EuMC03 # 1

Geometrical Concepts
in Teaching Electromagnetics
Peter Russer
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Institute for High-Frequency Engineering
russer@ei.tum.de
EuMC03 # 2
Rationale
This course is intended for engineers looking
for an easy access to electromagnetics and for
all who are interested in a modern didactic
concept for teaching electromagnetics.
The study of electromagnetics is fundamental
to the advancement of communications
engineering and information technology to
push the frontiers of the ultra-fast and the high
bandwidth.
EuMC03 # 3
The Problem
Electromagnetic wave phenomena that in the
past were in the domain of the microwave
engineer are now becoming a limiting factor
in digital circuit operation.
As wireless communications is penetrating
into the millimeterwave frequencies,
communications engineers need an improved
background in microwaves.
EuMC03 # 4
The Problem
Modern curriculae in communications engineering and
information technology show fewer courses in analysis
and electrodynamics compared with former curriculae
in electrical engineering.
This course deals with the application of exterior
differential forms in teaching electromagnetics.
Exterior differential calculus has the advantage that its
rules for computation of are concise and simple.
EuMC03 # 5
The Problem
The objects of exterior differential calculus have a
clear geometrical significance and the geometrical
laws of electromagnetics assume a simple and
elegant form.
The concept of the electromagnetic field is
introduced from a phenomenological point of view.
All required concepts of electrodynamics are
developed starting from the elementary phenomena.
EuMC03 # 6
The Challenge
Impart to the student a profound background in
analytic concepts of electromagnetics.
Develop all required concepts of electrodynamics
starting from the elementary phenomena.
Make the mathematical framework obvious.
Support imagery thinking.
Stress the fundamenal principles
EuMC03 # 7
From the Lumped Circuit to the
Distributed Circuit
Increasing the resonant frequency is done by reducing L or C.
A morphing process yields the pillbox-shaped resonator.
We cannot easily describe this resonator in terms of voltages
and currents.
EuMC03 # 8
Network Concept
and Field Concept
At low frequencies, circuits
may be described on the basis
of currents and voltages.
The properties of a circuit
only depend on its topological
structure.
The theoretical framework for
describing circuits at low
frequencies is established by
the network concept.
The network concept is based
on the Kirchhoff laws.
At high frequencies, the
geometric structure of the circuits
plays an important role.
An understanding of the circuit
operation requires the knowledge
of the interaction of electric and
magnetic fields in the circuit.
The theoretical framework for
describing circuits at high
frequencies is established by the
field concept.
The field concept is based on
Maxwell's theory.
EuMC03 # 9
The Solution
The representation of electromagnetic theory can be
simplified and the clarity can be improved by using
geometrical methods.
The exterior calculus allows to solve field theoretical
problems quickly and directly.
It establishes a direct connection to geometrical images
and supplies additional physical insight.
EuMC03 # 10
Exterior Algebra
In 1844 Hermann Gnter Grassmann
published his book
Die lineale Ausdehnungslehre, ein
neuer Zweig der Mathematik
in which he developed the idea of an
algebra in which the symbols
representing geometric entities such as
points, lines and planes are
manipulated using certain rules.
Grassmann introduced what is now
called exterior algebra, based upon the
exterior product
e
p
e
q
= - e
q
e
p
e
p
e
p
= 0
Hermann Gnter Grassmann
1809-1877
EuMC03 # 11
Exterior Differential Forms
lie Cartan applied Grassmann
algebra to the theory of exterior
differential forms in his book
Leons sur les
invariants intgraux
Exterior calculus allows for the
solution of field theoretical
problems easily and directly.
Exterior calculus establishes a
direct connection to geometrical
images and supplies additional
physical insight.
lie Cartan
1869-1951
EuMC03 # 12
Basic Electromagnetics
In curriculae on electricity electrostatics and
magnetostatics are considered a bore by the students.
Fields always are dynamic.
Lets jump into the cold water and start with
The discussion starts with the action of the
electromagnetic field on the moving charged particle
as the elementary phenomenon.
EuMC03 # 13
Electric and Magnetic Force
on a Charged Particle
The force acting on one particle is represented by a vector.
The vector can be visualized by a line with arrowhead.
The direction of the arrow shows the direction of the force.
E
B
F
e
F
m
v
EuMC03 # 14
Electric Force on a Charged Particle
E
F
e
EuMC03 # 15
Magnetic Force
on a Moving Charged Particle
B
F
m
v
with
EuMC03 # 16
Electric and Magnetic Force
on a Charged Particle
E
B
F
e
F
m
v
EuMC03 # 17
Field Intensities
If the electric field has an x-
component E
x
, the movement of a
particle with charge q from position
x to x+Dx requires an energy
DW = - q E
x
Dx .
Moving the particle in three-dimensional space along any
curve frompoint x
1
=(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) to x
2
=(x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) means that
we have to sum up the infinitesimal contributions
- q E
x
Dx , - q E
y
Dy , - q E
z
Dz .
EuMC03 # 18
Path of Integration for the
Definition of a Voltage
E ...... Electric field differential form:
EuMC03 # 19
Path of Integration for the
Definition of a Current
H ...... Magnetic field differential form:
EuMC03 # 20
The One-form
Polar vectors are represented by 1-forms
EuMC03 # 21
One-forms with Ending Surfaces
This figure shows a situation we will encounter in time variable fields.
In the center of the structure the field intensity is higher than at its edges.
In this case the integral
will depend on the path from x
1
=(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) to x
2
=(x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) and we cannot
assign a scalar potential to the field.
EuMC03 # 22
Current and Flux Densities
The current flowing in a
conductor varies through the
cross-section.
We describe the flow of the
current by a current density
vector field
J(x) = [J
x
, J
y
, J
z
]
T
.
J
A
A
The current I is flowing through a tube formed by the current
density field lines going through theboundary A of the area A.
EuMC03 # 23
Exterior Differential Forms
EuMC03 # 24
Exterior Differential Forms
EuMC03 # 25
Exterior Differential Forms
EuMC03 # 26
Exterior Differential Forms
EuMC03 # 27
The Two-form
Axial vectors are represented by 2-forms
EuMC03 # 28
The Three-form
Pseudoscalars are represented by 3-forms
EuMC03 # 29
The Hodge Operator
We introduce the Hodge operator or star operator H defined by
The star operator has the property
EuMC03 # 30
The Constitutive Relations
In the case of electric and magnetic field quantities we distiguish
between
field intensities and flux densities.
A field intensity occurs in a path integral.
A flux density occurs in a surface integral.
Field intensities are related to the flux densities via the constitutive
relations.
The constitutive equations depend on the metric properties of the space
or the chosen coordinate system and on the macroscopic material
parameters.
EuMC03 # 31
The Maxwell Puzzle
Ampres law, Faradays
law and Gauss law are put
together.
Maxwells extension of
Ampres law by
introduction of the
displacement current is
considered.
Putting all this together
yields the
Maxwells equations
Ampre
Maxwell
Faraday
Gauss
EuMC03 # 32
The Maxwell Puzzle
A.-M. Ampre (1775-1836)
formulated a law that describes
the magnetic force between
two electric currents.
Ampres law relates the current
flowing through a surface A to
the magnetic field tangential to
the boundary A of the surface A
EuMC03 # 33
The Maxwell Puzzle
Ampres law relates the current
flowing through a surface A to
the magnetic field tangential to
the boundary A of the surface A
H
J
EuMC03 # 34
The Maxwell Puzzle
James Clerk Maxwell
(1831-1879)
Maxwell interpreted the time
derivative of the electric flux
dY/dt as the
displacement current
EuMC03 # 35
The Maxwell Puzzle
Maxwell interpreted the time
derivative of the electric flux
dY/dt as the
displacement current
EuMC03 # 36
The Maxwell Puzzle
Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
Faradays law relates the
change rate of the magnetic flux
F through a surface A to the
electric field E tangential to the
boundary A of the surface A
EuMC03 # 37
The Maxwell Puzzle
Faradays law relates the
change rate of the magnetic flux
F through a surface A to the
electric field E tangential to the
boundary A of the surface A
E
B
EuMC03 # 38
The Maxwell Puzzle
Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)
Gauss law relates the charge q
in a volume V to the electric flux
density D flowing through the
boundary V of the volume V
EuMC03 # 39
The Maxwell Puzzle
Gauss law relates the charge q
in a volume V to the electric flux
density D flowing through the
boundary V of the volume V
Q
D
EuMC03 # 40
Integral Form of Maxwells Equations
Ampres Law
Faradays Law
Magnetic Flux Continuity
Gauss Law
Exterior Dierential Forms in Teaching Electromagnetics 5
subdividing the volume into cells. The cell volume is inversely proportional to
the charge density. Figure 3c shows the fundamental three-form in cartesian
coordinates.
3 Maxwells Equations in Integral Form
The integral form of Maxwells equations is given by:

A
H =
d
dt

A
D +

A
J , Amp eres Law (7)

A
E =
d
dt

A
B , Faradays Law (8)

V
B = 0 , Magnetic Flux Continuity (9)

V
D =

V
Q, Gauss Law (10)
We introduce the star operator or Hodge operator, dened by
f = f dx dy dz , (11a)
(A
x
dx +A
y
dy + A
z
dz) = A
x
dy dz +A
y
dz dx
+A
z
dx dy . (11b)
The star operator has the property
= 1 . (12)
The star operator allows to bring the constitutive equations into the form
D = E , (13)
B = H. (14)
4 The Exterior Derivative
The exterior derivative dU of an exterior dierential form U by
d U =

i
dx
i

U
x
i
. (15)
For the exterior dierentiation the following product rules are valid:
EuMC03 # 41
The Electromagnetic Wave
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
1847-1894
In 1864 James C. Maxwell
proposed that light is an
electromagnetic disturbance in
the form of waves.
In an electromagnetic wave the
magnetic field is built up by the
displacement current due to the
time-varying electric field and,
vice versa, the electric field is
built up by the time-varying
electric field.
In 1887 Heinrich Hertz provided
experimental verification of
electromagnetic waves.
EuMC03 # 42
Generation of the Electric Field by
the Magnetic Field
EuMC03 # 43
Generation of the Magnetic Field
by Electric the Field
EuMC03 # 44
Mutual Generation
of Electric and Magnetic Field
Propagation velocity
of the plane
electromagnetic wave:
Wave impedance
of the plane
electromagnetic wave:
EuMC03 # 45
Exterior Differential Forms
Exterior Dierential Forms in Teaching Electromagnetics 3
forms. Exterior dierential forms consisting wedge products of two dierentials
or sums of such products are called two-forms. We may decide either dydz =
dy dz or dy dz = dy dz. Deciding
dy dz = dy dz (2)
assigns to dy dz the positive orientation and to dz dy the negative ori-
entation. The integral (1) can now be written in the orientation-independent
form
i =

A
J
x
dy dz . (3)
An exterior dierential form of order p is called a p-form. In n-dimensional
space the order of a dierential form may assume values 1 . . . n. Table 1 sum-
marizes summarizes some p-forms describing eld quantities. In dierential
Table 1. Dierential Forms
p Quantity Dierential Form
0 Electric Potential f(x, t)
1 Electric Field E(x, t) = E
x
dx +E
y
dy +E
z
dz
1 Magnetic Field H(x, t) = H
x
dx +H
y
dy +H
z
dz
2 Electric Flux Density D(x, t) = D
x
dy dz +D
y
dz dx +D
z
dx dy
2 Magnetic Flux Density B(x, t) = B
x
dy dz + B
y
dz dx + B
z
dx dy
2 Current Density J (x, t) = J
x
dy dz +J
y
dz dx +J
z
dx dy
2 Poynting Vector S(x, t) = S
x
dy dz +S
y
dz dx +S
z
dx dy
3 Charge Density Q(x, t) = dx dy dz
3 Electric Energy Density W
e
(x, t) = W
e
dx dy dz
3 Magnetic Energy Density W
m
(x, t) = W
m
dx dy dz
form notation a clear distinction between scalars, pseudoscalars, vectors and
pseudovectors is made. Scalars are represented by 0-forms, pseudoscalars by
3-forms, vectors by 1-forms and pseudovectors by 3-forms. For a p-form U and
a q-form V the commutation relation is
U V = (1)
p+q+1
V U . (4)
The common physical interpretation of the electric eld is related to the force
on a point-like unit charge. This force picture yelds in a natural way to the
vector representation and to the visualization of the electric eld via eld
lines. Another viewpoint is to consider the energy of a charge moved through
the eld. We can visualize the eld via the change of the energy of a test
charge moved through the eld. Figure 2a shows the representation of the
eld via the surfaces of constant test charge energy or constant electric poten-
tial respectively. This energy picture is more related to dierential forms. For
p Quantity Differential Form
EuMC03 # 46
The Exterior Derivative
EuMC03 # 47
The Exterior Derivative
Corresponds to gradient
Exterior Dierential Forms in Teaching Electromagnetics 5
subdividing the volume into cells. The cell volume is inversely proportional to
the charge density. Figure 3c shows the fundamental three-form in cartesian
coordinates.
2.1 The Exterior Derivative
The exterior derivative dU of an exterior dierential form U by
d U =

i
dx
i

U
x
i
. (7)
For the exterior dierentiation the following product rules are valid:
d (U + V) = d U + d V , (8a)
d (U V) = d U V + (1)
(deg U)
U d V , (8b)
The exterior derivatives of p-forms are
0-form: df(x) =
f
x
dx +
f
y
dy +
f
z
dz , (9a)
1-form: dU(x) =

U
z
y

U
y
z

dy dz +

U
x
z

U
z
x

dz dx
+

U
y
x

U
x
y

dx dy , (9b)
2-form: dV(x) =

V
x
x
+
V
y
y
+
V
z
z

dx dy dz , (9c)
3-form: dQ(x) = 0 . (9d)
2.2 Poincare es Lemma
A form V for which dV = 0 is said to be closed, and a form V for which
V = dU is said to be exakt. For dierential forms the statement V = dU
implies dV = 0. The relation
dd U = 0 (10)
may be veried easily. In conventional vector notation this corresponds to
rot grad = 0 and div rot = 0. All exact forms are closed. However it may also
be shown shown, that all closed forms are exact. Poincar es lemma states
dV = 0 V = dU (11)
EuMC03 # 48
The Exterior Derivative
Exterior Dierential Forms in Teaching Electromagnetics 5
subdividing the volume into cells. The cell volume is inversely proportional to
the charge density. Figure 3c shows the fundamental three-form in cartesian
coordinates.
2.1 The Exterior Derivative
The exterior derivative dU of an exterior dierential form U by
d U =

i
dx
i

U
x
i
. (7)
For the exterior dierentiation the following product rules are valid:
d (U + V) = d U + d V , (8a)
d (U V) = d U V + (1)
(deg U)
U d V , (8b)
The exterior derivatives of p-forms are
0-form: df(x) =
f
x
dx +
f
y
dy +
f
z
dz , (9a)
1-form: dU(x) =

