208 Formulae Sheet

Coulombs law: . Electric field created by a charge q:

2
0
4 r
q
E

=
r

2
2
F
1
0
4
1
r
q q

=
r

Permittivity of free space:
2 2 9 2 2 9
0
/ 10 9 / 10 9
4
1
C m N coulomb meter Newton = =

Gausss law (electric flux through a closed surface): .
Surface area of a sphere of radius R is
2
4 R S =
A jump of the electric field over a charged surface:
0
| |
| | E

=
r


Electric potential of a point charge q: ( ) ( )
r
q
V r V
0
4
=
r
. Unit: 1volt=J/C

0
= 8.8510
-12
C/(Vm)

Definition of the electric potential difference:

Conservation of energy for a charge Q: const r QV K = + ) ( .
Energy of an electron in electric potential=1volt (electron volt): 1eV=1.610
-19
J
(J=1Joule).

Capacitance: C=Q/V; Parallel-plate capacitor:

=K
0

Spherical capacitor:
1 1 1 1
4
inner outer
C R R

=


; 4
a b
b a
R R
C
R R
=

Unit:


0
= 8.8510
-12
F/m

Capacitors in parallel: Capacitors in series:

Capacitor as energy storage
2 2
2 2
Q CV
U
C
= = u=energy density
2
( )
( )
2
E r
u r =
r
r


+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Definition of current
dt
dQ
t
Q
t I
t
=

=
0
lim ) ( . Unit: 1A=1ampere= C/s.
Current I= qnvS ( q=charge, n=density, v=velocity, S the cross-section area)

Ohms law: V/I=R; V=RI; V/R=I Unit: 1=V/A=Vs/C
Resistor with a constant cross section:
sec '
Length L
R
cross tion s area S
= =

.
Resistivity is measured in [m].

ed
d E

=
S
enclos
Q
S
0
r r
= S enclosed Q S d E 0 r r
0
(when an axes is directed from left to right !) E E

rhs lhs
=
2
1
2 1
[ ( ) ( )]
r
r
Edr V r V r =

r
r
r
r r r
d
A
V
Q
C = =

1 1 1 / F farad coulomb volt =

12 6
1 10 1 10 pF F F

= = F
3
...
1 1 1 1
3 2 1
+ + + =
C C C C
tot
...
2 1
+ + + = C C C
tot
C
Resistors in series
3 2 1
R R R R
tot
+ + = + Resistors in parallel ...
1 1 1 1
3 2 1
+ + + =
R R R R
tot

Similarity between resistance and capacitance: 1/ 1/ R C

Power output (energy loss rate): . Unit: [J/s]
2 2
/ P IV RI V R = = =
Discharging capacitor: ( ) exp( / )
initial
q t Q t RC =
( )
/
q t
I dq dt
RC
= = ;
negative I implies that the charge flows out from the plate, i.e., it is discharging
Charging capacitor (for the case when q(t=0)=0):
( ) [1 exp( / )]
final
q t Q t RC = ( ) exp( / )
final
Q
I t t
RC
= RC



Kirchhoffs rules: sum of the directed currents in each of the junctions is zero;
sum of the voltage drops and rises along each of the closed loops is zero.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Force acting on a charge q moving in the magnetic field

Force acting on an element dl of a current-carrying conductor:

Cyclotron frequency:

Dipoles. Electric dipole moment of a pair charges separated by : ; d
ur


Magnetic dipole moment of a small area surrounded by a current I:
Torque [Nm]: p E =
r ur r u
; B =
r ur ur
.
Energy of a dipole in a field: U p E =
ur ur
; U B =
ur ur


Magnetic field created by a moving charge q (Biot-Savart law):


Magnetic field created by an element dl carrying current I:

Units for magnetic field

Permeability

Magnetic field created by a straight wire carrying current I :

Steady-state version of Amperes law (current enclosed by a path):

Magnetic field created by a solenoid:
0
B nI = , n=N/l is number of turns per unit length.
Faradays law (the EMF induced in a closed loop as response to a change of magnetic flux
through the loop):

Amperes law (including displacement current created by varying in time electric
fields):

0
3
( )
4
q v r
B
r

=
r
r
r
B v q F
r r
r
=
B l Id F
r r
=
2 2
qB
f
m

= =
p qd =
ur ur
q
( ) I d S =
ur ur
0
3
( )
4
I dl r
dB
r

=
r
r
r
m A N s m C N tesla T = = / 1 / / 1 ) ( 1
7 7 2 2
0
4 10 / 4 10 / 4 10 / T m A N s C N A

= = =
7 2
0
I
| |
2
B
r

contour
0 enclosed
Bdl I =
ur r

=
dt
d
r d E
B
r
r
0 0
( )
E
c
d
Bdr I
dt

= +
ur r

Maxwells equations: two Gausss laws + Faradays and Amperes laws

Mutual Inductance:
2
2 2 2 2 2
B
B
d
1 1
Emf N N M I
dt

= =
B
M
I

=
21 12
M M =

1
1 1 1 1 12
B
B
d
2
Emf N N M I
dt

= =
Mutual Inductance:
0 1 2 mutual overlap overlap
M n n l S =
Units for flux (weber) and EMF:
2
2
[ ] 1 1 / 1 / 1
1 1 1 1 /
B
flux T m N m s C J s C V s
T m Wb V Wb s
= = = =
= =

