
Architecture: Sample and Hold (low Cost)
Output Ranges +/-10V, +/-5V, 0-10V, 0-20mA and 4-20mA

Distributed control network
iCoupler Family
2.7-5.5V Operation
Isolation Voltage: 2500V

16-Bit
DAC

Vout
DIGITAL
ISOLATION



16-Bit, Vout DAC
Full Accuracy
Low Noise
DAC/Channel
Iout
4-20mA
0-20mA
AMP
AMP
Single Channel
for Isolated Applications
Multi Channel
for Non Isolated Applications.
Hi gh End and Mi d Range Out put
Ar c hi t ec t ur e
Loop Supply
VOLTAGE
REFERENCE

Low End DCS Out put St age
DAC
(AD5662/
AD5660)
Vout
+/-10V
0-10V
0-5V
+/-5V
DIGITAL
ISOLATION

ADuM130X/
ADuM140X

16-Bit Resolution
Voltage Output
SPI Serial Interface
10us settling
Single Channel
4: 1 Multiplexer


Iout

4-20mA
0-20mA
MUX
AMP
AMP
ADG1204
iCoupler Family
2.7-5.5V Operation
Isolation Voltage: 2500V

SHA Architecture
for Lowest Cost
.
.
.
1. DAC 2. MPX 3. Amplifier
The World Leader in High Performance Signal Processing Solutions
DCS I nput Modul es
DCS I nput Modul e Measur ement Ranges
Input 10mV 25mV 50mV 80mV 0.25V 0,5V 1V 1.25V 2.5V 5V 10V
Strain gauge X
Thermo
couple
K X
T X
J X
N X
E X
R X
S X
B X
U X
L X
Resistor
1)
1.67mA Ics
48 X
150 X
300 X
600 X
6 k X
RTD
1)

Cu10 Std
2)
X
Klima
3)
X
Ni St / Kl
2) 3)
Ni100 Ni120/200 Ni500 Ni1000
Pt Std
2)
Pt100 Pt200 Pt500 Pt1000
Air condit.
2)
Pt100 Pt200 Pt500 Pt1000
High Level
Inputs
Low Level
Inputs
DCS I nput St age Ar c hi t ec t ur e
16-24 BIT
ADC
PGA INST
Amp

MUX
4-20mA
0-20mA

+/-10V
0-10V
0-5V
+/-5V
DIGITAL
ISOLATION

ADuM130X/
ADuM140X
Multiplexer
Fault Protected

+/-15V Operation
High CMRR
Low Noise
Amplifier +
MPX Array
Multiplexer
+/-15V Operation

iCoupler Family
2.7-5.5V Operation
Isolation Voltage: 2500V
ADG439F/
ADG509F
AD8250/AD8220/AD8221
1. Instrumentation Amps 2. Switches & Fault Protected Mux 3. ADC
Sensor
V to V Range
CURRENT
SOURCES
VOLTAGE
REFERENCE
LOWSIDE
POWER SWITCH
4. REF
The World Leader in High Performance Signal Processing Solutions
Medi c al
Di agnost i c & Moni t or i ng Appl i c at i ons
Trends
Portability
Use in Ambulances & Ambulatory Care Facilities
Require low power devices and/or shutdown ability
Small size, multiple channels
Maintain accuracy

Consumer Market
Growing market for home health care equipment
Blood glucose monitors, AEDs (automatic external defibrillators)
Low power requirements, small size
Price sensitive
Move from ASICs to off-the-shelf parts to reduce time to market
Di agnost i c & Moni t or i ng Appl i c at i ons
Challenges
Small signals in presence of large offset voltages

Regulatory approval process is difficult reluctant to
change components

Interference & noise induced on sensor lines

Isolation requirements
Protect patient from equipment
Protect equipment from defibrillator or ESU
EKG, EEG Ex ampl e
Signal Conditioning Challenges
A
B
C
A

