Isabelle de Mar
1st Generation
1. Isabelle de Mar was born About 1274 in Kildrummy Castle, Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire, Scotland and died About 1320. She
married (Unknown).
Children of Robert, II Stuart, King of Scotland and Elizabeth Mure, Queen of Scotland
i. 4. John Robert, III Stuart was born in 1348 in Dundonald, Ayrshire, Scotland and died on Apr. 4, 1406 in Rothsay Casstle,
Dundonald, Ayshire, Scotland.
Children of James VI and I Stuart, King of Scotland, King of England and Ireland and Anne Oldenburg
i. 12. Charles, I Stuart, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland was born on Nov. 19, 1600 in Dunfermline Palace,
Fife, Scotland and died on Jan. 30, 1649 in Palace of Whitehall, London, England.
Other events in the relationship of Charles, I Stuart, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland and Joanna Brydges
Other
Children of Charles, I Stuart, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland and Joanna Brydges
i. 13. Pheobe Langsdale died in 1651.
Descendants of: Page 4 of 37
Isabelle de Mar
Children of Charles, I Stuart, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland and Henrietta Maria Bourbon
ii. 14. Margaret Bourbon Stuart was born About 1635 in England and died on Aug. 21, 1728 in Essex Co., Virginia, USA.
14. Margaret Bourbon Stuart was born About 1635 in England and died on Aug. 21, 1728 in Essex Co., Virginia, USA. She
married Robert Rutherford in 1654 in Virginia, USA. Robert, son of Adam Rutherford and Janet Rutherford, was born in
1634 in Jedburgh, Roxburghshire, Scotland and died on Apr. 21, 1728 in Essex Co., VA.
16. Robert Rutherford was born in 1663 in Old Rappahanock Co., VA and died on Mar. 15, 1725 in Essex Co., VA. He married
Margaret Vawter. Margaret, daughter of Bartholomew Vawter and Winifred Hodgson, was born in 1672 in England and
died in 1743 in Essex Co., VA, USA.
23. Rebecca McCoy was born in 1863 and died on an unknown date. She married William Johnson Chapman on Jan. 5,
1888 in Chesapeake, OH. William Johnson, son of Edward Chapman and Elizabeth Hunt, was born About 1859 in Kentucky
and died on an unknown date.
24. Joseph McCoy was born in 1865 and died on an unknown date.
25. Parlee McCoy was born in 1866 and died on an unknown date.
26. Harvey McCoy was born in 1867 in Pike Co., Kentucky and died on an unknown date. He married Eliza Smith on Aug. 15,
1889 in Chesapeake, OH.
27. Boyd McCoy was born in 1872 and died on an unknown date.
28. Dollie McCoy was born in 1874 and died on an unknown date.
29. Lydia McCoy was born in 1875 in Pike Co., KY and died in 1967.
30. Lovel McCoy was born in 1878 and died on an unknown date.
Descendants of: Page 8 of 37
Isabelle de Mar
Other events in the relationship of Sydney Chapman and Esther Louise Row
Divorce
32. Tony Chapman was born on Jul. 2, 1893 in Pike, Kentucky, USA and died on May 23, 1985 in Columbus, Franklin, Ohio. He
married May Johnson. May Johnson, daughter of Robert Johnson and Margaret, was born in 1895 in Johnson Co.,
Kentucky, USA and died on an unknown date.
33. Lovel C. Chapman was born on Jan. 4, 1896 in (probably Pike), Kentucky, USA and died 1918 probably in Monroe, KY.
34. Pearl Mae Duncan was born in 1898 in Pike Co., KY and died in 1972.
Children of Sherwood Tunis Chapman (Turner) and Evelyn Ruth Elizabeth Wagey
i. 49. Sherwood T. Turner, Jr. was born on Sep. 6, 1938 in Denver, CO.
ii. 50. David Roy Turner was born on Nov. 8, 1940 in Denver, CO.
iii. 51. Beverly Ann Turner was born on Oct. 11, 1935 in Denver, CO and died on Mar. 24, 1980.
36. Marie Gladys Chapman Turner was born on Oct. 15, 1908 in Howard Mines, Chattry, Williamson, Mingo Co, WV and died
on Jul. 20, 2000 in La Mesa, San Diego, CA. She married Glenn Lucien Taylor on Sep. 1, 1937 in San Diego, CA. Glenn
Lucien, son of Owen Taylor and Alice Minerva Kellogg, was born on Nov. 24, 1909 in Merrill, Plymouth Co., Iowa and died on
Jun. 2, 1988 in La Mesa, San Diego, CA.
37. Golden Chapman was born in 1921 in Kentucky and died on an unknown date.
38. Jaunita Chapman was born in 1924 in West Virginia and died on an unknown date.
39. Billy Chapman was born in 1927 in West Virginia and died on an unknown date.
40. Ted Mickey Chapman was born on Nov. 30, 1929 in Mingo Co., West Virginia and died on Sep. 25, 1985 in Columbus,
Franklin, Ohio. He married Elizabeth Jean Farrow. Elizabeth Jean, daughter of Mary, was born on Jul. 17, 1928 and died on
an unknown date.
41. Howard Chapman was born in 1925 in West Virginia and died in Ohio.
42. Claude Dorphus Chapman was born in 1923 in West Virginia and died in Clark, NV. He married Mary Hazel Alexander.
Descendants of: Page 12 of 37
Isabelle de Mar
43. Margurite Chapman was born in 1915 in West Virginia and died on an unknown date.
44. Dallas Chapman was born in 1918 in West Virginia and died on an unknown date.
45. Patricia Irene Chapman was born in 1929 in West Virginia and died on an unknown date.
46. William Chapman was born in 1916 in West Virginia and died on an unknown date.
47. Lillian Movita Chapman was born on Oct. 12, 1934 in West Virginia and died on Jun. 20, 1970 in Las Vegas, Clark Co., NV.
She married Herbert Ray Kitts. Herbert Ray was born on Oct. 13, 1927 in Ft Gay, Wayne co., WV and died on Dec. 12, 1999 in
Salem, Fayette Co, WV.
48. Cullen Edward Porter, Sr. was born in 1922 in Williamson, WV and died in 1994.
50. David Roy Turner was born on Nov. 8, 1940 in Denver, CO. He married Constance Bartlett on Aug. 26, 1962 in Bird City,
Kansas. Constance, daughter of Wilbur Allen Bartlett and Edith Belle Banister, was born on Dec. 19, 1941 in St. Francis,
KS.
51. Beverly Ann Turner was born on Oct. 11, 1935 in Denver, CO and died on Mar. 24, 1980. She married Eugene R.
Schoenberg on Oct. 18, 1953. Eugene R. was born on Jun. 7, 1931 in Denver, CO and died on Nov. 1, 1997 in Wheat Ridge, CO.
52. Lloyd Irvin Taylor was born on Jun. 22, 1943 in San Diego, CA and died STILL ALIVE.
53. Sharon Kay Taylor was born on Jul. 6, 1945 in San Diego, CA.
54. William Bennett Chapman was born in 1958 in Ohio and died in 1978 in Soul-T'ukpyolsi, South Korea.
59. Cullen Edward Porter, II was born in 1957 in Chicago, IL and died on an unknown date.
61. Richard Allan Turner was born on Jul. 16, 1964 in CO. He married Shelly Myers on Jul. 18, 1996. Shelly was born in CO.
