MATHS

"manishkumarphysics.in"
1
=n-n n -i -= l-< +i l-<i ti-i t l=+i l-i l-< = <i =< ~- t-i t l-i l-< +i -i +i
+-< ( ~- <i +i -i +i lzii +t- t
-i +t ut+i + ffi-a =s (Equation of a circle in various forms) :
(a) -= -i +i =ni+i l=+i + -< n n l-< ( lzii r ti . x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
ti ni
(b) -= -i +i =ni+i l=+i + -< (h, k) ~i lzii r t. (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2
,ii l<i i-i t
(c) -i +i i+ =ni+i
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ti -i t l=+i + -< (g, f) ~i lzii c f g
2 2
+ ti -i t
t =ni+i (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2
= i-- l+i i =+-i t
x
2
+ y
2
2hx 2ky + h
2
+ k
2
r
2
= 0
h = g, k = f -ii h
2
+ k
2
r
2
= c n-
-i +i liili- +- +i l--i
g + f c > 0 i--l+ -i
g + f c = 0 l-< -i
g + f c < 0 +i-l-+ -i l=+i + -< ( g, f) i--l+ ti -i t
ai a : x , y + <i <i ii- +i =ni+i l=n x
2
~i y
2
+ nii+ i ti -ii xy +i nii+ zi- ti. =< (+
-i +i <lzi- +-i t
(d) l-<~i (x
1
, y
1
) ~i (x
2
, y
2
) +i lnni- ini ii +i i= ni-+ ii- n -i +i =ni+i l--- +i
l<i i-i t
(x x
1
) (x x
2
) + (y y
1
) (y y
2
) = 0.
-i (Circle)
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
2
t := - = i-- ti-i t l+ ~i-i n l-ln- +ii =n+ii ti-i t
(PA+i i-i) (PB +i i-i) = 1

1
1
x x
y y

.
2
2
x x
y y

= 1
(x x
1
) (x x
2
) + (y y
1
) (y y
2
) = 0
t (x
1
, y
1
) ~i (x
2
, y
2
) = n - ini - --n lzii +i -i ti -i t
a<iri # 1 -= -i +i =ni+i ai- +il( l=+i + -< (1, 2) -ii lzii 4 t
rn : -i +i =ni+i (x 1)
2
+ (y (2))
2
= 4
2
(x 1)
2
+ (y + 2)
2
= 16
x
2
+ y
2
2x + 4y 11 = 0 Ans.
a<iri # 2 -= -i +i =ni+i ai- +i i =n ii~i 3x 2y 1 = 0 ~i 4x + y 27 = 0 + l--z< l-<
= n -i t -ii l=+i + -< (2, 3) t
rn : ni-i l+ =n ii~i AB ~i LM l-+ =ni+i
3x 2y 1 = 0 ..........(i)
-ii 4x + y 27 = 0 ..........(ii)
+i l--z < l-< 'P' t (i) ~i (ii) +i tn +- x = 5, y = 7 ~- P + l-< zii + (5, 7) t ni-i
C(2, 3) -i +i +-< t -ii -i l-< P = n -i t. -i
CP = lzii =
2 2
) 3 7 ( ) 2 5 ( + +
lzii = 109 .
~- -i +i =ni+i (x 2)
2
+ (y + 3)
2
=
( )
2
109
a<iri # 3 -i x
2
+ y
2
4x + 6y + 12 = 0 + + -< -ii lzii +il(
rn : i+ =ni+i x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 = - n-i +-
2g = 4 g = 2
2f = 6 f = 3
( c = 12
+ -< (g, f) ~ii- (2, 3)
lzii = c f g
2 2
+ = 12 ) 3 ( ) 2 (
2 2
+ = 1
a<iri # 4 -i +i =ni+i +il( l=+ i= + l=i + l-< zii + (1, 2) ~i (4, 3) t
rn : l-<~i (x
1
, y
1
) ~i (x
2
, y
2
) +i lnni- in =n iii +i i= ni-+ ii- n -i +i =ni+i
(x x
1
) (x x
2
) + (y y
1
) (y y
2
) = 0.
ti x
1
= 1, x
2
= 4, y
1
= 2 and y
2
= 3.
~- ~ii -i +i =ni+i
(x + 1) (x 4) + (y 2) (y + 3) = 0 x
2
+ y
2
3x + y 10 = 0.
4iu +i4 :
(1) -i +i =ni+i +il( i =n ii~i x + 3y = 0 ~i 2x 7y = 0 + l--z< l-< = n-i t -ii
l=+i + -< =n ii~i x + y + 1 = 0 ~i x 2y + 4 = 0 +i l--z < l-< t
(2) -i +i =ni+i +il(. l=+i + -< (1, 2) t ~i i l-< (4, 6) = n-i t
(3) -i +i =ni+i +il( l=+i lzii 6 ~i + -< n n l-< t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
3
Answers : (1) x
2
+ y
2
+ 4x 2y = 0 (2) x
2
+ y
2
2x 4y 20 = 0 (3) x
2
+ y
2
= 36.
-i zii +ii s +ia n4 -ai (Intercepts made by a circle on the axes) :
-i x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ,ii x -ii y ~-ii +i n ~--ii +i n-i: +nzi 2 c g
2

(x-~-i ) ~i 2
c f
2

(y-~-i ) ti-i t
l < g
2
c > 0 -i x ~-i +i <i lli-- l-<~i +i-i t
g
2
= c -i x~-i +i -zi +-i t
g
2
< c -i i-i x~-i + - i -i- l-i- t
AB = 2AD = 2
2 2
CD r = 2
2 2
f r = 2
2 2 2 2
f c f g + = 2 c f
2

