Assignment 3 Zohair-Ul-Islam Ahmad

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Assessment III
PART A
Demonstrating and Identifying properties of cathode rays
using discharge tubes
- Containing a Maltase
- Containing electric plates
- With a fluorescent display screen
- Containing a glass wheel
and analysing the information gathered to determine the
sign of the charge on cathode rays
PART B
Summarise the effect of light on semiconductor in solar cells.

Student Name: Zohair-Ul-Islam Ahmad
Date: 9/05/2014
Class Year 12
Teacher Mr.Mohmmad Hasan




Standard Discharge Tube
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Aim:
Perform an investigation to demonstrate and identify properties of cathode
rays using discharge tubes
Materials
Induction Coil
Transformers
Magnet
Plug to clip leads
Discharge tubes containing:
- Crookes tube with a Maltese cross


- Cathode ray tube containing electric plates


- Fluorescent display screen



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- Glass wheel Discharge Tube





Method
1. Set up the induction coil (6V DC ). Switch off the power pack
2. Connect DC 6V to the induction coil primary
3. Connect the induction coil secondary to the electrodes of the discharge tube
containing the Maltase cross (Crookes tube)
4. Ensure that the Maltase cross is vertical
5. Turn on the voltage supply
6. Adjust the induction coil to a high voltage output and observe the shadow of the
cross at the end of the discharge tube
7. Repeat the observation with the cross lying horizontally
8. Replace the Crookes tube with the fluorescent screen display and record the effect
of placing a set of bar magnets around the cathode ray
9. Use the Cathode ray tube containing electric plates
10. Use the paddle wheel by connecting it to the induction coil and observe the effect.





Result
1) The Maltese cross is placed in the path of the cathode rays, causing a clearly defined
shadow at the end of the tube. It shows that cathode rays travel in straight lines and
are blocked by solid objects.






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2) With the cathode ray tubes containing the electric plates it shows that cathode rays
are associated with negative charges. The force produced by the plates electric fields
cause the electrons to bend to the left or right depending on the polarity. When there
is no force from the electric plates, the line is in the middle due to the fact that the
forces of the electric and magnetic field are equal.





3) The tube with the fluorescent screen, it shows that cathode rays can cause
fluorescence. When the cathode rays collide with the air particles, the reaction
produces light. This demonstrates that cathode rays have energy.




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4) Using the cathode ray tube with the paddle wheel it shows that the lightweight glass
paddle wheel is able to rotate freely and when it is placed in the path of the cathode
rays so that the rays strike one edge of the wheel at a tangent. The cathode rays
cause the wheel to spin and move away from the cathode. This demonstrates that
the cathode rays
must have
momentum, and
therefore mass,
and that they are
emitted from the
cathode.


Discussion
By conducting the experiment by the charged plates, we are able to conclude that cathode
rays are negatively charged which means that they must have a negative signs like
electrons because they were attracted towards the positively charged plates and replelled
by the negatively charged plate.
The risk of this experiment which is dealt with is the production of X-Rays and the high input
voltage necessary to operate the discharge tubes to avoid these risk the following
precaution must be taken
- Remove all metal jewellery and watches.
- Keep one hand behind your back to avoid forming a short circuit.
- Do not handle the glass tubes while in use.
- Use the equipment for a minimum amount of time.
- Use the insulating handles on the connections.
- Stand more than a metre from the apparatus.
The impact on society and the application of the properties of the Cathode Ray tube is
based on the production of images by the CRO and Cathode Ray Tube television. Inside
these devices contain an advance product of the standard Cathode Ray Tube,it consist of 3
parts
- Electron Gun
- Deflecting Plates
- Fluorescent Screen
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The function of the following parts are that the electron gun get s an source of energy which
heats up the filament in cathode resulting to the release of electrons by thermionic
emissions. The 2 electrodes focus the beam at a single point which the anode develops a
strong magnetic field exerting a force on electrons. The horizontal and vertical plates allow
the beam to move up, down, left and right . The fluorescent screen is coated with a material
that when struck by electrons, it emit light hence the production of an image.







Conclusion
It was concluded in the experiment that cathode rays:
- are electrons (from the electric plates )
- travel in a straight line and do not go through solid objects( proven from the Maltase
Cross)
- are negatively charged ( demonstrated by the electric plates)
- collide with air to produce a fluorescent light (verified by the fluorescent tube)
- have momentum and mass. (shown by the paddle wheel)







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Part B
Summarise the effect of light on semiconductors in solar cells
Solar cells are photovoltaic devices composed of semiconductor material such as
silicon. Usually a p-n junction is used. This is a junction formed between a piece of n-type
silicon and a piece of p-type silicon. An electric field is set up at the junction and this forms
a potential barrier that forces any free electrons in the silicon to move to the n-type silicon
and any holes to move to the p-type silicon. Light shining on the semiconductor
material frees electrons (photoelectric effect) from the valence band to the conduction
band of the semiconductor material, thus producing electron-hole pairs in the
semiconductor. A photon of light with energy greater than the band gap energy between
the valence and conduction bands but less than the work function energy for the
semiconductor strikes an electron and is absorbed. This gives the electron sufficient energy
to jump the forbidden energy gap from the valence to the conduction band.
Once the electron is free it is forced by the barrier potential to move to the n-type material,
while the hole left behind is forced to move to the p-type material. If an external circuit is
supplied, the electron will move out of the n-type material, around the external circuit
through a load and back into the p-type material to recombine with the hole. Clearly, as
many electrons undergo the same process, an electric current has been produced by the
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solar cell. The size of the current produced is proportional to the light intensity incident on
the solar cell. Overall, light energy has been transformed into electrical energy.








Reference

Google.com.sa
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