Introduction to PSCAD and

Applications
Training Course Presented by the Manitoba
HVDC Research Centre
Course Date:
Location:
Lead Instructor:
1 / 73
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.
244 Cree Crescent
Winnie!" Manitoba" Canada R3# 3W1
$ 2%4 &'& 124% ( 2%4 &'& 1277
sa)es*scad.co+ ,,,.h-dc.ca
PSCAD GETTIG!STARTED
T"T#RIA$S
Getting Started and %asic &eatures
.reared b/: Dharshana Muthu+uni
Date: 0u!ust 2%%1
Re-ision: 3
Date: March12" 2%%7
2 / 73
Getting Started ! Tutorial '
#b(ecti)e*s+,
2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith .4C0D.
2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith di33erent sections o3 the Master Librar/.
Di33erent ,a/s to access the +aster )ibrar/.
Creatin! a si+)e case.
Data entr/.
.)ottin! and contro).
Interacti-e contro)s.
T'-' Create a ne, case b/ usin! either the Menu or Toolbar. 0 ne, case shou)d aear
in the Workspace settings entit)ed noname [psc]. Ri!ht5c)ic6 on this Wor6sace settin!s
entr/ and se)ect 4a-e 0s7 and !i-e the case a na+e.
89$:: Do not use any spaces in the name!
Create a 3o)der ca))ed c,../PscadTraining/Tutorial01'- 4a-e the case as case01.psc
T'-2 9en the +ain a!e o3 /our ne, case. ;ui)d a case to stud/ the inrush heno+ena
,hen ener!i<in! a trans3or+er. $he co+onent data is as sho,n. $he trans3or+er is rated
==/12.47 6V.
BRK
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Open@t0
I
a
66 kV,60 Hz Source
Z ! "#$O%m& ' ()#)* deg
Z0 ! +,#$) O%m& ' *0#,6 deg
-.- Tran&/ormer
(#) 0V1
Z ! 6#+, 2
3u44 4oad 4o&& ! 0#"2
5o 4oad 4o&& ! 0#)2
5o 4oad current + 2
6
+
6
7
B
R
K
+
e
6
8966
66 kV B:S
R
L
R
R
L
(i!.1 $rans3or+er ener!i<in! circuit.
3 / 73
T'-3 .)ot the currents >Ia? and -o)ta!es >:@==? on the HV side o3 the trans3or+er. ote,
Ia and :a contains the three ,a-e3or+s o3 the three hases.
(i!.2 ;asic stes to create a !rah ,ith a se)ected si!na).
T'-4 $he LV side o3 the trans3or+er is not connected to a )oad or an/ other s/ste+
eAui+ent. $he brea6er is c)osed at %.1 s to ener!i<e the trans3or+er == 6V side.
Inrush is re)ated to core saturation. Veri3/ that saturation is inc)uded in the +ode) used 3or
this si+u)ation.
0s6 /our instructor to eB)ain the )ar!e resistance connected to the HV side.
Inrush current +a!nitude deends on the Coint on ,a-eD s,itchin! conditions. Ese a
+anua) s,itch to oerate the brea6er. 8ote the oint on ,a-e deendenc/ o3 the inrush
ea6.
4 / 73
BRK
0ain ###
BRK9;ontro4
+
; O
(i!.3 $,o state s,itch attached to a contro) ane).
T'-5 Modi3/ the case to inc)ude a 12.47 6V/%.1 MV0 >Wound rotor t/e? induction
+achine. $his case ,i)) be used to stud/ the rocess o3 startin! an Induction +otor. $he
co+onent data is as sho,n.
;apacitor
*00 KVar& per p%a&e
,0#$, <u3=
B
9
m
o
t
85,*, 3eeder
*+m :'>
),m OH
?
I
;
O
:
?
L
8
@
S
8
;
T
I
O
5
S%ort 4ine o/ (#, km
Z ! 0#7 8., A0#" 8." O%m&'m
Z0 ! 0#" 8." A0#+ 8.7 O%m&'m
:&e de/au4t Ba4ue& /or t%e capacitance&
0
#
0
0
#
0
TI5
C
7
D
E
0#* TI5
8
m
o
t
0ec%anica4 TorFue
T%i& G4ock mode4& t%e mec%anica4
c%aracteri&tic& o/ a tHpica4 4oad#
)00 kV1Induction mac%ine#
SFuerrie4 ;age THpe#
+"#* kVIL.LJ (#6$( kV
I?%a&eJ
Irated ! 0#07*0, <k1=
Inertia ! 0#(76( <&=
Stator re&i&tance ! 0#00) ?:
Rotor Re&i&tance ! 0#00*
?:
B9mot
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Open@t0
,7#) <uH=
8trB
ST
L
5
I

0
D
0#00+
I
G
R9;+
R9;+
0ain ###
R9;+
+
; O
+7#,( kV B:S
Fou +a/ use the ,ire +ode to connect di33erent co+onents.
1 / 73
T'-6 :nter the co+onent data.
ote, Ese Ct/ica)D data 3or the +achine.
T'-7 .)ot the currents on either side o3 the trans3or+er >ia and ib?.
T'-8 $he inut torAue to the +achine is eAua) to '%G o3 the sAuare o3 the seed. Deri-e
this si!na) usin! contro) b)oc6s. i.e
2
' . % w T
m
=
Ese contro) b)oc6s to i+)e+ent the abo-e eAuation.
Four instructor ,i)) eB)ain the ca)cu)ation ro!ra+ structure o3 :M$DC and the
de3inition o3 Ce)ectricD and Ccontro)D t/e +ode)s.
T'-9 $he brea6er >initia))/ oen? shou)d be c)osed at %.2s to start the +otor.
T'-'1 .)ot the +achine seed" the +echanica) torAue and the de-e)oed e)ectric torAue.
ote, 4o+e -ariab)es can be +easured 3ro+ ,ithin the co+onent. $hese are nor+a))/
)isted under the ara+eter section Internal output ariables!
I: ti;e per;its.
T'-'' 0dd a )oad o3 1 MV0 at %.'5o,er 3actor at 12.47 6V. $he sa+e trans3or+er
su)ies this )oad. Does the )oad see an unaccetab)e -o)ta!e sa! durin! +otor startH
= / 73
Data:
Motor
1%% 6V0 Induction +achine.
Wound rotor $/e.
13.' 6V>L5L? 7.=&7 6V >.hase?
Irated I %.%2'%4 J60K
Inertia I %.72=7 JsK
4tator resistance I %.%%1 .E
Rotor Resistance I %.%%' .E
Short $ine
4hort )ine o3 7.4 6+
LM I %.2 :54 M N%.3 :53 9h+s/+
L% I %.3 :53 M N%.1 :52 9h+s/+
Ese de3au)t -a)ues 3or the caacitances
Mechanical $oad ;odel
C
7
D
E
0#* TI5
0ec%anica4 TorFue
T%i& G4ock mode4& t%e mec%anica4
c%aracteri&tic& o/ a tHpica4 4oad#
Capacitor leg
7 / 73
;apacitor
*00 KVar& per p%a&e
,0#$, <u3= ,7#) <uH= R9;+
' / 73
PSCAD ESSETIA$ TRAIIG
$utoria)s 1 O =
1. Initia)i<in! a si+u)ation
2. 4,itchin! stud/
3. $rans3or+ers and inrush
4. $rans+ission )ines
1. .o,er e)ectronic s,itchin!
=. Induction +achine d/na+ics
7. 4/nchronous Machines and contro)s
'. Wind 3ar+s and doub)/ 3ed +achines
.reared b/: Dharshana Muthu+uni
Date: 0u!ust 2%%1
Re-ision: 2
Date: (eb 1=" 2%%7
& / 73
Tutorial 1 Two Area Power System Initializing the simulation
to a specifc load fow.
T1.1 Create a new case by using either the Menu or Toolbar. A new
case should appear in the Workspace settings entitled noname [psc].
Right-click on this Workspace settings entry and select Save As and
give the case a nae.
!"T#$ Do not use any spaces in the name
Create a %older called c!""#PscadTraining#T$%1. Save the case as
T_01_a.psc
T1.& "pen the ain page o% your new case. &uild a case representing
a sipli'ed two area power syste as shown in the 'gure below. A ((
k transission line connects Station A to a )** MW wind %ar. All
other connections to Station A are represented by an e+uivalent ,-*
k. source. The e+uivalent source ipedance is derived %ro a steady
state %ault study at /* 01. The line is represented by its series
reactance. The trans%orer is represented by its ipedance2 re%erred
to the ,-* k. side.
R
L
R
R
L
R
L
R
R
L
?+
K+
?7
K7
K7
0#0(, 0#+,
+00 0V1 Tran&/ormer
""'7"0 kV, Z ! 0#+ pu
)) km 4ine
7"0 kV
7"0 kV 8F# &ource
Station 1 Dind 3arm
Z9po&itiBe ! +0 O%m& at **
deg#
Z9zero ! ( O%m& at *7 deg#
(i!1. $,o area s/ste+
T1.' The wind %ar is also represented by a network e+uivalence. The
positive se+uence ipedance o% this source at -- k. is ) "h at 34
deg.
#TE, Re%erred to the ,-* k. side the ipedance value Ans:48.577 at
89
0
1% / 73
T1.( The voltage behind the e+uivalent ipedance at the wind %ar is
-( k.. The phase angle is 5 degrees. 6eterine the power 7ow across
the line.
)ote! Converted to the 230 kV side, the equivalent voltae is 243.939
kV at 7 de
)ote! !he si"#li$ed %al%ulations are outlined in the a%%o"#an&in
'athCA( )orksheet.
T1.* 8lot the power and reactive power 7ow at both ends o% the line.
These signals can be obtained %ro the voltage source odels as
internal outputs.
T1.+ 9se proper scale %actors inside the "utput Channels: to convert
89 values to MW and M.ar. .eri%y the results.
