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CHAPTER 7: STATISTICS

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Ungrouped Data Ungrouped Data
(in a Frequency Table)
Grouped Data

Data sets which are not
grouped into classes.

Example:

The masses of six pupils in
kilogram:
50, 52, 59, 60, 53, 59.




Data sets which are not grouped
into classes but are presented in
Frequency Table.
Example:
Number of
Books Read
Number of
Students
0 5
1 6
2 8
3 4
4 2

Data sets which are grouped
into classes and presented in
Frequency Table.
Example:
Number of
Books Read
Number of
Students
0 1 11
2 - 3 12
4 - 5 15
6 - 7 8
8 - 9 7

Mode = The value which is
repeated the most number of
times in a set of data.

Example:
Mode of the masses of six
pupils in kilogram:; 50, 52, 59,
60, 53, 59.

Mode = 59

Mode = The value of data which
has the highest frequency.








Modal Class = The class with
highest frequency.
Mode is obtained from the
highest bar of a histogram with
the procedure as shown below.
frequency Modal class







mode
Mean,

x
= sum of all the values of
data.
N = number of values of data.
Mean,

x = value of data
f = frequency
Mean,

x = class mid-point
f = frequency



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56 =
+
2
59 53
Median, m = the value in the
middle position of a set of
data after the data are
arranged in ascending order.
Example:
The median of the masses of
six pupils in kilogram:

50, 52, 53, 59, 59, 60.
Median =
Median, m = the value in the
middle position of a set of data
after the data are arranged in
ascending order.
Median, m = Lm +
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

m f
F
2
N
c
Lm = lower boundary of the
median class.
N = sum of frequency.
F = cumulative frequency of
the
class before the median
class.
fm = frequency of the median
class
c = size of the median class.


EFFECTS OF UNIFORM CHANGES IN A SET OF DATA ON THE MODE, MEAN AND MEDIAN:

1. When a constant number k is added or subtracted to each data in a set, then
* the new mode = original mode k
* the new mean = original mean k
* the new median = original median k
2. When a constant number k is multiplied to each data in a set, then
* the new mode = k x original mode.
* the new mean = k x original mean.
* the new median = k x original median.


Exercise 7.1

1. Find the mode, mean and median of the following sets of ungrouped data.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

2. Find the mode, mean and median of the following sets of ungrouped data.

(a)
Pocket money (RM), x 25 30 35 40 45 50
Total

Number of Students,
f
2 4 4 6 5 5
Cumulative
frequency, F








mode =

mean, x =

median =



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3. Determine the modal class of each of the following grouped data.



(i) Modal class =

(ii) On a graph paper and by using a
scale of 2 cm to 5 unit on x-axis and 2 cm
to 2 units on frequency, f axis, draw a
histogram of the grouped data. Hence,
from the graph, estimate the mode of the
data.






(i) Modal class =

(ii) On a graph paper and by using a
scale of 2 cm to 5 unit on x-axis and 2 cm
to 2 units on frequency, f axis, draw a
histogram of the grouped data. Hence,
from the graph, estimate the mode of the
data.





(b)
Marks,
x
No. Pupils,
f
fx F
0 3

1 8

2 6

3 4

4 3

5 1

f fx=


(c)
No. Goals,
x
No.
Players, f
fx F
3 12

4 10

5 9

6 7

7 5





(d)
Score,
x
No. pupils,
f
fx F
8 4

9 8

12 11

15 10

20 5

21 2




(a)
Height /
cm,
x
No.pupils,
f
LB UB
141 145 7
146 150 9
151 155 16
156 160 6
161 165 2

(b)
Marks, x No.pupils, f LB UB
20 29 2
30 39 5
40 49 7
50 59 10
60 69 6

(e)
Marks, x
No. of
Sudents, f
fx F
13 6

14 8

15 12

16 10

17 5

18 3







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4. Find the mean of each grouped data of the following.


