MTM-Based Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (C-WMSNs)

M.Shafiee
Electrical Engineering Department
Iran University of Science & Technology
Tehran, Iran
Mshafiee@iust.ac.ir
V.T.Vakili
Electrical Engineering Department
Iran University of Science & Technology
Tehran, Iran
Vakily@iust.ac.ir


Abstract Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is a
new application for WSNs, which demands high amount of
resources such as bandwidth. A way in reply to the request of
bandwidth is spectrum sensing, that increases the spectrum
utilization. Therefore, an accurate, reliable and real-time method
to obtain unused spectrum holes and available bands is required
necessarily. Some methods have been introduced for spectrum
sensing in cognitive radio (CR), which the multitaper method
(MTM) is the most appealing. In other words, MTM can be a
good choice for spectrum sensing in WMSNs, because it is not
only an efficient technique for CR, but also is nearly optimal for
wideband signals. In this paper, we propose a method for
spectrum sensing in wireless multimedia sensor networks based
on MTM.
Keywords; Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN),
Cognitive Radio (CR), Spectrum Sensing, MultiTaper Method
(MTM)
I. INTRODUCTION
Growing interest in wireless sensor network (WSN), has
resulted in increasing development of it and have enabled
many civilian, military, monitoring and medical applications.
In general, wireless sensor networks are designed for data-only,
low-delay applications with low bandwidth demand.
Nevertheless, integration of low-power wireless networking
technologies with inexpensive hardware is now developing
distributed networked systems, referred as wireless multimedia
sensor networks (WMSNs), that are networks of wireless,
interconnected smart devices for retrieving video and audio
streams, images, and scalar sensor data [1]. WMSNs will
retrieve multimedia streams and store, process in real-time,
correlate, and fuse multimedia content captured by
heterogeneous sources. So, WMSNs must deliver multimedia
content with a specific level of quality of service (QoS), and
one method to this goal is increasing available bandwidth [1].
But, nowadays, the frequency band for wireless access has
almost been exhausted, because the entire radio spectrum from
6 kHz to 300 GHz is allocated. On the other hand, at any given
point in space and time, most of the spectrum is unused [2]. In
such a case, a solution to increase the available bandwidth in
WSNs is use of cognitive radio (CR) philosophy, which was
proposed by Mitola in 1999 [3, 4].
In CR networks, the secondary user (SU) senses its
environment to find the vacant bands or frequencies, which are
not used by their licensed users i.e. primary users (PU). Then,
SU can utilize these empty frequencies opportunistically to
transmit and receive its data by adapting its transmission
parameters to new band or frequency. So, the core concept and
key function in CR, is to find free frequency bands (spectrum
holes) in local neighborhood of SU, which means spectrum
sensing [4].
Some different techniques have been proposed for spectrum
sensing, which can be classified in detection-based or
estimation-based methods, depending on the environment
model. If the space is white (i.e. unoccupied band only contains
noise), detection-based methods such as Energy Detection
(ED), Matched-Filtering, Cyclostationarity, etc. can be useful.
But, in gray spaces (i.e. unoccupied band contains noise as well
as interfering signals), we may have to resort to estimation-
based spectrum sensing techniques such as parametric
modeling or non-parametric methods [5, 6].
Multitaper method (MTM), propounded by Thomson in
1982, is a nonparametric method for spectrum sensing that is
reliable, capable of high spectral resolution in both average
power and frequency, and computationally feasible in real-time
[5, 7]. Haykin showed the MTM is an efficient spectrum
sensing technique for CR systems in 2005 [8]. Also it is the
nearly optimal estimation method for wideband signals [9].
Therefore, in this paper, we propose a spectrum sensing
method for wireless multimedia sensor networks based on
MTM. Rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II
defines MTM in details. Section III discusses the major factors
influencing the using MTM in WMSNs and will propose our
MTM-based algorithm. Simulation results are presented in
section IV and finally we will conclude the paper in Section V.
II. MULTITAPER METHOD (MTM)
Multitaper method uses an orthogonal set of leakage
resistant data tapers (i.e. Slepian sequences) for estimating
power spectra. For improving spectrum characteristics, the
method trades off spectrum resolution for reducing variance of
the spectral estimation without increasing the estimation bias
[9].
266
6'th International Symposium on Telecommunications (IST'2012)
978-1-4673-2073-3/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE
Let, the time series {w
n
(k)
]
n=0
N-1
represe
Slepian tapers sequences, where n and N are
length of sequences, respectively. Number o
to K [2C
0
], where C
0
= N.W is half time b
and W is the bandwidth normalized by sa
vector form, {w
n
(k)
]
n=0
N-1
can be calculated fro
of (1), Where A is a Toeplitz matrix with el
(2). Solving the eigen equation, produces a
eigen values, that range between zero to un
to (4) [9].
A. w
k
=
k
. w
k