T1., 0ow do you change the tie step2 the siulation tie and the
plot tie; 0ow do you deterine the siulation tie step;
T1.- Can you save results to e<ternal output 'les %or post processing;
T1.. =% you speci'ed to write data to output 'les2 where are they
located;
Sa/e the case
The case should be saved as T_01_b.psc be%ore proceeding.
6i>erent parts o% the siulation odel can be arranged inside page
odules. 8SCA6 allows ?nested: page odules. =% you ake a change
to your e<isting case2 8SCA6 will identi%y the page odules where
changes took place. "nly these odules will be re-copiled. *!i"e
savins in lare %ases+
T1.1% Create a page odule and include the e+uivalent source %or the
wind %ar inside this odule as shown in the 'gures , and -. What is
the use o% the ?0)1D23 coponent;
)ote! ,our instru%tor )ill -rie.& dis%uss the use o/ signal
transmitters )hi%h %an also -e used to trans"it *%ontrol+ sinals
/ro" a #ae to another.
11 / 73
R
L
R
R
L
?7
K7
K7
0#0(, 0#+,
Dind
3arm
a
@ig., Main page
R
L
R
R
L
a
?+
K+
@ig.-. Subpage
Sa/e the case
The case should be saved as T_01_c.psc be%ore proceeding.
T1.11 Modi%y the source at Station A to control its paraeters
e<ternally. Add a control panel to speci%y these values. Can the values
be changed during a siulation;
)ote! Make sure that the angle is speci'ed in degrees Aparaeter
setting inside the source odelB
)ote! "bserve the e>ect o% varying the voltage angleCagnitude on 8
and D 7ow
12 / 73
R
L
V
3
?
%
R
R
L
60#0
0ain L ;ontro4&
7)0
770
V7"0
7"0
$0
.$0
?%7"0
0
+0
$
*
(
6
)
,
"
7
+
3T-?8
+
@ig.E. #<ternal control o% the source paraeters.
T1.1& Modi%y the circuit to include breakers2 breaker controls2 eters
and the 8SCA6 ?%ault coponent:. The case should look like as shown
in 'gure (. 8lot2 #)2 =) and the rs value o% #).
R
L
V
3
?
%
R
R
L
?7
K7
K7
0#0(, <H= 0#+, <H=
Dind
3arm
a
BRK+
Timed
Breaker
Logic
;4o&ed@t0
BRK+
BRK7
Timed
Breaker
Logic
;4o&ed@t0
BRK7
Timed
3au4t
Logic
0 ! 5o 3au4t
+ ! ?%a&e 1to >round
7 ! ?%a&e B to >round
" ! ?%a&e ; to >round
, ! ?%a&e 1B to >round
) ! ?%a&e 1; to >round
6 ! ?%a&e B; to >round
( ! ?%a&e 1B; to
>round
* ! ?%a&e 1B
$ ! ?%a&e 1;
+0 ! ?%a&e B;
++ ! ?%a&e 1B;
8+
I+
I+
8+
8+
BRK"
BRK"
Timed
Breaker
Logic
;4o&ed@t0
60#0
3au4t inception . 0#, & and at 0#,0, &
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1
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+
@ig.(. Meters2 breakers and %aults.
T1.1' Siulate an A-F %ault. The %ault inception tie is *.Es. The %ault
duration is *.( s. !ote the dc o>set o% =).
AThe dc o>set can cause al-operation o% protection due to CT
saturation. We will study this in later on as a separate e<aple.B
13 / 73
T1.1( What %actors in7uence the initial dc o>set and its rate o% decay;
Change the %ault inception tie to *.E*E s and observe the results.
T1.1* &reaker - is initially closed. "pen and close this breaker at *.( s
and *./( s respectively.
Sa/e the case
The case should be saved as T_01_d.psc be%ore proceeding.
T1.1+ =nclude a @@T block in your siulation cases shown in 'gure /.
Convert =) to its se+uence coponents. .eri%y the results o% the @@T %or
di>erent %ault types. Add a poly-meter to observe the %re+uency
spectru.
!ote$ The instructor will deonstrate the use o% the phasor meter.
I+
I+
I+
+ + +
C1
CB
C;
?%
?%.
?%0
0ag 0ag. 0ag0
I"+J
I"+J
I"+J
I"+J I"+J I"+J
dc1 dcB dc;
3 3 T
3 ! 60#0 <Hz=
7
+
7
"
@ig./. @@T &lock.
T1.1, Goad the case T_01_e.psc %ro the e<aple cases given to you
as course aterial. Study the ?se+uencer units: available to de'ne a
series o% tied events.
Sa/e the case
14 / 73
Tutorial & 4apacitor Switching Study!
T&.1 Create a %older called c!""#PscadTraining#T$%&. Save the case
T_01_e.psc as T_02_a.psc.
The utility plans to add -** M.ars o% capacitive reactive power at
station A to support the ,-* k. bus voltage. A transient study is
re+uired to design e+uipent o% this installation.
Calculations and siulations are re+uired to deterine the
valuesCratings o% the associated liiting reactors Ainrush and outrushB
Modi%y the siulation case to include a sub-page as shown in 'g. ).
R
L
V
3
?
%
R
R
L
60#0
7"0 kV
Vo4tage &upport
;ap# Bank
>T7"0
11 / 73
@ig.) Capacitor banks at Station A.
The circuit inside the sub page represents a ,-* k. capacitor bank with
E steps per phase Asee attached diagrasB. #ach step is rated at ,(
MvarCphase. The capacitor banks are solidly grounded. The inrush and
the outrush reactors si1es are to be deterined so that the switching
transients do not e<ceed the breaker capabilities and are within the
=### standards.
The values o% the outrushCinrush reactors have been deterined using
I222 4',.%+.&%%%.
T&.& 9se anual breaker controls to switch the breakers R)2 R, and
RE. Also easure the currents in the breakers.
T&.' Add a tied breaker coponent to control breaker R-2 easure
the currents in R-.
)ote! (is%uss )ith &our instru%tor the #ur#ose o/ "akin 03 o#eration
%ontrolla-le.
T&.( Add eters to easure the currents and voltages on the syste
side o% the outrush reactor.
T&.* Run the case with R) closed2 R, and RE open2 and R- set to close
at *., s.
T&.+ "bserve the peak value and %re+uency o% oscillation o% the
current in R-.
T&., "bserve the peak value and %re+uency o% oscillation o% the
current at the outrush reactor.
T&.- !ote the di>erences between A5B and A3B. 6iscuss the results.
Important! 1nsure that &ou are usin the #ro#er ti"e ste# and /or
visuali2ation #ur#oses, the #ro#er #lot ste#3
T&.. A 8eak inrush current depends on 8"W switching. This should be
studied to ensure that the breaker eets the TR. and diCdt capabilities.
T&.1% 9se the Multiple Run coponent to control the R- closing tie.
Also record the currents in &reaker R- and ain %eeder current.
Set the ultiple run to switch %or ( se+uential points on the wave.
Can we do rando switching over a cycle;
Can we optii1e the run length using a snapshot;
1= / 73
Take a snapshot at *.)44sec and the run ultiple run %or ,* se+uential
points on the wave.
Copare your results with =### standard results. Can the siulation
tie step be changed when the case is run %ro a snapshot 'le;
T&.11 What are soe considerations %or the selection o% tie-step %or
this type o% siulation;
T&.1& 20T5A$ Check the ipedance spectru using the ?0aronic
=pedance: coponent. This is an iportant step in the design o%
capacitor banks. The addition o% the capacitors can give rise to syste
resonances that are not acceptable.
=s this circuit appropriate to check %or syste resonances; Why; Anot
enough details o% the syste around the Station A bus is included to
capture the %re+uency e>ectsB
+#008.06
+#008.06
+#008.06
+#008.06
+#008.06
+#008.06
+#008.06
+#008.06
+#008.06
+ " ) ( $ ++ +" +) +( +$
Serie&+
Sa/e the case
The case should be saved as T_02_b.psc be%ore proceeding.
T&.1' Modi%y the circuit as shown in 'gure , to include surge
arrestors.
The surge arrestors should protect the capacitors %ro switching over
voltages. Re-strike o% capacitors breaker can cause large over-voltage
transients and is usually the criteria %or the selection o% M".s. 6iscuss
the data entry %or the M". odel.
17 / 73
0
#
0
0
"
+
(
Outru&%
Reactor&
R+ R7
R7
R
+
.
(
$
#
*
7

