By: Jacqueline Munroe

EDPS 650
Parental Responsiveness
Parental Demandingness
Parenting Styles
When Parenting Styles Differ
Authoritarian Parenting and Social Emotional
Functioning
Authoritative Parenting and Social Emotional
Functioning
Emotional Autonomy
Why Authoritarian Parenting is Successful
Conclusion







- Baumrind (1971)

socializing child to conform to the necessary
demands of others while maintaining a sense
of personal integrity was the key
element of the parental role

(Darling & Steinberg, p. 489).

According to Beaumrind (1991; as cited in
Darling, 1999 )

-revolves around control (teach/influence) of
children

-can show variations of responsiveness or
demandingness


Baumrind,1991; as cited in Darling, 1999


emotional
supportiveness




Maccoby & Martin, 1983; as cited in Darling & Steinberg

Baumrind, 1991; as cited in Darling, 1999

Presence of Absence of

smiling -harsh tone
warmth -physical
communication intrusion

Darling & Steinberg, 1993; as cited in Landry,
2007

-Behavioural control

-Attempts to integrate child into the whole family

-Disciplinary efforts

-Will confront a child who
does not obey




Maccoby & Martin, 1983; as cited in Darling & Steinberg

Beaumrind, 1991; as cited in Darling, 1999
Is parents
attempt to act
as an agent of
socialization for
their child
More Responsive More Demanding
Indulgent=avoid confrontation, are
lenient, do not demand mature
behaviour, are more responsive
Authoritarian=highly demanding,
highly directive, low in
responsiveness

Authoritative=sufficient control and
responsiveness, therefore,
both responsive and demanding

Authoritative=both demanding
and responsive
Uninvolved= low in responsiveness Uninvolved= low in
demandingness
Baumrind, 1991; as cited in Darling, 1999







Power assertion linked to
fear, anxiety, and frustration

Child adjustment problems



Chen, Dong, Zhou, 1997


Employ power-
assertive and punitive
strategies, emphasis
on obedience
Lower self esteem, self-
oriented
Little explanation,
guidance, or
emotional support
Employ
inductive/supportive
techniques

Prosocial behaviour









Reasonable expectations
are easy to follow and accept
Parents provide good models
nurturing behaviour
Positive effects in white, rather
than non-white youth

Chen, Dong, Zhou, 1997
Gray, 1999

Explanation

Guidance

Communication
Occurs infrequently

Those with similar values are more likely to
marry

Parents influence one another

75% mothers and fathers are in agreement

Baumrind, 1991; as cited in Steinberg 2001
Having 1 authoritative parent is better than
having none
While parental consistency is important in
childhood, it seems that having one authoritative
parent is adolescence shows similar effects as
having two
Greatest negative psychosocial effects are shown
even when parents agree on parenting style, but
lean towards permissive, authoritarian, or
uninvolved styles

Steinberg, 2001
Fathers Authoritarian
Style
Mothers Authoritarian
Style
Significantly and negatively
correlated with sociability-
competence and shyness
Significantly and negatively
correlated with sociability
competence and shyness in girls,
not boys
Fathers Authoritative Style Mothers Authoritative
Style
Significantly and positively
correlated with sociability
competence
Significantly and positively
correlated with sociability
competence

Chen, Dong, Zhou, 1997
Consistent characteristics throughout
development with one exception in adolescent
years

psychological autonomy granting




Steinberg, 1990; as cited
in Steinberg 2001

Beyers & Goosens (1999)

Psychoanalytic theory of emotional autonomy
results in ego maturation

Emotional Autonomy Scale-non dependency,
individuation, parental de-idealization, and
seeing parents as people

Adolescents rated their parents on parenting
style



Authoritativeness associated with
psychosocial adjustment (greater
self reliance, less internal distress)

Therefore, an interaction between parenting
quality and adolescent autonomy exists

Beyers & Goosens,1999
To measure authoritativeness, a weighted
sum of involvement, monitoring, low
psychological control was created, leading to
a continuous measure
Authoritativeness had a positive direct effect
and negative indirect effect on self-reliance
Could use qualitatively different parenting
styles (i.e.Baumrind, 1971)

Beyers & Goosens, 1999




1) Child is more receptive to parental influence
due to nurturance and consistent involvement.

2) Support and structure lead to development of
self-regulatory skills

3) Frequent verbal exchanges lead to social
competence.

4) If encouraged to cultivate autonomy, peer
social interactions are more positive
Steinberg, 2001


Focus on white, middle class
African Americans and Asian American have
in the past, shown to fare better in
psychosocial development in authoritarian
households.
Yet, further review suggests African American
teens, and Asian American (lesser extent)
simply are less negatively affected by
authoritarian parenting.

Benefits of authoritative parenting seems to
overcome SES, ethnicity, family composition
Regardless of race, parents marital status, or social
status, adolescents fare better psychosocially when
exposed to authoritative parenting practices and
confirmed in various countries (China, Hong Kong,
Scotland, Australia).
Minority children raised in authoritative homes show
better psychosocial development and decreased
internalized distress
Same authoritative characteristics hold true for
teachers and principals

(Steinberg, 2001).

In present day, Western Society, clearly,
authoritative parenting positively influences
social emotional development (self control, pro
social behaviour, self confidence) .
However, steps for the future must focus on how
parents can develop the characteristics required
in authoritative parenting and ensuring parents,
that even in adolescents, what they do does
impact their child's development.

(Steinberg, 2001)
-Since we know what effective parenting
looks like, the next step as educators or
psychologists should be to somehow get the
information across to parents. Suggests a
`systematic, large scale, public health
campaign to educate parents`` (Steinberg,
2001,p.16) as `the wealth of scientific
knowledge generated over the past quarter
century has provided the scientific foundation
to realize this important goal`` (Steinberg,
2001,p. 16)

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Chen, X., Dong, Q., & Zhou, H. (1997). Authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices and social

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bulletin, 113, 487-487.

Darling, N. (1999). ED427896 1999-03-00 Parenting Style and Its Correlates. ERIC Digest.


Gray, M. R., & Steinberg, L. (1999). Unpacking authoritative parenting: Reassessing a multidimensional

construct. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 574-587.



Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., & Swank, P. R. (2006). Responsive parenting: Establishing early foundations

for social, communication, and independent problem-solving skills. Developmental

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Cambridge University Press.

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