U
z
y

U
y
z

dy dz +

U
x
z

U
z
x

dz dx
+

U
y
x

U
x
y

dx dy , (9b)
2-form: dV(x) =

V
x
x
+
V
y
y
+
V
z
z

dx dy dz , (9c)
3-form: dQ(x) = 0 . (9d)
2.2 Poincare es Lemma
A form V for which dV = 0 is said to be closed, and a form V for which
V = dU is said to be exakt. For dierential forms the statement V = dU
implies dV = 0. The relation
dd U = 0 (10)
may be veried easily. In conventional vector notation this corresponds to
rot grad = 0 and div rot = 0. All exact forms are closed. However it may also
be shown shown, that all closed forms are exact. Poincar es lemma states
dV = 0 V = dU (11)
Corresponds to curl operator
EuMC03 # 49
The Exterior Derivative
Exterior Dierential Forms in Teaching Electromagnetics 5
subdividing the volume into cells. The cell volume is inversely proportional to
the charge density. Figure 3c shows the fundamental three-form in cartesian
coordinates.
2.1 The Exterior Derivative
The exterior derivative dU of an exterior dierential form U by
d U =

i
dx
i

U
x
i
. (7)
For the exterior dierentiation the following product rules are valid:
d (U + V) = d U + d V , (8a)
d (U V) = d U V + (1)
(deg U)
U d V , (8b)
The exterior derivatives of p-forms are
0-form: df(x) =
f
x
dx +
f
y
dy +
f
z
dz , (9a)
1-form: dU(x) =

U
z
y

U
y
z

dy dz +

U
x
z

U
z
x

dz dx
+

U
y
x

U
x
y

dx dy , (9b)
2-form: dV(x) =

V
x
x
+
V
y
y
+
V
z
z

dx dy dz , (9c)
3-form: dQ(x) = 0 . (9d)
2.2 Poincare es Lemma
A form V for which dV = 0 is said to be closed, and a form V for which
V = dU is said to be exakt. For dierential forms the statement V = dU
implies dV = 0. The relation
dd U = 0 (10)
may be veried easily. In conventional vector notation this corresponds to
rot grad = 0 and div rot = 0. All exact forms are closed. However it may also
be shown shown, that all closed forms are exact. Poincar es lemma states
dV = 0 V = dU (11)
Exterior Dierential Forms in Teaching Electromagnetics 5
subdividing the volume into cells. The cell volume is inversely proportional to
the charge density. Figure 3c shows the fundamental three-form in cartesian
coordinates.
2.1 The Exterior Derivative
The exterior derivative dU of an exterior dierential form U by
d U =

i
dx
i

U
x
i
. (7)
For the exterior dierentiation the following product rules are valid:
d (U + V) = d U + d V , (8a)
d (U V) = d U V + (1)
(deg U)
U d V , (8b)
The exterior derivatives of p-forms are
0-form: df(x) =
f
x
dx +
f
y
dy +
f
z
dz , (9a)
1-form: dU(x) =

U
z
y

U
y
z

dy dz +

U
x
z

U
z
x

dz dx
+

U
y
x

U
x
y

dx dy , (9b)
2-form: dV(x) =

V
x
x
+
V
y
y
+
V
z
z

dx dy dz , (9c)
3-form: dQ(x) = 0 . (9d)
2.2 Poincare es Lemma
A form V for which dV = 0 is said to be closed, and a form V for which
V = dU is said to be exakt. For dierential forms the statement V = dU
implies dV = 0. The relation
dd U = 0 (10)
may be veried easily. In conventional vector notation this corresponds to
rot grad = 0 and div rot = 0. All exact forms are closed. However it may also
be shown shown, that all closed forms are exact. Poincar es lemma states
dV = 0 V = dU (11)
Corresponds to divergence
EuMC03 # 50
Exterior Dierential Forms in Teaching Electromagnetics 5
subdividing the volume into cells. The cell volume is inversely proportional to
the charge density. Figure 3c shows the fundamental three-form in cartesian
coordinates.
2.1 The Exterior Derivative
The exterior derivative dU of an exterior dierential form U by
d U =

i
dx
i

U
x
i
. (7)
For the exterior dierentiation the following product rules are valid:
d (U + V) = d U + d V , (8a)
d (U V) = d U V + (1)
(deg U)
U d V , (8b)
The exterior derivatives of p-forms are
0-form: df(x) =
f
x
dx +
f
y
dy +
f
z
dz , (9a)
1-form: dU(x) =

U
z
y

U
y
z

dy dz +

U
x
z

U
z
x

dz dx
+

U
y
x

U
x
y

dx dy , (9b)
2-form: dV(x) =

V
x
x
+
V
y
y
+
V
z
z

dx dy dz , (9c)
3-form: dQ(x) = 0 . (9d)
2.2 Poincare es Lemma
A form V for which dV = 0 is said to be closed, and a form V for which
V = dU is said to be exakt. For dierential forms the statement V = dU
implies dV = 0. The relation
dd U = 0 (10)
may be veried easily. In conventional vector notation this corresponds to
rot grad = 0 and div rot = 0. All exact forms are closed. However it may also
be shown shown, that all closed forms are exact. Poincar es lemma states
dV = 0 V = dU (11)
The Exterior Derivative
grad
Exterior Dierential Forms in Teaching Electromagnetics 5
subdividing the volume into cells. The cell volume is inversely proportional to
the charge density. Figure 3c shows the fundamental three-form in cartesian
coordinates.
2.1 The Exterior Derivative
The exterior derivative dU of an exterior dierential form U by
d U =

i
dx
i

U
x
i
. (7)
For the exterior dierentiation the following product rules are valid:
d (U + V) = d U + d V , (8a)
d (U V) = d U V + (1)
(deg U)
U d V , (8b)
The exterior derivatives of p-forms are
0-form: df(x) =
f
x
dx +
f
y
dy +
f
z
dz , (9a)
1-form: dU(x) =

U
z
y

U
y
z

dy dz +

U
x
z

U
z
x

dz dx
+

U
y
x

U
x
y

dx dy , (9b)
2-form: dV(x) =

V
x
x
+
V
y
y
+
V
z
z

dx dy dz , (9c)
3-form: dQ(x) = 0 . (9d)
2.2 Poincare es Lemma
A form V for which dV = 0 is said to be closed, and a form V for which
V = dU is said to be exakt. For dierential forms the statement V = dU
implies dV = 0. The relation
dd U = 0 (10)
may be veried easily. In conventional vector notation this corresponds to
rot grad = 0 and div rot = 0. All exact forms are closed. However it may also
be shown shown, that all closed forms are exact. Poincar es lemma states
dV = 0 V = dU (11)
Exterior Dierential Forms in Teaching Electromagnetics 5
subdividing the volume into cells. The cell volume is inversely proportional to
the charge density. Figure 3c shows the fundamental three-form in cartesian
coordinates.
2.1 The Exterior Derivative
The exterior derivative dU of an exterior dierential form U by
d U =

i
dx
i

U
x
i
. (7)
For the exterior dierentiation the following product rules are valid:
d (U + V) = d U + d V , (8a)
d (U V) = d U V + (1)
(deg U)
U d V , (8b)
The exterior derivatives of p-forms are
0-form: df(x) =
f
x
dx +
f
y
dy +
f
z
dz , (9a)
1-form: dU(x) =

