Table 2007 CBC

Dear Colleagues:
The 2007 California Building Code (2007 CBC) is accepted by the cities and counties in
California as of January 1, 2008. The changes from the 2001 CBC are substantial and require a
thorough understanding of the old and new codes for inclusion in geotechnical reports. In an
effort to assist member firms in using the new Code for their projects, the Technical Advisory
Committee (TAC) of CalGeo (formerly CGEA) has requested the help of four member firms to
compare the two Codes. The attached table is the result of this effort.
Our mission was to prepare a document for ease of reference. The enormity of the task and the
nature of the new Code, as it is so different from the old, prohibited the work group to prepare an
all-inclusive document for cross referencing purposes. Please use this table with caution. We
recommend using your own judgment and verification of our comparison at each entry.
We will post this table on our website by March 1, 2009 and are planning to discuss it briefly
during our annual conference in Sonoma. The comparison for Chapters 17A and 18A will be
added to this table at a later time. Please distribute this table to all practicing geotechnical
engineers and engineering geologists in your office(s) and to other member and non-member
colleagues to contribute to our efforts. Please provide clarifying comments as necessary.
We will post this table on our website by March 1, 2009 and are planning to discuss it briefly
during our annual conference in Sonoma. The comparison for Chapters 17A and 18A will be
added to this table at a later time. Please distribute this table to all practicing geotechnical
engineers and engineering geologists in your office(s) and to other member and non-member
colleagues to contribute to our efforts. Please provide clarifying comments as necessary.
We thank the efforts of the firms and individuals who prepared and reviewed this table.
CalGeo -Technical Advisory Committee Fax: (530) 344-0834 E-mail: cgea@comcast.net
prepared Feb. 2009
COMPARISISON OF 2001 AND 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODES
2001 2007
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CHAPTER 16 CHAPTER 16 General: New code Section 16 has been significantly reorganized and
provides a more detailed summary.
Soil Lateral Loads Section 1610.1 General New code provides recommendations for active and at-rest pressures for
design basement, foundation and retaining walls.
Earthquake Design Division IV - EARTHQUAKE
DESIGN
Section 1613 New code refers the design to ASCE 7.
Section 1629.3 Site Geology and
Soil Characteristics
Section 1613.5 Seismic ground
motion values
Site characterization in the new code is covered under the seismic ground
motion values determination.
Section 1629.3.1 Soil profile type Section 1613.5.2 Site class
definition
Soil Profile Type SA thru SF in the old code are Site Class A thru F. Site
Class E is divided to two groups. Table 16-J-Soil profile Type is replaced
by Table 1613.5.2 Site Class Definitions. When site class is not known,
Site Class D should be assumed unless determined by building officials
or geotechnical data. Site classification procedure for seismic design is
given in Section 1613.5.5 et. seq.
Section 1629.4.1 Seismic zone Section 1613.5.1 Mapped
acceleration parameters
New code does not recognize any seismic zones. Instead, Figures
1613.5(1) thru (14) provide mapped spectral response acceleration values
for 0.2 and 1 second periods. Maps and a ground motion parameter
calculator are availbe from the USGS at:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/index.php
CBC Sections
Notes/Comments GENERAL SECTION TOPIC
CALIFORNIA GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS ASSOCIATION
TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
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Section 1629.4.1 Seismic zone Section 1613.5.1 Mapped
1613.5(1) thru (14) provide mapped spectral response acceleration values
for 0.2 and 1 second periods. Maps and a ground motion parameter
calculator are availbe from the USGS at:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/index.php
Section 1629.4.2 Seismic Zone 4
near-source factor
This section and related tables (Tables 16-S and 16-U) are eliminated in
the new code.
Section 1629.4.3 Seismic
response coefficients
Section 1613.5.3 Site coefficients
and adjusted maximum
considered earthquake spectral
response acceleration parameters
Coefficients Ca (Table 16-Q), Cv (Table 16-R), Na (Table 16-S), Nv
(Table 16-T) in the old code are replaced by Site Coefficient Fa (Table
1613.5.3(1)) and Fv (Table 1613.5.3(2)).
Seismic Design Category Section 1613.5.6 Determination of
seismic design category
New code includes determination of seismic design category (A through
F) based on Occupancy Category (I throug IV) and design spectral
response acceleartion parameters SDS and SD1. Occupancy category is
defined in Section 1604.5.
Soil Profile Types and
Site Data for Health
Facilities
Division V - SOIL PROFILE
TYPES
Section 1613A Contents of this division in the old code are provided in the new code
section.
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN CHAPTER 16A CHAPTER 16A General: New code Section 16A has been significantly reorganized and
provides a more detailed summary. In essence this is similar to
CHAPTER 16 except that this chapter covers structures regulated by the
Division of the State Architect-Structural Safety (DSA-SS) and Office of
Statewide Health planning and Development (OSHPD)
Soil Lateral Loads Section 1610A.1 General New code provides recommendations for active and at-rest pressures for
design basement, foundation and retaining walls.
Earthquake Design Division IV - EARTHQUAKE
DESIGN
Section 1613A New code refers the design to ASCE 7.
Section 1629A.3 Site Geology and
Soil Characteristics
Section 1613A.5 Seismic ground
motion values
Site characterization in the new code is covered under the seismic ground
motion values determination.
Section 1629A.3.1 Soil profile type Section 1613A.5.2 Site class
definition
by Table 1613A.5.2 Site Class Definitions. When site class is not known,
given in Section 1613A.5.5 et. seq.
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Section 1629A.3.1 Soil profile type Section 1613A.5.2 Site class
definition
by Table 1613A.5.2 Site Class Definitions. When site class is not known,
given in Section 1613A.5.5 et. seq.
Section 1629A.4.1 Seismic zone Section 1613A.5.1 Mapped
1613.5(1) thru (14) depict spectral accelerations.
Section 1629A.4.2 Seismic Zone
4 near-source factor
This section and related tables (Tables 16A-S and 16A-U) are eliminated
in the mew code.
Section 1629A.4.3 Seismic
response coefficients
Section 1613A.5.3 site
coefficients and adjusted
maximum considered earthquake
spectral response acceleration
parameters
Coefficients Ca (Table 16A-Q), Cv (Table 16A-R), Na (Table 16A-S), Nv
(Table 16A-T) in the old code are given way to Table 1613A.5.3(1) and
Table 1613A.5.3(2).
Seismic Design Category Section 1613A.5.6 Determination
of seismic design category
New code includes determination of seismic design category (D through
F) based on Occupancy Category (I throug IV) and design spectral
response acceleartion parameters SDS and SD1. Occupancy category is
defined in Section 1604.5. Does not provide for alternative seismic design
category determination of simplified design procedure.
Soil Profile Types and
Site Data for Health
Facilities
Division V - SOIL PROFILE
TYPES
Section 1613A Contents of this division in the old code are provided in the new code
section.
