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Dagos, Rica Abigail T.

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE ACIDITY OF SOFTDRINKS


I. Introduction
A. Principles
Soda, pop, fizzy drink, tonic or simply, soft drink is a common beverage
nowadays. It is usually composed of water (often, carbonated water), and a
sweetener or sugar. It only varies in the amount of acid like Carbonic Acid
(H
2
CO
3
), Citric Acid (HC
6
H
8
O
7
) and Phosphoric Acid (H
3
PO
4
).These drinks are
called soft in contrast to hard drinks or known as alcoholic beverages. It
could be served chilled at a room temperature and they are rarely heated.

One regular activity in laboratory experiments is determining the
concentration of an acid or base in a particular solution. The most common
method used in this type of activity is called titration. In titration, one solution is
slowly added to another until the solute in the first solution has reacted
completely with the solute in the second solution. This procedure could be done
with the use of a graduated tube called burette to ensure that only small amount
of the first solution is added to the second solution to prevent the occurrence of
errors such as over titration.

A pH value could be used to measure the acidity and basicity of a solution.
A pH value less than 7 indicates that the solution is acidic, a pH value of more
than 7 indicates a basic solution, while a neutral solution if the pH value is equal
to 7. For the verification of titration, an indicator is added to the solution that is
being titrated as a sign if the reaction has completely occurred. The indicator
shows a particular color for acids and bases.

B. Objectives
This laboratory work aims to conclude:
1. The acidity of soft drinks using standardized NaOH solution.
2. The mass of acid present in 20mL of the sample softdrinks.
3. The comparison of the acidity of the sample softdrinks.


II. Materials
A. Reagents

0.50M NaOH solution Potassium Acid phthalate
Phenolphthalein Soft drink samples

B. Apparatuses
2 250-mL beaker 50-mL burette
2 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask iron stand
Bunsen burner Top-loading balance
100-mL Volumetric flask

III. Procedure
In the preparation of the soft drink sample, 50.0 mL each of two different
soft drink brands were obtained and placed in a preweighed 250 mL beaker
respectively. The mass of the beaker with the soft drink was measured. Then,
the soft drink sample was heated for five minutes and the mass of the beaker
with the soft drink was measured again to account any change in mass of the
sample. The results were recorded and tabulated for further analysis.

For the standardization of NaOH solution, 2.00 g of NaOH pellets were
weighed and placed in a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. After standing for two
minutes, the NaOH pellets were quantitatively transferred to a 100-mL
volumetric flask. The flask was filled with distilled water up to the 100-mL mark
and was shaken to allow complete dissolving of the NaOH pellets. After ensuring
that the pellets were already dissolved, the NaOH solution was quantitatively
transferred to the 50-mL burette to serve as the titrant for the titration.
Meanwhile, 0.25g of potassium acid phthalate was weighed and placed in two
250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks respectively and was dissolved using 50.0mL distilled
water. The flasks were introduced to 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein that served as
the indicator for titration. After the initial burette reading was recorded, one of
the flasks containing the potassium acid phthalate was titrated until it reached
the endpoint. The volume of the NaOH used was also recorded and tabulated.

In the determination of the acidity of soft drink, 50.00 mL of two different
brands of soft drink was heated for five minutes. After heating, 2.00 mL of each
soft drink brand was introduced to two 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks respectively.
50.00-mL of distilled water and 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein were also added to
each sample. After recording the initial burette reading, the samples were
titrated with the NaOH solution. The titration of the soft drink sample was done
two times and all of the measurements such as initial and final burette reading
and volume of NaOH used were recorded and tabulated.







IV. Data and Observations
Table 1.1 Preparation of the Soft drink samples
Before Heating After Heating
7UP Sprite 7UP Sprite
Mass of Beaker 103.22 103.22 103.22 103.22
Mass of Beaker + soft
drink
153.86 154.14 140.14 138.30
Mass of soft drink 50.64 50.92 36.92 35.58
Table 1.2 Standardization of NaOH solutions
Trial 1 Trial 2
Mass of KHP 0.25 0.25
Final burette reading(mL) 34.50 36.90
Initial burette reading (mL) 32.00 34.50
Volume of NaOH used(mL) 2.50 2.40
Molarity of NaOH solution(M) 0.488 0.510
Average Molarity 0.499
Table 1.3 Titration of Soft drinks sample with NaOH
Sprite 7UP
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2
Volume of soft drink
(mL)
20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00
Final burette reading
(mL)
19.00 19.90 21.90 21.70
Initial burette reading
(mL)
18.00 19.00 21.10 21.10
Volume of NaOH used
(mL)
1.00 0.90 0.80 0.80
Moles of NaOH used
(mole)
4.99 x 10
-4
4.49 x 10
-4
3.99 x 10
-4
3.99 x 10
-4