62. Ronald Keith Turner was born on Mar. 31, 1959 in Denver, Colorado, USA. He married Rhonda Lee on Nov. 6, 1976.
63. Gloria Jean Turner was born on Aug. 26, 1961. She married Gil Madrid on Nov. 24, 1984.
64. Debra Beneth Turner was born on Aug. 19, 1963 in Greeley, CO. She married Kent Knudsen on Sep. 1, 1988.
65. Pamela Rachelle Turner was born on Feb. 22, 1967 in Wheat Ridge, CO. She married Brent Bettolo on Jun. 27, 1987.
Other events in the relationship of Pamela Rachelle Turner and Brent Bettolo
Divorce
66. Steven Dale Schoenberg was born on May 19, 1959. He married Sue JoAnn.
67. Karen Kay Schoenberg was born on Jan. 24, 1962. She married Daniel Scott Douglas.
68. Robert Phillip Schoenberg was born on Sep. 13, 1966. He married Unknown.
Notes
Notes on James, V Stuart
Father: 'James IV Stuart King of Scotland b: 17 MAR 1473 in Perthshire, Scotland
Mother: Margaret Tudor b: 28 NOV 1489 in London, England
Notes on James VI and I Stuart, King of Scotland, King of England and Ireland
James I of England
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from James VI)
Jump to: navigation, search
James VI & I
James I of England from the period 1603–1613, by Paul van Somer I (1576–1621)
King of Scots (more...)
Reign 24 July 1567 – 27 March 1625 (&0000000000000057.00000057 years, &0000000000000246.000000246 days)
Coronation 29 July 1567
Predecessor Mary I
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Isabelle de Mar
Regent James Stewart, Earl of Moray
Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox
John Erskine, Earl of Mar
James Douglas, Earl of Morton
Successor Charles I
King of England and Ireland (more...)
Reign 24 March 1603 – 27 March 1625 (&0000000000000022.00000022 years, &0000000000000003.0000003 days)
Coronation 25 July 1603
Predecessor Elizabeth I
Successor Charles I
He became King of Scotland as James VI on 24 July 1567, when he was just thirteen months old, succeeding his mother Mary, Queen of Scots. Regents
governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1581.[1] On 24 March 1603, as James
I, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue.[2] He then ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland for 22
years, often using the title King of Great Britain, until his death at the age of 58.[3]
Under James, the "Golden Age" of Elizabethan literature and drama continued, with writers such as William Shakespeare, John Donne, Ben Jonson, and
Sir Francis Bacon contributing to a flourishing literary culture.[4] James himself was a talented scholar, the author of works such as Daemonologie (1597)[5],
True Law of Free Monarchies (1598)[6], and Basilikon Doron (1599).[7] Sir Anthony Weldon claimed that James had been termed "the wisest fool in
Christendom", an epithet associated with his character ever since.[8]
Contents [hide]
1 Childhood
1.1 Birth
1.2 Regencies
2 Personal rule in Scotland
2.1 Marriage
2.2 Theory of monarchy
3 English throne
3.1 Proclaimed King of England
4 Early reign in England
4.1 Gunpowder plot
5 King and Parliament
5.1 Spanish match
6 Religious challenges
7 Favourites
8 Personal relationships
9 Final year
10 Legacy
11 Titles, styles, honours and arms
11.1 Titles and styles
12 Children
13 Ancestry
14 See also
15 Notes
16 References
17 Further reading
18 External links
18.1 Books about James I available online
18.2 Other links
[edit] Childhood
[edit] Birth
James Charles Stuart was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. He was a descendant of Henry VII of
Descendants of: Page 23 of 37
Isabelle de Mar
England through his great-grandmother Margaret Tudor, older sister of Henry VIII.[9] Mary's rule over Scotland was insecure, for both she and her husband,
being Roman Catholics, faced a rebellion by the Protestant population. Lord Darnley secretly allied himself with the rebels and murdered the Queen's
private secretary, David Rizzio.[10]
1568 painting by Lieven de Vogeleer depicting a two-year-old James praying for vengeance for the murder of his father, Henry Stuart, Lord DarnleyJames
was born on 19 June 1566 at Edinburgh Castle, and as the eldest son of the monarch and heir-apparent, automatically became Duke of Rothesay and
Prince and Great Steward of Scotland. Elizabeth I of England, as godmother in absentia, sent a magnificent gold font as a christening gift.[11]
James's father, Henry, was murdered on 10 February 1567 at the Hamiltons' house, Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, perhaps in revenge for Rizzio's death. Mary
was already an unpopular queen, and her marriage on 15 May 1567 to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, who was widely suspected of murdering
Henry, heightened widespread bad feeling towards her.[12] In June 1567, Protestant rebels arrested Mary and imprisoned her in Loch Leven Castle; she
never saw her son again. She was forced to abdicate on 24 July in favour of the infant James and to appoint her illegitimate half-brother, James Stewart,
Earl of Moray, as regent.[13]
[edit] Regencies
The care of James was entrusted to the Earl and Countess of Mar, "to be conserved, nursed, and upbrought"[14] in the security of Stirling Castle.[15] The
boy was formally crowned at the age of thirteen months as King James VI of Scotland at the Church of the Holy Rude, Stirling, on 29 July 1567.[11] The
sermon was preached by the Calvinist John Knox. And, in accordance with the religious beliefs of most of the Scottish ruling class, James was brought up
as a member of the Protestant national Church of Scotland, his education supervised by historian and poet George Buchanan, who subjected him to regular
beatings but also instilled in him a lifelong passion for literature and learning.[16]
In 1568 Mary escaped from prison, leading to a brief period of violence. The Earl of Moray defeated Mary's troops at the Battle of Langside, forcing her to
flee to England, where she was subsequently imprisoned by Elizabeth. On 22 January 1570, Moray was assassinated by James Hamilton of
Bothwellhaugh, to be succeeded as regent by James's paternal grandfather, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, who a year later was carried fatally
wounded into Stirling Castle after a raid by Mary's supporters.[17] The next regent, John Erskine, 1st Earl of Mar, died soon after banqueting at the estate of
James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, where he "took a vehement sickness", dying on 28 October 1572 at Stirling. Morton, who now took Mar's office, proved
in many ways the most effective of James's regents,[18] but he made enemies by his rapacity.[19] He fell from favour when the Frenchman Esmé Stewart,
Sieur d'Aubigny, first cousin of James's father Lord Darnley, and future Earl of Lennox, arrived in Scotland and quickly established himself as the first of
James's powerful male favourites.[20] Morton was executed on 2 June 1581, belatedly charged with complicity in Lord Darnley's murder.[21] On 8 August,
James made Lennox the only duke in Scotland.[22] Then fifteen years old, the king was to remain under the influence of Lennox for about one more
year.[23]
James in 1586, age 20Although a Protestant convert, Lennox was distrusted by Scottish Calvinists, who noticed the physical displays of affection between
favourite and king and alleged that Lennox "went about to draw the King to carnal lust".[19] In August 1582, in what became known as the Ruthven Raid,
the Protestant earls of Gowrie and Angus lured James into Ruthven Castle, imprisoned him,[24] and forced Lennox to leave Scotland. After James was
freed in June 1583, he assumed increasing control of his kingdom. He pushed through the Black Acts to assert royal authority over the Kirk and between
1584 and 1603 established effective royal government and relative peace among the lords, ably assisted by John Maitland of Thirlestane, who led the
government until 1592.[25] One last Scottish attempt against the king's person occurred in August 1600, when James was apparently assaulted by
Alexander Ruthven, the Earl of Gowrie's younger brother, at Gowrie House, the seat of the Ruthvens.[26] Since Ruthven was run through by James's page
John Ramsay and the Earl of Gowrie was himself killed in the ensuing fracas, James's account of the circumstances, given the lack of witnesses and his
history with the Ruthvens, was not universally believed.[27]
In 1586, James signed the Treaty of Berwick with England. That and the execution of his mother in 1587, which he denounced as a "preposterous and
strange procedure", helped clear the way for his succession south of the border.[28] During the Spanish Armada crisis of 1588, he assured Elizabeth of his
support as "your natural son and compatriot of your country",[29] and as time passed and Elizabeth remained unmarried, securing the English succession
became a cornerstone of James's policy.