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CBC Sections
STRUCTURAL TESTS AND
SPECIAL INSPECTION
CHAPTER 17 CHAPTER 17 General: New code Section 17 has been significantly reorganized and
provides a more detailed summary of special inspection requirements
including tables identifying required verification and inspections for soils,
piles and piers. Recordkeeping and reporting requirements are
essentially the same as the old code.
Drilled pier/caisson
foundations
Inspection and testing
1705.5(11) Types of Work
Requiring Constant Presence of
the Project or Special Inspector -
Piling, drilled piers and caissons
1809A.7 - Inspection of Caissons
1704.9 Piers Old code requires continuous inspection of cast-in-place dilled piers and
caissons. Cast-in-place piles are generally grouped with "piles" and
inspection requirements are to be based on requirements of geotechnical
report per 1807.1.
New code requires continuous inspection during installation and testing of
pier foundations per the approved soils report and includes Table 1704.9
listing mandatory verification and special inspection for items requiring
continuous and periodic inspection.
Earthwork
Special grading, excavation and
filling
1704.7 Soils Old code refers to requirements of Chapter 18 and Appendix Chapter 33
(Section 3317 Grading Inspection).
New code consolidates inspection requirements in Section 1704.7 and
includes Table 1704.7 listing required verification and special inspection
for items requiring continuous and periodic inspection. Provides
exception for special inspection for controlled fill having a total depth of
12" or less.
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Earthwork
Special grading, excavation and
filling
1704.7 Soils Old code refers to requirements of Chapter 18 and Appendix Chapter 33
(Section 3317 Grading Inspection).
New code consolidates inspection requirements in Section 1704.7 and
includes Table 1704.7 listing required verification and special inspection
for items requiring continuous and periodic inspection. Provides
exception for special inspection for controlled fill having a total depth of
12" or less.
Inspection and testing 1705 STATEMENT OF SPECIAL
INSPECTIONS
New code requires that where special inspections are required by Section
1704, the registered design professional in charge shall prepare a
statement of special inspections identifying the type and extent of special
inspection and testing.
SOILS AND FOUNDATION CHAPTER 18 CHAPTER 18 General: New code Section 18 has been significantly reorganized and
provides a more detailed summary.
1801 General 1801.1 General 1801.1 Scope. Old code states that chapter 18 sets forth requirements for excavations
and fills for any building or structure and for foundations and retaining
structures. New code states that chapter 18 shall apply to building and
foundation systems in those areas not subject to scour or water pressure
by wind and wave action. The old code makes this stipulation in 1806.1.
1801.2 Standards of Quality 1801.2 Design. Old code referred to UBC Standards 18-1 and 18-2 regarding soil
classification and expansion index test. This section of the new code was
Section 1802 Quality and Design of the old code.
1801.2.1 Foundation design for
seismic overturning.
This is a new section which sets forth the provisions for foundation design
for seismic overturning.
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1802 Foundation and Soils
Investigations
1804 - Foundation Investigation 1802 Foundation and Soils
Investigations
1804.1 General 1802.1 General. Section 1802.1 of the new code is essentially Section 1804.1 of the old
code.
1802.2 Where required This is a new section that requires a foundation and soils investigation
where a) low strength highly compressible soils are suspected, b)
expansive soils are likely, c) groundwater may be at or shallower than 5 ft,
d) pile or pier foundations are planned, e) the geologic structure of the
underlying rock is doubtful, f) the proposed structure is in seismic design
category C, D, E, or F. If the structure is in seismic design category D, E,
or F the investigation must determine the lateral pressures on basement
and retaining walls due to earthquake motion. However, geotechnical
reports are not required for one-story, wood-frame and light-steel-frame
buildings of Type V construction and 400 square feet or less in floor area,
not located within Earthquake Fault Zones or Seismic Hazard Zones as
shown in the most recently published maps from California Geological
Survey (CGS). Allowable foundation and lateral soil pressure values may
be determined from Table 1804.2.
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1802.2 Where required This is a new section that requires a foundation and soils investigation
where a) low strength highly compressible soils are suspected, b)
expansive soils are likely, c) groundwater may be at or shallower than 5 ft,
d) pile or pier foundations are planned, e) the geologic structure of the
underlying rock is doubtful, f) the proposed structure is in seismic design
category C, D, E, or F. If the structure is in seismic design category D, E,
or F the investigation must determine the lateral pressures on basement
and retaining walls due to earthquake motion. However, geotechnical
reports are not required for one-story, wood-frame and light-steel-frame
buildings of Type V construction and 400 square feet or less in floor area,
not located within Earthquake Fault Zones or Seismic Hazard Zones as
shown in the most recently published maps from California Geological
Survey (CGS). Allowable foundation and lateral soil pressure values may
be determined from Table 1804.2.
1803 Soil Classification
Expansive Soil
1802.3 Soil Classification
1803.1 General. 1802.3.1 General. The old code specifies that soil shall be classified in accordance with
UBC Standard 18-1. The new code specifies that soil shall be classified
in accordance with ASTM D 2487.
1803.2 Expansive Soil. 1802.3.2 Expansive Soils The old code specified testing in accordance with UBC Standard 18-2 and
classification for expansiveness in accordance with Table 18-I-B. Special
design considerations were required for foundations in soil having an
expansion index greater than 20. The new code requires that for a soil to
be considered to be expansive it must meet all of the following: 1) PI >=
15, 2) % passing # 200 sieve > 10, 3) % smaller than 5 > 10, 4) EI > 20.
These requirements may be intended to exempt certain highly micaceous
silty sands from being classified as expansive. Tests for items 1 through
3 are not required if the EI test is performed. If EI =< 20 the soil is not
considered expansive. If EI > 20 the soil may be classified as expansive
without performing the tests for items 1 through 3.
1804.2 Investigation 1802.4 Investigation, 1802.4.1
Exploratory Boring, 1802.5 Soil
Boring and Sampling
The new code requires that the scope of the investigation be determined
by a registered design professional and that the registered design
professional have a fully qualified representative on the site during all
boring and sampling operations.
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CBC Sections
1804.3 Reports1804.4 Expansive
Soils
1804.5 Liquefaction Potential and
Soil Strength Loss
1802.2.7 Seismic Design
Category D, E, or F (Item 2)
The new code requires that peak ground acceleration shall be determined
from a site-specific study taking into account soil amplification effects, as
specified in Chapter 21 of ASCE 7. Exception: A site-specific study need
not be performed, provided that peak ground acceleration equal to
SDS/2.5 is used, where SDS is determined in accordance with Section
21.2.1 of ASCE 7.
1804.8 Engineering Geologic
Reports.
1802.7 Engineering geologic
reports.
1804.8.1 1802.7.1 The new code does not exempt one-story wood-frame and light-steel-
frame of Type V construction and 4000 sq ft or less in floor area from the
engineering geologic reports requirement if the structure is located within
Earthquake Fault Zones or Seismic Hazard Zones as shown in the most
recently published maps from California Geological Survey (CGS).