(a)
Height /
cm,
No. pupils,
f
Mid-point, x fx
141 145 7

146 150 9

151 155 16

156 160 6

161 165 2


f =

fx=


(b)
Marks
Number of
pupils, f
x fx
20 -29 2

30 39 4

40 49 5

50 59 10

60 69 6

70 79 3

f =

fx=


(c)
Mass / kg
No. of
pupils, f

30 39 8

40 49 10

50 59 7

60 69 15

70 79 10




(d) The table below shows the duration of telephone calls received in an office on a certain day
for 40 calls. Determine the mean of the duration of calls.

Duration of
Calls /
minutes
No. of
Calls, f



1 3 2


4 6 4


7 10 5


11 13 10


14 17 6








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5. For each of the following sets of data, without drawing an ogive, calculate the median
of the set of data.

(a)
Height /
cm,
Number of
pupils, f


141 145 7


146 150 9


151 155 16


156 160 6


161 165 2


(b) Marks, x
No. of
pupils, f


20 29 2


30 39 4


40 49 5


50 59 10


60 69 6


70 799 3


(c)
Mass /
kg
Number of
pupils


30 39 8


40 49 10


50 59 8


60 69 14


70 79 10


(d) The table below shows the duration of telephone calls received in an office on a certain day
for 40 calls. Without drawing an ogive, determine the median of the duration of calls.

Duration
of Calls /
min
Number
of Calls

2 3 9

4 5 12

6 7 10

8 9 7

10 11 2






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OGIVE
- An ogive is a statistical graph which is drawn of cumulative frequency of a set of
grouped data against its frequency class of upper boundary.
- An ogive can be used to estimate the median, m, first quartile, Q1 and third quartile,
Q3 of the grouped data.

Cumulative frequency, F



4
N 3
N = Sum of frequency

2
N
Q1 = First quartile
m = Median

4
N
Q3 = Third quartile
Upper boundary
Q1m Q3

- To draw an ogive, a Cumulative Frequency & Upper Boundary table has to be built.
- A class with zero frequency and its upper boundary also need to be created.
Example:











A graph is then plotted with its cumulative frequency against upper boundary to give
an ogive.

Exercise 7.2

1. The table below shows marks scored by 30 pupils in a test. Draw an ogive, hence
determine the median, m, first quartile, Q1, and third quartile, Q3 of the test.













Mass / kg
Frequency,
f
Cumulative
frequency, F
Upper
boundary
20 29 0 0 29.5
30 39 8 8 39.5
40 49 10 18 49.5
50 59 8 26 59.5
60 69 14 40 69.5
70 79 10 50 79.5

Marks
Number of
pupils, f
F UB


20 29 2

30 39 4

40 49 5

50 59 10

60 69 6

70 79 3




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Exercise 7.3

1 The mode, mean and median of a set of numbers are 6, 8.5 and 7.8 respectively.
Determine the new mode, mean and median if each of the numbers in the set is;
(i) added by 3 and then divided by 2.
(ii) subtracted by 5 and then multiplied by 4.

2 The mode, mean and median of a set of data are 32.5, 30 and 31.5 respectively. Find the new
mode, mean and median if each value in the data is;
(i) added by 3 and then multiplied by

,
(ii) subtracted by 1.2.

3 A set of data with 6 numbers has a mean of 21. When a new number is added to the set, the
mean becomes 20. Find the value of the number added.










































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MEASURES OF DISPERSION

Ungrouped Data
Ungrouped Data
(in a Frequency Table)
Grouped Data
Range = largest value
smallest value of data.
Range = largest value
smallest value of data.
Range = midpoint of the higest
class midpoint of
the lowest class.
Inter quartile range
= Q3 Q1
Inter quartile range
= Q3 Q1
Inter quartile range
= Q3 Q1
Variance,

where;

= sum of square of the

values of data.
N = number of value of data

x
= mean

Variance,

where;
f = frequency.
x = value of data.
x
= mean
Variance,

where;
f = frequency.
x = class midpoint.
x
= mean

Standard deviation,

Standard deviation,

Standard deviation,

Effects of uniform changes in a set of data on the range, inter quartile range, variance and
standard deviation.
1. When a constant number k is added or subtracted to each data in a set, then
* the new range, interquartile range, variance and standard deviation = original range range,
interquartile range, variance and standard deviation
respectively.
2. When a constant number k is multiplied to each data in a set, then
* the new range = k x original range.
* the new interquartile range = k x original interquartile range..
* the new variance = k
2
x original variance.
* the new standard deviation = k x original standard deviation.



