a<iri # 5 -i +i =ni+i +il( i +iin+ y-~-i +i nn l-< = 3 <i -zi +-i t -ii x-~-i 8
:+i: +i ~--i +i-i t
rn : ni-i -i +i =ni+i x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 t - l+ -i y-~-i +i (0, 3) -zi +-i t
-ii (0, 3) -i l-i- t
c = f
2
...(i) 9 6f + c = 0 .......(ii)
=ni+i (i) (ii) = 9 6f + f
2
= 0 (f 3)
2
= 0 f = 3.
f = 3 =ni+i (i) n i- c = 9.
-i x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, x-~-i 8 :+i: +i ~--i +i-i t . ~-
2 c g
2
= 8 2 9 g
2
= 8 g
2
9 = 16 g = 5
~- -i +i =ni+i x
2
+ y
2
10x + 6y + 9 = 0
4iu +i4 :
(4) -i +i =ni+i ai- +il( i y-~-i +i i-in+ l<zii +i nnl-< = 3 :+i: <i -zi +-i t
~i x-~-i 6 :+i: +i ~--i +i-i t
(5) -i +i =ni+i ai- +il( i y-~-i +i i-in+ l<zii +i nnl-< = 2 :+i: <i -zi +-i t
-ii x-~-i +i i-in+ l<zii 3 :+i: +i ~--i +i-i t
Answers : (4) x
2
+ y
2
2 6 x 6y + 9 = 0 (5) x
2
+ y
2
+ 5x 4y + 4 = 0
-i +i s ifn+ ut+i (Parametric equations of a circle) :
-i (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2
+i i-ln+ =ni+i x = h + r cos u ; y = k + r sin u ; t < u s t
ti (h, k) + -< . r lzii -ii u i-n t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
4
a<iri # 6 -i x
2
+ y
2
4x 2y + 1 = 0 +i i-ln+ =ni+i ai- +il(
rn : x
2
+ y
2
4x 2y + 1 = 0 (x
2
4x ) + (y
2
2y) = 1
(x 2)
2
+ (y 1)
2
= 2
2
~- -i + i-ln+ =ni+i
x = 2 + 2 cos u , y = 1 + 2 sin u.
a<iri # 7 l< n + +i =ni+i. +i-i n ai- +il( -ii i-- -i +i +-< ~i lzii ii ai- +il(
x = a + c cos u, y = b + c sin u
rn : x = a + c cos u, y = b + c sin u cos u =
c
a x
, sin u =
c
b y

2
c
a x
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
c
b y
|
.
|

\
|
= cos
2
u + sin
2
u (x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
= c
2
--i t (+ -i t l=+i + -< + (a, b) -ii lzii c t
4iu +i4 :
(6) -i x
2
+ y
2
6x + 4y 12 = 0 + i-ln+ =ni+i ai- +il(
(7) + x = 2 + 3 cos u, y = 3 + 3 sin u + +i-i =ni+i ai- +il(
Answers : (6) x = 3 + 5 cos u, y = 2 + 5 sin u (7) (x + 2)
2
+ (y 3)
2
= 9
-i + uis +i y+ f-< +t fifa (Position of a point with respect to a circle) :
l-< (x
1
, y
1
) -i S x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 + ~-<. - i it l-i- ti ni l<
S
1
x
1
+ y
1
+ 2gx
1
+ 2fy
1
+ c <
,
= or > 0.
ai a : l+=i l-< A(-i + it l-i- l-<) +i -i l=+i lzii r ( +-< C ti. = ~li+-n ---n <i +nzi
AC + r ~i AC r ti -i t
a<iri # 8 -i x
2
+ y
2
4x + 2y 11 = 0 + =i -i l-< (1, 2) ~i (6, 0) +i l-il- +i l --i +il(
rn: x
2
+ y
2
4x + 2y 11 = 0 i S = 0, l+ S = x
2
+ y
2
4x + 2y 11.
l-< (1, 2) + ln(. S
1
= 1
2
+ 2
2
4 1 +2 2 11 < 0
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
5
l-< (6, 0) + ln(. S
2
= 6
2
+ 0
2
4 6 +2 0 11 > 0
~- l-< (1, 2) -i + ~-< ~i (6, 0) -i + it l-i- t
4iu +i4 :
(8) -i x
2
+ y
2
2x 4y + 3 = 0 + =i -i l-< (0, 1), (3, 1) ~i (1, 3) +i l-il- ai- +il(
Answer : (8) (0, 1) -i l-i- t ; (3, 1) -i + it l-i- t . (1, 3) -i + ~-< l-i- t
un ii i -i (Line and a Circle) :
ni-i L = 0 (+ =n ii ~i S = 0 (+ -i t . l< r -i +i lzii -ii p -i + + -< = =n ii in
n n- +i <i ti. -i
(i) p > r =n ii -i +i -ti +i-i t ~ii - -i + it = n -i t
(ii) p = r =n ii -i +i -zi +-i t (~ii- t -i +i -zi ii t)
(iii) p < r =n ii -i +i z <- ii t
(iv) p = 0 =n ii -i +i i= t
l< y = mx + c (+ =n ii ~i x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
(+ -i t . -i
(i) c
2
< a
2
(1 + m
2
) =n ii -i +i ii ti ni
(ii) c
2
= a
2
(1 + m
2
) =n ii -i +i -zi +ni ~ii- -i +i -zi ii tini
(iii) c
2
> a
2
(1 + m
2
) =n ii -i +i -ti +i-i t ~ii- -i + it = n ni
:- l--ii +i +ni-=i y = mx + c -ii x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
+i tn ++ -ii i-- l,ii- =ni+i +i l -+ +nzi zi-
= ~li+. zi - + i -ii zi - = +n i+ i-- l+i i =+-i t
a<iri # 9 c + l+= ni- + ln( =n ii y = 2x + c -i x
2
+ y
2
= 5 +i -zi + ni?
rn : y = 2x + c i 2x y + c = 0 ......(i) ( x
2
+ y
2
= 5 ........(ii)
l< =n ii (i) -i (ii) +i -zi +-i t . -i
+-< (0, 0) = in n n- +i n-i: = -i (ii) +i lzii