[edit] Marriage
Main article: Anne of Denmark
Anne of Denmark, by John de Critz, c. 1605.Throughout his youth, James was praised for his chastity, since he showed little interest in women; after the
loss of Lennox, he continued to prefer male company.[30] A suitable marriage, however, was necessary to reinforce his monarchy, and the choice fell on
the fourteen-year-old Anne of Denmark (born December 1574), younger daughter of the Protestant Frederick II. Shortly after a proxy marriage in August
1589, Anne sailed for Scotland but was forced by storms to the coast of Norway. On hearing the crossing had been abandoned, James, in what Willson
calls "the one romantic episode of his life",[31] sailed from Leith with a three-hundred-strong retinue to fetch Anne personally.[32] The couple were married
formally at the Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo on 23 November and, after stays at Elsinore and Copenhagen, returned to Scotland in May 1590. By all
accounts, James was at first infatuated with Anne, and in the early years of their marriage seems always to have showed her patience and affection.[33]
But between 1593 and 1595, James was romantically linked with Anne Murray, later Lady Glamis, whom he addressed in verse as "my mistress and my
love". The royal couple produced three surviving children: Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, who was to die, probably of typhoid, in 1612, aged 18;
Elizabeth, later Queen of Bohemia; and Charles, the future King Charles I of England. Anne died before her husband in March 1619.
"[Kings arose] before any estates or ranks of men, before any parliaments were holden, or laws made, and by them was the land distributed, which at first
was wholly theirs. And so it follows of necessity that kings were the authors and makers of the laws, and not the laws of the kings."[40]
James VI & I
Henry, Prince of Wales
Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
Charles I
Robert, Duke of Kintyre
From 1601, in the last years of Elizabeth I's life, certain English politicians, notably her chief minister Sir Robert Cecil,[41] maintained a secret
correspondence with James in order to prepare in advance for a smooth succession. In March 1603, with the Queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James a draft
proclamation of his accession to the English throne. Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March, and James was proclaimed king in London later the same
day.[42] As James headed south, his new subjects flocked to see him, relieved that the succession had triggered neither unrest nor invasion.[43] When he
entered London, he was mobbed.[44] James's English coronation took place on 25 July, with elaborate allegories provided by dramatic poets such as
Thomas Dekker and Ben Jonson, though an outbreak of the plague restricted festivities.[45]
Portrait of James by Nicholas Hilliard, from the period 1603–09James was ambitious to build on the personal union of the crowns of Scotland and England
to establish a permanent Union of the Crowns under one monarch, one parliament and one law, a plan which met opposition in both countries.[48] "Hath He
not made us all in one island," James told the English parliament, "compassed with one sea and of itself by nature indivisible?" In April 1604, however, the
Commons refused on legal grounds his request to be titled "King of Great Britain".[49] In October 1604, he assumed the title "King of Great Britain" by
proclamation rather than statute, though Sir Francis Bacon told him he could not use the style in "any legal proceeding, instrument or assurance".[50]
In foreign policy, James achieved more success. Never having been at war with Spain, he devoted his efforts to bringing the long Anglo–Spanish War to an
end, and in August 1604, thanks to skilled diplomacy on the part of Robert Cecil and Henry Howard, now Earl of Northampton, a peace treaty was signed
between the countries, which James celebrated by hosting a great banquet.[51] Freedom of worship for Catholics in England continued, however, to be a
major objective of Spanish policy, causing constant dilemmas for James, distrusted abroad for repression of Catholics while at home being encouraged by
the privy council to show even less tolerance towards them.[52]
The 1613 letter of King James I remitted to Tokugawa Ieyasu (Preserved in the Tokyo University archives).Under King James I, expansion of English
international trade and influence was actively pursued through the East India Company. An English settlement was already established in Bantam,
Indonesia, and in 1613, following an invitation by the English adventurer in Japan William Adams, the English captain John Saris arrived at Hirado in the ship
Clove with the intent of establishing a trading factory. Adams and Saris travelled to Shizuoka where they met with Tokugawa Ieyasu at his principal
residence in September before moving on to Edo where they met Ieyasu's son Hidetada. During that meeting, Hidetada gave Saris two varnished suits of
armor for King James I, today housed in the Tower of London.[53]. On their way back, they visited again Tokugawa, who conferred trading privileges to the
English through a Red Seal permit giving them "free license to abide, buy, sell and barter" in Japan.[54] The English party headed back to Hirado on
October 9, 1613. However, during the ten year activity of the company between 1613 and 1623, apart from the first ship (the Clove in 1613), only three
other English ships brought cargoes directly from London to Japan.
As James's reign progressed, his government faced growing financial pressures, due partly to creeping inflation[59] but also to the profligacy and financial
incompetence of James's court. In February 1610 Salisbury, a believer in parliamentary participation in government,[60] proposed a scheme, known as the
Great Contract, whereby Parliament, in return for ten royal concessions, would grant a lump sum of £600,000 to pay off the king's debts plus an annual
grant of £200,000.[61] The ensuing prickly negotiations became so protracted that James eventually lost patience and dismissed Parliament on 31
December 1610. "Your greatest error," he told Salisbury, "hath been that ye ever expected to draw honey out of gall".[62] The same pattern was repeated
with the so-called "Addled Parliament" of 1614, which James dissolved after a mere eight weeks when Commons hesitated to grant him the money he
required.[63] James then ruled without parliament until 1621, employing officials such as the businessman Lionel Cranfield, who were astute at raising and
saving money for the crown, and sold earldoms and other dignities, many created for the purpose, as an alternative source of income.[64]
Portrait of James by John de Critz, c. 1606Another potential source of income was the prospect of a Spanish dowry from a marriage between Charles,
Prince of Wales, and the Spanish Infanta, Maria.[65] The policy of the Spanish Match, as it was called, also attracted James as a way to maintain peace
with Spain and avoid the additional costs of a war.[66] The peace benefits of the policy could be maintained as effectively by keeping the negotiations alive
as by consummating the match—which may explain why James protracted the negotiations for almost a decade.[67] Supported by the Howards and other
Catholic-leaning ministers and diplomats—together known as the Spanish Party—the policy was deeply distrusted in Protestant England.