Units of the mutual inductance (henry):
1 1
2
1 /1 1 /1 1 1 / henry H Wb A V s A s J A = = = = =

B
d d
Emf N L
dt dt
I
= = Inductance (self-inductance):

Another units for permeability:
7
0
4 10 / H m

=
Inductance of a toroidal solenoid:
2
0
2
B
N N
L A
I r

= = rea
Current growth in an R-L circuit: (1 exp( / ))
Emf
I Rt L
R
=
Decay of current in an R-L circuit: ( 0) exp( / ) I I t Rt L = =
Magnetic field energy:
2 2
( ) ( / )
( )
2 2
LI t dQ dt
U t L = =
Density of magnetic field energy
2
0
2
B
u

=
B

Oscillations in a L-C circuit:
2
2
1
0
d q
q
dt LC
+ = , ;
2
1/ LC =
2 2
2
1 ( )
( )
2 2 2
( ) sin( )
q t Q
LI t const
C C
I t I t
+ = =
= +


++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Waves (frequency, wave vector, speed): 2 2
= k = v = = /k = vk
T T

Wave propagating along x:
/
( ; ) cos( )
right left
y x t A kx t phase = + = m
Wave equation:
2 2
2
2 2
( , ) ( , ) y t x y t x
v
x t

=


Set of wave equations in electromagnetism:



Speed of light in vacuum and medium; index of refraction n:
2 8 2
12 2 2 7 2
0 0
1 1
(3 10 / )
(8.85 10 / ) (4 10 / )
c m
C Nm N A

= =

s
0 0
( , )
( , )
y
z
E t x
B t x
x t

=

2 2
0 0 2 2
( , ) ( ,
y y
E t x E t x
x t


=

( , )
( , )
y
z
E t x
B t x
x t

=

)

2
1
/ /
magn
v n c v KK K v c n

= = = =


Relation between the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields in electromagnetic
fields: E=cB.

Radiation power: P=IA
Intensity of radiation far away from the source:
2
/(4 ) I P r =

Density of energy: ; average density of energy
2
0
( , ) u E x t =
2 2
0 0
( , ) / 2 u E x t E = =
Poynting vector S, intensity I:

Radiation pressure: /
rad
P I c = ; for totally reflecting mirror =2; for black body =1.
0 0
2
E B E
S P S A I S
B

= = =
u
=
r ur
ur ur ur

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Angle of reflection:
incident reflected
=

sin sin
incident incident refracted refracted
n n =
Snells law:

Angle of total internal reflection: sin
refracted
critical
incident
n
n
=

Polarizing by a linear filter along the direction

Maluss law (consequence of the relation above):


Polarizations:

Brusters angle:
refracted
polar
incident
n
tg
n
=

Huygenss and Fermats principles.

Images; lateral magnification:

Concave spherical mirror ), focal length:

Convex spherical mirror ( :

Spherical refractive image

Thin lenses (converging lens, f>0; diverging lens, f<0):
1 1 1 '
'
s
m
s s f s
+ = =
Lens makers equation:

Double convex/concave lenses:
; ;
2 2
: .
y z y z y z y z
y z
circular E E elliptical E E
linear



= = =
=
m m
' ' y s
m
y s
= =
1 1 1
| | /
'
f R
s s f
+ = = 2
1 1 1
| | | | / 2
' | |
f R
s s f
+ = =

' '

'
a b b a a
b
n n n n y n s
m
R y n s s s

+ = = =
1 2
1 1 1
( 1)
| | | | | |
n
f R R

= +


( )
:
filter
incident incident n n E n E
r ur r r ur
2
max
cos I I =
1 2
1 1
( 1) n
1
f R R

=



++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Integrals:

1
1
1
+

+
=
N N
x
N
dx x
1
0
1
1
+

+
=
N
R
N
R
N
dx x

1
1
1
1 1

+
=
N N
x N
dx
x

=
R
N N
R N
dx
x
1
1
1
1 1

= x dx
x
ln
1

=
b
a
a b dx
x
) / ln(
1


( )
3/ 2
2 2 0 2 2
1 1
a
a
x dy
x
x a x y
=
+ +

0 0 0
0
exp( / ) (1 exp( / )
t
d t =

2 2
1
cos ( ) sin ( )
2
cos( ) sin( ) 0
cos / 6 3 / 2 sin / 6 1/ 2
cos / 3 1/ 2 sin / 3 3 / 2
t kx t kx
t kx t kx




= =
=
= =
= =
Averaging
Physics 208, Spring 2010 Exam #3 version A


Name (Last, First): ___________________________________

ID #: ___________________

Section #: __________________

Yang 501, Nathan 502, Wei 1pm 503, Matt 504, Wei 5pm 505
___________________________________________________________________________

You have 70 minutes to complete the exam.

Formulae are provided on a separate sheet. You may NOT use any other formula sheet.