2 2
) 1 ( 2
c 0 0 2
+
+
=
5

5
c
=
5

5
c
=
5
c = 5
~- =n ii (i) c = 5 -i (ii) +i -zi +-i t
4iu +i4 :
(9) + l+= ni- + ln( =n ii 3x + 4y = -i x
2
+ y
2
= 10x +i -zi +-i t `
Answers : (9) 40, 10
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
6
szi ii +i s iai =s (Slope form of tangent) :
=n ii y = mx + c =< -i x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
+i -zi ii ti ni l< c
2
= a
2
(1 + m
2
)
~- -zi ii +i =ni+i y = mx
2
m 1 a +
~i -zi l-<
|
\

|
.
|
a m
c
a
c
2 2
, t
szi ii +i f-< =s (Point form of tangent) :
(i) -i x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
+ l-< (x
1
, y
1
) -zi ii +i =ni+i x x
1
+ y y
1
= a ti -i t
(ii) -i x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 + l-< (x
1
, y
1
) -zi ii +i =ni+i
xx
1
+ yy
1
+ g (x+x
1
) + f (y+y
1
) + c = 0 ti -i t
ai a : i+ n l+=i l,ii- + + l-< (x
1,
y
1
) -zi ii +i =ni+i x
2
+i x x
1
n . y
2
+i yy
1
n . x +i
2
x x
1
+
n . y +i
2
y y
1
+
n . xy +i
2
y x y x
1 1
+
n ll- - ++ i-- +i i =+-i t l+ c n + i :
l- - -ti l+i i-i t
szi ii +i s i-ifn+ =s (Parametric form of tangent) :
-i x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
+ l-< (acos o, asin o) -zi ii +i =ni+i x cos o + y sin o = a ti -i t
ai a : l-<~i P(o) ~i Q(|) ii-i ni -zi ii~i +i l--z< l-<
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
| o
| + o
| o
| + o
2
2
2
2
cos
sin a
,
cos
cos a
t
a<iri # 10 -i x
2
+ y
2
30x + 6y + 109 = 0 + l-< (4, 1) -zi ii +i =ni+i ai- +il(
rn : -zi ii +i =ni+i
4x + (y) 30 |
.
|

\
| +
2
4 x
+ 6
|
.
|

\
| +
2
) 1 ( y
+ 109 = 0
i 4x y 15x 60 + 3y 3 + 109 = 0 or 11x + 2y + 46 = 0
i 11x 2y 46 = 0
~- -zi ii +i =ni+i 11x 2y 46 = 0
a<iri # 11 -i x
2
+ y
2
6x + 4y 12 = 0 =n ii 4x + 3y + 5 = 0 + =ni-- -zi ii~i + =ni+i
ai- +il(
rn : l<i ni -i x
2
+ y
2
6x + 4y 12 = 0 .......(i)
~i <i n: =n ii 4x + 3y + 5 = 0 .......(ii)
-i (i) +i + -< (3, 2) ~i lzii 5 t
=n ii (ii) + =ni-- ii 4x + 3y + k = 0 ti ni .......(iii)
l< ii (iii) -i (i) +i -zi ii t -i
2 2
3 4
| k ) 2 ( 3 3 . 4 |
+
+ +
= 5 i |6 + k| = 25
i 6 + k = 25 k = 19, 31
~- -zi ii~i + =ni+i 4x + 3y + 19 = 0 ~i 4x + 3y 31 = 0
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
7
4iu +i4 :
(10) -i x
2
+ y
2
2x 4y 4 = 0 -zi ii~i + =ni+i ai- +il( i l+ =n ii 3x 4y
1 = 0 + (i) =ni-- t . (ii) n-- t
Answer. (i) 3x 4y + 20 = 0 and 3x 4y 10 = 0 (ii) 4x + 3y + 5 = 0 and 4x + 3y 25 = 0
fin (Normal) :
l< +i: =n ii (+ -i +i ~lin- ti. -i t -i + +-< = n-i -ilt( ~- -i
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 + l-< (x
1,
y
1
) ~lin- y y
1
=
g x
f y
1
1
+
+
(x x
1
) t
a<iri # 12 -i x
2
+ y
2
5x + 2y 48 = 0 + l-< (5, 6) ~lin- +i =ni+i ai- +il(
rn : - l+ ~lin- |
.
|