The outbreak of the Thirty Years War, however, jeopardized James's peace policy, especially after his son-in-law, Frederick V, Elector Palatine, was ousted
from Bohemia by Emperor Ferdinand II in 1620, and Spanish troops simultaneously invaded Frederick's Rhineland home territory. Matters came to a head
when James finally called a parliament in 1621 to fund a military expedition in support of his son-in-law.[68] The Commons on the one hand granted
subsidies inadequate to finance serious military operations in aid of Frederick,[69] and on the other—remembering the profits gained under Elizabeth by
naval attacks on gold shipments from the New World—called for a war directly against Spain. In November 1621, led by Sir Edward Coke, they framed a
petition asking not only for war with Spain but also for Prince Charles to marry a Protestant, and for enforcement of the anti-Catholic laws.[70] James flatly
told them not to interfere in matters of royal prerogative or they would risk punishment,[71] which provoked them into issuing a statement protesting their
rights, including freedom of speech.[72] James ripped the protest out of the record book and dissolved Parliament once again.[73]
In 1623, Prince Charles, now 23, and Buckingham decided to seize the initiative and travel to Spain incognito,[74] to win the Infanta directly, but the mission
proved a desperate mistake.[75] The Infanta detested Charles, and the Spanish confronted them with terms that included his conversion to Catholicism and
a one-year stay in Spain as, in essence, a diplomatic hostage. The prince and duke returned to England in October without the Infanta and immediately
renounced the treaty, much to the delight of the British people.[76] Their eyes opened by the visit to Spain, Charles and Buckingham now turned James’s
Spanish policy upon its head and called for a French match and a war against the Habsburg empire.[77] To raise the necessary finance, they prevailed
upon James to call another Parliament, which met in February 1623. For once, the outpouring of anti-Catholic sentiment in the Commons was echoed in
court, where control of policy was shifting from James to Charles and Buckingham,[78] who pressured the king to declare war and engineered the
impeachment of the Lord Treasurer, Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex, when he opposed the plan on grounds of cost.[79] The outcome of the
Parliament of 1624 was ambiguous: James still refused to declare war, but Charles believed the Commons had committed themselves to financing a war
against Spain, a stance which was to contribute to his problems with Parliament in his own reign.[80]
James in a portrait by Paul van Somer I, c. 1620. In the background is the Banqueting House, Whitehall by architect Inigo Jones (1573-1652) which was
commissioned by James.The Gunpowder Plot reinforced James's oppression of non-conforming English Catholics; and he sanctioned harsh measures for
controlling them. In May 1606, Parliament passed an act which would require every citizen to take an Oath of Allegiance, incorporating a denial of the
Pope's authority over the king.[81] James was conciliatory towards Catholics who took the Oath of Allegiance,[82] and he tolerated crypto-Catholicism even
at court.[83] However, in practice he enacted even harsher measures against Catholics than were laid upon them by Elizabeth. Towards the Puritan clergy,
with whom he debated at the Hampton Court Conference of 1604,[84] James was at first strict in enforcing conformity, inducing a sense of persecution
amongst many Puritans;[85] but ejections and suspensions from livings became fewer as the reign wore on. A notable success of the Hampton Court
Conference was the commissioning of a new translation and compilation of approved books of the Bible to confirm the divine right of kings to rule and to
maintain the social hierarchy, completed in 1611, which became known as the King James Bible, considered a masterpiece of Jacobean prose.[86]
In Scotland, James attempted to bring the Scottish kirk "so neir as can be" to the English church and reestablish the episcopacy, a policy which met with
strong opposition.[87] In 1618, James's bishops forced his Five Articles of Perth through a General Assembly; but the rulings were widely resisted.[88]
James was to leave the church in Scotland divided at his death, a source of future problems for his son.[89]
[edit] Favourites
See also: Thomas Overbury and George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
Salisbury died in 1612, little mourned by those who jostled to fill the power vacuum.[90] Until Salisbury's death, the Elizabethan administrative system over
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Isabelle de Mar
which he had presided continued to function with relative efficiency; from this time forward, however, James's government entered a period of decline and
disrepute.[91] Salisbury's passing gave James the notion of governing in person as his own chief Minister of State, with his young Scottish favourite, Robert
Carr, Viscount Rochester, carrying out many of Salisbury's former duties, but James's inability to attend closely to official business exposed the government
to factionalism.[92]
George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592-1628), by Peter Paul Rubens, 1625The Howard party, consisting of Northampton, Suffolk, Suffolk's son-in-
law Lord Knollys, and Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham, along with Sir Thomas Lake, soon took control of much of the government and its patronage.
Even the powerful Carr, hardly experienced for the responsibilities thrust upon him and often dependent on his intimate friend Sir Thomas Overbury for
assistance with government papers,[93] fell into the Howard camp, after beginning an affair with the married Frances Howard, Countess of Essex, daughter
of the earl of Suffolk, whom James assisted in securing an annulment of her marriage to free her to marry Carr.[94] In summer 1615, however, it emerged
that Sir Thomas Overbury, who on 14 September 1613 had died in the Tower of London, where he had been placed at the king's request,[95] had been
poisoned.[96] Among those convicted of the murder were Frances Howard and Robert Carr, the latter having been replaced as the king's favourite in the
meantime by a young man called George Villiers. The implication of the king in such a scandal provoked much public and literary conjecture and irreparably
tarnished James's court with an image of corruption and depravity.[97] The subsequent downfall of the Howards left George Villiers, now earl of
Buckingham, unchallenged as the supreme figure in the government by 1618.[98]
Moreover, restoration of Apethorpe Hall, undertaken 2004-2008, revealed a previously unknown passage linking the bedchambers of James and his
favourite, George Villiers.[101]
James I wore the insignia of the Order of the Garter for this portrait by Daniel Mytens in 1621.
[edit] Final year
During the last year of James's life, with Buckingham consolidating his control of Charles to ensure his own future, the king was often seriously ill, leaving
him an increasingly peripheral figure, rarely able to visit London.[102] In early 1625, James was plagued by severe attacks of arthritis, gout and fainting fits,
and in March fell seriously ill with tertian ague and then suffered a stroke. James finally died at Theobalds House on 27 March during a violent attack of
dysentery, with Buckingham at his bedside.[103] James’s funeral, a magnificent but disorderly affair, took place on 7 May. Bishop John Williams of Lincoln
preached the sermon, observing, "King Solomon died in Peace, when he had lived about sixty years...and so you know did King James".[104]
[edit] Legacy
The king was widely mourned. For all his flaws, James had never completely lost the affection of his people, who had enjoyed uninterrupted peace and
comparatively low taxation during the Jacobean Era. "As he lived in peace," remarked the Earl of Kellie, "so did he die in peace, and I pray God our king
[Charles] may follow him".[105] The earl prayed in vain: once in power, Charles and Buckingham sanctioned a series of reckless military expeditions that
ended in humiliating failure.[106] James bequeathed Charles a fatal belief in the divine right of kings, combined with a disdain for Parliament, which
culminated in the English Civil War and the execution of Charles. James had often neglected the business of government for leisure pastimes, such as the
hunt; and his later dependence on male favourites at a scandal-ridden court undermined the respected image of monarchy so carefully constructed by
Elizab
Note Citations
Despite Mary I of England's plans, which were intended to prevent the Stuart line from gaining the thrown of England, James would not only become James
VI of Scotland, but also James I of England when he acceded the throne 25 Jul 1603, upon the death of Queen Elizabeth I, of England in 1603, as Queen
Elizabeth never married
Children
Henry Frederick Stuart b: 19 FEB 1594 in Stirling Castle, Scotland
'Elizabeth Stuart b: 19 AUG 1596 in Dunfermline, Scotland
Margaret Stuart b: 24 DEC 1598 in Dalkeith Palace, Scotland
Charles Stuart I King of England b: 19 NOV 1600 in Dunfermline Palace, Fife, Scotland
Robert Stuart b: 18 JAN 1602 in Dunfermline, Scotland
Mary Stuart b: 06 APR 1605 in London, London, England
Sophia Stuart b: 22 JUN 1606 in London, London, England
Religious conflicts permeated Charles' reign. He married a Catholic princess, Henrietta Maria of France, over the objections of Parliament and public
opinion.[4][5] He further allied himself with controversial religious figures, including the ecclesiastic Richard Montagu and William Laud, whom Charles
appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. Many of Charles's subjects felt this brought the Church of England too close to Roman Catholicism. Charles's later
attempts to force religious reforms upon Scotland led to the Bishops' Wars that weakened England's government and helped precipitate his downfall.