Small signals: 0.2 2mV pk to pk
BW: 0.05Hz 1kHz
Large high frequency noise (EMG,
movement artifacts)
DC offset between signals on left &
right arm
50/60 Hz interference
EKG, EEG Ex ampl e
Solution
10k
200k
10pF
200k
AD8220
Instrumentation
Amplier
AD8606
+5V
+5V
AD8606
+5V
A
B
C
6.19k
6.19k
+2.5V
ADR361
+5V
AD7685
ADum1402
BlackFin ADC
DSP
iCoupler
Reference
Additional Channels
op amps
0.1F
REF
0.1F
10F
Reference
ADR365
+5V
AD8220
33
2.7nF
+5V
AD7685
ADC
33
2.7nF
In Amp rejects common mode
signals
Requirements:
High CMRR
Low IB
Single Supply operation
AD8220
Smallest FET in-amp
10ld MSOP
5V supply operation
AD8606
Inverts common mode signal and
drives the right leg of patient
improves CMRR
EKG/EEG Ex ampl e ( Complete Solution)
10k
200k
10pF
200k
AD8220
Instrumentation
Amplier
AD8606
+5V
+5V
AD8606
+5V
A
B
C
6.19k
6.19k
+2.5V
ADR361
+5V
AD7685
ADum1402
BlackFin ADC
DSP
iCoupler
Reference
Additional Channels
op amps
0.1F
REF
0.1F
10F
Reference
ADR365
+5V
AD8220
33
2.7nF
+5V
AD7685
ADC
33
2.7nF
ADC Selection AD7685
16 bits resolution
(apps require 16-24 bits)
Single Supply (2.5-5V)
Serial output
Isolation ADuM1402
4 channels, 2/2
3V/5V operation
Processor Choices
Blackfin
ADSP-2126x, ADSP-2136x
Body Composi t i on Measur ement s - Medi c al
Patient Monitors
MRI / EKG
JFETs
AD8627
AD8641
ADA4000
INA
AD8221

INA
AD8220
AD8224
External JFETs
Summing nodes
JFET-input
Instrumentation Amps
LEM Modules:
(Power detector)
Low Noise HV OP Amps
AD797, AD8599
Energy Excitation:
(precision references buffers)
Low Noise RRIO HV OP Amps
OP284, AD8672, AD8676
OR
The World Leader in High Performance Signal Processing Solutions
Por t abl e I R sensi ng
Amps f or l ow -pow er appl i c at i ons
Typical needs
Low power consumption
Low voltage for many battery-powered applications (esp consumer)
Higher voltages for some battery powered systems (esp professional)

High input impedance/low input bias current

Bandwidth needs vary by application
Filtering often requires more BW
Some sensors require faster response or wider signal range

Low offset and drift (many but not all applications)

I R sensi ng
Uses Thermopile Infrared sensor

Series of thermocouples, forming a sensitive region

Output voltages in the range of 100-900uV.

output signal versus frequency up to its frequency
limit is pretty constant and directly proportional to
incident radiation.

I R Body Temp Moni t or
Vdd
12-bit
ADC
AD8607
AD8617
AD8502

AD706
ADTL082

AD8655
AD8615


AD8662
AD8676
AD8672
VREF
REF195
ADR02
AD36x
Applications:
Patient Monitors
Thermometers

5V
5V
+/-15V
+/-8V
+/- 15V
AD Converter
uC
Memory Display
Digital
Calibration
Micro-Controller
I R Ther mal Sensi ng

Key Requirements
Low Offset Voltage
Low Input Current
Low Drift
High Input
Impedance
High Gain
Onl i ne Appl i c at i ons and Desi gn Tool s
Common Mode Range/Gain Calculators
(http://www.analog.com/Analog_Root/static/techSupport/interactiveTools/
#inamps)
Error Budget Analysis
(http://www.analog.com/Analog_Root/static/techSupport/interactiveTools/
#inamps)
Amplifier Wizard
(http://www.analog.com/Analog_Root/static/techSupport/interactiveTools/
#ampwizard)
ADI Signal Chain Matrix
(http://www.analog.com/distributor)
Evaluation Boards
(http://www.analog.com/Analog_Root/sitePage/direct/evalBoardsTools/)
Selection Guide and Application Notes
(http://www.analog.com/inamps)
ADI
ADI : 4006-100-006 24