a
I,j
=
Sin2W(i - j)
. (i -j)
, i, j = u,1,2, , N -

k
= w
k
(n). w
k
(m).
N-1
n,m=0
Sin2W(n - m)
. (n - m)

1 >
0
>
1
>
2
> >
K-1
> u
As mentioned, number of generated taper
[2C
0
], because while low-order eigen va
descending order, approaches to one, the h
close to zero, which means the capab
concentration becomes weak. Hence, only th
used in MTM [9].
Fig.1 shows multitaper method block d
series {x(n) ]
n=0
N-1
represent the received R
Fourier Transform, the eigenspectras
bandwidth 2W, can be computed by (5). In
energy distributions of Y
k
(f), defined by |Y
k
resolution bandwidth of 2W for varying
spectrum estimation, based on the first few
given by (6), where Y
k
(f) and
k
is define
respectively [5].
Y
k
(f) = x(n).
N-1
n=0
w
n
(k)
. e
-j2In
, k = u,1, ,
S
`
(f)
=

k
. |Y
k
(f)|
2 K-1
k=0

k
K-1
k=0

It was shown that MTM is an efficient
technique for CR systems and especially
estimation method for wideband signals [8
[11], an evaluation of the MTM and the o
likelihood parameter-estimation is present
arrival estimation and the results presente
methods are close in performance, for lo
Therefore, we believe MTM can be a good ch
sensing in WMSNs and propose a method for
in wireless multimedia sensor networks based
III. MTM-BASED SPECTRUM SENSIN
As mentioned, a new research area of
Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN), wh
bandwidth to deliver multimedia content
image, audio and video streams with specifi
ent the set of K
e discrete time and
of tapers is limited
bandwidth product
ample rate [5]. As
om eigen equation
ements defined by
a result of (3) for
nity, corresponding
(1)
-1 (2)
(S)
(4)
rs is limited to K
alues, arranged in
high-order
k
s are
bility of energy-
e first K tapers are
diagram. The time
RF signal. Taking
concentrated in
n other words, the
k
(f)|
2
, are inside a
k. Then, natural
w eigenspectra, is
ed in (5) and (3),
, K -1 (S)
(6)
spectrum sensing
y nearly optimal
8, 9]. In [10] and
optimal maximum
ted for angle-of-
ed that, these two
w-grazing angles.
hoice for spectrum
r spectrum sensing
d on MTM.
NG IN WMSN
WSN is Wireless
hich requires high
ts including data,
fic level of Quality
of Service (QoS) [1]. Reliable
features in the form of multi
sensor nodes under varying cha
challenging objective due to
demands of multimedia [1]. So
with cognitive radio philosop
from its advantages such as
unused frequencies. But, we w
challenging subjects. Detec
methods such as ED are feasib
but are not useful due to envir
Simple, low complexity estim
periodgram also, are unappealin
As was stated, MTM spectrum
nearly optimal in this case.
additional resource demanding
of sensor nodes with MTM
expensive hardware with high
inapplicable.
Corresponding to Fig.2,
network has two type of nod
Cluster Head Nodes (CHNs)
capabilities, memory capacity a
to MTM procedure as well as
is a member of a specific clus
transfer its multimedia informa
Whenever a node demands mor
send a spectrum request (SRE
the cluster head found an
procedure, send specification
through a spectrum reply (SR
ACK message as confirmation
the node will inform the cluster
Cluster heads search the spa
spectrum to the other applican
demand spectrum simultaneou
them in the queue or divide the
applicable.
Fig. 1. MTM method b
e and timely delivery of event
imedia by resource-constrained
annel conditions is an extremely
the inherent high bandwidth
o, we can equip the sensor nodes
phy i.e. C-WMSN, and benefit
dynamic spectrum access to
will face to some additional new
ction-based spectrum sensing
ble with low resources demands,
ronmental model of gray space.
mation-based methods such as
ng because of low performance.
m sensing method is efficient and
But, it has the challenge of
. In other words, if we equip all
procedure, we will have very
-delay and the network will be
In our proposed method, the
es, Ordinary Nodes (ONs) and
which have higher processing
and power resources for replying
multimedia demands. Each ON
ster with a cluster head that can
ation via the licensed spectrum.
re bandwidth to transfer its data,
EQ) massage to its CHN. When
unused spectrum via MTM
of the spectrum to the ON,
REP) massage and ON send an
too. At the end of transmission,
r head by a message.
ace continually and allocate free
nt ONs. Also, if many of nodes
sly, the cluster head should put
e free spectrum between them if