The new code expands the list of items that shall be included in the
report. The new list does not include anything that wouldnt normally be
included in a soil and foundation report.
1802.6 Reports
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1804.8.1 1802.7.1 The new code does not exempt one-story wood-frame and light-steel-
frame of Type V construction and 4000 sq ft or less in floor area from the
engineering geologic reports requirement if the structure is located within
Earthquake Fault Zones or Seismic Hazard Zones as shown in the most
recently published maps from California Geological Survey (CGS).
1804.8.2 1802.7.2 The old code stated that the engineering geologic report shall not contain
design criteria, but shall contain basic data to be used for a preliminary
earthquake engineering evaluation of the project. This restriction is not
present in the new code.
1804.8.2 1804.8.3 1802.7.2 The old code stated that the engineering geologic report shall not contain
design criteria, but shall contain basic data to be used for a preliminary
earthquake engineering evaluation of the project. This restriction is not
present in the new code. The new code requires that the report consider
the most recent versions of CGS Note 48, CGS Special Publication 42,
CGS Special Publication 117, and Section 1613 and ASCE 7. Section
1804.8.3 of the old code required that the engineering geologic report
shall be submitted to the Office of Statewide Health Planning and
Development for review and approval. This requirement is not present in
the new code.
1804.9 Geotechnical and
Supplemental Ground-response
Reports.
1802.8 Geotechnical and
supplemental ground-response
reports.
1804.9.1 Geotechnical report. 1802.8.1 Geotechnical report. The new code is the same as the old code except that the last half of the
first paragraph in the old code beginning with The estimates of ground
motion . and ending with and fully documented in the geologic
report. is not present in the new code.
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CBC Sections
1804.9.1.2 Section 1804.9.1.2 of the old code required that geotechnical report shall
be submitted to the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development
for review and approval. This requirement is not present in the new code.
1804.9.1.3 Supplemental ground-
response report.
1802.8.2 Supplemental ground-
response report.
This section of the new and old codes remains about the same except
that the new code refers to ASCE 7 Chapters 16 and 21. The
supplemental ground-response report must be submitted to the Office of
Statewide Health Planning and Development for review and approval.
1803 Excavation, Grading and
Fill
This is a completely new section in Chapter 18 of the new code.
Specifies a minimum drainage gradient of 5% away from buildings for a
distance of 10 feet. Refers to use of controlled low-strength material
(CLSM).
1804 Allowable Load-Bearing
Values of Soils
1805 Allowable Foundation and
Lateral Pressures
Values of Soils
Table 1804.2 in the new code replaces Table 18-I-A in the old code. The
allowable foundation pressure values in the new code have been
increased, however, values for lateral bearing and lateral sliding remain
the same as the old code. The old code specified that the allowable
foundations pressures are for footings having a minimum width of 12
inches and a minimum depth of 12 inches into natural grade. Except for
clays and silts where no increase for width is allowed, the old code
allowed an increase of 20 percent for each additional foot of width or
depth to a maximum value of three times the designated value. The new
code has no such provisions for increasing the tabulated bearing pressure
for increases in width or depth.
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Values of Soils
1805 Allowable Foundation and
Lateral Pressures
Values of Soils
Table 1804.2 in the new code replaces Table 18-I-A in the old code. The
allowable foundation pressure values in the new code have been
increased, however, values for lateral bearing and lateral sliding remain
the same as the old code. The old code specified that the allowable
foundations pressures are for footings having a minimum width of 12
inches and a minimum depth of 12 inches into natural grade. Except for
clays and silts where no increase for width is allowed, the old code
allowed an increase of 20 percent for each additional foot of width or
depth to a maximum value of three times the designated value. The new
code has no such provisions for increasing the tabulated bearing pressure
for increases in width or depth.
1805 Footings and
Foundations
1806 - Footings 1805 Footings and Foundations
1806.1 General. 1805.2 Depth of footings. The old code stated that footings shall have a minimum depth as
indicated in Table 18-I-C, unless another depth is recommended by a
foundation investigation. The new code states that the minimum depth of
footings below the undisturbed ground surface shall be 12 inches. The
new code also presents requirements for frost protection, isolated
footings on granular soil, and footings in areas of shafting or moving soil.
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1806.2 Footing Design 1805.4 Footings This section has been completely revised and expanded in the new code.
The new code has requirements regarding design loads, vibratory loads,
concrete footings, footing seismic ties, masonry footings, steel grillage
footings, timber footings and wood foundations. Division II Design
Standard for Treated Wood Foundation System is not included as part of
Chapter 18 in the new code. Table 18-I-C Foundation for Stud Bearing
Walls Minimum Requirements in the old code is Table 1805.4.2
Footings Supporting Walls of Light-Frame Construction in the new code.
The table in the new code has eliminated the thickness of the foundation
wall as this topic is covered in detail in Section 1805.5. In addition, the
depth below undisturbed ground surface has been eliminated from the
new table. The depth of footings in the new code shall be in accordance
with Section 1805.2. The width of the footing and the thickness of the
footing is the same in the new code as in the old code except that in the
new code the footing thickness for footings supporting two floors has
been reduced from 7 to 6 inches in the new code.
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1806.2 Footing Design 1805.4 Footings This section has been completely revised and expanded in the new code.
The new code has requirements regarding design loads, vibratory loads,
concrete footings, footing seismic ties, masonry footings, steel grillage
footings, timber footings and wood foundations. Division II Design
Standard for Treated Wood Foundation System is not included as part of
Chapter 18 in the new code. Table 18-I-C Foundation for Stud Bearing
Walls Minimum Requirements in the old code is Table 1805.4.2
Footings Supporting Walls of Light-Frame Construction in the new code.
The table in the new code has eliminated the thickness of the foundation
wall as this topic is covered in detail in Section 1805.5. In addition, the
depth below undisturbed ground surface has been eliminated from the
new table. The depth of footings in the new code shall be in accordance
with Section 1805.2. The width of the footing and the thickness of the
footing is the same in the new code as in the old code except that in the
new code the footing thickness for footings supporting two floors has
been reduced from 7 to 6 inches in the new code.
1806.3 Bearing Walls. 1805.5 Foundation walls. This section has been completely revised and expanded in the new code.
The new code provides design tables for a) plain masonry, b) reinforced
masonry for 8, 10 and 12 inch block, and c) concrete foundation walls for
wall heights up to 9 feet for plain masonry and to 10 feet for reinforced
masonry and concrete that are laterally supported at the top and bottom.
Wall designs are provided for various unbalanced backfill heights and for
EFW = 30, 45 and 60 pcf.
1805.5.6 Foundation wall drainage The new code requires that foundation walls shall be designed to support
the weight of the full hydrostatic pressure of undrained backfill unless a
drainage system is installed in accordance with Sections 1807.4.2 and
1807.4.3.