His last years were marked by the English Civil War, in which he fought the forces of the English and Scottish Parliaments, which challenged his attempts to
augment his own power, and the Puritans, who were hostile to his religious policies and supposed Catholic sympathies. Charles was defeated in the First
Civil War (1642–45), after which Parliament expected him to accept its demands for a constitutional monarchy. He instead remained defiant by attempting
to forge an alliance with Scotland and escaping to the Isle of Wight. This provoked the Second Civil War (1648–49) and a second defeat for Charles, who
was subsequently captured, tried, convicted, and executed for high treason. The monarchy was then abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of
England, also referred to as the Cromwellian Interregnum, was declared. Charles's son, Charles II, became king after the restoration of the monarchy in
1660.[3] In that same year, Charles I was canonized by the Church of England.[6]
Contents [hide]
1 Early life
2 Early reign
3 Personal Rule
3.1 Economic problems
4 Religious conflicts
5 "Short" and "Long" Parliaments
6 English Civil War
7 Trial
8 Execution
9 Legacy
10 Sainthood
11 Assessments
12 Titles, styles, honours and arms
12.1 Titles and styles
12.2 Honours
12.3 Arms
13 Ancestry
14 Marriage and issue
15 See also
16 References
17 Further reading
18 External links
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18.1 Books about Charles I available online
When Elizabeth died in March 1603 and James VI of Scotland became King of England as James I, Charles was originally left in Scotland in the care of
nurses and servants because it was feared that the journey would damage his fragile health.[8] He did make the journey in July 1604 and was subsequently
placed under the charge of Alletta (Hogenhove) Carey, the Dutch-born wife of courtier Sir Robert Carey, who taught him how to walk and talk and insisted
that he wear boots made of Spanish leather and brass to help strengthen his weak ankles. When Charles was an adult, he was 5 feet 3 inches (162 cm)
tall.
Charles as Duke of York and Albany, c. 1611Charles was not as valued as his elder brother, Henry, Prince of Wales; Charles himself adored Henry and
tried to emulate him. In 1603, Charles was created Duke of Albany, with the subsidiary titles Marquess of Ormond, Earl of Ross and Lord Ardmannoch the
sixth, in Scotland. Two years later, Charles was created Duke of York, as was then, and remains, customary in the case of the Sovereign's second son.
When his elder brother died of typhoid at the age of 18 in 1612, two weeks before Charles's 12th birthday, Charles became heir apparent (and the eldest
living son of the sovereign, thus automatically gaining several titles including Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay) and was subsequently created the
Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in November 1616. His sister Elizabeth married Frederick V, Elector Palatine in 1613 and moved to Heidelberg.
Charles as Prince of Wales by Isaac Oliver, 1615.The new Prince of Wales was greatly influenced by his father's favourite, George Villiers, 1st Duke of
Buckingham.[9] The two of them travelled incognito to Spain in 1623 to try to reach agreement on the long-pending Spanish Match between Charles and
Infanta Maria Anna of Spain, the daughter of King Philip III of Spain. The trip ended badly, however, as the Spanish demanded that Charles convert to
Roman Catholicism and remain in Spain for a year after the wedding as a sort of hostage to ensure England's compliance with all the terms of the treaty.
Charles was outraged, and upon their return in October, he and Buckingham demanded that King James declare war on Spain.
With the encouragement of his Protestant advisers, James summoned Parliament so that he could request subsidies for a war. James also requested that
Parliament sanction the marriage between the Prince of Wales and Princess Henrietta Maria of France, whom Charles had met in Paris while en route to
Spain. It was a good match since she was a sister of Louis XIII (their father, Henry IV, had died during her childhood). Parliament agreed to the marriage,
but was extremely critical of the prior attempt to arrange a marital alliance with Spain. James was growing senile and as a result was finding it extremely
difficult to control Parliament—the same problem would later haunt Charles during his reign. During the last year of James's reign, actual power was held
not by him but by Charles and the Duke of Buckingham.
Charles I
Charles II
James II & VII
Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Mary, Princess Royal
Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans
Elizabeth
Both Charles and James were advocates of the Divine Right of Kings, but James listened to the views of his subjects and favoured compromise and
consensus. Charles I was shy and diffident, but also self-righteous, stubborn, opinionated, determined and confrontational. Charles believed he had no need
to compromise or even explain his rules and that he was answerable only to God. He famously said: "Kings are not bound to give an account of their actions
but to God alone".[10][11] "I mean to show what I should speak in actions." Those actions were open to misinterpretation, and there were fears as early as
1626 that he was a potential tyrant.
Sir Anthony Van Dyck: Charles I painted in April 1634Distrust of Charles's religious policies increased with his support of a controversial ecclesiastic,
Richard Montagu. In a pamphlet, Montagu had argued against the teachings of John Calvin, thereby bringing himself into disrepute amongst the Puritans.
After a Puritan member of the House of Commons, John Pym, attacked Montagu's pamphlet during debate, Montagu requested the king's aid in another
pamphlet entitled "Appello Caesarem" (Latin "I appeal to Caesar", a reference to an appeal against Jewish persecution made by Saint Paul the
Apostle).[13] Charles made the cleric one of his royal chaplains, increasing many Puritans' suspicions as to where Charles would lead the Church.
Charles's primary concern during his early reign was foreign policy. The Thirty Years' War, originally confined to Bohemia, was spiralling out of control into a
wider war between Protestants and Catholics in Europe. In 1620, Frederick V, Elector Palatine, the husband of Charles's sister Elizabeth, had lost his
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hereditary lands in the Palatinate to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II. Having agreed to help his brother-in-law regain the Palatinate, Charles declared
war on Spain, hoping to force the Catholic Spanish King Philip IV to intercede with the Emperor on Frederick's behalf.
Parliament preferred an inexpensive naval attack on Spanish colonies in the New World, hoping that the capture of the Spanish treasure fleets could finance
the war. Charles, however, preferred more aggressive (and more expensive) action on the Continent. Parliament only voted to grant a subsidy of £140,000;
an insufficient sum for Charles. Moreover, the House of Commons limited its authorization for royal collection of tonnage and poundage (two varieties of
customs duties) to a period of one year, although previous sovereigns since 1414 had been granted the right for life. In this manner, Parliament could keep
a check on expenditures by forcing Charles to seek the renewal of the grant each year. Charles's allies in the House of Lords, led by the Duke of
Buckingham, refused to pass the bill. Although no Parliamentary authority for the levy of tonnage and poundage was obtained, Charles continued to collect
the duties anyway.