Table 1.4 Acidity of Sprite and 7UP
Sprite 7UP
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2
Moles of acid present in a
20-mL sample (mol)
4.99 x 10
-4
4.49 x 10
-4
3.99 x 10
-4
3.99 x 10
-4

Concentration of Acid (M) 0.0250 0.0225 0.0200 0.0200
Average Molarity of Acid
(M)
0.2375 0.0200
Moles of Citric Acid present
in a 20-mL soft drink(mol)
0.0917 0.773


V. Discussion

Table 1.1 shows the recorded mass of the soft drink sample before
and after heating. Based on the results, there is a decrease in the masses of the
soft drink samples after it was heated. Heating was done to convert the Carbonic
acid (H
2
CO
3
)present to Carbon dioxide (CO
2
) in the soft drink samples. The
conversion of the acids was verified through the recorded decrease in the
amount of the mass of the soft drink sample after heating.

Table 1.2 exhibits the recorded measurements from the
standardization of the NaOH solution. There are some inconsistencies in the
measurement recorded such as the volume of the NaOH used because of over
titration and difficulty in the determination of the color of basicity of the samples.

Table 1.3 illustrates the measurements gathered for the
titration of the soft drink samples using the NaOH solution in two trials.
Consistency in the measurement recorded for the two trials of the 7UP can be
observed which the titration was successful. However, the results for Sprite
showed inconsistency possibly because of the over titration of either of the two
samples.

Table 1.4 displays the calculated acidity of the soft drink
samples after titration. Using the data gathered from the titration of the samples
with NaOH, the group calculated for the moles of acid present in a 20-mL
sample, the concentration of the Citric Acid (HC
6
H
8
O
7
) present, average molarity
of acid and the moles of citric acid present. The results showed that there are
greater amount and average molarity of the citric acid in Sprite than 7UP.

VI. Conclusion and Recommendations

In the laboratory experiment, Quantitative Determination of the Acidity of
Soft drinks, it was discovered that the common beverages such as Sprite and
7UP have an average Citric acid concentration of 0.2375 and 0.0200 in a 20-mL
sample. Hence, Sprite is more acidic than 7UP in a 20-mL sample. It was also
concluded that only small amount of acids are present in soft drinks because only
small amount of NaOH was used to neutralize the samples.
Furthermore, it is recommended that this experiment be subjected to
deeper researches to observe if other property of soft drinks such as its color
affects its acidity and to compare the acidity of soft drink to other solvents such
as energy drinks and fruit juices.


VII. Sample Calculations

Working equation between the reaction of Potassium Acid Phthalate and
Sodium Hydroxide:
HKC
8
H
4
O
4
+ NaOH NaKC
8
H
4
O
4
+ H
2
O
For Trial 1,



=


=



=


= 0.488 M
For Trial 2,



=


=



=


= 0.510 M
For the determination of the acidity of the soft drinks,
C
1
V
1
=C
2
V
2


Same formulas will be used for Trial 2 of Sprite and two trials of 7UP.

VIII. References
Alvarez, P.L.J. Bincolado, M.S. Torio, M.A.(et al.). 2010. CHEM 16.1
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION MANUAL .5
th
ed. General Chemistry and
Chemical Education Division,Institute of Chemistry, College of Arts and
Sciences,Univesity of the Philippines,Los Baos.pp.141-144
Smith, R.N. 1980. Solving General Chemistry Problems. 5
th
ed. San
Francisco.The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group.p.202
Brown,T.L. LeMay,E.U. Bursten,B. (et al.). 1977. CHEMISTRY: THE CENTRAL
SCIENCE. 12
th
ed. U.S.A. Pearson Publishing Hall Inc.p.372

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