: china.support@analog.com

DSP: processor.china@analog.com

ADI: http://www.analog.com/zh/index.html

ADI :
http://www.analog.com/zh/content/ADI_CIC_index/fca.html

ADI: http://bbs.ednchina.com/ADI/

ADI () : http://ez.analog.com/index.jspa

91
The World Leader in High Performance Signal Processing Solutions
Top 10 Cust omer
Pr obl ems and Sol ut i ons
f or ampl i f i er s

Susan Li
CAC, Asia
Mar. 20
th
, 2013
Design using ideal amplifier






Single supply or dual supplies


Si ngl e suppl y op amp and si ngl e suppl y
oper at i on
Suppl y Vol t age
Ampl i f i er Ar c hi t ec t ur es
I10
R39
V
EE
I2 I3
Q25
Q51
R23 R27
I9
Q36
I5
V
EE
C3
C9
I8
V
CC
I11
I7
R3 R21 R5
Q3
SIP SIN
C7
Q4
R15 R2
R26
Q50
Q22
Q21 Q27
Q7
Q8
Q23
Q31
Q39
Q13 Q1
Q24 Q47
Q11 Q2
Q5
Q40
V
OUT
V
CC
V
IN
P
V
IN
N
V
EE
0
1
0
6
2
-
0
4
5
Q3 Q2
Q13 Q17
Q6
Q8
Q10
4
Q14
4
1 1
Q7
Q15
1
Q11
4
1
4
Q16
Q18 Q4
V
CC
V
IN
V
IP
Q5
Q9
V
EE
OUTPUT STAGE,
COMMON-MODE
FEEDBACK
R4
2k
R2
2k
R1
2k
I3
25A
I4
25A
R3
2k
I1
5A
I2
90A
1.1V
R5
50k
R6
850
R7
850
R8
850
R9
850
0
1
0
5
6
-0
4
3
+IN
IN
C
INTERNAL
1.5pF
C
COMP
C
C
V
S
+V
S
OUTPUT
0
1
8
8
8
-
0
6
1


Incorrect output


No true RRO






Low noise application and high value resistors



Capacitive loading


Capac i t i ve Loadi ng
At the input
Can cause peaking and overshoot
Instability

At the Output
Same as above
Check op amp datasheets for cap drive capability
AD817 and AD826 drive unlimited cap load!
Others may spec % overshoot vs. cap load

Phase compensation solves both cases






Input protection

I nput Pr ot ec t i on
What kind of input protection is standard for op amps?
ESD
All pins
Some inputs have differential protection
Check Absolute Max Ratings to see how much
Can I use the ESD diodes to limit input swing (Clamping)
No!
Inputs would exceed ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS!!
Limit input current to 5mA

0
5
6
1
4
-
0
0
6
VP
ESD
ESD
VEE
VCC
BIAS
TO REST OF AMPLIFIER
VN
ESD
ESD
ADA4841
Di f f er ent i al I nput Pr ot ec t i on
Fr i end or Foe Of f -Amps
Rated BV
EBO
of 2 to 3 volts
I nput Pr ot ec t i on
Di sc r et e

Discrete Implementation
0
5
5
3
8
-
0
4
4
+

V
OUT
V+
V+
V
V
3
2
1
3
2
1
V
IN
+

R
T
R
S
R
S
HBAT-540C
HBAT-540C
HBAT-540C (Avago)
Ultra-low Series
Resistance for Higher
Current Handling
Low Capacitance
Low Series Resistance
129
ADC Dr i ver I nput Pr ot ec t i on
AD8036/37
AD8036 Unity gain stable
AD8037 G>2 stable
130
Gain, Bandwidth, Slew Rate,
Rise Time

Gai n Bandw i dt h Pr oduc t (GBWP)
Onl y appl i es t o Vol t age Feedbac k Ampl i f i er s
High Speed Amplifier convention uses the -3dB point to
measure bandwidth
Gain (not in dB) and frequency obtained from the amplifier
open loop gain curve are multiplied at a fixed point to yield a
GBWP for Voltage Feedback (VFB) Amplifiers
Common problems
Small signal vs. large signal
Small signal vs. large signal BWs can differ by 50% or more
BW often not sufficient to support gain requirements
Unsure of how to estimate BW requirements for pulsed signals
Fast rising edges contain high frequencies
Insufficient BW causes rounding of edges and loss of signal integrity