U
z
y

U
y
z

dy dz +

U
x
z

U
z
x

dz dx
+

U
y
x

U
x
y

dx dy , (9b)
2-form: dV(x) =

V
x
x
+
V
y
y
+
V
z
z

dx dy dz , (9c)
3-form: dQ(x) = 0 . (9d)
2.2 Poincare es Lemma
A form V for which dV = 0 is said to be closed, and a form V for which
V = dU is said to be exakt. For dierential forms the statement V = dU
implies dV = 0. The relation
dd U = 0 (10)
may be veried easily. In conventional vector notation this corresponds to
rot grad = 0 and div rot = 0. All exact forms are closed. However it may also
be shown shown, that all closed forms are exact. Poincar es lemma states
dV = 0 V = dU (11)
div
curl
EuMC03 # 51
Relations between Differential Forms,
Scalars and Vectors
zero-form
one-form
two-form
three-form
scalar
polar vector
axial vector
pseudo-scalar
d d
~
grad
d d
~
curl
d d
~
div
H H
EuMC03 # 52
Relation between Exterior Differential Forms
and Conventional Vector Analysis
EuMC03 # 53
The Stokes Theorem
Domains of integration Boundary
(b) Curve C Points 1 and 2
(c) Surface A Curve A
(d) Volume V Surface V
EuMC03 # 54
The Stokes Theorem for Surfaces
EuMC03 # 55
The Stokes Theorem for Surfaces
EuMC03 # 56
The Stokes Theorem for Surfaces
EuMC03 # 57
The Stokes Theorem for Surfaces
Projection of the triangular surface element DA on the coordinate planes
yields DA
yz
, DA
zx
, and DA
xy
.
EuMC03 # 58
The Stokes Theorem for Surfaces
Inserting
into
yields
EuMC03 # 59
The Stokes Theorem for Surfaces
EuMC03 # 60
The Stokes Theorem for Volumes
EuMC03 # 61
The Stokes Theorem for Volumes
For V 0 this yields
EuMC03 # 62
The Stokes Theorem
Domains of integration Boundary
(b) Curve C Points 1 and 2
(c) Surface A Curve A
(d) Volume V Surface V
There is only one Stokes Theorem
for curves, surfaces and volumes
EuMC03 # 63
Local Form of Maxwells Equations
Ampres Law
Faradays Law
Magnetic Flux Continuity
Gauss Law
Exterior Dierential Forms in Teaching Electromagnetics 7
3 Maxwells Equations
3.1 Maxwells Equations in Integral Form
The integral form of Maxwells equations is given by:

A
H =
d
dt

A
D +

A
J , Amp eres Law (20)

A
E =
d
dt

A
B , Faradays Law (21)

V
B = 0 , Magnetic Flux Continuity (22)

V
D =

V
Q, Gauss Law (23)
We introduce the star operator or Hodge operator, dened by
f = f dx dy dz , (24a)
(A
x
dx +A
y
dy + A
z
dz) = A
x
dy dz +A
y
dz dx
+A
z
dx dy . (24b)
The star operator has the property
= 1 . (25)
The star operator allows to bring the constitutive equations into the form
D = E , (26)
B = H. (27)
3.2 Maxwells Equations in Local Form
Applying Stokes theorem to the integral form of Maxwells equations (20) to
(23) we obtain the dierential representation of Maxwells equations:
d H =
d
dt
D +J , Amp eres Law (28)
d E =
d
dt
B , Faradays Law (29)
d B = 0 , Magnetic Flux Continuity (30)
dD = Q, Gauss Law (31)
EuMC03 # 64
Maxwells Equations in Vector Notation and
Differential Form Notation
EuMC03 # 65
Frequency Domain Representation
with Phasors
Vectors Differential Forms
EuMC03 # 66
Maxwells Equations in the
Frequency Domain
Ampres Law
Faradays Law
Magnetic Flux Continuity
Gauss Law
EuMC03 # 67
Maxwells Equations in the
Frequency Domain
Ampres Law
Faradays Law
Complex permittivity:
Complex permeability:
EuMC03 # 68
Curvilinear Coordinates
It is one principal advantage of vector calculus and exterior calculus
that the equations defining and describing the properties may be
formulated without reference to a specific coordinate system.
We introduce an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system
The differentials dx, dy, dz and du, dv, dw are related by
EuMC03 # 69
Curvilinear Coordinates
The metric coefficients g
1
, g
2
, and g
3
are defined by
The unit one-forms s
1
, s
2
, and s
3
are defined by
For the curvilinear unit differentials the Hodge operator H is
EuMC03 # 70
Spherical Coordinates
EuMC03 # 71
Spherical Coordinates
Exterior derivative in general:
Exterior derivative of a zero-form:
Exterior derivative of a one-form:
Exterior derivative of a two-form:
EuMC03 # 72
Spherical Coordinates
The Laplace Operator applied to a zero-form:
The Laplace Operator applied to a one-form:
EuMC03 # 73
Surface Charge Density
Charge Form Surface Charge Form
8 Peter Russer
4 Surfaces and Boundaries
4.1 Surface Charge Density
We introduce an surface charge density
A
(Dimension [As/m
2
]). This means,
the innitely thin boundary surface contains a nite charge. Figure 4a shows
the geometric picture of a charge form Q and Figure 4b depicts the corre-
sponding surface charge form Q
A
Inserting this in Gauss law (23) yields We
Q
u
v
n
Q
A
(a) (b)
Fig. 4. (a) Charge form Q, (b) surface charge formQ
A
.
can describe the surface charge density by the surface charge dierential form
Q
A
=
A
s
1
s
2
. (32)
The surface charge density is related to the volume charge density via
Q = (n) n Q
A
, (33)
where n is the coordinate normal to the area and (n) is the delta distribution.
4.2 Surface Current Density
The surface current density form J
A
and the current density form J are
related via
J(u, v, n) = (n)n J
A
(u, v) . (34)
Figure 5 shows the geometric representation of the current density and the
surface current density. the current density form is a one-form. However, dif-
ferent from one-forms discussed up to now, the direction of integration is not
same as the direction of the eld but orthogonal to the corresponding eld
direction. We call such a one-form a twisted one-form. As symbol for a twisted
form we introduce a line with an arrow indicating the direction of integration
8 Peter Russer
4 Surfaces and Boundaries
4.1 Surface Charge Density
We introduce an surface charge density
A
(Dimension [As/m
2
]). This means,
the innitely thin boundary surface contains a nite charge. Figure 4a shows
the geometric picture of a charge form Q and Figure 4b depicts the corre-
sponding surface charge form Q
A
Inserting this in Gauss law (23) yields We
Q
u
v
n
Q
A
(a) (b)
Fig. 4. (a) Charge form Q, (b) surface charge formQ
A
.
can describe the surface charge density by the surface charge dierential form
Q
A
=
A
s
1
s
2
. (32)
The surface charge density is related to the volume charge density via
Q = (n) n Q
A
, (33)
where n is the coordinate normal to the area and (n) is the delta distribution.
4.2 Surface Current Density
The surface current density form J
A
and the current density form J are
related via
J(u, v, n) = (n)n J
A
(u, v) . (34)
Figure 5 shows the geometric representation of the current density and the
surface current density. the current density form is a one-form. However, dif-
ferent from one-forms discussed up to now, the direction of integration is not
same as the direction of the eld but orthogonal to the corresponding eld
direction. We call such a one-form a twisted one-form. As symbol for a twisted
form we introduce a line with an arrow indicating the direction of integration
EuMC03 # 74
Surface Current Density
Current Form Surface Current Form
8 Peter Russer
4 Surfaces and Boundaries
4.1 Surface Charge Density
We introduce an surface charge density
A
(Dimension [As/m
2
]). This means,
the innitely thin boundary surface contains a nite charge. Figure 4a shows
the geometric picture of a charge form Q and Figure 4b depicts the corre-
sponding surface charge form Q
A
Inserting this in Gauss law (23) yields We
Q
u
v
n
Q
A
(a) (b)
Fig. 4. (a) Charge form Q, (b) surface charge formQA.
can describe the surface charge density by the surface charge dierential form
Q
A
=
A
s
1
s
2
. (32)
The surface charge density is related to the volume charge density via
Q = (n) n Q
A
, (33)
where n is the coordinate normal to the area and (n) is the delta distribution.
4.2 Surface Current Density
The surface current density form J
A
and the current density form J are
related via
J(u, v, n) = (n)n J
A
(u, v) . (34)
Figure 5 shows the geometric representation of the current density and the
surface current density. the current density form is a one-form. However, dif-
ferent from one-forms discussed up to now, the direction of integration is not
same as the direction of the eld but orthogonal to the corresponding eld
direction. We call such a one-form a twisted one-form. As symbol for a twisted
form we introduce a line with an arrow indicating the direction of integration
EuMC03 # 75
Boundary Conditions
Exterior Dierential Forms in Teaching Electromagnetics 9
J
A
(a)
(b)
u
v
n
J
J
A
J
n
1
n
2
Fig. 5. (a) Current form J , (b) Surface current formJ
A
.
with thin lines to the side of the arrow indicating the direction of the surface
ux o w as depicted in Figure 5b.
If a current is o wing tangential to a surface, given by n =const., and if
the current is owing wthin a small intervall (n
1
, n
2
), as depicted in Figure 5a
we can approximate the current distribution by a surface current distribution
shown in Figure 5b. The surface current twisted one-form J
A
is obtained by
integrating the current two-form over the normal coordinate n fram n
1
to
n
2
. To integrata dierential form over a single coordinate we have rst to
bring the corresponding coosdinate dierential to the left. This follows from
the circumstance that the integration is the inverse operation to the exterior
derivative, and the exterior derivation attaches a coordinate dierential to the
left of a dierential form.
J
A
(u, v) =