1805.5.7 Pier and curtain wall
foundations
This is a new section in the new code. The new code allows the use of
pier and curtain wall foundations for the support of light-frame
construction not more than two stories in height except in Seismic Design
Categories D, E, and F.
1806.4 Stepped Foundations 1805.1 General. The new code is basically the same as the old code with respect to
footings on sloping ground and stepped footings.
1806.5 Footings on or Adjacent to
Slopes.
1805.3 Footings on or adjacent to
slopes.
New code same as old code.
1806.5.4 Pools. 1805.3.3 Pools New code same as old code.
1806.5.6 Foundation elevation. 1805.3.4 Foundation elevation New code same as old code.
1806.5.6 Alternate setback and
clearance.
1805.3.5 Alternate setback and
clearance.
New code same as old code.
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1806.6 Foundation Plates or Sills.
1806.6.1 Additional requirements
in Seismic Zones 3 and 4.
1805.6 Foundation plate or sill
bolting.
The old code specified the bolting of sill plates in detail. The new code
states that sills shall be bolted or strapped to the foundation or foundation
wall as provided in Chapter 23.
1806.8 Designs Employing Lateral
Bearing
1805.7 Designs Employing Lateral
Bearing
New code same as old code, except the old code stated that the formulas
for the nonconstrained and constrained condition may be used to
determine the depth of embedment required while the new code states
that these formulas shall be used to determine the depth of embedment.
The new code also specifies that wood poles shall be treated in
accordance with AWPA U1 for sawn timber posts. The new code allows
the use of CLSM backfill.
1806.9 Grillage Footings. 1805.4.4 Steel grillage footings. New code is basically the same as the old code except that the new code
requires that the spaces between the steel shapes shall be completely
filled with concrete of cement grout.
1806.10 Bleacher Footings. The new code has no requirements for bleacher footings in Chapter 18.
1803.2 Expansive Soil. 1804.4
Expansive Soils. 1806.2 Footing
Design.
1805.8 Design for expansive soils. The old code required special design considerations for foundations on
soils having an EI > 20. Section 1806.2 of the old code stated that slab-
on-grade and mat-type footings for buildings located on expansive soils
may be designed in accordance with the provisions of Division III or such
other engineering design based on geotechnical recommendation as
approved by the building official. The old code contained Table 18-I-B
Classification of Expansive Soil. This table has been omitted from the
new code. The old code contained Division III Design Standard for
Design of Slab-on-Ground Foundations to Resist the Effects of Expansive
Soils and Compressible Soils. Division III has been omitted from the new
code.
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1803.2 Expansive Soil. 1804.4
Expansive Soils. 1806.2 Footing
Design.
1805.8 Design for expansive soils. The old code required special design considerations for foundations on
soils having an EI > 20. Section 1806.2 of the old code stated that slab-
on-grade and mat-type footings for buildings located on expansive soils
may be designed in accordance with the provisions of Division III or such
other engineering design based on geotechnical recommendation as
approved by the building official. The old code contained Table 18-I-B
Classification of Expansive Soil. This table has been omitted from the
new code. The old code contained Division III Design Standard for
Design of Slab-on-Ground Foundations to Resist the Effects of Expansive
Soils and Compressible Soils. Division III has been omitted from the new
code.
1805.8.1 Foundations. The new code requires that footings or foundations placed within the
active zone of expansive soil shall be designed to resist differential
volume changes and to prevent structural damage to the supported
structure. If the foundations penetrate the active zone or penetrate the
expansive soil the foundations shall be designed to prevent uplift of the
supported structure and be designed to resist forces exerted on the
foundation due soil volume changes or the foundations shall be isolated
from the expansive soil.
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1805.8.2 Slab-on-ground
foundations.
The new code requires that moments, shears and deflections for use in
designing slab-on-ground, mat or raft foundations on expansive soils shall
be determined in accordance with (1) WRI/CRSI Design of Slab-on-
Ground Foundations or (2) PTI Standard Requirements for Analysis of
Shallow Concrete Foundations on Expansive Soils. Using these
moments, shears and deflections non-prestressed slabs-on-ground, mat
or raft foundations shall be designed in accordance with reference (1) and
post-tensioned slab-on-ground, mat or raft foundations shall be designed
in accordance with reference (2). The new code allows alternate designs
based on soil-structure interaction, deformed shape of soil support, plate
action of the slab, edge lift and center lift conditions.
1805.8.3 Removal of expansive
soil.
If the expansive soil is removed and replaced with non-expansive soil in
lieu of designing footings and slabs-on-grade in accordance with Section
1805.8.1 or 1805.8.2, the removal must extend to a depth sufficient to
ensure a constant moisture in the remaining soil or to a depth such that
the confining pressure in the expansive soil created by the fill and
supported structure exceeds the swell pressure, whichever is less.
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1805.8.3 Removal of expansive
soil.
If the expansive soil is removed and replaced with non-expansive soil in
lieu of designing footings and slabs-on-grade in accordance with Section
1805.8.1 or 1805.8.2, the removal must extend to a depth sufficient to
ensure a constant moisture in the remaining soil or to a depth such that
the confining pressure in the expansive soil created by the fill and
supported structure exceeds the swell pressure, whichever is less.
1805.8.4 Stabilization. Where the active zone of expansive soil is stabilized in lieu of designing
footings and slabs-on-grade in accordance with Section 1805.8.1 or
1805.8.2, the soil shall be stabilized by chemical, presaturation or
equivalent techniques. The code also allows dewatering as an expansive
soil stabilization technique. What?
1806 Retaining Walls
1610 Soil Lateral Loads
1806.1 General The new code states that retaining walls shall be designed to ensure
stability against overturning, sliding, excessive foundation pressure and
water uplift. Retaining walls shall be designed for a safety factor of 1.5
against lateral sliding and overturning. Chapter 18 of the old code
contained no provisions for retaining walls, however, detailed criteria for
retaining walls were contained in Chapter 16 of the old code. Section
1610 Soil Lateral Loads in the new code specifies minimum EFW for
active and at-rest conditions for retaining wall design based upon soil
classification in Table 1610.1.
1807 Dampproofing and
Waterproofing
Chapter 18 in the old code did not contain any requirements for
dampproofing or waterproofing. Section 1807 of the new code contains
specific requirements for dampproofing and waterproofing of floors and
walls and for floor drains and foundation perimeter drains.
1806 Retaining Walls
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1807.1 Where required. Walls or portions thereof that retain earth and enclose interior spaces and
floors below grade shall be waterproofed and dampproofed in accordance
with this section, with the exception of those spaces containing groups
other than residential and institutional where such omission is not
detrimental to the building or occupancy.
1807.2 Dampproofing required. Where hydrostatic pressure will not occur floors and walls shall be
dampproofed.