<
0
V
1
R
=
0
#
0
*
0
+
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<
0
D
=
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7
.
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#
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e
.
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=
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(
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#
(

<
0
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1
R
=
0
#
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7
0
7

<
0
D
=
Timed
Breaker
Logic
;4o&ed@t0
R"
.
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#
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e
.
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<
0
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1
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=
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6
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<
0
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=
R,
R,
Timed
Breaker
Logic
;4o&ed@t0
0OV
kMou4e&
I
m
o
B
0OV
@ig.,. Surge arresters.
T&.1' &reaker R- is initially closed. =t is opened at *.,*E s but re-
strikes at *.,),E s. "bserve the energy accuulation in the M". o%
phase A. can the M". handle this energy; =s a statistical study
re+uired to design the M". ratings;
Sa/e the case
The case should be saved as T_03_a.psc be%ore proceeding.
1' / 73
Tutorial ' Inrush current and line energizing.
T'.1 Create a %older called c!""#PscadTraining#T$%'. Save the case
T_02_b.psc as T_03_a.psc.
"pen the capacitor ain breaker R-. Heep all other breakers closed.
Make the ?%ault: coponent inactive.
Most transient studies re+uire the accurate odeling o% trans%orers
and transission lines. Trans%orer inrush re+uires the accurate
odeling o% the non-linear iron core. Switching transient studies
re+uire the odeling o% transission lines to include the e>ects
%re+uency dependent line paraeters and traveling wave phenoena.
T'.& 9se detailed odels to represent the --C,-* k. trans%orer and
the (( k transission line. The trans%orer has a I-I con'guration
and consists o% three single phase units. The no load current is ) J.
The no load and copper losses are *.**- pu and *.**, pu respectively.
The conductor arrangeent o% the line is as shown below. 9se the
%re+uency dependent phase odel to represent the line.
"0 <m=
+0 <m=
;+
;7
;"
+0 <m=
>round9Dire&L +'7NHig%Strengt%Stee4
;onductor&L c%ukar
ToOerL "H)
+0 <m=
0 <m=
) <m=
>+ >7
@ig.). ,-* k. Transission tower.
1& / 73
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V
3
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RRL
?7 K7K7 Dind 3arma B RK +1BR K 7T imedBre ake r Logic Open@t0 BR K 78+ I +I +8+8+ BR K "6 0#0" ? %a&e R0ST %ree? %a&eR0 SVo4tage0 eter 3au4tinception.0#,&andat0#,0,& 7"0kVV o4tage&u pport ;ap#Bank >T 7"0T imed3au4t Logic BR K "T imedBre ake r Logic Open@t0 6 +6 7L ine90+
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Line90+I78 7 B RK +;TimedBreake r Logi c O pen@t 0 BR K +BTimedBreake r Logi c O pen@t 0? o4 e1.; 4o&e at 0# +) and 0# +)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
?7K7K7 Dind 3arma BRK +1BRK 7TimedBreake r L ogic Open@t0BRK 78+I+I+8+BRK "60#0"?%a&e R0 ST%ree? %a&eR 0SVo4tage0 eter 3au4tinception.0#,&andat0#,0,& 7"0kVV o 4tage&u pport ; ap#B a nk >T7"0 Timed3au4t L ogic BRK "TimedBreake r L ogic Open@t06+67Line90+
Line90+
Line90+I787 BRK +;TimedBreake r L ogic Open@t0 BRK +BTimedBreake r L ogic Open@t0?o4e1.;4o&eat0#+)and0#+)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
? 7K 7K7 D i nd 3 arma BRK +1B RK 7TimedBreake r Logi c O pen@t 0B RK 78 +I+ I+ 8 +B RK "6 0# 0" ?%a&e R0ST% ree ?%a&eR 0S Vo4 tage 0et er 3 au4 tincept ion .0# ,&and at 0# ,0, & 7"0k VVo4 tage & upport ; ap# Bank > T7 "0Timed3 au4 t Logi c B RK "TimedBreake r Logi c O pen@t 06 +6 7Line90+
L i ne90+
Line90+I7 8 7 BR K +;TimedBreake r Logi c O pen@t 0 BRK +BTimedBreake r Logi c O pen@t 0? o4 e1.; 4o&e at 0# +) and 0# +)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
? 7K7K 7 D ind 3 arma BRK +1B RK 7TimedB reake r Logic Open@t0 B RK 78 +I+I+8 +B RK "60#0"? %a&e R0ST%ree? %a&eR0 SVo4tage0 eter 3au4tinception.0#,&andat0#,0,& 7"0kVVo4tage&u pport ;ap#Ba nk >T 7"0Timed3 au4t Logic B RK "TimedB reake r Logic Open@t0 6+67Line90+
Line90+
Line90+I78 7 B RK +;TimedB reake r Logic Open@t0 BRK +BTimedB reake r Logic Open@t0 ? o4e1.;4o&eat0#+)and0#+)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
?7K7K7 Di nd 3arma BRK +1BR K 7T imedB reake r L ogi c Open@t 0BR K 78+I +I +8+BR K "60# 0" ?%a&e R 0ST % ree ?%a&eR0 S Vo4 tage 0et er 3a u4 tincept ion .0# ,&and at 0# ,0, & 7"0 k VV o4 tage & upport ;a p# Bank >T 7 "0T imed3a u4 t L ogi c BR K "T imedB reake r L ogi c Open@t 06+67Line90+
Li ne90+
Line90+I 787 BR K +;T imedB reake r L ogi c Open@t 0 BRK +BT imedB reake r L ogi c Open@t 0?o4 e1.; 4o&e at 0# +) and 0# +)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
?7 K7K7 Dind 3arma B RK +1BR K 7T imedBre ake r Logic Open@t0 BR K 78+ I +I +8+ BR K "6 0#0" ? %a&e R0ST %ree? %a&eR0 SVo4tage0 eter 3au4tinception.0#,&andat0#,0,& 7"0kVV o4tage&u pport ;ap#Ba nk >T 7"0T imed3au4t Logic BR K "T imedBre ake r Logic Open@t0 6 +6 7L ine90+
L ine90+
Line90+I 787 BR K +;T imedBre ake r Logic Open@t0 B RK +BT imedBre ake r Logic Open@t0 ?o4e1.; 4o&eat0#+)and0#+)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
?7 K7K7 Di nd 3arma B RK +1BRK 7 TimedB reake r L ogi c Open@t 0 BRK 7 8+ I+ I+ 8+ BRK " 60# 0 "?%a&e R0 ST%ree ?%a&eR0 S Vo4 tage 0et er 3 a u4 tincept ion .0# ,&and at 0# ,0, & 7 "0 k VV o4 tage & upport ;a p# Bank >T7 "0 Timed3a u4 t L ogi c BRK " TimedB reake r L ogi c Open@t 0 6+ 67Line90+
Li ne90+
L ine90+I7 87 B R K +;TimedB reake r L ogi c Open@t 0 B RK +BTimedB reake r L ogi c Open@t 0 ?o4 e1.; 4o&e at 0# +) and 0# +)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
? 7K 7K7 D ind 3 arma BR K +1B R K 7Tim edBre ake r L ogic O pen@t0 B R K 78 +I+ I+ 8 +B R K "60#0 "?% a&e R 0ST%ree?% a&eR0SVo4tage0 eter 3au4tinception.0#,&andat0#,0,& 7 "0kVVo 4tage&u pport ;ap#B a nk > T 7"0Tim ed3au4t L ogic B R K "Tim edBre ake r L ogic O pen@t0 6+ 67Line90+
Line90+
L ine90+I7 8 7 B R K +;Tim edBre ake r L ogic O pen@t0 BR K +BTim edBre ake r L ogic O pen@t0 ? o4e1.;4o&eat0#+)and0#+)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
?7 K7K7 Di nd 3 arma B RK +1BRK 7 T imedBreak e r Logi c Open@t 0BRK 7 8+ I+I+8+ BRK " 60# 0"?%a&e R0 ST %ree ?%a&eR 0 S Vo4 tage 0et er 3 a u4 tincept ion .0# ,&and at 0# ,0, & 7"0k VVo4 tage & u pport ; a p# Bank >T7 "0 T imed3 a u4 t Logi c BRK " T imedBreak e r Logi c Open@t 06+ 67Line90+
Li ne90+
L ine90+I787 BRK +;T imedBreak e r Logi c Open@t 0 B RK +BT imedBreak e r Logi c Open@t 0?o4 e1.; 4o&e at 0# +) and 0# +)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
?7 K 7K7 Din d 3arma B R K +1BRK 7 Tim edB re ake r Logic O pen@t0 BRK 7 8+ I+I+8+ BRK " 60#0"?% a&e R0 ST%ree?% a&eR0SVo4tage0 eter 3au4tinception.0#,&andat0#,0,& 7"0kVVo 4tage&u pport ;ap#B a nk > T 7"0Tim ed3au4t Logic BRK " Tim edB re ake r Logic O pen@t0 6+67Line90+
Line90+
L ine90+I787 BRK +;Tim edB re ake r Logic O pen@t0 B R K +BTim edB re ake r Logic O pen@t0 ?o 4e1.;4o&eat0#+)and0#+)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
? 7K 7K 7 D i nd 3arma BR K +1B RK 7TimedBreake r Logi c O pen@t 0B RK 78 +I+I+8 +B RK "6 0# 0" ?%a&e R 0 ST% ree ?%a&eR0S Vo4 tage 0et er 3 au4 tince pt ion .0# ,&and at 0# ,0, & 7"0 k VVo4 tage & upport ;ap# Bank > T7 "0Timed3au4 t Logi c B RK "TimedBreake r Logi c O pen@t 06 +6 7L ine90+
L i ne90+
Line90+I78 7 B RK +;TimedBreake r Logi c O pen@t 0 BR K +BTimedBreake r Logi c O pen@t 0? o4 e1.; 4o&e at 0# +) and 0# +)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
?7K7K7 Din d 3arma BRK +1BRK 7TimedBreake r L ogic Op en@t0BRK 78+I+I+8+BRK "6 0#0" ?% a&e R0 ST%ree? % a&eR 0SVo4tage0 eter 3au4tinception.0#,&andat0#,0,& 7"0kVV o 4tage&u pport ; ap#B a nk >T7"0 Timed3au4t L ogic BRK "TimedBreake r L ogic Op en@t06 +6 7Line90+
L ine90+
Line90+I787 BRK +;TimedBreake r L ogic Op en@t0 BRK +BTimedBreake r L ogic Op en@t0?o 4e1.;4o&eat0#+)and0#+)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
? 7K 7K7 D i nd 3 arma BRK +1B RK 7TimedBreake r Logi c O pen@t 0B RK 78 +I+ I+ 8 +B RK "6 0# 0" ?%a&e R0ST% ree ?%a&eR 0S Vo4 tage 0et er 3 au4 tince pt ion .0# ,&and at 0# ,0, & 7"0k VVo4 tage & upport ; ap# Bank > T7 "0Timed3 au4 t Logi c B RK "TimedBreake r Logi c O pen@t 06 +6 7Line90+
L i ne90+
Line90+I7 8 7 B RK +;TimedBreake r Logi c O pen@t 0 BRK +BTimedBreake r Logi c O pen@t 0? o4 e1.; 4o&e at 0# +) and 0# +)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
? 7K7K 7 D in d 3 arma BRK +1B RK 7TimedB reake r Logic Open@t0 B RK 78 +I+I+8 +B RK "60#0"? % a&e R0ST%ree? % a&eR0 SVo4tage0 eter 3au4tinception.0#,&andat0#,0,& 7"0kVVo4tage&u pport ;ap#Ba nk >T 7"0Timed3 au4t Logic B RK "TimedB reake r Logic Open@t0 6+67Line90+
Line90+
Line90+I78 7 B RK +;TimedB reake r Logic Open@t0 BRK +BTimedB reake r Logic Open@t0 ? o 4e1.;4o&eat0#+)and0#+)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
?7K7K7 Di nd 3 arma BRK +1BR K 7T imedB reake r L ogi c Open@t 0BR K 78+I +I +8+BR K "60# 0" ?%a&e R 0ST % ree ?%a&eR0 S Vo4 tage 0et er 3a u4 tince pt ion .0# ,&and at 0# ,0, & 7"0 k VV o4 tage & upport ;a p# Bank >T 7 "0T imed3a u4 t L ogi c BR K "T imedB reake r L ogi c Open@t 06+67Line90+
Li ne90+
Line90+I 787 BR K +;T imedB reake r L ogi c Open@t 0 BRK +BT imedB reake r L ogi c Open@t 0?o4 e1.; 4o&e at 0# +) and 0# +)"))
RL
V
3
?%
RRL
?7 K7K7 Dind 3arma B RK +1BR K 7T imedBre ake r Logic Open@t0 BR K 78+ I +I +8+ BR K "6 0#0" ? % a&e R0ST %ree? % a&eR0 SVo4tage0 eter 3au4tinception.0#,&andat0#,0,& 7"0kVVo4tage&u pport ;ap#Ba nk >T 7"0T imed3 au4t Logic BR K "T imedBre ake r Logic Open@t0 6 +6 7L ine90+
L ine90+
L ine90+I 787 BR K +;T imedBre ake r Logic Open@t0 B RK +BT imedBre ake r Logic Open@t0 ?o4e1.;4o&eat0#+)and0#+)"))
R
L
V
3
?
%
R
R
L
?7
K7
K7
Dind
3arm
a BRK+1
BRK7
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Open@t0
BRK7
8+
I+
I+
8+
8+
BRK"
60#0
" ?%a&e
R0S
T%ree ?%a&e
R0S Vo4tage 0eter
3au4t inception . 0#, & and at 0#,0, &
7"0 kV
Vo4tage &upport
;ap# Bank
>T7"0
Timed
3au4t
Logic
BRK"
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Open@t0
6+ 67
Line90+
Line90+
Line90+
I7
87
BRK+;
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Open@t0
BRK+B
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Open@t0
@ig.,. Two-area syste odel %or a transient study.
Inrush Study!
T'.' "pen the breakers K, and K-. The trans%orer is energi1ed on
no load by closing the breaker K). Close breaker ) at *.)(s and
observe the inrush currents.
T'.( Add a ) "h resister in series with the -- k. winding and
observe the results. What e>ect does the resistance have on the decay
o% the inrush current;
T'.* 6oes the breaker closing instant in7uence the agnitude o%
inrush; Close the breaker at *.)(-( s and observe the current on
phase A.
T'.+ #nable the ?single pole operation: ode o% the breaker. Close the
poles at instants when the voltage o% the respective phase is at a
a<iu. "bserve results.
T'., What situation would cause the trans%orer to saturate on both
halves o% a voltage cycle;
Sa/e the case
The case should be saved as T_03_b.psc be%ore proceeding.
2% / 73
6ine 2nergizing Study!
T'.- Close breaker K ) and open breaker K -. =nclude the ultiple run
coponent to control the operation o% breaker K, which is initially
open. The closing instant &) derived %ro the ultiple run.
0u4tip4e
Run
;%# + V+
0ea&.8naG
#
#
#
8+
B+
0#+)
@