The war with Spain went badly, largely due to Buckingham's incompetent leadership. Despite Parliament's protests, however, Charles refused to dismiss
him, dismissing Parliament instead. He then provoked further unrest by trying to raise money for the war through a "forced loan" -- a tax levied without
Parliamentary consent. Although partially successful in collecting the tax, Charles let the money dribble away in yet another military fiasco led by
Buckingham. Summoned again in 1628, Parliament adopted a Petition of Right on 26 May, calling upon the king to acknowledge that he could not levy
taxes without Parliament's consent, impose martial law on civilians, imprison them without due process, or quarter troops in their homes. Charles assented
to the petition, though he continued to claim the right to collect customs duties without authorization from Parliament. Then, on 23 August, 1628,
Buckingham was assassinated. Although the death of Buckingham effectively ended the war and eliminated his leadership as an issue, it did not end the
conflicts between Charles and Parliament over taxation and religious matters.[14]
"Charles I, King of England, from Three Angles", the "Triple Portrait".In January 1629, Charles opened the second session of the Parliament, which had
been prorogued in June 1628, with a moderate speech on the tonnage and poundage issue. Members of the House of Commons began to voice their
opposition in light of the Rolle case. Rolle was an MP whose goods were confiscated when he failed to pay tonnage and poundage. Many MPs viewed the
confiscation as a breach of the Petition of Right,[15] arguing that the petition's freedom-from-arrest privilege extended to goods. When Charles ordered a
parliamentary adjournment in March, members held the Speaker, Sir John Finch, down in his chair whilst three resolutions against Charles were read aloud.
The last of these resolutions declared that anyone who paid tonnage or poundage not authorised by Parliament would "be reputed a betrayer of the liberties
of England, and an enemy to the same". Though the resolution was not formally passed, many members declared their approval. That a number of MPs
had to be detained in Parliament is relevant in understanding that there was no universal opposition towards the King. Nevertheless, the provocation was too
much for Charles, who dissolved parliament the same day.[16][17] Immediately, he made peace with France and Spain. The following eleven years, during
which Charles ruled without a Parliament, are referred to as the Personal Rule or the Eleven Years' Tyranny. (Ruling without Parliament, though an
exceptional exercise of the royal prerogative, was supported by precedent. By the middle of the 17th century, opinion shifted, and many held the Personal
Rule to be an illegitimate exercise of arbitrary, absolute power.)
Later, Charles reintroduced an obsolete feudal tax known as ship money, which proved even more unpopular. Under statutes of Edward I and Edward III,
collection of ship money had been authorized only during wars. Charles, however, sought to collect the tax during peacetime. Although the first writ levying
ship money, issued in 1634, did not provoke much immediate opposition, the second and third writs, issued in 1635 and 1636, aroused strong opposition, as
it was clear that Charles' intention was to revoke the ancient prohibition on collecting ship money during peacetime. Many attempted to resist payment, but
the royal courts declared that the tax was within the King's prerogative. The collection was a major concern to the ruling class.
Personal Rule ended after the attempted enforcement of the Anglican and increasingly Arminian styled prayer book under Laud that precipitated a rebellion
in Scotland in 1640.[18]
William Laud shared Charles's views on CalvinismTo punish those who refused to accept his reforms, Laud used the two most feared and most arbitrary
courts in the land, the Court of High Commission and the Court of Star Chamber. The former could compel individuals to provide self-incriminating
testimony, whilst the latter could inflict any punishment whatsoever (including torture), with the sole exception of death.
The lawlessness of the Court of Star Chamber under Charles far exceeded that under any of his predecessors. Under Charles's reign, defendants were
regularly hauled before the Court without indictment, due process of the law, or right to confront witnesses, and their testimonies were routinely extracted by
the Court through torture.
The first years of the Personal Rule were marked by peace in England, to some extent due to tighter central control. Several individuals opposed Charles's
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taxes and Laud's policies. For example, in 1634, the ship Griffin left for America carrying religious dissidents, such as the Puritan minister Anne Hutchinson.
However, the overall trend of the early Personal Rule period is one of peace. However, when Charles attempted to impose his religious policies in Scotland
he faced numerous difficulties. The King ordered the use of a new Prayer Book modelled on the English Book of Common Prayer, which, although
supported by the Scottish Bishops, was resisted by many Presbyterian Scots, who saw the new Prayer Book as a vehicle for introducing Anglicanism to
Scotland. When the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland abolished Episcopalian government (that is, governance of the Church by bishops) in
1638, replacing it with Presbyterian government (that is, governance by elders and deacons), Charles sought to put down what he saw as a rebellion against
his authority.
In 1639, when the First Bishops' War broke out, Charles sought to collect taxes from his subjects, who refused to yield any further. Charles's war ended in a
humiliating truce in June of the same year. In the Pacification of Berwick, Charles agreed to grant his Scottish subjects civil and ecclesiastical freedoms.
Charles's military failure in the First Bishops' War in turn caused a financial and military crisis for Charles, which caused the end of Personal Rule. Due to his
financial weakness, Charles was forced to call Parliament into session by 1640 in an attempt to raise funds. While the ruling class's grievances with the
changes to government and finance during the Personal Rule period were a contributing factor in the Scottish Rebellion, the key issue of religion was the
main reason that forced Charles to confront the ruling class in Parliament for the first time in eleven years. In essence, it was Charles's and Laud's
confrontational religious modifications that ended what the Whig historians refer to as "The Eleven Years of Tyranny".
Portrait of Charles I with Seignior de St AntoineIn the meantime, Charles attempted to defeat the Scots, but failed miserably. The humiliating Treaty of
Ripon, signed after the end of the Second Bishops' War in October 1640, required the King to pay the expenses of the Scottish army he had just fought.
Charles took the unusual step of summoning the magnum concilium, the ancient council of all the Peers of the Realm, who were considered the King's
hereditary counsellors. The magnum concilium had not been summoned for centuries. On the advice of the peers, Charles summoned another Parliament,
which, in contrast with its predecessor, became known as the Long Parliament.
The Long Parliament assembled in November 1640 under the leadership of John Pym, and proved just as difficult for Charles as the Short Parliament.
Although the members of the House of Commons thought of themselves as conservatives defending the King, Church and Parliamentary government
against innovations in religion and the tyranny of Charles's advisors, Charles viewed many of them as dangerous rebels trying to undermine his rule.
To prevent the King from dissolving it at will, Parliament passed the Triennial Act, to which the Royal Assent was granted in February 1641. The Act
required that Parliament was to be summoned at least once every three years, and that when the King failed to issue proper summons, the members could
assemble on their own. In May, he assented to an even more far-reaching Act, which provided that Parliament could not be dissolved without its own
consent. Charles was forced into one concession after another. He agreed to bills of attainder authorising the executions of Thomas Wentworth and William
Laud. Ship money, fines in destraint of knighthood and forced loans were declared unlawful, and the hated Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission
were abolished. Although he made several important concessions, Charles improved his own military position by securing the favour of the Scots. He finally
agreed to the official establishment of Presbyterianism; in return, he was able to enlist considerable anti-parliamentary support.