132
Gai n Bandw i dt h Pr oduc t
Sl ew Rat e and Bandw i dt h
Ex ampl es
Differential amplifiers with Low
Supply Voltages

Compar i son of Coupl ed Noi se Behavi or i n
Di f f er ent i al and Si ngl e-Ended Ci r c ui t s
O
Z
+
-
s
v
s
Z
O
v
+
-
G
Z
Noise Currents
n
v
V
P
V
N
o
v
+
-
+
-
136
Di f f er ent i al Si gnal i ng Opt i ons
Transformer
Differential Amplifier






+

137
Compar i son of Dr i ver Sol ut i ons
Single-Ended-to-Differential Conversion
Transformers have their places
Benefits
Ideally No Noise
Can Have Very Low Distortion
Can Be Made to Operate at Very High Frequencies
Center-Tapped Transformers Can Provide Output Common-Mode Voltage
Setting
Drawbacks
AC-Coupled Only, Except For Transmission-Line Baluns
Passband Generally Not Flat
Limited Bandwidth
No Reverse Isolation
Not Many Turns Ratios Available
Usually Require Amplifier to Drive Them, Introducing Noise, Distortion, and
Power Requirement
138
Compar i son of Dr i ver Sol ut i ons
Single-Ended-to-Differential Conversion (contd)
Fully Differential Amplifiers provide a very flexible solution:
Benefits
Can Be Used AC- or DC- Coupled
Very Flat Passband
Useful Bandwidths of Over 500 MHz, Constantly Increasing
Provides Buffering and Reverse Isolation
Easy to Set Gain and Output Common-Mode Voltage
Drawbacks
They Introduce Noise, Distortion, Offsets, and Increased Settling Time
They Require Power
They are Low-Distortion Over a Fraction of Their 3 dB Bandwidths

139
Di f f er ent i al Ampl i f i er Ar c hi t ec t ur es
AD835x/ADA4960-1

Best distortion @ highest
speeds
Up to 1 GHz
V
OCM
pin
AC coupling only
For IF comms apps
V
IN

V
S

DIS
4
3
2
1
IN
OUT OUT+
V
S+
REF
NC
V
S
7
8
5
6
R
G
R
G
R
F
R
F
V
IN

V
OUT+

V
OUT-

V
OCM

+
_
+
_
+
_
ADA493x/AD813x

Best distortion
Up to 500 MHz
Independent V
OCM
pin
Good DC specs
For high-speed comms
and instrumentation
ADA4922-1/4941-1

High resolution (18-bit)
Lowest noise
Lowest power
Good DC specs
For precision
instrumentation
140
Di f f er ent i al ADC Dr i ver I nput Ar c hi t ec t ur e
All of the Older AD8138-type Drivers have PNP Level-Shifters on
their inputs
The Level-Shifters Shift the Overall Input Common-Mode Voltage
DOWN by Approximately One V
BE
The Level-Shifting is Useful in Single Supply, DC-Coupled, and
Single-Ended to Differential Applications in Which the Input
Common-Mode Voltage Drops Near the Negative Rail
This Feature Allows Bipolar Inputs on Single-Supply Amplifiers
Not all Differential Drivers Have this Feature
ADA4939 Has
Centered Range
(V
S
= +5V)
1.1V From
Each Rail
(V
S
= +5V)
ADA4937 Has
Shifted Range
Shifted Range
141
ADC Dr i ver s
Di f f AmpCal c
Shifted Common Mode Input
142
ADC Dr i ver I nput Common Mode Range
G=RF/R
G
4Vpp
0VDC
2Vpp
2.5VDC
143
Di f f er ent i al Ampl i f i er Cal c ul at or
144
Unused amplifiers



PCB parasitics

Par asi t i c s
PCB parasitic elements take the form of hidden capacitors,
inductors and resistors in the PCB

Commonly referred to as stray capacitance or
inductance as well

Parasitics elements degrade and distort performance

Once these hidden elements enter the board the only way
to get rid of them is with a redesign!
149
Low Fr equenc y Op Amp Sc hemat i c
150
Hi gh Speed Op Amp
Sc hemat i c
151