1808 Pier and Pile
Foundations
1807 Piles General
Requirements
1808.1 Definitions The new code begins this section with definitions of pile and pier
foundation terms. In addition, the code defines the distinction between a
pile and a pier as mainly one of slenderness. Piles have length to width
ratios > 12.
1807.1 General 1808.2.2 General The new code expands the requirements of the investigation report to
also include: a) recommended center-to-center spacing of piers and piles,
b) durability of pier or pile material, c) designation of bearing stratum or
strata, d) reductions for group action, where necessary.
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1807.1 General 1808.2.2 General The new code expands the requirements of the investigation report to
also include: a) recommended center-to-center spacing of piers and piles,
b) durability of pier or pile material, c) designation of bearing stratum or
strata, d) reductions for group action, where necessary.
1807.1 General 1808.2.3 Special types of piles Both the new and old code allows the use of types of piles not mentioned
in the code subject to approval of the building official.
1808.2.4 Pile caps This is a new section. Pile caps shall be of reinforced concrete, and shall
include all elements to which piles are connected, including grade beams
and mats. Soil beneath the cap carries no load. Piles to be embedded a
minimum of 3 inches into the cap. Cap to extend at least 4 inches
beyond the edges of the piles. Tops of piles to be cut back to sound
material before capping.
1807.5 Column action 1808.2.5 Stability This is a new section concerned with bracing of piles to provide lateral
stability in all directions.
1808.2.6 Structural integrity This section simply states that piles (or piers) shall be installed in a
manner that doesnt damage or distort the pile being installed or the piles
already installed.
1808.2.7 Splices New requirements on pile splices.
1808.2.8 Allowable pier or pile
loads
The new code revised and expanded this section.
1807.3 Determination of
Allowable Loads
1808.2.8.1 Determination of
allowable loads
The new and old codes specify that the allowable axial and lateral loads
on piers or piles shall be determined by an approved formula, load tests,
or method of analysis.
1809 Driven Pile Foundations 1808.2.8.2 Driving criteria The new code allows the use of an approved driving formula for piles
having an allowable compressive load of 40 tons or less. For allowable
loads above 40 tons the wave equation method of analysis shall be used
to estimate pile driveability and driving stresses.
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1807.4 Static load tests 1808.2.8.3 Load tests The old code did not specify the test procedure. The new code requires
that piers or piles be tested in accordance with ASTM D 1143 or ASTM D
4945. Both the new and the old codes limit the allowable load to not more
than of the ultimate load. The old code gave three methods for
determining the ultimate load. The new code refers to the published
methods listed in 1808.2.8.3.1
1808.2.8.3.1 Load test evaluation Davisson Offset Limit, Brinch-Hansen 90% Criteria, Butler-Hoy Criterion,
other methods approved by the Building Official.
1807.10 Allowable loads 1808.2.8.4 Allowable frictional
resistance
The section is concerned with the assumed frictional resistance
developed by any pier or cast-in-place pile. Both the new and old codes
allow a frictional resistance equal to 1/6 of the tabulated allowable bearing
value to a maximum of 500 psf.
1808.2.8.5 Uplift capacity Uplift was not mentioned in the old code. The new code requires a
minimum factor of safety of three for uplift of a single pier or pile when
using an approved method of analysis. The factor of safety can be
reduced to two if the ultimate uplift capacity is determined by load test.
For pile groups subjected to uplift, the allowable working uplift load for the
group shall be the lesser of: 1) the allowable uplift load of a single pile
times the number of piles in the group, 2) two-thirds of the effective
weight of the pile group and the soil contained within a block defined by
the perimeter of the group and the length of the piles.
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1808.2.8.5 Uplift capacity Uplift was not mentioned in the old code. The new code requires a
minimum factor of safety of three for uplift of a single pier or pile when
using an approved method of analysis. The factor of safety can be
reduced to two if the ultimate uplift capacity is determined by load test.
For pile groups subjected to uplift, the allowable working uplift load for the
group shall be the lesser of: 1) the allowable uplift load of a single pile
times the number of piles in the group, 2) two-thirds of the effective
weight of the pile group and the soil contained within a block defined by
the perimeter of the group and the length of the piles.
1808.2.8.6 Load-bearing capacity Basically states that the minimum factor of safety with respect to ultimate
load capacity shall be 2.0.
1808.2.8.7 Bent piers or piles The load bearing capacity of bent piles shall be determined by an
approved method of analysis or load testing.
1808.2.8.8 Overloads on piers or
piles
The maximum compressive load on any pier or pile due to mislocation
shall not exceed 110 percent of the allowable design load.
1808.2.9 Lateral support
1808.2.9.1 General States that any soil other than fluid soil will provide sufficient lateral
support to prevent buckling.
1807.5 Column action 1808.2.9.2 Unbraced piles New and old code the same.
1808.2.9.3 Allowable lateral load Lateral capacity of a single pier or pile or pile group shall be determined
by an approved method of analysis or by lateral load test to at least twice
the design load. The allowable lateral load shall not exceed of the
lateral load that produces one inch of deflection at the ground surface.
1807.11 Use of higher allowable
pile stresses
1808.2.10 Use of higher allowable
pier or pile stresses
The new code specifies that the required substantiating data shall include
a soils investigation and a load test. The old code was vaguer about
substantiating data but did require a foundation investigation.
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1807.7 Piles in subsiding areas 1808.2.11 Piles in subsiding areas New and old codes are the same.
1808.2.12 Settlement analysis New code requires that a settlement estimate be made for piers, piles or
groups of piles. The predicted settlement shall cause neither harmful
distortion of, nor instability in, the structure, nor cause any stresses to
exceed allowable values.
1807.8 Jetting 1808.2.13 Preexcavation The old code only considered jetting. The new code considers jetting and
augering as methods of preexcavation subject to approval of the building
official. The pile tips shall be driven below the preexcavated depth until
the required resistance or penetration is obtained.
1808.2.14 Installation sequence New code requires use of proper installation sequence of piles.
1808.2.15 Vibratory drivers New code requires that vibratory drivers shall only be used where pile
load capacity is verified by load test.
1808.2.16 Pile driveability New code requires that pile cross sections be of sufficient size and
strength to withstand driving stresses without damage to the pile and to
provide sufficient stiffness to transmit the required driving forces.
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1808.2.16 Pile driveability New code requires that pile cross sections be of sufficient size and
strength to withstand driving stresses without damage to the pile and to
provide sufficient stiffness to transmit the required driving forces.
1807.9 Protection of pile materials 1808.2.17 Protection of pile
materials
The new code is the same as the old code except that the new code
specifies that protective materials shall be applied to the piles so as not to
be rendered ineffective by driving.
1808.2.18 Use of existing piers
and piles
Piles or piers left in place when a structure has been demolished can be
used for support of new construction if the piles or piers are load tested or
redriven to verify their capacities.