\
|
1 ,
2
5
-ii (5, 6) +i lnni- ini ii t
~- i-i =
5
14
~- (5, 6) ~lin- +i =ni+i
y 6 = (14/5) (x 5) 14x 5y 40 = 0
4iu +i4 :
(11) -i x
2
+ y
2
2x 4y + 3 = 0 + l-< (2, 3) ~lin- +i =ni+i ai- +il(
Answer : (11) x y + 1 = 0
y+ f-< u szit 4 +i ut+i (Pair of Tangents from a Point) :
l-< A (x
1,
y
1
) = -i x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ii - n -zii n +i =ni+i SS
1
= T ti -i t
ti S x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c ; S
1
x
1
+ y
1
+ 2gx
1
+ 2fy
1
+ c
T xx
1
+ yy
1
+ g(x + x
1
) + f(y + y
1
) + c.
a<iri # 13 l-< (0, 1) = -i x
2
+ y
2
2x + 4y = 0 ii -i ni -zii n +i =ni+i ai- +il(
rn : l<i ni -i S = x
2
+ y
2
2x + 4y = 0 .......(i)
ni-il+ P (0, 1)
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
8
l-< P + ln( S
1
= 0
2
+ 1
2
2.0 + 4.1 = 5
~- l-< P -i + it l-i- t
~i T x . 0 + y . 1 (x + 0) + 2 (y + 1)
~ii - T x +3y + 2.
l-< P(0, 1) = -i (i) ii -i ni -zii n +i =ni+i SS
1
= T
2
t
i 5 (x
2
+ y
2
2x + 4y) = ( x + 3y + 2)
2
i 5x
2
+ 5y
2
10x + 20y = x
2
+ 9y
2
+ 4 6xy 4x + 12y
i 4x
2
4y
2
6x + 8y + 6xy 4 = 0
i 2x
2
2y
2
+ 3xy 3x + 4y 2 = 0 .......(ii)
-zi ii n +i i+ =ni+i . (ii) = 2x
2
+ 3(y 1) x 2(2y
2
4y + 2) = 0
x =
4
) 2 y 4 y 2 ( 8 ) 1 y ( 9 ) 1 y ( 3
2 2
+ +
i 4x 3y + 3 = 25 y 50 y 25
2
+ = 5(y 1)
-zi ii~i +i i+ =ni+i x 2y + 2 = 0 ~i 2x + y 1 = 0
4iu +i4 :
(12) l-< (7, 1) = -i x
2
+ y
2
= 25 ii -i n: -zi ii~i +i = +- =ni+i ai- +i
Answer : (12) 12x
2
12y
2
+ 7xy 175x 25y + 625 = 0
szi ii +t nir aii f-< zifa (Length of a tangent and power of a point) :
l+=i it l-< (x
1,
y
1
) = -i S x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ii-i -zi ii +i n-i:
L = c y f 2 x g 2 y x
1 1
2
1
2
1
+ + + + =
1
S
+ ,ii <i i-i t
AP = -zi ii +i n-i:
AP
2
= AD . AE
l+=i l-< A= -i ii -i n: l+=i -zi ii +i n-i: +i n . -i + =i -i l-< A+i "l-< zil+-" +tni-i
t
l+=i -i + =i-i l+=i "l-<zil+-" l-- ti-i t
l< l-< A -i + it. ~-< ~i -i l-i- t -i "l-<zil+-" +nzi i-in+. +iin+ ~i zi - ti -i t
a<iri # 14 l-< (5, 1) = -i x
2
+ y
2
+ 6x 4y 3 = 0 ii -i ni -zi ii +i n-i: ai- +il(
rn : l<i ni -i x
2
+ y
2
+ 6x 4y 3 = 0 t .........(i)
( l<i ni l-< ni-i P = (5, 1) t ~- l-< P(5, 1) = -i -zi ii +i n-i:
= 3 1 . 4 5 . 6 1 5
2 2
+ + = 7
4iu +i4 :
(13) l-< (4, 5) = -i x
2
+ y
2
4x 2y 11 = 0 ii -i ni -zii n ~i :=+i lzii~i = l-ln -
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
9
-- i +i -i zi+n ai- +il(
(14) l< l-< (f, g) = -i x
2
+ y
2
= 4 ii -i ni -zi ii +i n-i: :=i l-< = -i x
2
+ y
2
= 4x
ii-i ni -zi ii +i n-i: +i -i n-i t -i <lzi- +il( l+ 15f
2
+ 15g
2
64f + 4 = 0 t
Answer. (13) 8 n :+i:
fa4i+ -i (Director Circle) :
<i - n-- -zi ii~i + l--z < l-< ~i +i l-< i l< -i +i l-in+ -i +tni-i t -i +i l-in+
-i l< n -i +i lzii +i 2 n-i lzii ini =+ -<i -i ti-i t
=i- :
AC = r cosec 45 = 2 r
a<iri # 15 -i (x 2)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
= 2 + l-in+ -i +i =ni+i ai- +il(
rn : l< n -i +i + -< (2, 1) ~i 2 t
~- l-in+ -i +i +-< ( lzii +nzi (2, 1) ~i lzii 2 2 = 2 tini
~- l-in+ -i +i =ni+i (x 2)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
= 4
x
2
+ y
2
4x + 2y + 1 = 0
4iu +i4 :
(15) -= -i +i l-in+ -i ai- +il( l=+ i= 2x 3y + 12 = 0 ~i x + 4y 5 = 0 t -ii -izi+n
154 n :+i: t
Answer (15) (x + 3)
2
+ (y 2)
2
= 98
szit ti (Chord of Contact) :
l< <i -zi ii( PT
1
~i PT
2
l-< P(x
1
, y
1
) = -i S x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ii-i ni t . -i
-zii ii T
1
T
2
+i =ni+i l--- tini
xx
1
+ yy
1
+ g (x + x
1
) + f (y + y
1
) + c = 0.
ai a : ti R = lzii; L = -zi ii +i n-i: t
(a) -zii ii -ii lni- tini l-< P-i + ~-< l-i- -ti t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
10
(b) -zii ii +i n-i: T
1
T
2
=
2 2
L R
R L 2
+
(c) -zii n -ii -zii ii = -- in lzii +i -izi+n =
2 2
3
L R
L R
+
(d) l-< (x
1
, y
1
) = ii -i n: -zii n + i- + +i i +i -zi i (tan u) =
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2 2
R L
L R 2
(e) lzii PT
1
T
2
+ l -i +i =ni+i (x x
1
) (x + g) + (y y
1
) (y + f) = 0.
a<iri # 16 l-< (1, 2) = -i x
2
+ y
2
2x + 4y + 7 = 0 ii-i ni -zi ii~i +i -zii ii +i =ni+i
ai- +il(
rn : l<i ni -i x
2
+ y
2
2x + 4y + 7 = 0 .......(i)
ni-il+ P = (1, 2)
l-< P(1, 2) + ln(, x
2
+ y
2
2x + 4y + 7 = 1 + 4 2 + 8 + 7 = 18 > 0
~- l-< P -i + it l-i- t
l-< P(1, 2) + ln(, T = x . 1 + y . 2 (x + 1) + 2(y + 2) + 7
~ii - T = 4y + 10
~- l-< P(1, 2) +i -i (i) + =i-i -zii ii
4y + 10 = 0 i 2y + 5 = 0
a<iri # 17 -i x
2
+ y
2
= 12 + -- l-< ~i -zi ii( ii-i i-i t ti t -i
x
2
+ y
2
5x + 3y 2 = 0 +i lnn-i t :- -zi ii~i +i l--z < l-< ai- +il(
rn: l<i ni -i S
1
x
2
+ y
2
12 = 0 ....... (i)
~i S
2
= x
2
+ y
2
5x + 3y 2 = 0 ....... (ii)
-i (i) ~i (ii) +i -il-a ii +i =ni+i
S
1
S
2
= 0 ~ii - 5x 3y 10 = 0 ...... (iii)
ni-il+ t ii -i (i) i -i (ii) +i A~i B lnn-i t
ni-il+ -i (i) + l-< A~i B -zi ii(. l-< P(o, |) lnn-i t. -i AB -i (i) +i -zi ii~i
+i -zi ii tini. ~- AB +i =ni+i
xo + y| 12 = 0 ....... (iv)
~ =n ii (iii) ~i (iv) =ni- t . ~- =ni+i (iii) ~i (iv) =n t