B7
B+
+
+
oBerBo4tage#out
@ig.-. Multiple run coponent %or breaker control.
T'.. The breaker closing instant A&)B should be changed %or each run.
The breaker is opened *.)( s a%ter its closing operation. Set the
ultiple run to switch %or )* se+uential points on a /* 01 wave%or.
Record the peak voltage #) at the receiving end.
Sa/e the case
The case should be saved as T_03_c.psc be%ore proceeding.
6ines on the same right o7 way!
A )-* k transission line connects the Fenerating Station C and
Station A. This line runs parallel to the (( k line between Station A
and the Wind @ar %or ,* k %ro Station A. The generating voltage is
stepped up to the transission level through an ))C,-* k.2 I-I bank.
T'.1% #<tend the odel to include the )-* k line and the generator
as shown in 'gure E. The transission lines are arranged in a sub page
as shown in 'gure (.
Sa/e the case
21 / 73
V
3
?
%
BRK7
Timed
Breaker
Logic
;4o&ed@t0
BRK7 8+
I+
BRK"
60#0
" ?%a&e
R0S
T%ree ?%a&e
R0S Vo4tage 0eter
7"0 kV
Vo4tage &upport
;ap# Bank
>T7"0
BRK"
Timed
Breaker
Logic
;4o&ed@t0
Line90+
87
T 4ine&
Line90+
Line907
Line90"
Line907
8,
I,
BRK,
Line90"
6+ 67 RL
RRL
Zpo& ! 0#0+ O%m& at *$ deg#
Zzero ! 0#0++O%m& and *0 deg#
++'7"0 kV, )000V1
Z!0#0* ?:
Station ;
Timed
3au4t
Logic
@ig.E. Three area syste
Line90+
Line90+
Line907
Line907
+
Line90"
Line90"
@ig.(. Gine arrangeent inside the sub-page.
T'.11 The voltage behind the e+uivalent source ipedance o% the
voltage source representing the E generators at Station C is ), k. at
,) degrees.
T'.1& 9se the Mathcad worksheet to veri%y results.
22 / 73
T'.1' Change the con'guration o% the ))C,-* k. trans%orer to
represent a 6-I unit. AdLust the )) k. source angle to re7ect this
change.
Tutorial ( 8ind 9enerator model and a So7t
Start mechanism 7or the 9enerator.
T(.1 Create a %older called c!""#PscadTraining#T$%(. Save the case
T_03_c.psc as T_04_a.psc.
The wind turbines in the wind %ar are driving induction generators
operating at -- k.. The total M.A o% the station is )** M.A. Replace
the e+uivalent source with a detailed odel o% an induction generator.
Assue all generators at the wind %ar are operating under identical
conditions. The induction generator connection is shown in 'gure ).
a
+#0
DI5
S
TL
I 0
D
Rrotor
R
r
o
t
o
r

R
r
o
t
o
r

R
r
o
t
o
r

1
B
;tr4
;tr4 ! + .0#*
@IST
TI5
8Pterna4 rotor
re&i&tance
Dind###
+0
0
Rrotor
0
o
%
m
TI08
@IST
StoT
.0#)
?
o
O
e
r1 B
? K
IaGc
?+ K+
StoT
"
,
0

<
u
3
=
@ig.). =nduction generator.
T(.& Close breaker K) at , s. Heep all other breakers closed. Assue
the achine speed is at ) pu be%ore closing breaker A. 0as the power
7ow changed;
T(.' Calculate the value o% the shunt capacitance re+uired to aintain
the original power 7ow. See Mathcad calculations. Gower the tie step
to ,( us.
T(.( Will the syste be stable i% a sudden wind gust causes the input
tor+ue to the achine to increase by /*J Aor 3* JB;
23 / 73
Sa/e the case
The case should be saved as T_03_b.psc be%ore proceeding.
T(.* 6iscuss how a sall wind generator aybe connected to the
syste.
9sing :5;A appropriately2 connect the wind generator to the syste
at ) s.
T(.+ !ote the line currents on the syste side when the wind %ar is
connected to the syste. Change the initial speed o% the achine to
*./ pu and re run the siulation. !ote the current transients.
A So%t Starter shown in 'gure , is used to liit the starting currents
when connecting the induction generators to the syste. The back to
back thyristors are used to control the voltage applied to the achine
while its speed builds up. The 'ring angle characteristics are given in
the table in the 'le ?so%tstart.t<t:. Model the circuit shown in 'gure ,.
The 'ring controls %or the thyristors are shown in 'gure -.
BRK1
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Open@t0
T
7
T
7
T
7
T
7
T
7
T
7
8c
3?+
3?7
3?"
3?,
3?)
3?6
+
BRK9SD
BRK9SD
BRK9SD
8a
8G
BRK1
BRK9SD
TI08 +
<Dind/arm= 15>
15>
1
B
;tr4
;tr4 ! +
15>+
15>
+*0#0
BRK1
51 5B
@ig.,. So%t Starter.
24 / 73
TH-RISTOR 3IRI5> ?:LS8
;O5TROL ;IR;:IT
3?+
3?7
15>9+
L
H
7
L
H
7
+
*
0
#
0
@

Va
VG
Vc
?LL
t%eta
8a
8G
8c
Va
VG
Vc
?LL
t%eta
8G
8c
8a
Va
VG
Vc
?LL
t%eta
8c
8a
8G
15>9+
15>9+
15>97 15>9"
3?"
3?,
L
H
7
L
H
7
+
*
0
#
0
@

15>97
15>97
3?)
3?6
L
H
7
L
H
7
+
*
0
#
0
@

15>9"
15>9"
15>+
15>+ 15>+
@ig.-. @iring controls.
T(., "bserve the starting currents with and without so%t start.
21 / 73
Tutorial * Including a machine model in a
simulation.
T*.1 Create a %older called c!""#PscadTraining#T$%*. Save the case
T_04_c.psc as T_0_a.psc.
T*.& 9se the ethods discussed in the suppleentary e<ercises to
replace the )) k. source odel with a detailed hydro generator odel.
T*.' #nter the ratings o% the achine to re7ect the (** M.A2 )) k.
unit. AThis ay represent a nuber o% identical units operating in
parallelB.
T*.( =nclude the generator controls in the siulation.
T*.* The voltage agnitude and the phase angle o% the )) k. source
are used to initiali1e the achine. "bserve the power 7ow and e<plain
the reasons %or inor di>erences.
T*.+ Try using suitable control ethods to adLust the achine power
7ow to the original values.
T*., 0ow do we odel a theral generator;
2= / 73
Tutorial + Dou<ly 7ed induction machine
model.
T+.1 Create a %older called c!""#PscadTraining#T$%+. Goad the
library 'le d+oMnewMlib.psl. Goad the cases T_0!_a and T_0!_b.psc
given to you with the course aterial. Save this 'le in your T$%+
%older.
T+.& 9nderstand the basic concept o% the double %ed connection.
T+.' =denti%y the role o% di>erent control blocks in the odel.
T+.( Are all odels in the control syste %ound in the aster library;
Can the user de'ne custo coponents and use then along with
standard odels %ro the aster library;
T+.* .eri%y the operation o% the two cases.
VGeta
V&mag
Vc
Va
I&c
;
.
@

I&G
VG
;
.
@

p%i&H
p%i&P
C
-
-
r to p
C
mag
p%i
p%&mag
>
&T
+ &T
Va4/a
>
&T
+ &T
+
&T
+
&T
p%i&
1
B
;
" to 7
Tran&/orm
a4/a
Geta
E
0#0"( I&a
;
.
@

E
0#0"(
E
0#0"(
4tator 3)uB -ector
Iraa
IrGG
Ircc
Ira9re/
IrG9re/
Irc9re/
&4pang
to Stator
@
K
Rotor
a4/a
Geta
1
B
;
7 to "
Tran&/orm
a4/a
Geta
Rotor re3erence currents
27 / 73
Transient Reco)ery Voltage Across
%rea<er Poles
*TRV+
.reared b/: Dharshana Muthu+uni
Date: 0u!ust 2%%1
Re-ision: 2
2' / 73
Date: (eb 1=" 2%%7
%rea<er TRV Studies ! Tutorial '
#b(ecti)e:
(unda+enta) asects o3 ;rea6er $RV
4e)ection o3 ti+e ste
In3)uence o3 stra/ caacitance
In3)uence o3 )oads and )osses >resistance?
I::: de3ined brea6er caabi)it/ cur-es
$RV under 3au)t and nor+a) s,itchin! conditions and use o3 +u)ti)e run
T'-' 9en the case $@%3@a.sc that ,as co+)eted in $utoria) 3. Rena+e this as
$@%3@a@tr-.sc. Pee brea6ers Q1" Q2 and Q3 c)osed and the caacitor ban6s oen. Run
the case and +a6e sure the o,er 3)o, is as eBected.
T'-2 0)/ a three hase 3au)t to !round at %.4s. $he duration is 1s.
T'-3 9en brea6er Q3 at %.44 s. 9bser-e the -o)ta!e across the brea6er o)es.
T'-4 Discuss the reason 3or $RV. 8o, )o,er the ti+e ste to 2 us and obser-e the resu)ts.
$his ,i)) +a6e c)ear that 3or $RV studies" a s+a)) ti+e ste is necessar/.
(i!.1. ;rea6er $RV and the I::: $RV )i+its
T'-5 In $RV studies" the stra/ caacitances near the brea6er +ust be +ode)ed
adeAuate)/. Ho, do ,e deter+ine these -a)uesH
T'-6 I::: standards >I::: C37.%11? de3ine the $RV caabi)it/ cur-es 3or di33erent
brea6ers. $hese )i+its deend on a nu+ber o3 3actors.
2& / 73

0#07+*70 0#07+*7) 0#07+*"0 0#07+*") 0#07+*,0 0#07+*,) 0#07+*)0
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TRV985VIJ TRV985VI.J 8a

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TRV985VIJ TRV985VI.J 8a
;rea6er -o)ta!e ratin!
(au)t current ratin!
0ctua) 3au)t )e-e)
9en the t,o .4C0D inc)uded ,ith the course +ateria). $he t,o cases are
$RV@Case@%1.sc and $RV@Case@%2.sc. $RV@Case@%2.sc is 3ro+ a )o, -o)ta!e
distribution s/ste+ o3 a uti)it/ in ()orida. It ,as used to identi3/ $RV issues and to
identi3/ correcti-e +easures.
T'-7 9bser-e ho, the I::: $RV )i+its are si+u)ated.
T'-8 What are the +easures a-ai)ab)e to reduce $RV )e-e)sH
3% / 73
$arge Industrial $oads = Induction
Motor Transients
#b(ecti)es,
Induction +otor startin!
Motor data
Vo)ta!e dis and 3)uctuations 5 ()ic6er
Motor startin! +ethods
Motor )oad t/es
4o3t startin!
Readin! data 3ro+ eBterna) 3i)es
Contro) b)oc6s
.o,er e)ectronic s,itches
.reared b/: Dharshana Muthu+uni
Date: 0u!ust 2%%1
Re-ision: 2
Date: (eb 1=" 2%%7
31 / 73
Induction Machine Dyna;ics/Transients ! Tutorial '
T'-' Connect a 13.' 6V" 11 60 induction +otor to an in3inite bus throu!h a trans3or+er
and a brea6er. $he in3inite bus -o)ta!e is == 6V.
6+ 67
I&
BRK
0#00+
+"#* kV,7#7 k1 motor
)0#+$ 0V1, InertiaIMJ! 7#7 pu
BRK
E
D
D
TI5
TI5
0#0
0#0
S
TL
I 0
D
?
o
O
e
r
1B
?K
?mot Kmot
T'-2 $he )oad torAue a)ied to the +otor is re)ated to the +otor seed. Deri-e a contro)
b)oc6 that ,i)) !enerate a torAue si!na) that is roortiona) to the seed. >$I8 I 6R,?
T'-3 $he +otor is to be s,itched on to the su)/ usin! a brea6er. Ese a Ct,o stateD
s,itch to send a si!na) to the brea6er.
T'-4 9bser-e the startin! characteristics. .)ot the )ine current" seed" :)ectric and
+echanica) torAue and the ter+ina) -o)ta!e at the +achine.
T'-5 What cou)d cause the +otor be dri-en into a !eneratin! +ode.
T'-6 Load the case ind@+otor@startin!@%1.sc.
$his case +ode)s the )oads o3 an industria) )ant. Identi3/ di33erent co+onents in the
+ode).
T'-7 8ote the -o)ta!e di durin! +otor startin!. Is this a o,er Aua)it/ concernH
T'-8 What +ethods can be e+)o/ed to )i+it startin! transientsH
T'-9 What cou)d cause the +otor be dri-en into a !eneratin! +ode.
32 / 73
T'-'1 Induction +otor transients can )ead to serious o,er Aua)it/ issues. $he si+u)ation
eBa+)e in case ind0;otor0starting01'-psc i))ustrates the -o)ta!e dis seen b/ the other
)oads connected to the trans3or+er. Load and run this case.
a? Does additiona) rotor resistance a33ect the startin! transientsH
b? 4ee the e33ect o3 rotatin! inertia and +echanica) da+in! on the transients.
c? What are the t/ica) )oads t/es >characteristics? that are encountered in
industr/ a)icationsH
T'-'' Load the case ind0;otor0starting012-psc- 8ote the )oad torAue ro3i)e. 9bser-e
the -o)ta!e -ariation at the )oad ter+ina).
T
7
T
7
T
7
T
7
T
7
T
7
8c
3?+
3?7
3?"
3?,
3?)
3?6
+
BRK9SD
BRK9SD
BRK9SD
8a
8G
;
B
1
BRK
a7
G7
c7
a+
G+
c+
(i!.2. 4o3t starter
T'-'2 4o3t startin! +ethods such as that sho,n in (i! 2 are used to )i+it the startin!
current o3 )ar!e induction +achines. Discuss the current )i+itin! +echanis+ o3 this
sche+e. Load the case ind0;otor0starting013-psc-
a? What is the ro)e o3 the .LLH
b? Ho, are si!na)s trans+itted 3ro+ the +ain a!e to the sub a!eH
c? Can .4C0D read data 3ro+ eBterna) 3i)esH List a 3e, a)ications ,here this
can be use3u)H
Veri3/ the oeration o3 the so3t s,itch.
33 / 73
&ast &ront Studies