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Exercise 7.4

1. Find the range and inter quartile range of each set of the following data.
(a) 46, 35, 41, 40, 32, 38, 44, 40
(b) 17, 4, 6, 10, 12, 12
(c ) 22, 20, 25, 19, 24
(d) 3, 12, 8, 4, 10, 6, 7















































(e)
Score
No. of
Pupils, f
F

1 3
2 6
3 12
4 20
5 18
6 11

(f)
Mass /
kg
No. of
pupils


50 2
51 3
52 10
53 20
54 8
55 7

(g)
No. of
book
No. of
pupils


0 10
1 14
2 20
3 26
4 18
5 12



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5. The table below shows the number of chicken sold over a period of 60 days.

No. of
chickens, x
No. of days,
f





11 15 11


16 20 16


21 25 19


26 30 8


31 35 6


(a) Find the range of incomes of the workers.
(b) Calculate the first quartile, Q1,, the third quartile, Q3 and the inter quartile range.
(c) Draw an ogive, hence determine the first quartile, Q1,,third quartile, Q3 and the
inter quartile range from the ogive.



Exercise 7.5

1. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of each set of the following data.

(a) 9, 5, 3, 3, 7, 13, 9
(b) 2, 8, 11, 9, 6, 5, 12, 11
(c) 3, 4, 11, 3, 10, 11, 2, 3, 7

2. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of each of the following data.

(a)
Score,
x
No. of
pupils, f



1 3

2 6

3 12

4 20

5 18

6 11





(b)
No. of
book
No. of
pupils



0 10

1 14

2 20

3 26

4 18

5 12






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(d)
No.
of
children
No. of
family



0 1

1 2

2 8

3 2

4 1

5 1







Exercise 7.6

1. The table below shows the duration of telephone calls received in an office on a certain
day for 40 calls. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of the duration of
calls.





















(c)
Mass /
kg
No. of
pupils



50 2

51 3

52 10

53 20

54 8

55 7



Duration
of Calls /
min
Number
of Calls

2 3 9

4 5 12

6 7 10

8 9 7

10 11 2






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2. The table below shows marks scored by 30 pupils in a test. Find the mean, variance and
standard deviation of the test.














3. The table below shows the lengths of 60 mature long beans in a field study. Find the
mean, variance and standard deviation of the lengths of the beans.

Length /
cm
Number
of Beans

10 14 8

15 19 15

20 24 19

25 29 13

30 34 5





Exercise 7.7

1 The range and the variance of a set of data are 12 and 13 respectively. Each value in the
set of data is multiplied by 3 and then subtracted by 5. Find
(a) the new range,
(b) the new variance

2 A set of data has a range of 30, an inter quartile range of 5 and a standard deviation of 8.
Each value in the set of the data is divided by 4 and then added by 3. Find
(a) the new range,
(b) the new inter quartile range,
(c) the new standard deviation.











Marks
Number of
pupils

20 29 2

30 39 4

40 49 5

50 59 10

60 - 69 6

70 - 79 3






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Problem solving questions

1 Given the mode and the mean of the following set of data, 9, p, 14, q, 33, q are 33 and 20
respectively. Determine the values of p and q.

2 The median of the set data 4, 5, 6, 8, k, 9, is 7. Determine the value of k.

3 A set of data has seven numbers. Its mean is 9. If a number p is added to the set, the new
mean is 12. What is the possible value of p?

4 A set of data x1, x2, x3, x4, x5 has a mean of 10 and a variance of 4. A value of x 6 is added to
the set of data, the mean remains unchanged. Determine
(a) the value of x6,
(b) the variance of the new set of data.

5 A set of data consists of 6 numbers. The sum of the numbers is 39 and the sum of the
squares is 271.
(a) Find the mean and variance of the set of data.
(b) If a number 5 is taken out from the set of data, find the new mean and standard
deviation of the new data.