n
2
n
1
J(u, v, n) . (35)
4.3 Boundary Conditions
Introducing the contraction A B of two dierential forms A and B by
s
i
s
j
=
ij
(36)
A (B C) = (A B) C + (1)
deg(A)
B (A C) (37)
we can bring the boundary conditions in an explicit form with respect to the
sources impressed in the boundaries. The symbol is named angle and the
contraction also is called angle product. The angle product has been introduced
by Burke [3]. We use the modied form given by Warnick [9].
We introduce the coordinate system (u, v, n) with the coordinates u and
v tangential to the surface and the coordinate n normal to the surface. The
corresponding normal 1-forms are
s
1
= g
1
du , s
2
= g
2
dv , n = g
3
dn (38)
Curved coordinate System
Contraction or edge product:
10 Peter Russer
The expression n (n U) lters the tangential component of U if U is a
one-form, and same operation lters the normal component of U if U is a
two-form. We obtain the tangential component E
t
of the one-form E and the
normal component D
n
of the two-form D by
E
t
= n (n E) = E
u
s
1
+E
v
s
2
,
D
n
= n (n D) = D
n
s
1
s
2
. (39)
The normal boundary conditions and the tangential boundary conditions ex-
hibit the same form:
n

n

B
(2)
B
(1)

= 0 , (40a)
n

n

D
(2)
D
(1)

= Q
A
, (40b)
n

n

H
(2)
H
(1)

= J
A
=

t
M
eA
, (40c)
n

n

E
(2)
E
(1)

=

t
M
mA
. (40d)
In the above notation we have brought tangential and normal boundary con-
ditions in an unied form.
5 Energy and Power
The electric and the magnetic energy densities are represented by the 3-forms
W
e
=
1
2
E D =
1
2
(E
x
D
x
+E
y
D
y
+E
z
D
z
) dx dy dz , (41)
W
m
=
1
2
H B =
1
2
(H
x
B
x
+ H
y
B
y
+ H
z
B
z
) dx dy dz . (42)
Figure 6 visualizes the exterior product of the eld one-form E and the ux
E
D
ED
Fig. 6. The exterior product of the eld form E and the ux density form D.
Unified representation of tangential and normal field components
EuMC03 # 76
Boundary Conditions
10 Peter Russer
The expression n (n U) lters the tangential component of U if U is a
one-form, and same operation lters the normal component of U if U is a
two-form. We obtain the tangential component E
t
of the one-form E and the
normal component D
n
of the two-form D by
E
t
= n (n E) = E
u
s
1
+E
v
s
2
,
D
n
= n (n D) = D
n
s
1
s
2
. (39)
The normal boundary conditions and the tangential boundary conditions ex-
hibit the same form:
n

n

B
(2)
B
(1)

= 0 , (40a)
n

n

D
(2)
D
(1)

= Q
A
, (40b)
n

n

H
(2)
H
(1)

= J
A
=

t
M
eA
, (40c)
n

n

E
(2)
E
(1)

=

t
M
mA
. (40d)
In the above notation we have brought tangential and normal boundary con-
ditions in an unied form.
5 Energy and Power
The electric and the magnetic energy densities are represented by the 3-forms
W
e
=
1
2
E D =
1
2
(E
x
D
x
+E
y
D
y
+E
z
D
z
) dx dy dz , (41)
W
m
=
1
2
H B =
1
2
(H
x
B
x
+ H
y
B
y
+ H
z
B
z
) dx dy dz . (42)
Figure 6 visualizes the exterior product of the eld one-form E and the ux
E
D
ED
Fig. 6. The exterior product of the eld form E and the ux density form D.
10 Peter Russer
The expression n (n U) lters the tangential component of U if U is a
one-form, and same operation lters the normal component of U if U is a
two-form. We obtain the tangential component E
t
of the one-form E and the
normal component D
n
of the two-form D by
E
t
= n (n E) = E
u
s
1
+E
v
s
2
,
D
n
= n (n D) = D
n
s
1
s
2
. (39)
The normal boundary conditions and the tangential boundary conditions ex-
hibit the same form:
n

n

B
(2)
B
(1)

= 0 , (40a)
n

n

D
(2)
D
(1)

= Q
A
, (40b)
n

n

H
(2)
H
(1)

= J
A
=

t
M
eA
, (40c)
n

n

E
(2)
E
(1)

=

t
M
mA
. (40d)
In the above notation we have brought tangential and normal boundary con-
ditions in an unied form.
5 Energy and Power
The electric and the magnetic energy densities are represented by the 3-forms
W
e
=
1
2
E D =
1
2
(E
x
D
x
+E
y
D
y
+E
z
D
z
) dx dy dz , (41)
W
m
=
1
2
H B =
1
2
(H
x
B
x
+ H
y
B
y
+ H
z
B
z
) dx dy dz . (42)
Figure 6 visualizes the exterior product of the eld one-form E and the ux
E
D
ED
Fig. 6. The exterior product of the eld form E and the ux density form D.
( )
( )
( )
( )
normal:
normal:
tangential:
tangential:
EuMC03 # 77
The Normal Boundary Conditions
EuMC03 # 78
The Tangential Boundary Conditions
EuMC03 # 79
The Boundary Conditions for Field in
Arbitrary Direction
EuMC03 # 80
Energy
10 Peter Russer
The expression n (n U) lters the tangential component of U if U is a
one-form, and same operation lters the normal component of U if U is a
two-form. We obtain the tangential component E
t
of the one-form E and the
normal component D
n
of the two-form D by
E
t
= n (n E) = E
u
s
1
+E
v
s
2
,
D
n
= n (n D) = D
n
s
1
s
2
. (39)
The normal boundary conditions and the tangential boundary conditions ex-
hibit the same form:
n

n

B
(2)
B
(1)