$ightening Stri<e
#b(ecti)es,
Reresentin! stra/ caacitances
Reresentin! arresters
Reresentin! ;us5bars
Reresentin! )on! )ines
.ositionin! o3 0rresters
.reared b/: Dharshana Muthu+uni
Date: 0u!ust 2%%1
Re-ision: 2
Date: (eb 1=" 2%%7
34 / 73
&ast :ront studies ! Tutorial '
T'-' $he circuit sho,n be)o, reresents the arran!e+ent o3 a trans3or+er sub5station.
$his +ode) is used to stud/ the o-er -o)ta!es at a trans3or+ers ter+ina) durin! a
)i!htnin! stri6e on a station bus bar.
T1+
+
T1+
+
T1+
"
)
0
#
0
"
)
0
#
0
"
)
0
#
0
Lig%tning ;urrent
e
BP
e
BP
TI08
B
.
3

Simp4e Lig%tning Surge +#7E)0 :&ecL

I ! +#07EI+ E < 8C?I.+"000 E tJ . 8C?I.,#,86 E tJ =
G-;+
+
G-;+
+
G-;+
G-;7
+
G-;7
+
G-;7
0
#
0
0
7
(
0
#
0
0
7
(
0
#
0
0
7
(
Steep 3ront
Surge
1rre&ter
?
5
Dinding ;apacitance /or
770 kV1utotran&/ormer
IapproPimateJ
E
1BB 8CLI0Surge
1rre&ter +$7 kV
0
#
)
Va Vt/
E
+#07
+0 m Station Bu& $0 m Station Bu&
+ km Tran&mi&&ion Line
1pproPimate &urge
impedance
4ine termination
0
#
0
0
0
"
0
#
0
0
0
"
0
#
0
0
0
"
0
#
0
0
0
6
0
#
0
0
0
6
0
#
0
0
0
6
StraHcapacitance
o/ eFuipment
StraHcapacitance
o/ eFuipment
To account /or t%e /undamenta4
/reFuencHBo4tage component,
t%e dc &ource i& &et to peak
ac Bo4t&#
(i!.1. Circuit 3or )i!htenin! stud/
T'-2 Identi3/ di33erent co+onents o3 the +ode)
T'-3 Ho, do /ou reresent the trans3or+erH Where do /ou obtain the dataH
T'-4 Ho, are trans+ission )ines and cab)es reresented 3or the urose o3 this stud/H
Can ,e Nusti3/ this reresentationH
T'-5 Does the osition o3 the arrester ha-e an i+act on the o-er5-o)ta!e at the
trans3or+erH .)ace the arrester at the trans3or+er ter+ina) and obser-e the o-er5-o)ta!e.
T'-6 What does the dc source reresentH
T'-7 Ho, do ,e +ode) the )i!htenin! sur!eH Ho, do ,e de3ine ara+eters 3or the
sur!eH
31 / 73
&erro!Resonance In)estigation
#b(ecti)es,
$rans3or+er ara+eters
4aturation
4e)ection o3 the si+u)ation ti+e ste
.reared b/: Dharshana Muthu+uni
Date: 0u!ust 2%%1
Re-ision: 2
Date: (eb 1=" 2%%7
3= / 73
&erro!resonance ! Tutorial '
T'-' 9en the case 3erroresonance.sc. $his case is used to stud/ a 3erro resonance
e-ent durin! a brea6er +a)3unction.
7
#)
+
7
#)
+
7
#)
+
B
R
K
;
VGu&1
LI581
LI58B
LI58;
B
R
K
B
B
R
K
1
VGu&;
VGu&B
LI581
LI58B
" ?%a&e
z+ and z0
1
B
;
8F# Source
Oit%
LI58;
SH&tem 8FuiBa4ent
Source Repre&entation
0
#0
0
+
)
0
#0
0
+
)
0
#0
0
+
)
VSec1
VSecB
VSec;
V?ri1
V?riB
V?ri;
Timed
Breaker
Logic
;4o&ed@t0
"00V1@i&triGution Tran&/ormer
7"0kV'+"#7kV, @e4ta'DHe.>nd
ZtP!(#6)2
Timed
Breaker
Logic
;4o&ed@t0
1
B
;
1
B
;
S8;TIO5
?I
;O:?L8@
7"0 kV, 70 mi4e Tran&mi&&ion Line
1
B
;
1
B
;
+"#7
67 6+
7"0#0
"0 <0V1=
Timing /or Line Breaker
?%a&e 1L ;4o&ed I&tuckJ
?%a&e BL Open& at +00mSec
?%a&e ;L ;4o&ed I&tuckJ
Timed
Breaker
Logic
;4o&ed@t0
)0 0V1r @7"0kV
+#)mH Outru&% Reactor
Output Vo4tage&
SecondarHLoad
0#")0 <0D=
@i&aG4e &aturation
and re run
(i!.1. Circuit 3or (erro resonance Case 4tud/
T'-2 Chec6 the data entr/ 3or trans3or+er saturation. What do di33erent entries reresentH
T'-3 Inc)ude trans3or+er )osses. Do /ou see a chan!e in resu)tsH
T'-4 9en the caacitor ban6s. 0re the resu)ts di33erentH
T'-5 Chan!e the )ine )en!th and obser-e the resu)tsH
T'-6 What e33ect does the )oad ha-e on the o-er -o)ta!e transientsH
T'-7 0re the transients sensiti-e to the trans3or+er core characteristicsH
37 / 73
&aults and Current Trans:or;ers and
Relays
.reared b/: Dharshana Muthu+uni
Date: 0u!ust 2%%1
Re-ision: 2
Date: (eb 1=" 2%%7
3' / 73
&aults and Current Trans:or;ers and relays ! Tutorial '
#b(ecti)e
2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith +ode)s re)ated to 3au)t si+u)ation.
2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith di33erent C$ +ode)s.
T'-' Create a ne, case b/ usin! either the Menu or Toolbar. 0 ne, case shou)d aear
in the Workspace settings entit)ed noname [psc]. Ri!ht5c)ic6 on this Wor6sace settin!s
entr/ and se)ect 4a-e 0s7 and !i-e the case a na+e.
89$:: Do not use any spaces in the name!
Create a 3o)der ca))ed c,../PscadTraining/&aults- 4a-e the case as case01.psc
T'-2 9en the +ain a!e o3 /our ne, case. $he sin!)e )ine dia!ra+ sho,n be)o, is a
art o3 a substation 3eedin! a shunt reactor. $he reactor is +ode)ed in t,o arts to enab)e
a 3a)ut at oint ;" inside the turns. $he co+onent data is as sho,n. >+a6e the
trans3or+er )osses <ero to )i+it the nu+ber o3 nodes i3 usin! the student -ersion?
Station ++) kV
Gu&
Station +"#* kV
Gu&
RL
RRL
0#0+7)
S%ort 4ine
8
L
I
L
8a
Ir+ Ir7
0#0+7)
1 B
R81;TORS
0#00) 0#+
6+ 67
++) kV,)0 Hz Source
Z ! +#+O%m& ' ** deg
Z0 ! 7 O%m& ' *6 deg
-.@ Tran&/ormer
Z ! *2
3u44 4oad 4o&& ! 0#"2
5o 4oad 4o&& ! 0#)2
Fou +a/ use the ,ire +ode to connect di33erent co+onents.
T'-3 ;ui)d the case in .4C0D and enter the co+onent data.
T'-3 .)ot the current IL and the -o)ta!e :L.
T'-4 Ese the C3au)t co+onent to si+u)ate a hase 0 to !round 3a)ut at )ocation 0 at %.1s.
3& / 73
Timed
3au4t
Logic
T'-5 9bser-e the 3au)t curent" IL. What is the reason 3or the resence o3 the initia) DC
eBonentia) co+onentH
T'-6 What a33ects the rate o3 deca/ o3 the DC co+onents. Chan!e the resistance o3 the
short )ine to 1 9h+ and obser-e the resu)ts.
T'-7 Does the instant o3 the 3au)t incetion ha-e an e33ect on the DC o33set.H
T'-8 What ne!ati-e i+acts can the DC o33set ha-e on the s/ste+ rotection.H
T'-9 Connect the hase 0 )ine current at oint 0 to the C$ +ode) as sho,n be)o,. $he
C$ ratio is 1:4%%. $he C$ burden is %.11 9h+s in series ,ith %.'+H. .)ot the secondar/
current and the 3)uB densit/.
IL
+
Burden re&i&tance
+ and 0#+ O%m&
T'-'1 Increase the burden resistance to 4 9h+s and obser-e the resu)ts. 8ote the ha)3
c/c)e saturation e33ects due to the dc o33set in the ri+ar/ current.
T'-'' $he reactor is rotected b/ a di33erentia) re)a/ sche+e. Ese the 25C$ +ode) in
.4C0D to connect one hase o3 the reactor rotection sche+e.
Ir+
Ir7
+
+
T'-'2 Veri3/ the burden current in the di33erentia) C$ connection 3or 3au)ts at 0 and ;.
T'-'3 Does the i+edance o3 the connection )eads ha-e an e33ect on the resu)ts.H Ho, is
this i+edance accounted 3or.H
T'-'4 9en the case 3tdi33.sc. Chec6 the er3or+ance o3 the di33erentia) re)a/ durin!
trans3or+er ener!i<ation.
4% / 73
&aults and Current Trans:or;ers and relays ! Tutorial 2
#b(ecti)e,
2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith +ode)s in the CRe)a/D section o3 the +aster )ibrar/.
T2-' Create a ne, case b/ usin! either the Menu or Toolbar. 0 ne, case shou)d aear
in the Workspace settings entit)ed noname [psc]. Ri!ht5c)ic6 on this Wor6sace settin!s
entr/ and se)ect 4a-e 0s7 and !i-e the case a na+e.
89$:: Do not use any spaces in the name!
Create a 3o)der ca))ed c,../PscadTraining/&aults- 4a-e the case as case0".psc
T2-2 9en the +ain a!e o3 /our ne, case. Construct the si+)e t,o area s/ste+ sho,n
in the dia!ra+. $he -o)ta!e sources are set to 23% 6V. $he inuts to the a!e +odu)e
CRe)a/D are a)) rea) data inuts.
0#+
*#0 0#0* 7#0 0#07
1B;.Q>
Timed
3au4t
Logic
I+
8
0#+
Re4aH
8a
Ia
IG
Ic
Ic
IG
Ia
8a
I+
8
+ 7 "
+
Ia IG Ic
8a
8Ppand t%i& page to BieO t%e
re4aH component&
T2-3 Ese the +odu)es in the Cre)a/D section o3 the +aster )ibrar/ to construct a si+)e
distance re)a/. $he di33erent +odu)es are sho,n be)o,.