1808.2.19 Heaved piles New code requires that heaved piles be redriven.
1808.2.20 Identification New code requires that pier or pile materials shall be identified for
conformity to the specified grade with this identity maintained
continuously from the point of manufacture to the point of installation or
shall be tested by an approved agency to determine conformity to the
specified grade.
1808.2.21 Pier or pile location
plan
New code requires that a pier or pile location plan shall be filed with the
building official prior to installation of those piers or piles. Each pier or
pile must have a unique identification number to be used on all records
for that pile or pier.
1808.2.22 Special inspection Special inspections are required for piers and piles.
1808.2.23 Seismic design of piers
and piles
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1807.2 Interconnection 1808.2.23.1 Seismic Design
Category C
Both codes require that pile caps, piers or piles be interconnected by ties.
The 2001 code required that the ties be capable of resisting, in tension or
compression, a minimum force equal to 10 % of the larger column vertical
load. The 2007 code requires that the ties shall be capable of carrying, in
tension and compression, a force equal to the product of the larger pile
cap or column load times the seismic coefficient, SDS divided by 10
unless it can be demonstrated that equivalent restraint is provided by
reinforced concrete beams within slabs on grade, reinforced concrete
slabs on grade, confinement by competent rock, hard cohesive soils or
very dense granular soils.
1809.3 Superstructure-to-
foundation connection
1808.2.23.1.1 Connection to pile
cap
Specifies how piles are to be connected to the pile cap. Also specifies
requirements for splicing pile segments.
1809.5.1 General 1808.2.23.1.2 Design details Requires that pier or pile moments, shears, and lateral deflections used
for design be determined considering the non-linear interaction of the
shaft and soil. If the ratio of the embedded length to the diameter is <= 6
the pile may be assumed to be rigid. Pile group effects on lateral pile
capacity shall be included where pile center-to-center spacing is less than
8 pile diameters. Pile group effects on vertical pile capacity shall be
included where pile center-to-center spacing is less than 3 pile diameters.
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1809.5.1 General 1808.2.23.1.2 Design details Requires that pier or pile moments, shears, and lateral deflections used
for design be determined considering the non-linear interaction of the
shaft and soil. If the ratio of the embedded length to the diameter is <= 6
the pile may be assumed to be rigid. Pile group effects on lateral pile
capacity shall be included where pile center-to-center spacing is less than
8 pile diameters. Pile group effects on vertical pile capacity shall be
included where pile center-to-center spacing is less than 3 pile diameters.
1808.2.23.2 Seismic Design
Category D, E, or F
Same as for Design Category C and ACI 318, Section 21.10.4 shall apply
when not in conflict with Sections 1808 through 18012 and concrete shall
have a specified compressive strength of not less than 3000 psi. Some
exceptions.
1809.5.1 General 1808.2.23.2.1 Design details for
piers, piles and grade beams
Requires that piers and piles be designed and constructed to withstand
maximum imposed curvatures from earthquake ground motion and that
grade beams shall be designed as beams in accordance with ACI 318,
Chapter 21.
1809.3 Superstructure-to-
foundation connection
1808.2.23.2.2 Connection to pile
cap
The new code specifies how piles are to be connected to the pile cap.
1808.2.23.2.3 Flexural strength
1809 Driven Pile Foundations
1808.1 Round wood piles 1809.1 Timber piles The new code specifies that timber piles shall be designed in accordance
with the AF&PA NDS.
1809.1.1 Materials New code specifies that round timber piles shall conform to ASTM D 25.
Sawn timber piles shall conform to DOC PS-20.
1808.1.1 Material 1809.1.2 Preservative treatment Both the new and old codes require timber piles to be pressure treated
unless the piles will be permanently under water. New code gives
specifications to satisfy.
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1809.1.3 Defective piles The new code specifies that any substantial sudden increase in rate of
penetration of a timber pile shall be investigated for possible damage. If
the sudden increase in rate of penetration cannot be correlated to soil
strata, the pile shall be removed for inspection or rejected.
1808.1.2 Allowable stresses 1809.1.4 Allowable stresses The new code states that the allowable stresses shall be in accordance
with the AF&PA NDS. The old code went into more detail.
1809.2 Precast concrete piles
1809.2.1 General This is a new section that presents general requirements for both precast
nonprestressed piles and precast prestressed piles.
1808.4 Precast concrete piles 1809.2.2 Precast nonprestressed
piles
1808.4.1 Materials 1809.2.2.1 Materials Both new and old codes require a minimum specified compressive
strength of 3000 psi.
1809.2.2.2 Minimum
reinforcement
The new code specifies that the minimum amount of longitudinal
reinforcement shall be 0.8 percent of the concrete section and shall
consist of at least four bars. The old code did not specify a minimum
amount of longitudinal reinforcement
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1809.2.2.2 Minimum
reinforcement
The new code specifies that the minimum amount of longitudinal
reinforcement shall be 0.8 percent of the concrete section and shall
consist of at least four bars. The old code did not specify a minimum
amount of longitudinal reinforcement
1808.4.2 Reinforcement ties
1809.5.2.2 Nonprestressed
concrete piles
1809.2.2.2.1 Seismic
reinforcement in Seismic Design
Category C
The new code specifies a minimum steel ratio of 0.01 for the longitudinal
reinforcement. Within 3 pile diameters of the pile top and bottom the new
code specifies that the longitudinal reinforcement be confined with closed
ties or spirals of a minimum of inch diameter at a maximum spacing of
eight times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar, not to exceed 6
inches. For the remainder of the pile the spacing of the of the closed ties
or spirals is to be 16 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar,
not to exceed 8 inches. The old code specified that within 2 feet of the top
and bottom of the pile the ties or spirals shall not be spaced more than 3
inches and not more than 8 inches elsewhere. The diameter of the wire
depended upon the diameter of the pile and ranged from 0.22 inch for
piles 16 inches or less in diameter to 0.259 inch for piles having a
diameter of 20 inches or more. The old code also specified that piles
shall have transverse reinforcement meeting the requirements of Section
1921.4.
1809.2.2.2.2 Seismic
reinforcement in Seismic Design
Category D, E, or F
The new code presents additional requirements for transverse
confinement reinforcement.
1808.4.3 Allowable stresses 1809.2.2.3 Allowable stresses New code: fc = 0.33fc, fs = 0.40fy (30,000 psi max in compression), fs =
0.50fy (24,000 psi max in tension). Old code: fc = 0.33fc, fs = 0.34fy
(25500 psi max in compression). No spec for tension in old code except
that the pile shall be designed to resist the stresses caused by handling
and driving.
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1809.2.2.4 Installation New code specifies that a precast concrete pile shall not be driven before
the concrete has attained a compressive strength of at least 75% of fc
but not less than the strength sufficient to withstand handling and driving
forces.
1808.5 Materials 1809.2.3.1 Materials Both new and old codes specify minimum fc = 5000 psi. Old code
requires a compressive strength of not less than 4000 psi before driving.