5
o
=
3
|
=
10
12

o = 6, | =
5
18
~- P =
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5
18
, 6
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
11
4iu +i4 :
(16) =n ii 2x + y + 12 = 0 ~i -i x
2
+ y
2
4x + 3y 1 = 0 + l--z < l-< ~i ii-i ni
-zi ii~i + l--z < l-< ai- +i
(17) l-< (4, 6) = -i x
2
+ y
2
= 25 ii-i ni -zi ii~i -ii -zi ii = -- in lzii +i -izi+n
ai- +i
Answers : (16) (1, 2) (17)
52
3 405\
n :+i: ; 4x + 6y 25 = 0
ri i ri t (Pole and Polar) :
(i) l< l+=i l-i l-< P = ii-i ni =n ii l< n -i +i l-< Q ~i R lnn-i t -i Q ~i
R ii-i ni -zi ii~i + l--z< l-<~i + l-<i +i l-< P +i. -i + =i-i ii +t- t
-ii l-< P := ii +i i +tni-i t
(ii) l-< P (x
1,
y
1
) +i -i x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
+ =i -i i i +i =ni+i xx
1
+ yy
1
= a
2
t :=i +i l< -i
i+ t -i i i +i =ni+i xx
1
+ yy
1
+ g (x + x
1
) + f (y + y
1
) + c = 0 ~ii - T = 0 ti -i t
i- t l+ l< l-< (x
1,
y
1
) -i t -i -zi ii ~i ii =ni- =ni+i = <lzi- tin :=i -t
l< l-< (x
1,
y
1
) -i + it t -i -zi ii ~i ii (+ ti =ni+i = <lzi- tin
(iii) ii Ax + By + C = 0 +i -i x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
+ =i -i i
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C
a B
,
C
a A
2 2
.
(iv) l< l-< P +i i i l-< Q
,
= n-i t -i Q +i i i P = n ni
(v) <i ii L
1
( L
2
=ni ii +tni-i t l< L
1
+i i. L
2
l-i- ti -ii L
2
+i i L
1
l-i- ti
-ii <i l-< P -ii Q =ni l-< +tni- t l< P +i ii Q = n-i ti -ii Q +i ii P = n-i
t
a<iri # 18 -i x
2
+ y
2
3x + 4y 8 = 0 +i l-< (2, 1) + =i -i i i +i =ni+i ai- +i
rn : l<i ni -i x
2
+ y
2
3x + 4y 8 = 0 ............(i)
ni-i P = (2, 1) (l<i ni l-< )
-i (i) + =i-i l-< P +i ii +i =ni+i
x.2 + y(1) 3
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| +
2
2 x
+ 4
|
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2
1 y
8 = 0
i 4x 2y 3x 6 + 4y 4 16 = 0 i x + 2y 26 = 0
a<iri # 19 -i x
2
+ y
2
+ 4x + 6y + 9 = 0 + =i -i =n ii 3x + 5y + 17 = 0 +i i ai- +i
rn : l<i ni -i x
2
+ y
2
+ 4x + 6y + 9 = 0 .........(i)
~i =n ii 3x + 5y + 17 = 0 .........(ii)
ni-i =n ii (ii) +i -i (i) + =i -i i P(o, |) t
~- l-< P(o, |) +i -i (i) + =i-i ii +i =ni+i
xo + y| + 2(x + o) + 3(y + |) + 9 = 0
i (o + 2)x + (| + 3) y + 2o + 3| + 9 = 0 .........(iii)
~ =n ii (ii) ~i (iii) =ni- t . ~-
3
2 + o
=
5
3 + |
=
17
9 3 2 + | + o
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
12
~- 5o + 10 = 3| + 9 i 5o 3| = 1 .........(iv)
17o + 34 = 6o + 9| + 27 i 11o 9| = 7 .........(v)
(iv) ~i (v) +i tn +- o = 1, | = 2.
~- ~iia i (1, 2) tini
4iu +i4 :
(18) -i x
2
+ y
2
4x + 3y 1 = 0 -ii =n ii 2x + y + 12 = 0 + l--z < l-< ~i ii -i n: -zi
ii~i +i l--z < l-< ai- +i
(19) -i x
2
+ y
2
7x + 5y 1 = 0 + =i -i =n ii 2x y + 10 = 0 +i i ai- +i
Answers : (18) (1, 2) (19)
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2
3
,
2
3
ti +i ut+i fu+i r4f-< f<4i n4i ri
(Equation of the chord with a given middle point) :
-i S x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 +i ii l=+i n l-< M (x
1
, y
1
) t . +i =ni+i
xx
1
+ yy
1
+ g (x + x
1
) + f (y + y
1
) + c = x
1
2
+ y
1
2
+ 2gx
1
+ 2fy
1
+ c t i l+ T = S
1
= <lzi - l+i i-i t
ai a : (i) -i + ~-< l-< M = n - ini - --n n-i: +i ii t ti-i t l=+i n l-< M ti
(ii) -i + ~-< l-< ' M' = n - ini ii i + -< = ~li+-n < i l-i- ti . +i n l-< Mti -i t
a<iri # 20 -i x
2
+ y
2
+ 6x + 8y 11 = 0 + =i -i ii +i =ni+i ai- +i l=+i n l-< (1, 1) t
rn : l< n -i +i =ni+i S x
2
+ y
2
+ 6x + 8y 11 = 0
ni-i L (1, 1)
l-< L(1, 1) + ln( S
1
= 1
2
+ (1)
2
+ 6.1 + 8(1) 11 = 11 ~i
T x.1 + y (1) + 3(x + 1) + 4(y 1) 11 ~ii - T 4x + 3y 12
~- -i (i) + =i-i ii +i =ni+i l=+i n l-< L(1, 1) t
T = S
1
i 4x + 3y 12 = 11 i 4x + 3y 1 = 0
fzat4 ffri:
ni-i C l< n -i +i + -< t - C (3, 4). L (1, 1) -ii CL +i i-i =
1 3
1 4