41 / 73
V0
I0
I00
V?
I?
I0?
R
C
V
a
I
a
kI
0
0ag
?%
dc
I(J
I(J
3 3 T
3 ! 60#0 <Hz=
0ag
?%
dc
I(J
I(J
3 3 T
3 ! 60#0 <Hz=
0ag
?%
dc
I(J
I(J
3 3 T
3 ! 60#0 <Hz=
Ia
8a
B

Ic
IG
Ia
+
+
+
+
+
+
8a0
8a?
Ia0
Ia?
I00
I0?
8a0
8a?
Ia0
Ia?
I00
I0?
5
@
5'@
"(6#$$
R
C
R
C
R
C
7+
Ia
IG
Ic
8a
Impedance ca4cu4ation
0%o
;%aractei&tic&
33Tto ePtract t%e
/undamenta4
T2-4 Identi3/ the 3unction o3 each +odu)e.
T2-5 Veri3/ the oeration o3 the re)a/.
42 / 73
Po>er ?uality
Electric Arc &urnace Model
.reared b/: Wan! .ei
Date: (ebruar/ 2%%7
Re-ision:
Date:
43 / 73
Electric arc :urnace ;odel
$he de-e)oed :0( +ode) is based on the non5)inear di33erentia) eAuations as out)ined in
J1K" ,hich +ode)s the non5)inear characteristics o3 the e)ectric arc as ictured in (i!. 1a.
$he eAuations reresentin! the arc -o)ta!e >-? to arc current >i? are sho,n be)o," ,here r
is the arc radius:
i
k
k r k
r dt
dr
r
m
n 2
3
2 1
2
= +
+
i v
r
k
m
=
+2
3
$he ara+eters 6i" r and n characteri<e the arc under a !i-en oeratin! condition. In
rea)it/" this V5I characteristic sho,s +uch +ore SnoiseT due to the unredictab)e and
chaotic nature o3 the )oad. (i!. 1b sho,s a +ore rea)istic :0( V5I characteristic.
Arc Data Setting,
.ara+eters 61 to 63 can be se)ected to obtain the :0( settin!s" such as acti-e o,er"
reacti-e o,er and o,er 3actor c)ose to ,hat ,ere +easured in the ractica) s/ste+. 0s
the :0( +ode) is sensiti-e to the s/ste+ connected" ara+eters 61 to 63 +a/ need to be re5
tuned i3 the s/ste+ con3i!uration chan!es. $he :0( +ode) is desi!ned to be ab)e to ta6e
the inuts ara+eters as -ariab)es so the oti+i<ation routines o3 .4C0D can be used to
eBedite the rocess.
Modulation Type setting,
$he rando+ness 3eature o3 the :0( +ode) is si+u)ated b/ addin! certain sinusoida) and
2aussian noise. $he +a!nitude/3reAuenc/ o3 sinusoida) +odu)ation and the standard
de-iation o3 2aussian 3unction can be seci3ied. :ach hase can be indeendent)/
contro))ed.
44 / 73
0ain L C- ?4ot
.+#)0 .+#00 .0#)0 0#00 0#)0 +#00 +#)0
.+00
.()
.)0
.7)
0
7)
)0
()
+00
H
.H
.P P
C1Pi& - 1Pi&
I7 V7
1perture 7#)))0660($" Didt%
++#66+ ?o&ition 0#000& 70#000&
>b? 0ctua) >a? Idea)
(i!. 1 Idea) and actua) V5I characteristic o3 an :0(
It is i+ortant to note that it is i+ossib)e to !et a si+u)ation case to +atch the obser-ed
resu)ts er3ect)/ due to the nature o3 the rob)e+. $he i+ortant thin! is to cature the
essentia) 3eatures and the trends o3 a ractica) arc 3urnace.
Re:erence,
J1K S0 Har+onic Do+ain Co+utationa) .ac6a!e 3or 8on5Linear .rob)e+s and its
0)ication to :)ectric 0rcs"T :. 0cha" 0. 4e+)/en" 8. RaNa6o-ic. I::: $ransactions on
.o,er De)i-er/"Vo) 1" 8o.3" #u)/ 1&&%.
41 / 73
&ACTS DEVICES
Acti)e &ilters
Instantaneous Reacti)e Po>er Method
Synchronous Re:erence &ra;e Method
.reared b/: Dharshana Muthu+uni
Date: 0u!ust 2%%1
Re-ision: 2
Date: (eb 1=" 2%%7
4= / 73
&acts De)ices ! Tutorial ! l
#b(ecti)e,
2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith o,er e)ectronic 3irin! +ode)s
2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith contro) s/ste+ bui)din! b)oc6 +ode)s
0cti-e 3i)ter theor/
T'4-' 9en the t,o .4C0D cases ro-ided ,ith the course +ateria). $he t,o cases are:
#ctie$ilter%&'(.psc
#ctie$ilter%I').psc
$he/ are )ocated in the 3o)der na+ed C0cti-e@3i)terD
T'4-2 $he +ain )oads on both these case roduce si!ni3icant har+onics. 4tud/ the
di33erent +ode)s used in the contro) circuit 3or the -ariab)e seed dri-e in
#ctie$ilter%I').psc.
T'4-3 4tud/ the contro) techniAue used in both IR. and 4R( +ethods.
T'4-4 4tud/ ho, the current re3erence .WM is i+)e+ented to in the acti-e 3i)ter brid!e.
What is the 3unction o3 the intero)ated 3irin! u)se +odu)eH
6
6
6
6
L
H
H
O5
O33
L
I+J
I,J
I)J
I6J
7
7
7
I7J
I"J
7
7
7
0#007
+
7
"
,
)
6
H9on
H9o//
>++
>7+
>"+
>,+
>)+
>6+
(i!.1. Inte!rated 3irin! u)se +odu)e
T'4-5 Chan!e the ara+eters o3 the 3i)ters in the contro) circuit o3 the acti-e 3i)ter and
see the chan!e in resonse. Can ,e use (($ to eBtract the 3reAuencies o3 interestH
47 / 73
PSCAD %ASIC TRAIIG
Synchronous Machines
E@ercises ' ! 2
.reared b/: Dharshana Muthu+uni
Date: 0u!ust 2%%1
Re-ision: 2
Date: (eb 1=" 2%%7
4' / 73
E@ercise '
#ne ;achine in:inite bus case
E'-' 9en the case case@%1@startu.sc.
1
B
;
8
3
" ?%a&e
R0S
T0
LRR
S70
I//a
I//G
I//c
0
#
0
+
1 B ;
V
3
?
%
HHdro>ener
O
Te
1
B
;
I/ 8/ 8/0 8/ I/
Tm0 Tm
Tm
+(#"7
60#0
Timer
Timer
I
3
D
0#,$)
E'-2 Ho, do /ou start the +achine as a C-o)ta!e sourceD. Ho, do /ou s,itch 3ro+ a
C-o)ta!e sourceD to a +achine rotatin! at a 3iBed seedH Ho, do /ou enab)e the rotationa)
d/na+ics o3 the +achine H
E'-3 What are the 3unctions o3 si!na)s :3% and $+% o3 the s/nchronous +achine +ode).
E'-4 4et the +achine initia) -o)ta!e +a!nitude to 1.%4 u and the hase to %.71 rad.
E'-5 Run the case and note the .o,er and Reacti-e .o,er )e-e)s at stead/ state. 0)so
+easure the inut torAue $+ and the 3ie)d -o)ta!e :3 at stead/ state.
E'-6 4tart the +achine in the nor+a) C+achineD +ode and obser-e the resu)ts.
E'-7 Ese the stead/ state $+ and :3 -a)ues in :1.1 as inuts to $+ and :3. 4tart the
+achine in the C+achineD +ode. 9bser-e resu)ts.
4& / 73
E@ercise 2
InitialiAing the ;achine to a load :lo>
E2-' 9en the case 2en@.Aini@start+etds@%1.sc.
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E2-2 Ma6e sure the +achine is rated at 11% MV0" 17.32 6V. It shou)d be connected to an
in3inite bus rated at the sa+e -o)ta!e throu!h a trans+ission )ine o3 inductance %.%1 H.
E2-3 Ca)cu)ate the +achine ter+ina) -o)ta!e in .E and the hase an!)e in radians" i3 the
stead/ state o,er and reacti-e o,er 3)o, is 14 MW and 27 MVar resecti-e)/.
E2-4 4et the +achine initia) conditions so that the si+u)ation ,i)) !i-e the correct stead/
state . and U 3)o,.
E2-5 Ho, are the !o-ernor" turbine and the eBciter initia)i<edH
E2-6 4tart the +achine as a source and si+u)ate the case.
E2-7 4tart the si+u)ation ,ith the +achine in the nor+a) C+achineD +ode. What
additiona) initia) conditions are to be su)ied to the +achineH
1% / 73
PSCAD ESSETIA$ T"T#RIA$S
Synchronous Machine Application Studies
.reared b/: Dharshana Muthu+uni
Date: 0u!ust 2%%1
Re-ision: 2
Date: (eb 1=" 2%%7
11 / 73
T>o area po>er syste;,
T*oarea%system.psc
$his case sho,s t,o h/dro !enerators connected throu!h a tie )ine. When the s/ste+ )oad
chan!es" the tie )ine o,er is deter+ined b/ the !o-ernor droo settin!s.
Chec6 i3 the +achine inertia a33ects the resu)ts.
Chan!es the droo settin!s to see the e33ects.
S;all signal stability,
+,%&mallsignal.psc
+,%&mallsignal%e,citer.psc
(The machine parameters and the system parameters are as given in the book, Power
System Stability and Control by Prabha Kundur.
The steady state P and Q values are .! and ." respectively.
The oscillation #re$uency, upon a small disturbance is around % &' and agrees with the
(igen )alue calculation.*
$hese cases i))ustrate the osci))ations in a s/ste+ ,hen a s+a)) disturbance is a)ied.
$he osci))ation 3reAuencies are in a!ree+ent ,ith 3reAuenc/ do+ain :i!an -a)ue
ca)cu)ations.
Does +achine ara+eters a33ect the osci))ation 3reAuenc/H
Does the +achine inertia a33ect the osci))ation 3reAuenc/H
Does the )oad 3)o, condition e33ect the osci))ation 3reAuenc/H
Critical clearing ti;e :or :aults,
+,%$ault%e,citer.psc
Critica) c)earin! ti+e 3or this 3au)t is %.1 i3 the re!u)ator !ain is o-er 4%%. (or -a)ues )ess
than 4%%" the s/ste+ beco+es unstab)e. $r/ di33erent 3au)t c)earin! ti+es and eBciter
!ains to see ho, the/ are re)ated.
Po>er Syste; StabiliAer,
+,%pss%tune.psc
$he s/ste+ sho,n in this case is unstab)e i3 run ,ithout a o,er s/ste+ stabi)i<er. Run
the case ,ith a constant 3ie)d -o)ta!e and see i3 the s/ste+ is stab)e. $his ,i)) -eri3/ that
the instabi)it/ is due to the eBciter action.
Can ,e +a6e the s/ste+ stab)e b/ reducin! the eBciter !ainH
Desi!n a o,er s/ste+ stabi)i<er >.44? to +ini+i<e the seed chan!e uon a disturbance.
Ese the oti+i<ation +ethod o3 .4C0D to desi!n the .44 ara+eters.
12 / 73
C#VERSI# #& $#AD &$#B
DATA &I$ES
Direct Con)ersion o: PSS/E &iles :or PSCAD
Model %uilding
.reared b/: .ei Wan!
Date: (eb. 2%%=
Re-ision:
13 / 73
Con)ersion o: load :lo> dats :iles = Tutorial !'
Direct con)ersion o: PSS/E :iles
#b(ecti)es,