block diagram [9]
267
Fig. 2. Structure of Nodes in algori
Since, multitaper spectrum sensing meth
nearly optimal for wideband signals, our prop
method is an efficient, nearly optimal an
technique for C-WMSN applications.
IV. SIMULATION RESULT
Recommended values for parameters ne
the multitaper spectral estimation (6), are C
o

to 10 and number of Slepian tapers K = 10, e
These values are needed, especially when the
the RF data is large [5]. Also, reference [12]
optimal MTM's parameters, the half time ba
the number of tapers K, as 4 and 5 respectiv
Carlo Simulation. With respect of WSN
resource constraints, the parameters of K a
small as possible. So, we simulate the metho
in Fig.3 and for N= 1000, 2000, 4000 in Fig
the k and/or N was increased, the s
performance increases, in exchange
computational load and power consumption,
resolution. Also, Fig.5 shows a wideband sig
its PSDs, sensed by periodgram and MTM m
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we imported Thom
estimation method (MTM) to wireless m
networks (WMSNs) and proposed an algo
implementation issues. So, we established an
to improve accuracy of the spectrum se
without compromising its real-time property
spectrum holes can be detected from the wir
accurately and timely. Simulation results sh
estimation with our proposed method for w
WMSNs is more corresponding to the tru
provide a much lower false alarm rate than t
because of its low variance. Since the
performance increases with high value of
future works will be how to reduce the com
cluster head nodes and improve their lifetime
simultaneously.


thm
od is efficient and
posed MTM-based
nd also applicable
TS
eeded to compute
= 4, extending up
extending up to 16.
e dynamic range of
] has proposed the
andwidth NW and
vely, using Monte
N limitations i.e.
and N must be as
od for K = 4, 7, 15
g.4. As seen, when
spectrum sensing
for increasing
and decreasing the
gnal and compares
methods.
msons multitaper
multimedia sensor
rithm to solve its
n efficient method
ensing in WMSN
y. By the method,
reless environment
how that the PSD
wideband signals in
ue value and can
the other methods,
spectrum sensing
K and/or N, our
mputational load on
e and performance
(a) Wideband Spectr
(b) Wideband Spectru
(c) Wideband Spectrum
Fig
Cluster head
Ordinary node

rum Sensing With K=4 Tapers

um Sensing With K=7 Tapers

m Sensing With K=15 Tapers
g. 3.
268
(a) Wideband Spectrum Sensing With N =
(b) Wideband Spectrum Sensing With N =
(c) Wideband Spectrum Sensing With N =
Fig. 4.


2000 Samples

4000 Samples

6000 Samples
(a) wideband
(b) PSD Estima
(c) PSD Esti
Fig

d Received Signal

ation via Periodgram

imation via MTM
g. 5.


269
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