Henrietta Maria (c. 1633) by Sir Anthony van DyckIn November 1641, the House of Commons passed the Grand Remonstrance, a long list of grievances
against actions by Charles's ministers that were asserted to be abuses of royal power Charles had committed since the beginning of his reign. The tension
was heightened when the Irish rebelled against Protestant English rule and rumours of Charles's complicity reached Parliament. An army was required to
put down the rebellion but many members of the House of Commons feared that Charles might later use it against Parliament itself. The Militia Bill was
intended to wrest control of the army from the King, but Charles refused to agree to it. However, Parliament decreed The Protestation as an attempt to
lessen the conflict.
When rumours reached Charles that Parliament intended to impeach his Catholic Queen, Henrietta Maria, he took drastic action. It was possibly Henrietta
who persuaded him to arrest the five members of the House of Commons who were perceived to be the most troublesome on charges of high treason.
Charles intended to carry out the arrests personally but news of the warrant reached Parliament ahead of him and the wanted men; Pym, John Hampden,
Denzil Holles, William Strode and Sir Arthur Haselrig had already slipped away by the time he arrived. Charles entered the House of Commons with an
armed force on 4 January 1642, but found that his opponents had already escaped. Having displaced the Speaker, William Lenthall from his chair, the King
asked him where the MPs had fled. Lenthall famously replied, "May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but
as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here."[23] No monarch has entered the Commons chamber since.
The botched arrest attempt was politically disastrous for Charles. It caused acute embarrassment for the monarch and essentially triggered the total
breakdown of government in England. Afterwards, Charles could no longer feel safe in London and he began travelling north to raise an army against
Parliament; the Queen, at the same time, went abroad to raise money to pay for it.
He was then transferred first to Oatlands and then to Hampton Court, where more involved but fruitless negotiations took place. He was persuaded that it
would be in his best interests to escape — perhaps abroad, to France, or to the custody of Colonel Robert Hammond, Parliamentary Governor of the Isle of
Wight.[25] He decided on the last course, believing Hammond to be sympathetic, and fled on 11 November.[26] Hammond, however, was opposed to
Charles, whom he confined in Carisbrooke Castle.[27]
From Carisbrooke, Charles continued to try to bargain with the various parties, eventually coming to terms with the Scottish Presbyterians that he would
allow the establishment of Presbyterianism in England as well as Scotland for a trial period. The Royalists rose in July 1648 igniting the Second Civil War,
and as agreed with Charles the Scots invaded England. Most of the uprisings in England were put down by forces loyal to Parliament after little more than
skirmishes, but uprisings in Kent, Essex and Cumberland, the rebellion in Wales and the Scottish invasion involved the fighting of pitched battles and
prolonged sieges. But with the defeat of the Scots at the Battle of Preston, the Royalists lost any chance of winning the war.
[edit] Trial
Main article: High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I
A plate depicting the Trial of Charles I on January 4, 1649.Charles was moved to Hurst Castle at the end of 1648, and thereafter to Windsor Castle. In
January 1649, in response to Charles's defiance of Parliament even after defeat, and his encouraging the second Civil War while in captivity, the House of
Commons passed an Act of Parliament creating a court for Charles's trial. After the first Civil War, the parliamentarians accepted the premise that the King,
although wrong, had been able to justify his fight, and that he would still be entitled to limited powers as King under a new constitutional settlement. It was
now felt that by provoking the second Civil War even while defeated and in captivity, Charles showed himself incorrigible, dishonourable, and responsible for
unjustifiable bloodshed.
The idea of trying a king was a novel one; previous monarchs had been deposed, but had never been brought to trial as monarchs. The High Court of
Justice established by the Act consisted of 135 Commissioners but only about half of that number ever sat in judgement (all firm Parliamentarians); the
prosecution was led by Solicitor General John Cooke.
His trial on charges of high treason and "other high crimes" began on 20 January 1649, but Charles refused to enter a plea, claiming that no court had
jurisdiction over a monarch.[28] He believed that his own authority to rule had been given to him by God and by the traditions and laws of England when he
was crowned and anointed, and that the power wielded by those trying him was simply that which grew out of a barrel of gunpowder. In fact, when urged to
enter a plea, he stated his objection with the words: "I would know by what power I am called hither, by what lawful authority...?"[28] The court, by contrast,
proposed an interpretation of the law that legitimized the trial, which was founded on
"...the fundamental proposition that the King of England was not a person, but an office whose every occupant was entrusted with a limited power to govern
‘by and according to the laws of the land and not otherwise’.[29]
The trial began with a moment of high drama. After the proceedings were declared open, Solicitor General John Cooke rose to announce the indictment;
standing immediately to the right of the King, he began to speak, but he had uttered only a few words when Charles attempted to stop him by tapping him
sharply on the shoulder with his cane and ordering him to "Hold". Cooke ignored this and continued, so Charles poked him a second time and rose to speak;
despite this, Cooke continued his speech.
At this point Charles, incensed at being thus ignored, struck Cooke across the shoulder so forcefully that the ornate silver tip of the cane broke off, rolled
down Cooke's gown and clattered onto the floor between them. Charles then ordered Cooke to pick it up, but Cooke again ignored him, and afte
Note Citations
Notes on Mary Taylor
1 Mary TAYLOR
+ Francis MARSH b: 23 OCT 1626 d: 1693
2 Francis MARSH
2 Jeremy MARSH b: 1667 d: 1734
+ Elizabeth DIGBY
3 Frances MARSH
3 Jeremy MARSH Rev. b: 1712 d: 1791
+ Jane FRENCH
4 Francis MARSH d: JAN 1829
+ Anne VERO
5 Jeremy MARSH Rev. d: 2 NOV 1830
6 Francis MARSH b: 11 JUN 1817
6 Anne MARSH
6 Sarah MARSH
5 Digby MARSH
6 MARSH
6 MARSH
5 Anne MARSH
5 Sarah MARSH b: 1783 d: 3 APR 1872
+ William NORTH Maj. b: 8 JUL 1783 d: 19 JUL 1872
6 Joseph NORTH Lt. b: 1808 d: 1 JAN 1881
+ Robert Dundas BURNETT b: 1811 d: 17 NOV 1889
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6 William John Edward NORTH b: 1810
6 Francis NORTH b: 1811 d: 9 DEC 1864
6 Elizabeth NORTH b: 1813 d: 26 JUN 1902
6 Roger NORTH Rev. b: 5 APR 1816 d: 19 MAR 1895
4 Robert MARSH
5 Henry MARSH Sir
6 Henry MARSH Sir d: 27 MAY 1868
4 Digby MARSH d: 1791
4 Jeremy MARSH
5 Jeremy MARSH
5 STEPHENSON MARSH
5 Digby MARSH
6 Willougby Digby MARSH Col. b: 16 SEP 1831
+ Elizabeth MARSH
6 Hans St.Vincent MARSH Capt.
6 Adelaide MARSH
6 Elizabeth MARSH
6 Frances MARSH
6 Nicola MARSH
3 Francis MARSH d: 1772
3 Mary MARSH
+ John DIGBY
2 Barbara MARSH
Most Rutherfords in the USA have been getting their data from William K. Rutherford's "The Genealogical History of the Rutherford Family". However, I
would not trust anything concerning Scottish genealogy that William and Ann Rutherford have ventured in their various editions of the Rutherford books.