2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith bui)din! )ar!e s/ste+s in .4C0D
Esin! :5$R08 to con-ert .44/: data 3i)es
2uide)ines to deter+ine detai)ed net,or6 3or :M$ stud/
Va)idation o3 de-e)oed +ode)
T'-' Create t,o cases ,ith :5$R08 3or the I::: 3& bus s/ste+s: one usin! on)/ the
.ra, 3i)e and the other inc)udin! the d/na+ic data .d/r 3i)e.
5 .ractice ,ith the se)ection o3 <one/area/bus/roBi+it//
5 8et,or6 eAui-a)ences
5 Manua) +odi3ications reAuired 3or :M$ stud/ urose
(i!. 1.4in!)e )ine dia!ra+ o3 I::: 3& bus s/ste+
14 / 73
T'-2 :5$R08 Runti+e Librar/ 3or .4C0D and custo+ substitution )ibraries
5 4eries co+onents >$)ine/$rans3or+er? and shunt co+onents >!enerator?
5 Ese o3 the sa+)e substitution )ibrar/
(i!. 2: Detai)ed +achine +ode in the substitution )ibrar/ 3or :M$ stud/
T'-3 Method to deter+ine the 6et s/ste+ >3reAuenc/ scan?
(i!. 3 (reAuenc/ scan resu)ts at interested bus
T'-4 Mode) -eri3ication.
5 Co+arison o3 ." U" V
5 4hort circuit data
11 / 73
Con)erting a Sol)ed PSS/E Case to PSCAD :or Transient Si;ulations
Man/ uti)ities ha-e their o,er s/ste+s +ode)ed in )oad 3)o, ro!ra+s. 0 !reat dea) o3
e33ort is reAuired to re5enter net,or6 data 3or transient si+u)ation studies in
:)ectro+a!netic $ransient >:M$? t/e ro!ra+s. $his a)ication note describes the use
a ne, too) that a))o,s 3or an auto+ated setu o3 .4C0D si+u)ation cases b/ direct)/
i+ortin! data 3ro+ so)-ed .44/: )oad 3)o, cases" thus +aBi+i<in! the si+u)ation
en!ineer roducti-it/. 4o+e he)3u) tis are a)so ro-ided on ho, to ensure the -a)idit/
o3 the transient stud/ b/ e33ecti-e)/ se)ectin! the si<e o3 the subs/ste+ to be si+u)ated in
.4C0D. 4o+e 6e/ oints addressed here are:
Direct con-ersion o3 the .44/: 3i)e: ;asic stes
:5$R08 Runti+e Librar/ 3or .4C0D and :5$R08 custo+ substitution )ibraries
8et,or6 eAui-a)ences
2uide)ines to deter+ine the eBtent o3 the net,or6 to be +ode)ed in detai)
Mode) -a)idation
I+ortin! d/na+ic data 3ro+ the .44/: R.d/r 3i)e
$he I::: 3&5bus s/ste+ >see (i!ure 1? is used as the base case to i))ustrate the .44/: to
.4C0D con-ersion rocess. $he I::: 3&5bus s/ste+ is a standard s/ste+ used 3or
testin! ne, o,er s/ste+s si+u)ation +ethodo)o!ies. It ,as created based on a
si+)i3ied +ode) o3 the 8e, :n!)and o,er s/ste+. $he 3&5bus s/ste+ has 1%
!enerators" 1& )oads" 3= trans+ission )ines and 12 trans3or+ers.
$he con-ersion o3 the s/ste+ into .4C0D is achie-ed throu!h :5$R08" a ro!ra+
de-e)oed b/ :)ectraniB Cororation. In addition to con-ertin! .44/: data into .4C0D
cases" this ro!ra+ o33ers +an/ o,er3u) 3eatures that cou)d be +aniu)ated b/ the
si+u)ation en!ineer to reduce the ti+e sent on a stud/. $he so3t,areDs +ost re)e-ant
3eatures are out)ined in this docu+ent.
1= / 73
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(i!ure 1 4in!)e )ine dia!ra+ o3 the I::: 3& bus s/ste+ in .4C0D
Con)erting the base PSS/E Case to PSCAD
When con-ertin! a case 3ro+ the .44/: )oad 3)o, data 3i)e >R.ra,? and d/na+ic data 3i)e
>R.d/r?" :5$R08 a))o,s 3or se-era) otions that ro-ide enhanced 3)eBibi)it/ to the 3ina)
user.
$o con-ert the R.ra,/R.d/r 3i)es" start the :5$R08 ro!ra+. $he o5u dia)o! ,i))
ro+t the user throu!h the con-ersion stes >see :rror: Re3erence source not 3ound?.
$he user ,i)) ha-e to seci3/ the )ocation o3 the R.ra,/Rd/r data 3i)es and the tar!et R.sc
3i)e. In the neBt dia)o!" the user ,i)) seci3/ i3 the entire net,or6 is to be C6etD or i3 on)/
a seci3ic art is 6et and the rest eAui-a)enced. In +ost transient studies there is no
added bene3it in +ode)in! the detai)s o3 the net,or6 be/ond a 3e, buses a,a/ 3ro+ the
)ocation o3 +ain interest. :5$R08 a))o,s 3or the s/ste+ to be artia))/ or 3u))/ con-erted
>a)) its nodes? into .4C0D.
.
17 / 73
(i!ure 2 :5$R08 dia)o! boBes
$he con-ersion rocess ,i)) !enerate a .4C0D >R.sc? 3i)e in the seci3ied )ocation. $he
net,or6 eAui-a)ent sources ,i)) ha-e their +a!nitudes and hase an!)es auto+atica))/ set
3or the sa+e o,er 3)o, as in the ori!ina) .44/: 3i)e.
1' / 73
E!TRA Runti;e $ibrary :or PSCAD
$he :5$R08 Runti+e 4ubstitution Librar/ >see (i!ure 3? contains a series o3 +ode)s
secia))/ de-e)oed 3or .44/:5.4C0D con-ersions that trans)ates .44/: co+onent
in3or+ation into eAui-a)ent .4C0D co+onent in3or+ation. $he :5$R08 Runti+e
4ubstitution Librar/ is ro-ided ,ith the ro!ra+ and contains the +ode)s that ,i))
aear in the con-erted .4C0D case. $o run the con-erted .4C0D case:
9en .4C0D
Load the :5$R08 Runti+e substitution )ibrar/
Load the .4C0D case
Veri3/ the )oad 3)o, resu)ts
(i!ure 3 :5$R08 Runti+e )ibrar/ 3or .4C0D
Custo; Substitution $ibraries and data entry
Load 3)o, ro!ra+s reresent the o,er s/ste+ net,or6 usin! si+)i3ied +ode)s
consistin! o3 resistances" inductances and caacitances. When con-erted to a .4C0D
case" these co+onents can be re)aced b/ +ore detai)ed +ode)s to reresent the
resecti-e unit. $here3ore" deendin! on the user needs" so+e o3 the +ode)s
auto+atica))/ substituted 3ro+ the :5$R08 substitution )ibrar/ +a/ reAuire additiona)
data or +a/ ha-e to be re)aced b/ +ore co+)eB +ode)s 3ro+ the .4C0D +aster
1& / 73
)ibrar/. (ortunate)/" :5$R08 a))o,s the user to create a user substitution )ibrar/ ,here
an/ additiona) in3or+ation ,i)) ha-e to be entered b/ the users on)/ once" ,hen the
co+onent is used the 3irst ti+e.
0n eBa+)e that ca))s 3or the use o3 the custo+ substitution )ibrar/ cou)d be a
trans+ission )ine" ,here the .I section or the ;er!eron +ode)s used to reresent it +a/
ha-e to be re)aced b/ a +ore accurate 3reAuenc/ deendant +ode)" ,hich ,i)) reAuire
seci3ic in3or+ation on the to,er" conductor and ri!ht o3 ,a/ di+ensions.
In the custo+ substitution )ibrar/ the user can rede3ine the substitution o3 a seci3ic
s/ste+ co+onent to be done ,ith a re53i))ed out .4C0D +aster )ibrar/ co+onent >or
a user bui)t co+onent? b/ re3erencin! to the bus nu+ber the/ are connected to >see
(i!ure 4?
B9,)69 B9*779T+
T
1 detai4ed /reFuencH dependant TLine
3rom Gu& ,)6 to Gu& *77, ;ircuit T+
S
8
Source+
SHncronou& mac%ine
at Gu& +)$
(i!ure 4 :Ba+)es o3 Ccusto+ substitution )ibrar/D co+onents
+,ou can save detailed device data in this library, and (-T./0 will use this data (substituting it #or the simple load #low data* every
time a region o# the network is converted into PSC/1. The goal is to eventually have all detailed model data entered into this
library. 2nce this is achieved, this library can be used to generate PSC/1 cases #or any location o# your system.
The models in the Substitution 3ibrary can also be custom written components, or even page components. / page component can
also have as many layers o# sub-pages as re$uired. (ach page can also contain sliders, plots, graphs, control-panels etc... 4hen (-
T./0 copies the data #rom your Substitution 3ibrary, it will also replace initial condition in#ormation. 5or e6ample, (-T./0 will
modi#y synchronous machine data to replace the data #or the terminal voltage, angle, P and Q.7
$he construction o3 the custo+ )ibrar/ ,i)) reAuire a si!ni3icant in-est+ent o3 ti+e 3or
)ar!e net,or6s. Ho,e-er" once it is co+)eted" /ou can con-ert an/ art o3 /our net,or6
,ithout ha-in! to do an/ +anua) data entr/. $his ,as identi3ied as a 6e/ ti+e sa-in!
3eature b/ )ar!e uti)ities and consu)tants ,ho are reAuired to ,or6 on di33erent arts o3
)ar!e net,or6s ,hen underta6in! di33erent roNects.
Deciding on the Part o: the et>or< to be Cept
=% / 73
0 transient stud/ ,ou)d reAuire the detai)ed +ode)in! o3 a s+a)) art o3 the net,or6
around the +ain oint o3 interest. $/ica))/" this ,ou)d be about 2 or 3 buses a,a/ 3ro+
this oint. :5$R08 a))o,s the users to e33icient)/ decide and chec6 i3 the C6etD net,or6
detai)s are adeAuate 3or a !i-en stud/. $he 3o))o,in! stes are reco++ended. $his +a6es
use o3 the Cnet,or6 3reAuenc/ scanD co+onent o3 .4C0D >see (i!ure 1?.
Con-ert the .44/: 3i)e to .4C0D" 6eein! the detai)s 2 or 3 buses a,a/ 3ro+ the
+ain oint o3 interest and eAui-a)encin! the rest.
Ese the 3reAuenc/ scan co+onent o3 .4C0D to )ot the i+edance -s.
3reAuenc/ characteristic o3 this s/ste+ at the bus concerned.
Recon-ert the .44/: 3i)e" this ti+e" 6eein! the detai)s o3 one +ore bus a,a/
than in the ear)ier ste.
.)ot the i+edance -s. 3reAuenc/ characteristics o3 this s/ste+ at the bus
concerned and co+are ,ith the 3irst )ot.
Reeat the rocess unti) the di33erences in 3reAuenc/ characteristics are +inor in
the 3reAuenc/ ran!e o3 interest. 0ddin! +ore detai)s o3 the net,or6 be/ond this
oint is un)i6e)/ to i+ro-e resu)ts.
ZI/J
0#0 .
7000 <Hz=
(i!ure 1 .4C0D (reAuenc/ 4can co+onent
=1 / 73
(i!ure = (reAuenc/ scans 2" 3" 7 = buses a,a/ at bus 8o. 11 3or the s/ste+ under stud/
(i!ure = sho,s the use o3 the 3reAuenc/ scan 3eature. Here di33erent net,or6 eAui-a)ents
,ere constructed usin! :5$R08 3or the I::: 3& bus s/ste+ at bus 8o. 11 3or 2" 3" 7 =
buses a,a/ >,ith = buses a,a/ co+risin! the ,ho)e net,or6?. $hese net,or6
eAui-a)ents ,ere created usin! the )oad 3)o, data 3i)e on)/ >R.ra,?. It can be obser-ed
that the 3reAuenc/ sectru+s o3 the eAui-a)ent net,or6s start ro-idin! a !ood
aroBi+ation 3or the ,ho)e net,or6 startin! at C4 buses a,a/D.
Validation
0 Auic6 +ethod to -a)idate the si+)i3ied eAui-a)ent s/ste+ ro-ided b/ :5$R08 is to
co+are the -a)ues ca)cu)ated b/ .4C0D 3or node -o)ta!es" trans+ission )ine )oad 3)o,s
or ." U 3)o,s at !eneration busses ,ith the ones re-ious)/ ca)cu)ated b/ .44/:. (or such
urose" use the +u)ti5+eter to dis)a/ the -o)ta!e at the node o3 concern and the . and
U 3)o,s in the resecti-e trans+ission )ine. $hen" dis)a/ the sa+e in3or+ation 3or such
node in the .44/: )oad 3)o, uti)it/. $he con-erted .4C0D case ,i)) ha-e auto !enerated
)abe)s that dis)a/ the ." U 3)o,s at !eneration buses. (i!ure 7 sho,s the .44/: and
.4C0D resu)ts 3or the -o)ta!e +a!nitude and an!)e at node 11 as ,e)) as the . and U
3)o,s 3or the nodes 11 to 1= trans+ission )ine.
=2 / 73
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(i!ure 7 Co+arison o3 )oad 3)o, resu)ts bet,een .4C0D and .44/:
4hort5circuit )e-e) ca)cu)ation at certain buses 3or the con-erted .4C0D case is a)so
reco++ended. $he short5circuit resu)ts can be co+ared to those 3ro+ the .44/: stud/
or uti)it/ s/ste+ data 3or -a)idation urose. 9nce the .4C0D s/ste+ has been -a)idated"
it is read/ to be used 3or transient studies.
I;porting Dyna;ic Data :ro; the -dyr &ile
Durin! the con-ersion rocess the user can seci3/ to i+ort d/na+ic data 3ro+ the
.44/: Ddyr 3i)e. I3 this otion is se)ected" a)) !enerators in the C6etD art o3 the net,or6
,i)) be re)aced b/ detai)ed +achine +ode)s >see (i!ure '?. $he +achine contro)s and
re)ated +ode)s >eBciter" !o-ernor" .44" turbine? ,i)) a)so be inc)uded in the .4C0D
+ode). 0)) in3or+ation necessar/ to initia)i<e these +ode)s ,i)) either be i+orted 3ro+
the Rra,/Rd/r 3i)es or be co+uted b/ :5$R08. $hus" the si+u)ation ,i)) auto+atica))/
co+e to the seci3ic stead/ state a3ter a 3e, c/c)es o3 si+u)ation ti+e.
=3 / 73
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(i!ure ' Detai)ed s/nchronous +achine +ode) auto+atica))/ !enerated b/ :5$R08 ,ith
ara+eters ta6en 3ro+ the .44/: R.d/r and R.ra, 3i)es
=4 / 73
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(i!ure & I::: 3& bus s/ste+ con-erted to .4C0D 3or bus 8o. 1 >3 nodes a,a/?
0 subseAuent -a)idation docu+ent ,i)) discuss the con-ersion rocess in +ore detai).
$his ,i)) inc)ude a discussion on i+ortin! d/na+ic de-ices" saturation and co+arison
o3 )o, 3reAuenc/ transients ,ith transient stabi)it/ resu)ts.
Re:erences
J1K :)ectraniB Cororation S:5$R08 V1.1: :)ectrica) $rans)ation .ro!ra+ 3or .o,er
4/ste+s. EserDs Manua)T (ebruar/ 2%%3
.reared b/:
#uan Car)os 2arcia
Dharshana Muthu+uni
.ei Wan!
=1 / 73
PSCAD ADVACE TRAIIG
Tutorial on Creating Custo; Co;ponents
.reared b/: Dharshana Muthu+uni
Date: 0u!ust 2%%1
Re-ision: 2
Date: (eb 1=" 2%%7
== / 73
PSCAD Ad)anced Training ! Tutorial '