Tr ac e/Pad Capac i t anc e
155
d
d
kA
C
3 . 11
=
A
K = relative dielectric constant
A = area in cm
2
d = spacing between plates in cm
Tr ac e/Pad Capac i t anc e
156
d
d
kA
C
3 . 11
=
A
K = relative dielectric constant
A = area in cm
2
d = spacing between plates in cm
Reduce Capacitance
1) Increase board thickness
2) Reduce trace/pad area
3) Remove ground plane
Example: Pad of SOIC
L = 0.2cm W = 0.063cm
K= 4.7
A = 0.126cm
2

d = 0.073cm
C = 0.072pF
Does i t Mat t er ?
0.072pFone pad NO
But consider there are
three parallel pads at the
inverting input, and 2 are
larger
Parallel pads (i.e.
capacitors) add in parallel
=1.07pF
Add in a via =0.5pF
Total capacitance 1.6pF
At 100MHz =995
In a 50 system ~5%
error!
YES IT MATTERS!


157

158
Appr ox i mat e Tr ac e I nduc t anc e
Example
L= 2.54cm =25.4mm
W = .25mm
H = .035mm (1oz copper)
Strip Inductance = 28.8nH
At 10MHz Z
L
= 1.86 a 3.6% error
in a 50 system
DOES IT MATTERYES!
All dimensions are in mm
Minimize Inductance

1) Use Ground plane
2) Keep length short (halving
the length reduces
inductance by 44%)
3) Doubling width only
reduces inductance by
11%
The World Leader in High Performance Signal Processing Solutions
Thank s!
159
ADI4006 100 006
ADIchina.support@analog.com
The World Leader in High Performance Signal Processing Solutions
The I n Amp FAQ:

Top 6 Pr obl ems
Cust omer s See
Hao Meng
CAC, Asia
Mar. 20
th
, 2013
What w el l c over
Top 6 problems customers run into
Symptoms
Cause
Solutions


Pr obl em 1 Sympt om:
Gain of in amp not right!
The gain decreases when I raise the common mode
voltage!

V1
raise V1 & V2
V2
+
+

-
When V1 & V2
get too high,
output gets smaller
Pr obl em 1 Cause: max out put vol t age
depends on max c ommon mode vol t age
Typical in amp has
two stages:
First stage amplifies
differential
Second stage
removes common
mode
Nodes in the middle
have both common
mode and
differential

+
+

-
V
OUT
V
OUT
/2 +V
CM
V
CM
V
OUT
/2 - V
CM
+
+

GAIN = 5
AD8221
-
Pr obl em 1 Ex ampl e: AD8221
3.5V
4.5V
42=2
4+2=6.0
With 5V supply,
part cant
make 6V
4V common
mode
2V
differential
+
+

GAIN = 5
AD8221
-
Pr obl em 1 Ex ampl e: AD8221
3.5V
2.4V
4.5V
Limited by
5V supply
2.5V
4.9V
wrong
answer
Pr obl em 1 Sol ut i ons
Decrease the gain
Increase voltage supplies
Switch to different in amp

V
OUT
V
CM
5V
-5V
-5V 5V
Ideal Rail to Rail
AD8221
AD8220
Check diamond plot
in datasheet for more
information
Anot her Ex ampl e
Whats the problem with this circuit?
AD8226 is a rail-to-rail input and output inamp
AD8226
+3.0V
REF
V
OUT
G = 200
0mA to
10mA
1
Input range is 0 to 10mV
Output range is 0 to 2V
Below negative voltage?
Really?
Pr obl em Sol ut i on
Max differential voltage: 10mV
Max common-mode voltage: 5mV
Max output voltage: 2V
AD8226
+3.0V
REF
V
OUT
G = 200
0mA to
10mA
1
Output 0V-1V
YES
YES
Sure?
Pr obl em Sol ut i on
A1: +1.005V
A2: 0.995V

Max differential voltage: 10mV
Max common-mode voltage: 5mV
Gain=200
+0.7V
+0.7V
Output of positive preamp, referenced to ground: +1.705V
Output of negative preamp, referenced to ground: 0.295V
Al t er nat i ves
Use AD8420 or AD8237
Output voltage swing is independent of the input
common-mode voltage.