You may use only a simple calculator: one without memory, or with a memory demonstrated to be cleared.

When calculating numerical values, be sure to keep track of units. Results must include proper units.

Be alert to the number of significant figures in the information given. Results must have the correct number of significant figures, =3.14.

If you are unable to solve a problemwhose solution is needed in another problem, then assign a symbol for the solution of the first problem
and use that symbol in solving the second problem.

If you need additional space to answer a problem, use the back of the sheet it is written on.

Show your work. Without supporting work, the answer alone is worth nothing.

Mark your answers clearly by drawing boxes around them.

Please write clearly. You may gain marks for a partially correct calculation if your work can be deciphered.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________













1 (25) 2 (35) 3 (15) 4 (25) 5 (20) 2-Bonus
(10)
3-Bonus
(15)
5-Bonus
(10)
Total
(120+35)






Physics 208, sections 501-505 Alexander Finkelstein
April 20, 2010

1. Cyclotron motion + Amperes law (25 grades)

Two parallel wires carrying parallel-directed currents, I=1A, are 1 m apart from each other
(L=1m), see Figure. We are interested in the point p located on x-axes at a distance
a= 3/2m from the origin. In other words, the point p is 1m away from each of the wires.
(The rectangular triangle with angle 30degree.)

a) What is the value of the magnetic field B in the point p? How is it directed?
b) What is cyclotron frequency f of an electron in this point?
c) What is the direction (clockwise or anti-clockwise) of rotation of the electron if one looks
on it from above. (caution: the electron charge is negative).
The charge of the electron , and its mass
19
1.6 10 e

= C g
31
9.1 10 m k

= .
Answer: B=
f=
direction:

y
x
p
z
I
I
L
a






2 9 2 2 9 0 / 10 9 / 10 9 4 1 C m N coulomb meter Newton = =

eeeee rq q F 22 1 0 41 = r











2. Rail-gun (a slide wire motor). (35 grades)
A battery supplies current I into a circuit which includes a sliding rod and resistance
(the rod is in contact with two metal rails, see Figure). The system is placed in a
uniform
magnetic field B=20T. The rails are at a distance L=1m apart. The resistance of the
circuit (rails, rod, plus internal resistance of the battery) is R=20.
At a given moment, the current I induces a force F which acts on the rod to the right,
F=80N. At the same moment the velocity v of rod, which is moving to the right, is equal
v=10m/s.


he rod at
e motors back EMF generated by
power consumed by
?
f) What power is supplied by the battery?
): what is maximal velocity which can be developed by the rail-gun with this
battery.
=
P
diss
= P
batt
=
Bonus: v
max
=

a) What current I has to flow through t
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x x x
x x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x x x
the discussed moment; in what direction?
b) What is th
the moving rod?
c) What is the EMF of the battery?
d) What is the mechanical
the rod at the discussed moment?
e) What power is dissipated by the resistor



Bonus (10

Answers: I= back-EMF= EMF
battery

P
rod
=














B
x
x
x
F
Battery






3.
s
is R=2.
speed 1A/s (1 ampere per second).
up?
b) What current is flowing inside the coil?
nswer: M= I=

at is the total
charge that will pass along the coil, R=2, as a result of this move?
Answer: Q=


Mutual Inductance. (15 grades)
An ideal solenoid with length L=1m and a cross-sectional area S=20cm
2
has 1000 turns. It i
surrounded by a metallic coil with one turn, see Figure. The coil is located in the middle of
the solenoid. The resistance of the coil The current in the solenoid is changing with
a

a) What is the mutual inductance of this set



A



bonus (15): The current inside the solenoid is maintained to be 1A and is constant in time. The
coil is moved to the far left away from the solenoid, see Figure. Wh






















4. LC-circuit (25 grades)
steady current is equal 2A.
e

a) he
imal charge that the
b) losing
aximally
charged.
max max



In the circuit the switch S
1
has been closed for long time. The
Suddenly, switch S
1
is opened and S
2
is closed at the sam
instant. Capacitor C=20 F and an inductor L=80H.
Assuming that at the initial moment the charge on t
capacitor is zero, find the max
capacitor will receive, Q
max
.
Find the time t
max
(counting from the moment of c
switch S
2
) when the capacitor will be m

Answer: Q = t =


































5. Self-inductance (inertia) (20 grades)
In the circuit shown in the Figure, =30.0 V, R1 =20.0 , R2 =15.0 and L =
.500 . Switch S is closed at t =0. J ust after the switch is closed, find
resistor R2 ?
tential difference, vab, across
) Which point a or b is at higher potential?
then
ed,
difference,
tential difference, vab, across
) Which point a or b is at higher potential?
int: sum of potential differences along any closed contour is equal zero.
0): after closing switch S (at t=0), the current initially grows linearly with time I=Jt.
ind J.
nswers:

0

a) what is the potential difference, vcd, across
b) Which point c or d is at higher potential?
c) What is the po
the inductor L?
d

The switch is left closed a long time and
opened. J ust after the switch is open
e) what is the potential
vcd, across resistor R2 ?
f) Which point c or d is at higher potential?
g) What is the po
the inductor L?
h

H

Bonus (1
F

A