= 0 , (40a)
n

n

D
(2)
D
(1)

= Q
A
, (40b)
n

n

H
(2)
H
(1)

= J
A
=

t
M
eA
, (40c)
n

n

E
(2)
E
(1)

=

t
M
mA
. (40d)
In the above notation we have brought tangential and normal boundary con-
ditions in an unied form.
5 Energy and Power
The electric and the magnetic energy densities are represented by the 3-forms
W
e
=
1
2
E D =
1
2
(E
x
D
x
+E
y
D
y
+E
z
D
z
) dx dy dz , (41)
W
m
=
1
2
H B =
1
2
(H
x
B
x
+ H
y
B
y
+ H
z
B
z
) dx dy dz . (42)
Figure 6 visualizes the exterior product of the eld one-form E and the ux
E
D
ED
Fig. 6. The exterior product of the eld form E and the ux density form D.
EuMC03 # 81
Poyntings Theorem
12 Peter Russer
of Poyntings theorem:
d S =

t
W
e

t
W
m
P
L
+ P
0
. (51)
Figure 7 visualizes the Poynting two-form as the exterior product of the elec-
tric and magnetic eld one-forms E and H. The potential planes of the electric
and magnetic elds together formthe tubes of the Poynting form. The distance
of the elctric and magnetic potential planes exhibit the dimensions V and A
respectively. The cross sectional areas of the ux tubes have the dimension
VA. The power o ws through these Poynting ux tubes.
Integrating (51) over a volume V and transforming the integral over S
into a surface integral over the boundary V , we obtain the integral form of
Poyntings Theorem:

V
S =

V
P
0

d
dt

V
W
e

d
dt

V
W
m

V
P
L
. (52)
6 Field Theoretic Formulation of Tellegens Theorem
Figure 8 shows the segmentation of an electromagnetic structure into dier-
ent regions R
l
separated by boundaries B
lk
. The regions R
l
may contain any
electromagnetic substructure. In a network analogy the two-dimensional man-
ifold of all boundary surfaces B
lk
represents the connection circuit whereas the
subdomains V
l
are representing the circuit elements. Tellegens theorem states
Fig. 8. Segmentation of a closed structure.
fundamental relations between voltages and currents in a network and is of
considerable versatility and generality in network theory [10]. The eld form
12 Peter Russer
of Poyntings theorem:
d S =

t
W
e

t
W
m
P
L
+ P
0
. (51)
Figure 7 visualizes the Poynting two-form as the exterior product of the elec-
tric and magnetic eld one-forms E and H. The potential planes of the electric
and magnetic elds together formthe tubes of the Poynting form. The distance
of the elctric and magnetic potential planes exhibit the dimensions V and A
respectively. The cross sectional areas of the ux tubes have the dimension
VA. The power o ws through these Poynting ux tubes.
Integrating (51) over a volume V and transforming the integral over S
into a surface integral over the boundary V , we obtain the integral form of
Poyntings Theorem:

V
S =

V
P
0

d
dt

V
W
e

d
dt

V
W
m

V
P
L
. (52)
6 Field Theoretic Formulation of Tellegens Theorem
Figure 8 shows the segmentation of an electromagnetic structure into dier-
ent regions R
l
separated by boundaries B
lk
. The regions R
l
may contain any
electromagnetic substructure. In a network analogy the two-dimensional man-
ifold of all boundary surfaces B
lk
represents the connection circuit whereas the
subdomains V
l
are representing the circuit elements. Tellegens theorem states
Fig. 8. Segmentation of a closed structure.
fundamental relations between voltages and currents in a network and is of
considerable versatility and generality in network theory [10]. The eld form
Poynting differential form
Power added to the field by the impressed current
Power loss density
EuMC03 # 82
Poyntings Theorem
12 Peter Russer
of Poyntings theorem:
d S =

t
W
e

t
W
m
P
L
+ P
0
. (51)
Figure 7 visualizes the Poynting two-form as the exterior product of the elec-
tric and magnetic eld one-forms E and H. The potential planes of the electric
and magnetic elds together formthe tubes of the Poynting form. The distance
of the elctric and magnetic potential planes exhibit the dimensions V and A
respectively. The cross sectional areas of the ux tubes have the dimension
VA. The power o ws through these Poynting ux tubes.
Integrating (51) over a volume V and transforming the integral over S
into a surface integral over the boundary V , we obtain the integral form of
Poyntings Theorem:

V
S =

V
P
0

d
dt

V
W
e

d
dt

V
W
m

V
P
L
. (52)
6 Field Theoretic Formulation of Tellegens Theorem
Figure 8 shows the segmentation of an electromagnetic structure into dier-
ent regions R
l
separated by boundaries B
lk
. The regions R
l
may contain any
electromagnetic substructure. In a network analogy the two-dimensional man-
ifold of all boundary surfaces B
lk
represents the connection circuit whereas the
subdomains V
l
are representing the circuit elements. Tellegens theorem states
Fig. 8. Segmentation of a closed structure.
fundamental relations between voltages and currents in a network and is of
considerable versatility and generality in network theory [10]. The eld form
12 Peter Russer
of Poyntings theorem:
d S =

t
W
e

t
W
m
P
L
+ P
0
. (51)
Figure 7 visualizes the Poynting two-form as the exterior product of the elec-
tric and magnetic eld one-forms E and H. The potential planes of the electric
and magnetic elds together formthe tubes of the Poynting form. The distance
of the elctric and magnetic potential planes exhibit the dimensions V and A
respectively. The cross sectional areas of the ux tubes have the dimension
VA. The power o ws through these Poynting ux tubes.
Integrating (51) over a volume V and transforming the integral over S
into a surface integral over the boundary V , we obtain the integral form of
Poyntings Theorem:

V
S =

V
P
0

d
dt

V
W
e

d
dt

V
W
m

V
P
L
. (52)
6 Field Theoretic Formulation of Tellegens Theorem
Figure 8 shows the segmentation of an electromagnetic structure into dier-
ent regions R
l
separated by boundaries B
lk
. The regions R
l
may contain any
electromagnetic substructure. In a network analogy the two-dimensional man-
ifold of all boundary surfaces B
lk
represents the connection circuit whereas the
subdomains V
l
are representing the circuit elements. Tellegens theorem states
Fig. 8. Segmentation of a closed structure.
fundamental relations between voltages and currents in a network and is of
considerable versatility and generality in network theory [10]. The eld form
EuMC03 # 83
The Complex Poyntings Theorem
EuMC03 # 84
Tellegens Theorem
EuMC03 # 85
Poincars Lemma
A form Vfor which d V = 0 is said to be closed
A form Vfor which V= d Uis said to be exact.
A diffirential form is closed if and only if it ia exact
d d U = 0
In conventional vector notation this corresponds to
rot grad f = 0, div rot A = 0.
EuMC03 # 86
Electromagnetic Potentials
According to dB= 0, due to Poincars lemma the magnetic
flux density B may be represented as the exterior derivative of a
one-form A:
dB= 0 B= dA
The corresponding vector field A is called the magnetic
vector potential and A is called the magnetic vector potential
form.
EuMC03 # 87
Solenoidal Fields
Any two-form with a vanishing exterior derivative can be
expressed as the exterior derivative of a one-form.
Such a two-form describes a so-called solenoidal field.
Such a field has neither source nor sink of flux.
The flux tubes of a solenoidal field are continuous, neither
originating nor ending anywhere.
The flux tubes of B entering any closed surface must also
leave it.
EuMC03 # 88
Inserting
into
yields
Since the exterior derivative of the one-form inside the brackets
vanishes, due to Poincars lemma wemay express this one-form as
the exterior derivative of the scalar potential F and obtain
Electromagnetic Potentials
EuMC03 # 89
Irrotational Fields
A field that may be expressed as the exterior derivative of a scalar
potential only, for example = - d F, is called an irrotational field.
From Poincars Lemma and Stokes theorem we obtain
The circulation of an irrotational field around any closed path A is
identically zero. This implies that the line integral of an irrotational field
is independent from the chosen path.
Therefore an irrotational field is also called a conservative field.
E
EuMC03 # 90
The Wave Equations
Inserting and
into yields
Inserting
into yields
EuMC03 # 91
Gauge Transformation
The potentials and F are not defined in an unambiguous way.
Due to Poincars lemma, adding the exterior derivativeof a
zero-form Y to the vector potential does not influence the
magnetic induction .
The electric field also remains unchanged, if and F together
are transformed in the following way:
A
A
A
B
E
EuMC03 # 92
The Wave Equations
We can decouple these wave equations
by imposing the Lorentz condition
and obtain
EuMC03 # 93
The Laplace operator
We introduce the covariant derivative d
and with this the Laplace operator
~
Applying the Laplace operator to a zero-form F and a one-form A yields
EuMC03 # 94
The Wave Equations
With the Laplaplace operator we can put the wave equations
into the form
EuMC03 # 95
The Hertz Vector
The Lorentz condition
is fulfilled if F a A are derived from the electric Hertz differential form
EuMC03 # 96
The Hertz Vector
Inserting
into
and considering yields
EuMC03 # 97
The Hertz Vector
EuMC03 # 98
The Helmholtz Equation
EuMC03 # 99
The Principle of Duality
1 2
EuMC03 # 100
The Greens Function
To compute the electromagnetic field generated by
electric or magnetic polarizations impressed on surfaces
we have to solve the inhomogeneous Helmholtz' equations:
EuMC03 # 101
The Greens Function
To compute the field at a point x excited by a point-like source
located at x' we use the Green's double one-form
The Green's double form relates the observation space x to the source
space x'.
Primed and unprimed differentials dx
i
' and dx
j
commute, i.e., they may
be interchanged without changing the sign.
EuMC03 # 102
The Greens Function
EuMC03 # 103
The Greens Function
EuMC03 # 104
The Greens Function
EuMC03 # 105
The Hertzian Dipole
EuMC03 # 106
Far-Field of the Hertzian Dipole
EuMC03 # 107
Aperiodic Excitation of the Hertzian Dipole
EuMC03 # 108
Aperiodic Excitation of the Hertzian Dipole
EuMC03 # 109
Aperiodic Excitation of the Hertzian Dipole
Far-Field
EuMC03 # 110
Numerical Electromagnetics
For many electromagnetic structures, exact analytical solutions cannot be
found. Therefore it is necessary to consider numerical methods to obtain
approximate solutions of field problems.
EuMC03 # 111
The Method of Moments
The method of moments is a general concept allowing the expansion
of the field solutions into a set of basis functions.
In this way the electromagnetic field problem is transformed into a
problem described by a linear system of algebraic equations.
The linear system of equations relates the coefficients of the series
expansion of the electric field with the coefficients of the series
expansions of the magnetic field.
Formally the expansion coefficients of electric and magnetic fields
can be interpreted as generalized voltages and currents respectively,
and the coefficient matrix of the linear system of equations as a
generalized impedance matrix or admittance matrix.
We therefore may interpret the application of the MoM as the
transformation of a field problem into a network problem.
EuMC03 # 112
The Integral Equation Method
EuMC03 # 113
The Integral Equation Method
EuMC03 # 114
The Integral Equation for the Linear Antenna
Pocklingtons Integral equation in the Richmond form:
EuMC03 # 115
The Transmission Line Matrix Method
The transmission line matrix (TLM) method is a space- and time discretizing
method of electromagnetic field computation.
Originally TLM is based on the analogy between the electromagnetic field and a
mesh of transmission lines.
EuMC03 # 116
The Transmission Line Matrix Method
k...discretized time
EuMC03 # 117
The Transmission Line Matrix Method
k...discretized time
EuMC03 # 118
The Transmission Line Matrix Method
k...discretized time
EuMC03 # 119
The Transmission Line Matrix Method
k...discretized time
| b >
k+1
= S | a >
k
EuMC03 # 120
Conclusion
Exterior calculus provides an ideal framework for teaching
electromagnetics.
It yields a clear and easy representation of the theory and
throws light upon the physics behind the formalism.
Rules for computation follow in a most natural way from the
notation.
The translation of formulae from the differentional form
notation to conventional vector notation not only is easy but
also supports understanding of conventional vector notation.
Differential form notation is inherently fully covariant and
simplifies dealing with curved coordinate systems.
LITERATURE
A detailed treatment of electromagnetics based on exterior calculus with application to microwave circuits
and antennas is presented in [1]. Further textbooks on electromagnetics based on exterior calculus include [2]
and [3]. The use of differential forms as a tool for teaching electromagnetics is discussed in [4]. The exterior
differential form calculus and its application to eld theory is treated in a number of textbooks [514].
A historical survey over the development of the electromagnetic theory is presented in [15]. Concern-
ing the history of exterior calculus the reader is referred also to the original work of Hermann G unter Grass-
mann [16] and