They drew heavily on the work of Thomas H. Cockburn-Hood in his "The Rutherfurds of that Ilk and their Cadets" published in Edinburgh at 1884.
This work has been shown to be seriously flawed and even has some out and out fabrications. Kenneth Rutherford Davis in his book "The Rutherfords in
Britain: a history and guide" published by Alan Sutton Publishing of Gloucester-1987 also disclaims the use of Thomas H. Cockburn-Hood's work. KR Davis
wrote to WK Rutherford guessing that Robert Rutherford might have emigrated from England. This was an unsupported guess that was made before the
above mentioned records of Adam and Janet Rutherford [and their son Robert] had been discovered. KR Davis' book has a sketch of the data on both
lines. The Castlewood and Hall lines are on pages 135 and 154.
Unfortunately, all three books have problems and contradict each other. WK Rutherford's latter editions were primarily published to correct earlier errors he
took from Thomas H. Cockburn-Hood's work. KR Davis' work also is drawn from sources available to him in England -- not in Scotland. His display of well
documented lines, such as the Edgerston/Hunthill Rutherfords has many mistakes. Also the materials on General Griffith Rutherford have him placed in the
wrong family!?
He was served heir to Adam of Hall on April 4, 1648 and had sasine of 4 1/2 acres near Jedburgh. William and his wife Jennet are buried in the nave of
Jedburgh Abbey. Their inscription reads as follows: "Hier lyes William Rwtherford of The Hall who de pairted this lyfe Januari 8 1673. Here lyes Jennet
Rwtherford of the Hall spous to Uilliam Rwtherford who depairted this lyfe November 26 1691 and of hir age 61."
children:
i. Thomas Rutherford
ii. Adam Rutherford
iii. Helen Rutherford
iv. Elspeth Rutherford
Adam Rutherford of Hall, Janet Rutherford his wife, and James Rutherford their son received sasine February 17, 1630/31 of one part of the lands of
Castlewood in Roxburgh County, Scotland. Sasine was granted to Adam Rutherford of Hall and Janet Rutherford his wife, March 4, 1631, of the land of
Easter Gillis and Knowe in Roxburgh County. (Roxburgh County General Register of Sasines (1), Vo. 30, folio 105, 226.)
Adam Rutherford of Hall was a maltman and Burgess of Jedburgh. He was prosperous and accommodated his kinsman, Robert Rutherfurd of Edgerston,
with a loan of 200 merks. A bond for the amount was granted Adam Rutherford of Hall and Janet Rutherford his wife in 1633. A general service of William
Rutherford of Hall to his father Adam Rutherford of Hall was "expede" before Archibald Douglas, January 18, 1648. ("The Rutherfurds of that Ilk and their
Cadets" by Thomas H. Cockburn-Hood published in Edinburgh - 1884) [also cited by WK Rutherford]
Generation 18
According to the book "The Vawter Family in America" the name Vawter was of Norman extraction and was originally spelled "Valletort", pronounced as
vay-e-tor. There is still a Valletort castle in England.
Knight's Reginduis de Valletort; Hugh de Valletort; Ralphe de Valletort and Siegfried de Valletort were Norman knights living in the area of St. Michaels 14
miles from the coast near Castle Maynne Normandy, France. Count Juel de Maynne was a general under Baron Robert Mortaine 1/2 brother of William
Duke of Normandy. Four of de Valletort brother's were free knights not under service or servitude and were recruited by Count Maynne for service. After the
battle of Hastings November 14, 1066 the de Valletort brothers received 33 1/3 knights' fees and land holdings at Cornwall and Plymouth, England. De
Valletort's Castle, Treamenton still stands today.
The Margaret who married Robert Rutherford Sr. is not Margaret Vawter daughter of Bartholomew. Margaret Vawter dau. of Bartho. married Thomas S.
Tinsley III. The Margaret who m. Robert Rutherford, Sr. was b. ca 1644 according to a deposition in court listing her age. Bartholomew Vawter gave a gift of
a cow calfe to this Margaret so her connection to him is yet unknown. It could be a sister or is old enough to be his mother who may have married for a
second time.
BIOGRAPHY: Joseph can be found in records of Essex, Goochland, Cumberland, Augusta, and Rockingham County Virginia. He witnessed land records in
Spotsylvania Co. and entered 260 acres of land in Albermale Co. for which the title was cleared in Prince Edward County.
Sources:
Abbrev: The McCoys: Their Story
Title: The McCoys: Their Story
Author: Truda Williams McCoy
Publication: Preservation Council Press for the Preservation Council of Pike Co., KY, Inc.
Note:
Source Media Type: Book
Repository:
Abbrev: 1900 Pike Co., KY Federal Census
Title: 1900 Pike Co., KY Federal Census
Sources:
Abbrev: 1880 Pike County, KY federal census
Title: 1880 Pike County, KY federal census
Author: Jesse & Leah Stewart, comp.
Note:
Source Media Type: Census
Repository:
Abbrev: The McCoys: Their Story
Title: The McCoys: Their Story
Author: Truda Williams McCoy
Publication: Preservation Council Press for the Preservation Council of Pike Co., KY, Inc.
Note:
Source Media Type: Book
Repository:
Abbrev: 1900 Pike Co., KY Federal Census
Title: 1900 Pike Co., KY Federal Census
1920 -
Name: Sid Chapman
Home in 1920: Magnolia, Mingo, West Virginia
Age: 30 years
Estimated Birth Year: abt 1890
Birthplace: Kentucky
Relation to Head of House: Head
Spouse's Name: Cannie
Father's Birth Place: Kentucky
Mother's Birth Place: Kentucky
Marital Status: Married
Race: White
Sex: Male
Home owned: Own
Able to read: Yes
Able to Write: Yes
1910 -
Name: Sydney Chapman
Age in 1910: 21
Estimated Birth Year: abt 1889
Birthplace: Kentucky
Relation to Head of House: Head
Father's Birth Place: Kentucky
Mother's Birth Place: Kentucky
Spouse's Name: Esther
Home in 1910: Williamson, Mingo, West Virginia
Marital Status: Married
Race: White
Gender: Male
1900 -
Name: Sydney Chapman
Home in 1900: Magisterial District 6, Pike, Kentucky
Age: 1
Birth Date: Mar 1890
Birthplace: Kentucky
Race: White
Ethnicity: American
Gender: Male
Relationship to Head of House: Son
Father's Birthplace: Kentucky
Mother's Name: Ella
Mother's Birthplace: Kentucky
Marital Status: Single
Residence : Magisterial District 6, Pike, Kentucky
Who are Rais Chapman b:1870 KY and Ella Chapman b:Aug 1869 KY?
Marie and her brother Sherwood were born to Sydney Chapman and his wife Esther Louise (Rowe) Chapman. After Sydney and Esther divorced, Irvin
Preston Turner and Minnie (Rowe) Turner (sister of Esther) changed the last names of Marie and Sherwood to Turner and raised them. Marie never knew
she had been adopted. She was always told the courthouse that kept her birth records had burned down
Most of Marie's life was as a homemaker. She worked for a few years in a church day care center. She did sewing and made dresses for extra money.
Throughout her life her name was Marie G. Turner then Marie G. Taylor when she married.