+
=
4
3
-i +i ii +i =ni+i l=+i n l-< L t
y + 1 =
3
4
(x 1) [ ii CL + n-- t]
i 4x + 3y 1 = 0
4iu +i4 :
(20) -i x
2
+ y
2
= 15 +i -= ii +i =ni+i ai- +i i l-< (3, 2) liil- ti -i t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
13
(21) -i x
2
+ y
2
+ 4x 2y 3 = 0 ,ii =n ii y = x + 2 +ii n: ii + n l-< + l-< zii +
ai- +il(
Answers : (20) 3x + 2y 13 = 0 (21)
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2
3
,
2
3
-i + <i f-<i +i ia int ti +i ut+i (Equation of the chord joining two points of circle) :
-i x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
l-i- <i l-<~i P(o) -ii Q(|) +i i - ini ii PQ +i =ni+i l--- ti -i t
x cos
2
| + o
+ y sin
2
| + o
= a cos
2
| o
.
<i -ii +t ai4faa szi iiy (Common tangents to two circles) :
fifa szi iii +t u4i fifa
(i) 4 -il-a -zi ii(
(2 ~- -zii ~i 2 l- + ) r
1
+ r
2
< c
1
c
2
.
(ii) 3 -il-a -zi ii( r
1
+ r
2
= c
1
c
2
.
(iii) 2 -il-a -zi ii( |r
1
r
2
| < c
1
c
2
< r
1
+ r
2
(iv) 1 -il-a -zi ii |r
1
r
2
| = c
1
c
2
.
(v) +i : -il-a -zi ii -ti c
1
c
2
< |r
1
r
2
|.
(4ri C
1
C
2
<i -ii + +-<i + t +t <t r+)
ai a : (i) <i -ii +i ~--zii (direct) -il-a -zi ii( (+ (= l-< lnn-i t i -ii + +-<i +i lnni-
ini ii +i --+i lzii~i + ~-i- n in liil- +-i t
<i -ii +i l-+ -zi ii( (+ (= l-< lnn-i t i -ii + +-<i +i lnni- ini ii +i --+i
lzii~i + ~-i- n ~-- liil- +-i t
(ii) in (external) -ii l- + -il-a -zi ii~i +i n-i: L
ext
=
2
2 1
2
) r r ( d ~i L
int
=
2
2 1
2
) r r ( d +
,ii <i i-i t ti d = <i -ii + +-<i + i- +i <i t ~i r
1
, r
2
-ii +i lzii( t -ii l-+
-il-a -zi ii~i +i n-i: tn zii in -il-a -zi ii~i +i n-i: = +n ti-i t
a<iri # 21 i- +i l+ l< n -i x
2
+ y
2
2x 4y = 0 ( x
2
+ y
2
8y 4 = 0 (+ < = +i ~i--l+ i in
-zi +- t
rn : l< n -i x
2
+ y
2
2x 4y = 0 ...........(i)
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
14
~i x
2
+ y
2
8y 4 = 0 ...........(ii)
ni-i A ( B -ii (i) ~i (ii) + + -< -ii r
1
r
2
lzii( ti . -i
A (1, 2), B (0, 4), r
1
= \5, r
2
= 2\5
~ AB =
2 2
) 4 2 ( ) 0 1 ( +
= \5 -ii r
1
+ r
2
= 3 5 , |r
1
r
2
| = 5
- AB = |r
1
r
2
| ~- <i-i -i ~i--l+ -zi +- t
4iu +i4 :
(22) -i x
2
+ y
2
2x 6y + 9 = 0 -ii x
2
+ y
2
+ 6x 2y + 1 = 0 +i (+ < = + =i -i l-il- ai- +i
Answer : (22) (+ -i < = -i + i- it t
<i -ii +t n+i it4ai (Orthogonality Of Two Circles) :
<i -i S
1
= 0 ~i S
2
= 0 n-+i ii i n-+iii l--z <i +tni- t l< --+ l--z < l-< -zi ii(
=n+ii -i-i t .
<i -ii + n-+i ii ti - +i l--i : 2 g
1
g
2
+ 2 f
1
f
2
= c
1
+ c
2
t
=i-
(C
1
C
2
)
2
= (C
1
P)
2
+ (C
2
P)
2
(g
1
g
2
)
2
+ (f
1
f
2
)
2
= g
1
2
+ f
1
2
c
1
+ g
2
2
+ f
2
2
c
2
2g
1
g
2
+ 2f
1
f
2
= c
1
+ c
2
ai a : (a) <i l-i -ii +i n-+iii +i- in (+ - -i +i + -< -- -ii + nni-i t-i t
(b) l< <i -i n-+iii t. -i in -i l-i- l-< 'P' +i l,-i -i + =i-i ii. l-< Q = n-i
t. i l+ l-< P = n- in i= +i ~l--n l-< t ~- (= l-< +i l-<i l=+i ili -i
S
1
= 0
,
S
2
= 0 ( S
3
= 0 + =i -i = nini ti. (+ -i tini i l+ l< n -i-i -ii = n-+iii ti ni
(c) -i +i +-< i l+ l< n -i-i -ii + n-+iii t nni-i +-< +tni-i t l+ t l< n -ii
+ it l-i- t
a<iri # 22 -i +i =ni+i ai- +i i l+ -i x
2
+ y
2
+ 3x 5y+ 6 = 0 ( -i 4x
2
+ 4y
2
28x +29 = 0
+ n-+i ii t -ii l=+i + -< =n ii 3x + 4y + 1 = 0 l-i- t
rn : l< n -i x
2
+ y
2
+ 3x 5y + 6 = 0 ...........(i)
-ii 4x
2
+ 4y
2
28x + 29 = 0 t
i x
2
+ y
2
7x +
4
29
= 0. ..........(ii)
ni-i ~ii -i +i =ni+i x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ..........(iii)
=i l+ -i (iii), -i (i) ~i (ii) +i n-+iii l--z< +-i t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
15
2g
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2
3
+ 2f
|
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|

2
5
= c + 6 i 3g 5f = c + 6 ...........(iv)
-ii 2g
|
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|