Elie Cartan [17].
Methods for numerical electromagnetic eld modeling are treated in [1820]. The method of moments
(MoM) plays a crucial role in numerical electromagnetics [2123]. The integral equation (IE) method introduces
the far-eld interaction via Greens functions and may reduce the dimension of the eld problem [23, 24]. The
Greens double one-form is discussed in [25, 26]. The application the integral equation method in connection
with the method of moments to determine the current distribution on a linear antenna is treated in [2730]. The
transmission line matrix (TLM) method introduced by Johns [31] allows one to model complex electromagnetic
structures. Detailed treatments of the TLM method are given in [3237].
REFERENCES
[1] P. Russer, Electromagnetics, Microwave Circuit and Antenna Design for Communications Engineering.
Boston: Artech House, 2003.
[2] K. Meetz and W. Engl, Elektromagnetische Felder. Berlin: Springer, 1979.
[3] W. Thirring, Lehrbuch der Mathematischen Physik, vol. 2. Wien: Springer, 1978.
[4] K. F. Warnick, R. Selfridge, and D. Arnold, Teaching electromagnetic eld theory using differential
forms, IEEE Trans. Education, vol. 40, pp. 5368, Feb. 1997.
[5] H. Flanders, Differential Forms. New York: Academic Press, 1963.
[6] H. Cartan, Formes diff erentielles. Paris: Hermann, 1967.
[7] E. Heil, Differentialformen. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut, 1970.
[8] Y. Choquet-Bruhat, C. de Witt-Morette, and M. Dillard-Bleck, Analysis, Manifolds and Physics. Amster-
dam: North-Holland, 1977.
[9] B. F. Schutz, Geometrical Methods of Mathematical Physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1980.
[10] R. Abraham, J. E. Marsden, and T. Ratiu, Manifolds, Tensor Analysis and Applications. London: Addison-
Wesley, 1983.
[11] W. L. Burke, Applied Differential Geometry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
[12] P. Bamberg and S. Sternberg, A Course in Mathematics for Students in Physics 2. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1990.
[13] T. Frankel, The Geometry of Physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
[14] S. Weintraub, Differential Forms - A Complement to Vector Calculus. New York: Academic Press, 1997.
[15] R. S. Elliott, Electromagnetics - History, Theory, and Applications. New York: IEEE Press, 1991.
[16] L. K. H. Grassmann, A New Branch of Mathematics: The Ausdehnungslehre of 1844 and Other Works.
Chicago: Open Court Publishing, 1995.
[17] E. Cartan, Les syst` emes diff erentielles ext erieurs. Paris: Hermann, 1945.
[18] T. Itoh, Numerical Techniques for Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Passive Structures. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, 1989.
[19] R. Sorrentino, Numerical Methods for Passive Microwave and Millimeter Wave Structures. IEEE Press,
1989.
[20] E. Yamashita, Analysis Methods for Electromagnetic Wave Problems. Boston, London: Artech House,
1990.
[21] R. F. Harrington, Matrix methods for eld problems, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 55, pp. 136149,
Feb. 1967.
[22] R. F. Harrington, Field Computation by Moment Methods,. San Francisco: IEEE Press, 1968.
[23] J. J. Wang, Generalized Moment Methods in Electromagnetics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
[24] J. Mosig, Integral equation technique, in Numerical Techniques for Microwave and Millimeter Wave
Passive Structures (T. Itoh, ed.), pp. 1331213, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989.
[25] G. de Rham, Differentiable Manifolds. New York: Springer, 1984.
[26] K. F. Warnick and D. Arnold, Electromagnetic Green functions using differential forms, J. Electromagn.
Waves and Appl., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 427438, 1996.
[27] J. D. Kraus, Antennas. New York: McGraw Hill, 1988.
[28] W. Stutzman and G. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981.
[29] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982.
[30] F. Landstorfer and R. Sacher, Optimisation of Wire Antennas. New York: Letchworth, Research Studies
Press Ltd, Wiley, 1990.
[31] P. Johns and R. Beurle, Numerical solution of 2-dimensional scattering problems using a transmission-
line matrix, Proc. IEE, vol. 118, pp. 12031208, Sept. 1971.
[32] W. Hoefer, The transmission line matrix method-theory and applications, IEEE Trans. Microwave
Theory Techn., vol. 33, pp. 882893, Oct. 1985.
[33] W. Hoefer, The transmission line matrix (TLM) method, in Numerical Techniques for Microwave and
Millimeter Wave Passive Structures (T. Itoh, ed.), pp. 496591, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989.
[34] C. Christopoulos, The Transmission-Line Modeling Method TLM. New York: IEEE Press, 1995.
[35] P. Russer, The transmission line matrix method, in Applied Computational Electromagnetics, NATO ASI
Series, pp. 243269, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Springer, 2000.
[36] C. Christopoulos and P. Russer, Application of TLM to microwave circuits, in Applied Computa-
tional Electromagnetics, NATO ASI Series, pp. 300323, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England:
Springer, 2000.
[37] C. Christopoulos and P. Russer, Application of TLM to EMC problems, in Applied Computational Elec-
tromagnetics, NATO ASI Series, pp. 324350, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Springer,
2000.
Electromagnetics, Microwave Circuit and Antenna
Design for Communications Engineers
ISBN 1-58053-532-1
Peter Russer
Approx. 460 pages.
Available October 2003
If youre looking for a clear, comprehensive overview of basic electromag-
netics principles and applications to antenna and microwave circuit design
for communications, this authoritative book is your best choice. Including
concise explanations of all required mathematical concepts needed to fully
comprehend the material, the book is your complete resource for under-
standing electromagnetics in current, emerging and future broadband
communication systems, as well as high-speed analogue and digital elec-
tronic circuits and systems.
From electromagnetic wave propagation, electromagnetic interference,
and transmission lines and waveguides, to linear multiports, microwave
circuits and antennas, you get expert guidance in a wide range of key
areas to help you solve design problems in communications engineering.
Supported with over 200 illustrations and 900 equations, there is no other
book currently available that explains electromagnetics in such an easy-
to-understand manner.
Contents:
Introduction.
Basic Electromagnetics - The Electromagnetic Field Concept. Field
Intensities. Current and Flux Densities. The Charge Density. The Maxwell
Puzzle. The Integral Form of Maxwells Equations. The Plane
Electromagnetic Wave. The Wave Equation. The Polarization of
Electromagnetic Waves. The Kirchhoff Laws. The Differential Form of
Maxwells Equations. Fields in Curved Coordinate Systems. Differential
Forms for Curved Coordinate Systems. Spherical Waves. Cylindrical
Waves. Boundary Conditions.
Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields - Frequency Domain
Representation of Electromagnetic Fields. Fourier Analysis and Synthesis.
Maxwells Equations in Frequency Domain.
Concepts, Methods and Theorems - The Poyntings Theorem. The
Tellegens Theorem. The Electromagnetic Potentials. The Reciprocity
Theorem. The Principle of Duality. Sources of the Electromagnetic Field.
The Huygens Principle. The Helmholtz Equation. TM and TE Waves.
Static and Stationary Fields - Capacitance and Inductance. Capacitive and
Inductive Coupling of Conductors. Modeling of Electromagnetic Coupling in
Circuits.
Surface Waves-Transverse Magnetic Surface Waves. Surface Currents in
Conductors. The Skin Effect. Induced Surface Currents.
Transmission Lines and Waveguides - Phase and Group Velocity.
Evaluation of the Field Components. Transverse Electromagnetic
Waveguides. Rectangular Waveguides. Circular Waveguides. Planar
Waveguides. Strip Lines. Microstrip Lines. Coplanar Lines. Slot Lines.
Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers.
The Transmission Line Equations - Generalized Voltages and Currents.
Solution of the Transmission Line Equations. Wave Amplitudes. Reflection
Coefficient and Smith Diagram.
Resonant Circuits and Resonators - The Linear Passive One-port. Resonant
Circuits. The Transmission Line Resonator. Cavity Resonators. Coupling of
Resonant Circuits and Resonators.
Microwave Circuits - Linear Multiports. Source Free Linear Multiports. The
Matrix Representations of Multiports. Power Properties of Linear Source-
Free Multiports. Reciprocal Multiports. Symmetry Properties of Waveguide
Junctions. The S Matrix Representation of Circuits with General Topology.
Antennas - Greens Function. The Hertz Dipole. Linear Antennas. The Loop
Antenna. Receiving Antennas. Antenna Gain and Antenna Area. Antenna
Arrays. Aperture Antennas. Broadband Antennas. Planar Antennas.
Conformal Antennas.
Computer Aided Design of Microwave Circuits and Antennas - Overview
over Numerical Methods for EM Modeling. CAD Tools for Modeling of
Microwave Circuits and Antennas.
Peter Russer is a Professor and Head of the Institute for High Frequency
Engineering at Technische Universitt Mnchen in Germany. He is a Fellow
of the IEEE. He received his Dipl.-Ing. and Dr. techn. degrees in Electrical
Engineering from the Vienna University of Technology.