The new code requires that the prestressing steel conform to ASTM A
416.
1808.5.3 Allowable stresses 1809.2.3.2 Design Both the new and old codes specify the same effective prestress, namely:
not less than 400 psi for piles up to 30 feet long, 550 psi for piles up to 50
feet long, and 700 psi for piles greater than 50 feet in length. Both the
new and old codes specify that the effective prestress shall be based on
an assumed loss of 30,000 psi in the prestressing steel.
1808.5.2
Reinforcement1809.5.2.3
Prestressed concrete piles
1809.2.3.2.1 Design in Seismic
Design Category C
s = volumetric ratio of spiral reinforcement. Old code (1808.5.2) has
detailed requirements for ties and spiral reinforcement. Old code
(1809.5.2.3) specifies s = 0.021 for 14 inch square or smaller piles, s =
0.012 for 24-inch square or larger piles. Interpolate in between. New
code specifies s = 0.007 or s = fc /fyh for the upper 20 feet of the pile.
At least of the volumetric ratio required by the above equation shall be
provided below the upper 20 feet of the pile. New code provides
requirements for pile cap connections.
Piles not manufactured under plant conditions: 2 inches minimum. 1809.2.2.5 Concrete cover
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1808.5.2
Reinforcement1809.5.2.3
Prestressed concrete piles
Design Category C
s = volumetric ratio of spiral reinforcement. Old code (1808.5.2) has
detailed requirements for ties and spiral reinforcement. Old code
(1809.5.2.3) specifies s = 0.021 for 14 inch square or smaller piles, s =
0.012 for 24-inch square or larger piles. Interpolate in between. New
code specifies s = 0.007 or s = fc /fyh for the upper 20 feet of the pile.
At least of the volumetric ratio required by the above equation shall be
provided below the upper 20 feet of the pile. New code provides
requirements for pile cap connections.
Design Category D, E, or F.
New code specifies design in accordance with all the requirements for
Category C plus many additional requirements for transverse
reinforcement.
1808.5.3 Allowable stresses 1809.2.3.3 Allowable stresses Both the new code and the old code use the following formula to
determine the allowable design compressive strength in the concrete:
fc = 0.33fc 0.27fpc fpc = the effective presstress stress on the gross
section.
1808.5.1 Materials 1809.2.3.4 Installation The new code specifies that a prestressed pile shall not be driven before
the concrete has attained a compressive strength of at least 75% of the
28-day specified compressive strength, but not less than the strength
sufficient to withstand handling and driving forces. The old code specified
a minimum compressive strength of 5000 psi and that the concrete shall
develop a minimum compressive strength of 4000 psi before driving.
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1809.2.3.5 Concrete cover New code specifies minimum concrete cover = 1 inches for square
piles of 12 inch or smaller size and 1 inches for larger piles except for
piles exposed to seawater the minimum concrete cover = 2 inches.
1808.6 Structural steel piles 1809.3 Structural steel piles
1808.6.1 Material 1809.3.1 Materials Old code specified that piles conform to UBC Standard 22-1. New code
requires that piles conform to ASTM A 36, ASTM A 252, ASTM A 283,
ASTM A 572, ASTM A 588, ASTM A 690, ASTM A 913 or ASTM A 992.
1808.6.2 Allowable stresses 1809.3.2 Allowable stresses The old code specified that the allowable axial stresses shall not exceed
0.35 of the minimum specified yield strength Fy or 12600 psi whichever is
less. The new code dropped the 12600 psi restriction. Both codes allow
stress increases above 0.35Fy but not more than 0.50Fy.
1808.6.3 Minimum dimensions 1809.3.3 Dimensions of H-piles New code and old code are the same.
1809.5.2.1 1809.3.4 Dimensions of steel pipe
piles
The old code states that piles shall conform to width-thickness ratio of
stiffened, unstiffened and tubular compression elements as shown in
Chapter 22, Division VIII. The new code specifies that steel pipe piles
driven open ended shall have a nominal outside diameter of not less than
8 inches. In addition, the piles shall have a) a minimum cross section of
0.34 square inch to resist each 1000 ft-lbs of hammer energy, b) the
equivalent strength for steels having a yield strength greater than 35000
psi , or c) wave equation shall be used to assess compression stresses.
If the wall thickness is less than 0.179 inch, a suitable cutting shoe shall
be provided.
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1809.5.2.1 1809.3.4 Dimensions of steel pipe
piles
The old code states that piles shall conform to width-thickness ratio of
stiffened, unstiffened and tubular compression elements as shown in
Chapter 22, Division VIII. The new code specifies that steel pipe piles
driven open ended shall have a nominal outside diameter of not less than
8 inches. In addition, the piles shall have a) a minimum cross section of
0.34 square inch to resist each 1000 ft-lbs of hammer energy, b) the
equivalent strength for steels having a yield strength greater than 35000
psi , or c) wave equation shall be used to assess compression stresses.
If the wall thickness is less than 0.179 inch, a suitable cutting shoe shall
be provided.
1810 Cast-in-Place Concrete
Pile Foundations
1810.1 General The new code retains min fc 2500 psi but also contains slump and
concrete placement requirements. In addition, the new code has many
requirements regarding reinforcement.
1810.2 Enlarged base piles This is a new code section with no counterpart in the old code. It
specifies the maximum size for coarse aggregate in concrete to be inch
and concrete to be compacted to have zero slump. If the concrete is not
placed in a permanent steel casing fa = 0.25fc. For concrete placed
within a permanent steel casing fa = 0.33fc. If the enlarged base is
formed by compacting concrete or driving a precast base the enlarged
base must be formed in granular soils. A pile load test is required to
verify capacity. Min. concrete cover 2 inches for uncased shafts and 1
inch for cased shafts.
The old code contained two brief sections, 1808.2.1 Material and
1808.2.2 Allowable stresses, which can be summarized as follows:
1808.2 Uncased Cast-in-place
Concrete Piles
1810.3 Drilled or augered uncased
piles
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1) length limited to not more than 30 times avg. diameter, 2) min fc
2500 psi, 3) fa = 0.33fc, 4) fa = 0.34fy or 25,500psi for steel
reinforcement in compression. The length restriction is waived if the
design and installation of the pile foundation is in accordance with an
approved investigation report.
The new code increases steel stress to fa = 0.40fy or 25,500psi for steel
reinforcement in compression and specifies a minimum diameter of 12
inches. It also limits length to 30 times the average diameter but allows
longer piles if the design and installation are under the direct supervision
of registered design professional (RDP) knowledgeable in the field of soil
mechanics and pile foundations. The RDP must certify to the building
official that the piles were installed in accordance with the approved
construction documents. There are installation and special reinforcement
requirements. Augered cast-in-place piles shall not be installed within six
pile diameters center to center of a pile filled with concrete less than 12
hours old, unless approved by the building official. If the concrete level in
any completed pile drops due to installation of an adjacent pile, the pile
should be replaced.