Al t er nat i ves


Pr obl em 1 Si mul at i on t ool s on ADI w eb

ht t p://w w w.anal og.c om/en/desi gn-t ool s/dt -adi si m-desi gn-si m-
t ool /desi gn-c ent er /l i st .ht ml
I nst r ument at i on Ampl i f i er Common Mode Gai n Cal c ul at or (BETA)
Pr obl em 2 Sympt om:
Not seeing CMRR
shown in datasheet!


Pr obl em 2 Cause: Degr adi ng CMRR bef or e
i t r eac hes I n Amp
Source resistance +
parasitic capacitance =
low pass filter
Low pass filters on each
lead should be matched


+

in amp
+
V
DIFF

+
V
CM
-
Mismatched capacitance
Mismatched resistance
+

in amp
+
V
DIFF

+
V
CM
-
+

in amp
Pr obl em 2 Sol ut i ons:
Components
well matched
low parasitic capacitance
Good Layout
symmetric
watch parasitics
Capacitor between input
terminals


Pr obl em 3 Sympt oms
Offset bigger than what
datasheet says!
Large, varying offsets
Especially with long leads
Noisy environments


+

in amp
Pr obl em 3 Cause: RF r ec t i f i c at i on
RF is modulated into DC
components
Antenna at input leads
+

in amp
Pr obl em 3 Sol ut i ons
Use RF filter
Reduce Antenna
Twisted pair
In Amp choice
Shielding



Pr obl em 4 Dr i vi ng t he Ref er enc e Pi n
+

-IN
+IN
Op Amp
Op Amp
Op Amp OUT
Resistors in
difference amplifier
must be matched
for good CMRR
Using resistor
divider unbalances
Diff Amp = BAD
CMRR
In Amp
REF
V
S
Pr obl em 4 Dr i vi ng t he Ref er enc e Pi n -
Sol ut i ons
Use Ground or low impedance
reference
Buffer resistor divider

Pr obl em 5 Sympt oms
With two in amps in
parallel
Wrong output when
measuring large voltages!
Large current
consumption!


+

G=1
G=100
ADC
in amp
in amp
IN-
IN+
Pr obl em 5 Cause: Over r angi ng
G=100 amp still sees
large voltages, even
when ADC is switched
to G=1 amplifier
+

G=1
G=100
ADC
in amp
in amp
IN-
IN+
Pr obl em 5 Ex ampl e:
Want V
IN
across
gain resistor
Front end cant
drive the voltage
Transistors saturate
Input bias currents
increase
Supply current
increases
+

GAIN = 100
10V
0V
10V
0V
499
20 mA
Pr obl em 5 Sol ut i ons

Set gain digitally
AD825x family
AD8231
AD8555-AD8557
If concerned about current draw:
Doctor it hurts when I do this!
Then dont do that!
Resistors in series with the input
AD8220/AD8224 has limiting circuitry
Pr obl em 6 Sympt oms
In amp intermittently failing!
In amp rails and then doesnt
Especially on start-up
In amp rails with nothing connected

Pr obl em 6 Cause: No i nput bi as c ur r ent
r et ur n pat h
Solutions:
Use high value resistor to
ground
Check for switches/muxes
that are off
THERMOCOUPLE
+V
S
REF
V
S
AD8222
CAPACITIVELY COUPLED
+V
S
REF
C
C
V
S
AD8222
TRANSFORMER
+V
S
REF
V
S
AD8222
INCORRECT
CAPACITIVELY COUPLED
+V
S
REF
C
R
R
C
V
S
AD8222
1
f
HIGH-PASS
=
2RC
THERMOCOUPLE
+V
S
REF
V
S
10M
AD8222
TRANSFORMER
+V
S
REF
V
S
AD8222
CORRECT
0
5
9
4
7
-
0
4
7
Summar y

6 problems customers encounter
Want common mode and output near rail
Degrading CMRR before in amp
RF rectification
Driving the Reference Pin
Large current draw when overranged
No input bias return path


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188
ADI4006 100 006
ADIchina.support@analog.com

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