2
7
+ 2f.0 = c +
4
29
i 7g = c +
4
29
...........(v)
=ni+i (iv) ~i (v) = 10g 5f =
4
5
i 40g 20f = 5. ..........(vi)
<i n: =n ii 3x + 4y = 1 ..........(vii)
-i (iii) +i + -< ( g, f) ii (vii) l-i- t
3g 4f = 1 .........(viii)
=ni+i (vi) ~i (viii) +i tn +- g = 0, f =
4
1
(5) = c =
4
29
(iii) =, ~ii -i +i =ni+i
x
2
+ y
2
+
2
1
y
4
29
= 0 i 4(x
2
+ y
2
) + 2y 29 = 0
4iu +i4 :
(23) k + l+= ni- + ln( -i x
2
+ y
2
+ 5x + 3y + 7 = 0 ~i x
2
+ y
2
8x + 6y + k = 0 - n-+i ii
l--z < +- t
(24) -= -i +i =ni+i ai- +i i n n l-< = n -i t -ii l=+i + -< =n ii x + y + 4 = 0
l-i- t -ii -i x
2
+ y
2
4x + 2y + 4 = 0 +i n-+i ii l--z < +-i t
Ans. (23) 18 (24) 3x
2
+ 3y
2
+ 4x + 20y = 0
ni+i aii ni+i + -< (Radical Axis and Radical Centre) :
<i -ii +i nni-i (+ (= l-< +i l-<i ti-i t l=+i l< n -ii + =i-i zil+- (power) - i
ti -i t
<i -ii S
1
= 0 ~i S
2
= 0 + n ni-i +i =ni+i S
1
S
2
= 0 ~ii - 2(g
1
g
2
) x + 2(f
1
f
2
) y + (c
1
c
2
) = 0
ti -i t
-i- -ii + nni-ii +i l--z< l-< (n n n- ) nni-i +-< +tni-i t :== -i-i -ii ii-i ni -zi
ii~i +i n-i: i ti-i t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
16
ai a : (a) l< <i -i l--z < +- ti . -i -il-a ii ti n ni-i ti -i t
(b) l< <i -i - -zi +- ti . -i -il-a -zi l-< -zi ii ti n ni-i ti-i t
(c) n ni-i tn zii -ii + + -< i +i lnni- ini ii + n-- ti -i t
(d) nni-i <i -ii + +-<i +i lnni- ini ii + n l-< = n-i t. l< <i-i -ii +i lzii( i
ti
(e) nni-i <i -ii + n -il-a -zi ii +i <i i iini n liil- +-i t
(f) -ii +i l-+i l=n + n =ni- nni-i i-i ti . =ni-i -ii +i l-+i (coaxial system) +tni-i
t
(g) -i n l=+i n ni-i -ti ti -i = + -<i ti - t
a<iri # 23 -= l-< + l-< zii+ +il( l== l< n -i-i -ii ii-i n: -zi ii~i +i n-i: i ti
3x
2
+ 3y
2
+ 4x 6y 1 = 0
2x
2
+ 2y
2
3x 2y 4 = 0
2x
2
+ 2y
2
x + y 1 = 0
rn : ti tn l< n -i-i -ii +i nni-i + -< ai- +-i t = in :-+ ni-+ n ll-- +- t
l=n x
2
~i y
2
+i n ii+ :+i: ti-i t ii (pair) n n+ ii- nni-i
6
17
x y +
3
5
= 0 ; x
2
3
y
2
3
= 0
~i
6
11
x +
2
5
y
6
1
= 0 ti n
l+-ti <i +i tn +- tn l-< |
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63
31
,
21
16
i-- ti -i t i l+ - -i +i = - +-i t ti l-<
nni-i +-< +tni-i t -ii liiii = -zi ii +i n-i: := l-< = -i-i -ii i t
4iu +i4 :
(25) -= l-< + l-< zii + ai- +i l== -i-i -ii x
2
+ y
2
4x + 7 = 0, 2x
2
+ 2y
2
3x + 5y + 9 = 0
( x
2
+ y
2
+ y = 0 ii -i n: -zi ii~i +i n-i: i i ti -ii t n-i: ii ai- +i
Answer : (25) (2, 1) ; 2.
-i fa+i4 (Family of Circles) :
:= iin + ~-<. (+ lzii n-ii in -i =nt +i =ni+i ai- l+i ni t -<itiii =ni+i
x
2
+ y
2
+ 4x + 2y + = 0 ti (+ - -z ~- t . (+ l-- + -< (2, 1) -- - lzii in -i =n t +i <lzi -
+-i t + z ~- -i =n t + ln( tn l--- liin i-- ti - t
(a) <i -ii S
1
= 0 ~i S
2
= 0 + l--z < l-< ~i = n - in -i l-+i +i =ni+i S
1
+ KS
2
= 0
(K = 1 -ii S
1
( S
2
n x
2
~i y
2
+ n ii + =ni- l< n t )
(b) -i S = 0 ~i =n ii L = 0 + l--z < l-< ~i = n - in -i l-+i +i =ni+i
S + KL = 0 ti -i t
(c) <i l-< ~i (x
1,
y
1
) ~i (x
2,
y
2
) = n - in -i l-+i +i l--- n lnii i =+-i t :
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
17
(x x
1
) (x x
2
) + (y y
1
) (y y
2
) + K
1 y x
1 y x
1 y x
2 2
1 1
= 0 ,ii l<i i-i t . ti K i-n t
(d) l-i l-< (x
1,
y
1
) l-i =n ii y y
1
= m (x x
1
) +i -zi +- in -i l-+i +i =ni+i
(x x
1
)
2
+ (y y
1
)
2
+ K [y y
1
m (x x
1
)] = 0 ,ii l<i i-i t ti K i-n t
(e) -= -i l-+i +i =ni+i i l+ ( = lzii + ziiii = n -i t l=+ i i( +nzi L
1
= 0;
L
2
= 0 ~i L
3
= 0 t. L
1
L
2
+ L
2
L
3
+ L
3
L
1
= 0 ti-i t ti -ii + ni- l--- l--ii +i -in
+ l-+in i =+- t
xy +i n ii + = 0 ~i x
2
+i n ii + = y
2
+i n ii +
(f) -= -i +i =ni+i i l+ (= --i + ziiii = n-i t l=+i i i( +nzi
L
1
= 0, L
2
= 0, L
3
= 0 ~i L
4
= 0 t . L
1
L
3
+

