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This topic explains the principles of
stress, deformation analysis for
several kinds of stresses such as direct
stress, shear stress, torsional shear
stress and formulate torque, power
and rotational speed.
Mechanical
engineering department
Politeknik Merlimau
hamdi@pmm.edu.my,
suri@pmm.edu.my


JJ513 Engineering Design Stress Analysis
2


THE BIG PICTURE



OBJECTIVES OF THIS CHAPTER

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Describe the direct stresses
2. Explain the deformation under direct axial loading
3. Describe the shear stress













2 - 1
STRESS
2 - 2
STRAIN
2 - 3
SHEAR STRESS
2 - 4
RELATIONSHIP AMONG TORQUE, POWER AND
TRANSFER ROTATIONAL SPEED
JJ513 Engineering Design Stress Analysis
3

INTRODUCTION

In our daily life, we see that when we pull the rubber band, it elongates. The amount, by
which the rubber band elongates, depends upon the amount of load and the nature as well
as cross sectional area of the rubber band material. It has been experimentally found that
the cohesive force, between molecules of rubber band, offers resistance against the
deformation, and the force of resistance increase with the deformation. It has also been
observed that the process of deformation stops when the force of resistance is equal to the
external force. In the succeeding pages, we shall discuss the effects produced by the
application of loads, on the materials.


2-1 STRESS

Every material is elastic in nature. This is why, whenever some external system of forces
acts on a body, it undergoes some deformation. As the body undergoes deformation, its
molecules set up some resistance to deformation. This resistance per unit area to
deformation is known as stress. Mathematically stress may be defined as the force per unit
area.

P
A
o =

Where,
P = load or force acting on the body
A = cross sectional area of the body
Unit = N / m
2



2-2 STRAIN

Whenever a single force acts on a body, it undergoes some deformation. This deformation
per unit length is known as strain. Mathematically strain may be defined as the deformation
per unit length.

l
l
o
c =


JJ513 Engineering Design Stress Analysis
4

Where,
= deformation of the body
= original length of the body

2-3 SHEAR STRESS

When a section is subjected to two equal and opposite forces, acting tangentially across the
resisting section, as a result of which the body tends to shear off across the section as
shown in figure 2.1 below, the stress induced is called shear stress.





Before the force is subject





After the force is subjected

Figure 2.1 shearing stress


2-4 RELATIONSHIP AMONG TORQUE, POWER AND POWER TRANSFER ROTATIONAL SPEED

Power is the rate of doing work;

Where;
P = force, N
U = velocity, m/s
T = torque, Nm
= rotational speed, rads


P
P
JJ513 Engineering Design Stress Analysis
5


2-5 SOLVED PROBLEM

PROBLEM 1
A steel rod 1m long & 20mm x 20mm in cross-section is subjected to tensile force of 40KN.
Determine the elongation of the rod, if modulus of elasticity for the rod material is 200 Gpa.
Given:
= 1 m
A = 20m x 20m = 400 x 10
-6
m
P= 40 KN = 40 x
3
10 N
E= 200 Gpa = 200 x 10 N/m

Solution:
Pl
l
AE
o = =
3
6 9
(40 10 )(1)
(400 10 )(200 10 )

= 0.5 mm.

PROBLEM 2
A hollow cylinder 2m long has an outside diameter of 50mm & inside diameter of 30mm. If
the cylinder is carrying a load of 25 KN, find the stress in the cylinder. Also find the
deformation of the cylinder , if the value of the mudulus of elasticityfor the cylinder
materials is 100 Gpa.
Given:
l = 2m
D = 50mm
D = 30mm
P = 25 KN
JJ513 Engineering Design Stress Analysis
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Solution:
A =
2 2 3 2 3 2 2
( ) (50 10 ) (30 10 ) 1.257
4 4
D d mm
t t

( = =



P
A
o = =
3
6
25 10
1.257 10

= 19.9 MN/m
2
.


3
6 9
(25 10 )(2)
1.257 10 (100 10 )
p
AE
o

= =



= 0.4mm

PROBLEM 3

A load of 5 KN is to be raised with the help of a steel wire. Find the minimum diameter of
the steel wire if the stress is not exceeding 100 MPa.
Given:
P = 5 kN,
2
100 / MN m o = .
Solution:
P
A
o =

2
2
2
3)
6
4
4
4
4
4(5 10
(100 10 )
7.99 @8
d P
P
d
P
d
P
d
mm mm
t
t
to
to
t
= =
=
=

=


JJ513 Engineering Design Stress Analysis
7

PROBLEM 4
In an experiment, a steel specimen at 13mm diameter was found to elongate 0.2mm in a
200mm gauge length when it was subjected to a tensile force of 26.8kN. If the specimen
was tested within the elastic range, what is the value of youngs modulus?
Given:
d = 13mm
l o = 0.2mm
200 l mm =
P = 26.8kN

Solution:
2 3 2 4 2
(13 10 ) 1.327 10
4 4
A d m
pl
l
AE
pl
E
A l
t t
o
o

= = =
=
=


3 3
4 3
2
26.8 10 200 10
1.327 10 0.2 10
202
GN
m

=

=








JJ513 Engineering Design Stress Analysis
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PROBLEM 5
A hollow steel tube 3.5m long has external diameter of 120mm. In order to determine the
internal diameter, the tube was subjected to a tensile load of 400kN and extension was
measured to be 2mm. If the modulus of elasticity for the tube material is 200Gpa,
determine the internal diameter of the tube.
Given:
3
3
3
9
2
3.5
120 10
400 10
2 10
200 200 10
m
D m
P N
m
N
E GPa
m
o

=
=
=
=
= =


Solution:
3 2 2
3 2 2
3 2 2
3 2 2
3 2
3
3 2
3 9
(120 10 )
4
4
(120 10 )
4
(120 10 )
( )
4
(120 10 )
( )
4
(120 10 )
( )
4(400 10 )3.5
(120 10 )
(2 10 )(200 10 )
99.72
P
AE
P
d E
P
d E
P
d
E
P
d
E
P
d
E
d
d mm
o
o
t
o
t
t o
t o
t o
t

=
=
(

=
(

=
=
=

=

=



JJ513 Engineering Design Stress Analysis
9

REFERENCES

Bernard J.Hamrock, S. R. (2005). fundamentals of machine elements 2nd edition. kuala lumpur: The
McGraw Hill Companies.
Khurmi, R. S. (2007). Strength of Materials. New Delhi: S. Chand.