Adder
Purpose,
To get $amiliar *ith the -omponent Workshop .or the /esign e/itor0.
-reate input1output no/es.
2et $amiliar *ith the graphic3 )arameters an/ the script sections o$ the e/itor.
Create a )ibrar/ 3i)e.
Ese the co+onent ,or6sho to create a si+)e contro) b)oc6 to do the 3o))o,in!
co+utation.
C 8 K / K = + 2 1
0 and ; 5 :Bterna) inuts
P1 and P2 O Interna) ara+eters
C O 9utut
Inc)ude the co+onent in a case and -eri3/ its accurac/
Modi3/ the co+onent so that P1 and P2 can be entered as -ariab)es.
Veri3/ the +odi3ied co+onent.
B
;
1
1dder
=7 / 73
PSCAD Ad)anced Training ! Tutorial 2
Integrator
Purpose,
-alling e,ternal subroutines.
&toring /ata $or computations in $ollo*ing .$uture0 time steps.
$he b)oc6 shou)d er3or+ the 3o))o,in! 3unction

= 6dt y
B O inut
/ O outut
$o 6ee thin!s si+)e" use Crectan!u)ar inte!rationD.
t t 6 t t y t y + = ? > ? > ? >
$his ,i)) reAuire the stora!e o3 CastD -a)ue o3 /.
0))o, 3or the inut o3 initia) -a)ue o3 /.
Ese an eBterna) (9R$R08 4ubroutine to do the ca)cu)ations.
P H
Integrator
=' / 73
PSCAD Ad)anced Training ! Tutorial 3
Electrical Co;ponent = Trans:or;er *coupled >ires+
Purpose,
Design an electrical! component.
4sing branch! an/ trans$ormer! sections o$ the script!
Desi!n a +ode) o3 t,o +a!netica))/ cou)ed ,ires.
$he +ode) is to be inter3aced ,ith other e)ectrica) co+onents in the +aster )ibrar/.
$he inductances and resistances are the inuts.

ib
ia
.b o
o .a
ib
ia
dt
d
3b 9ab
9ab 3a
vb
va
Ese the Ctrans3or+ersD section to enter the L and R -a)ues.
Connect the +ode) to a source and -eri3/ the +ode).
Two coupled
wires with capacitance
a)
b)
a,
b,
Ese the C;ranchD section to add Cstra/ caacitanceD bet,een the ,ires on the inut side.
=& / 73
PSCAD Ad)anced Training ! Tutorial 4
Electrical Co;ponent = A si;ple DC Machine
Purpose,
Inter$ace an electric component as a oltage source. .5ranch base/ inter$ace0
Desi!n a si+)e +ode) o3 a DC +achine.
(ie)d circuit 5 4eries L and R
0r+ature circuit O 0 series branch o3 L" R and a -o)ta!e source o3 +a!nitude :b.
w k (b = @
speed w =

( )
k# i#
e k
/
1
1 . 1''
11%
@

=
i3 O (ie)d current
63 O Inut ara+eter >constant?
$he inductances and resistances are the other inuts.
%)
a)
a,
w
%,
Siple
6C Machine
7% / 73
&#RTRA C#DES
Integrator,
V
4E;R9E$I8: I8$:2R0$9R>B"/"FI8I?
V
V .urose 5 inte!ration o3 a rea) si!na)
V Lan!ua!e 5 (ortran 77/&%
V Date 5
V 0uthor 5
V
V Inc)ude (i)es
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V
V Variab)e Dec)arations
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V .ro!ra+ be!ins
V 55555555555555
V I4$9R( I 84$9R(
84$9R( I 84$9R( M 1
V it is !ood to assi!n 84$9R( to I4$9R( and
V ha-e a)) the user assi!ned 4$9RB )ocations at the
V to" then /ou can e-en use the other 3unctions
V a-ai)ab)e in :M$DC in /our code ,ithout ,orr/in!
V about ,hich 4$9RB )ocations are
V used b/ the+
F9LD I 4$9R(>I4$9R(?
V here 84$9R( oints to the 3irst 4$9R( )ocation
V used in the routine" in the o)d +ethod in V2" 8:XC
V ointed to the )ast 4$9R )ocation in the re-ious)/
V ca))ed subroutine/3unction.
F I BRD:L$ M F9LD
V outut at ti+e <ero
I( >$IM:L:R9? $H:8
F I FI8I
:8DI(
V sa-e the data 3or neBt ti+e ste
4$9R(>I4$9R(? I /
V
R:$ER8
:8D
71 / 73
Si;ple DC Machine,
4E;R9E$I8: 4IM.L:DC>P3","0102"(1(2"44?
V
V Dharshana : %4 0u! 2%%2
V
I8CLED: Wnd.hW
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I8CLED: Ws2.hW
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R:0L P3"I3)d","6@i
I8$:2:R 0102"(1(2"44
V 0cti-ate the source on branch 0102
49ERC:>0102"44?I.$RE:.
V
V Read the 3ie)d current and the ar+ature current durin! the re-ious ti+e ste
I3)dIC;R>(1(2"44?R1%%%
V
V De3ine the no)oad eBcitation charactersitics 3or the +achine
V
6@i I >11%/1''.1?R>1 5:X.>5I3)d/P3??
V
:;R>0102"44?I56@iR,/1%%%
V
R:$ER8
:8D
V
72 / 73
$hat conc)udes the Introduction to .4C0D and 0)ications course. $han6
/ou 3or /our attention and articiation. 0s /ou ,or6 ,ith .4C0D in the
3uture" )ease re+e+ber ,e are a-ai)ab)e to ro-ide assistance ,ith an/
si+u)ation or +ode)in! di33icu)ties /ou +a/ encounter. .)ease do not
hesitate to contact us at:
suort*scad.co+
0s ,e))" additiona) trainin! courses are a-ai)ab)e" )ease re3er to
,,,.scad.co+ 3or +ore in3or+ation. We are a)so ab)e to o33er custo+i<ed
courses to suit /our seci3ic reAuire+ents. .)ease do not hesitate to contact
us 3or +ore in3or+ation at:
in3o*scad.co+

73 / 73
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.
244 Cree Crescent
Winnie!" Manitoba" Canada R3# 3W1
$ 2%4 &'& 124% ( 2%4 &'& 1277
sa)es*scad.co+ ,,,.h-dc.ca