L
2
L
4
= 0 ti -i t . ti -ii + ni-
l--ii xy +i nii+ zi- ~i x
2
+i nii+ = y
2
+i nii+. +i -in ++ ai- l+ i =+- t
a<iri # 24 l< n -ii x
2
+ y
2
2x 4y 4 = 0 ~i x
2
+ y
2
10x 12y + 40 = 0 + l--z < l-< ~i = n-
in -ii +i =ni+i ai- +il( l=+i lzii 4 t
rn : l< n -ii + l--z < l-< = n- ini -i
S
1
+ S
2
= 0
i (x
2
+ y
2
2x 4y 4) + (x
2
+ y
2
10x 12y + 40 ) = 0
i (x
2
+ y
2
) 2
+
+
1
) 5 1 (
x 2
+
+
1
) 6 2 (
y +
+

1
4 40
= 0 ...........(i)
z-i- =i r = c f g
2 2
+ = 4
16 =
2
2
) 1 (
) 5 1 (
+
+
+
2
2
) 1 (
) 6 2 (
+
+

+

1
4 40
16(1 + 2 +
2
) = 1 + 10 + 25
2
+ 4 + 24 + 36
2
40
2
40 + 4 + 4
i 16 + 32 + 16
2
= 21
2
2 + 9
i 5
2
34 7 = 0
( 7) (5 + 1) = 0
= 7, 1/5
+i ni- (i) n i- -i +i =ni+i 2x
2
+ 2y
2
18x 22y + 69 = 0
-ii x
2
+ y
2
2y 15 = 0
a<iri # 25 -= -i +i =ni+i ai- +il( i =n ii 2x y + 3 = 0 +i -zi +-i ti -ii =n ii
x + 2y 1 = 0 ( -i x
2
+ y
2
2x + 1 = 0 + l--< < l-< ~i = n -i t
rn : -i +i =ni+i S + P = 0
x
2
+ y
2
2x + 1 + (x + 2y 1) = 0
i x
2
+ y
2
x (2 ) + 2y + (1 ) = 0
+ -< ( g, f) ((2 )/2, )
r =
c f g
2 2
+
= ) 1 (
4
) 2 (
2
2
+

=
2
5
2
1
=
2
5
=
2
1
2
5
= (/2)
5
.
-i =n ii 2x y + 3 = 0 +i -zi +-i t ~- + -< = n- +i n-i: lzii + i ti-i t
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
18
~ii -
5
3 ) ( ) 2 / ) 2 .(( 2 +
= 5
2
| |
.
= 2
+i ni- (i) n i- -i +i =ni+i
x
2
+ y
2
+ 4y 1 = 0
~i x
2
+ y
2
4x 4y + 3 = 0.
a<iri # 26 l-< ~i A(1, 1) ~i B(2, 2) = n - in -i l=+i lzii 1 ti . +i =ni+i ai- +il(
rn : AB +i =ni+i x y = 0
-i +i =ni+i (x 1) (x 2) + (y 1) (y 2) + (x y) = 0
i x
2
+ y
2
+ ( 3)x ( + 3)y + 4 = 0
lzii = 4
4
) 3 (
4
) 3 (
2 2

+
+

-- <i n: lzii = 1
4
4
) 3 (
4
) 3 (
2 2

+
+

= 1
i ( 3)
2
+ ( + 3)
2
16 = 4 = 1
~- -ii +i =ni+i x
2
+ y
2
2x 4y + 4 = 0 & x
2
+ y
2
4x 2y + 4 = 0
a<iri # 27 -= -i +i =ni+i ai- +i i l-< (2, 1) = n -i t -ii =n ii x + 2y 1 = 0 +i l-<
(3, 1) -zi +-i t
rn : -i +i =ni+i (x 3)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
+ (x + 2y 1) = 0
t l-< (2, 1) = n -i t ; 1 + 4 + (2 + 2 1) = 0 =
3
5
~- -i (x 3)
2
+ (y + 1)
2

3
5
(x + 2y 1) = 0
3x
2
+ 3y
2
23x 4y + 35 = 0
a<iri # 28 lzii l=+i i i( 3x y 9 = 0, 5x 3y 23 = 0 ~i x + y 3 = 0 t . + ziiii = n - in
-i +i =ni+i ai- +il(
rn:
L
1
L
2
+ L
2
L
3
+ L
1
L
3
= 0
(3x y 9) (5x 3y 23) + (5x 3y 23) (x + y 3) + (3x y 9) (x + y 3) = 0
(15x
2
+ 3y
2
14xy 114x + 50y + 207) + (5x
2
3y
2
+ 2xy 38x 14y + 69)
+ (3x
2
y
2
+ 2xy 18x 6y + 27) = 0
(5 + 3 + 15)x
2
+ (3 3 )y
2
+ xy (2 + 2 14) x (114 + 38 + 18) + y(50 14 6)
+ (207 + 69 + 27) = 0 ...........(i)
x
2
+i n ii + = y
2
+i nii +
5 + 3 + 15 = 3 3
MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
19
8 + 4 + 12 = 0
2 + + 3 = 0 ...........(ii)
xy +i n ii + = 0
2 + 2 14 = 0
+ 7 = 0 ..........(iii)
(ii) ~i (iii) +i tn +-
= 10, = 17
~i + ni- =ni+i (i) n i-
2x
2
+ 2y
2
5x + 11y 3 = 0
4iu +i4 :
(26) -ii x
2
+ y
2
6x + 2y + 4 = 0 ~i x
2
+ y
2
+ 2x 4y 6 = 0 + l--z < l-< ~i = n - in -=
-i +i =ni+i ai- +il(. l=+i + -< =n ii y = x l-i- t
(27) -- i l=+i i i( 5x + 3y = 9, x = 3y, 2x = y ~i x + 4y + 2 = 0 t . + ziiii = n - in -i
+i =ni+i ai- +il(
Answers : (26) 7x
2
+ 7y
2
10x 10y 12 = 0 (27) 9x
2
+ 9y
2
20x + 15y = 0.