Concrete Piles
piles
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The new code increases steel stress to fa = 0.40fy or 25,500psi for steel
reinforcement in compression and specifies a minimum diameter of 12
inches. It also limits length to 30 times the average diameter but allows
longer piles if the design and installation are under the direct supervision
of registered design professional (RDP) knowledgeable in the field of soil
mechanics and pile foundations. The RDP must certify to the building
official that the piles were installed in accordance with the approved
construction documents. There are installation and special reinforcement
requirements. Augered cast-in-place piles shall not be installed within six
pile diameters center to center of a pile filled with concrete less than 12
hours old, unless approved by the building official. If the concrete level in
any completed pile drops due to installation of an adjacent pile, the pile
should be replaced.
1810.4.4 Concrete Cover Min. 2.5 inches from inside face of casing.
1808.3 Metal-cased Concrete
Piles
1810.5 Steel-cased piles The new and old code are similar except the new code: a) eliminates the
5000 psi limitation on fc, b) requires that concrete shall not be placed in
steel shells within heave range of driving, c) and has new reinforcement
requirements.
1808.7 Concrete-filled steel pipe
piles
1810.6 Concrete-filled steel pipe
and tube piles
1808.7.1 Material 1810.6.1 Materials The old code specified that concrete-filled pipe piles conform to UBC
Standard 22-1. New code specifies conformance to ASTM A 252 or
ASTM A 283 The new code specifies inch as the maximum size of
coarse aggregate.
1808.7.2 Allowable stresses 1810.6.2 Allowable stresses New code and old code the same.
1808.7.3 Minimum dimensions 1810.6.3 Minimum dimensions Both the new and old codes specify a minimum nominal outside diameter
of 8 inches. However, the new code specifies a minimum wall thickness
as specified for driven steel pipe piles. For mandrel-driven pipe piles, the
minimum wall thickness shall be 1/10 inch.
1810.6.4 Reinforcement This is a new section that specifies that reinforcement steel shall comply
with Section 1810.1.2 and that reinforcement shall not be placed within 1
of the steel casing.
Concrete Piles
piles
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1810.6.4.1 Seismic reinforcement This is a new section that applies to Seismic Design Category C, D, E,
and F. Min. reinforcement of 0.01 cross sectional area of concrete in the
top of the pile with a length = 2x embedment of reinforcement anchorage
into pile cap
1810.6.5 Placing concrete This a new section that specifies that the placement of concrete shall
conform to Section 1810.1.3, but is permitted to be chuted directly into
smooth-sided pipes and tubes without a centering funnel hopper.
1810.7 Caisson piles Caisson piles are cast-in-place piles extending into bedrock. The upper
portion of a caisson pile consists of a cased pile that extends to the
bedrock. The lower portion of the caisson pile consists of an uncased
socket drilled into the bedrock. This is a new section which provides
detailed requirements for construction, materials, design, structural core,
allowable stresses, and installation of caisson piles.
1810.8 Micropiles This is a new section which provides detailed requirements for
construction, materials, allowable stresses, reinforcement, seismic
reinforcement and installation of micropiles.
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1810.8 Micropiles This is a new section which provides detailed requirements for
construction, materials, allowable stresses, reinforcement, seismic
reinforcement and installation of micropiles.
1811 Composite Piles This is a new section which provides requirements for design, load
limitation, splices and seismic reinforcement of composite piles.
1812 Pier Foundations
1812.1 General 1812 is a new section.
1812.2 Lateral dimensions and
height
Minimum diameter of isolated piers is 2 ft and height shall not exceed 12
times the least horizontal dimension.
1812.3 Materials fc 2500 psi. Specific requirements on slump depending on concrete
placement.
1812.4 Reinforcement Lots of specific requirements on reinforcement.
1812.5 Concrete Placement Concrete shall be placed in such a manner as to ensure the exclusion of
any foreign matter and to secure a full-sized shaft. Concrete shall not be
placed through water except where a tremie or other approved method is
used. When depositing concrete from the top of the pier, the concrete
shall be chuted directly into the pier but shall be poured in a rapid and
continuous operation through a funnel hopper centered at the top of the
pier.
1812.6 Belled bottoms Specific provisions for piers with belled bottoms.
1812.7 Masonry Provisions for masonry piers.
1812.8 Concrete Requirements regarding lateral support and when piers shall be designed
as pilasters or columns.
1812.9 Steel shell Special provisions if piers are completely encased in a circular steel shell
and the area of the shell is considered reinforcing steel.
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1812.10 Dewatering Where piers are carried to depths below water level, the piers shall be
constructed by a method that will provide accurate preparation and
inspection of the bottom, and the depositing or construction of sound
concrete or other masonry in the dry.
EXCAVATION AND
GRADING
APPENDIX CHAPTER 33 APPENDIX J
CHAPTER 17 & 17A
CHAPTER 18 & 18A
General: New code Appendix J replaces old code Appendix Chapter 33.
The organization of new Appendix J is significantly revised from old
Appendix 33, with some sections moved to other parts of the new code.
J101.2 Flood Hazard Areas New code Appendix J states that its provisions shall not apply to
earthwork within floodways or flood hazard areas unless it is
demonstrated through hydrologic analysis that the proposed work will not
result in any increase in base flood level. Additional requirements are for
grading in Flood Hazard Areas are provided in Section 1803.4 of the new
code.
Permits Required 3306 - PERMITS REQUIRED J103 PERMITS REQUIRED New code does no longer includes exemptions for minor excavations/cuts
for fills.
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Permits Required 3306 - PERMITS REQUIRED J103 PERMITS REQUIRED New code does no longer includes exemptions for minor excavations/cuts
for fills.
3307 - HAZARDS Not in new code.
3309.7 Liquefaction Study J104.4 Liquefaction Study Under old code, liquefaction study was discretionary by building official.
New code requires liquefaction study for all sites with Ss>0.5g unless
excepted by building official.
3312 CUTS J106 EXCAVATIONS New code eliminates waiver of provisions for minor cuts not intended to
support structures and provides exception to 2:1 cuts allowing 1.5:1 cuts
under specific conditions and allowing 1:1 cuts in bedrock.
3313 FILLS J107 FILLS New code eliminates waiver of provisions for minor fills not intended to
support structures.
3314 SETBACKS J108 SETBACKS New code reduces setback at toe of fill slope from H/2 to H/5.
Earthwork
3317 - GRADING INSPECTION 1704.7 Soils New code Appendix J refers to grading inspection requirements in
Section 1704.7 and includes Table 1704.7 listing required verification and
special inspection for items requiring continuous and periodic inspection.
Provides exception for special inspection for controlled fill having a total
depth of 12" or less.
The "Transfer of Responsibility" requirement in Section 3317.8 of the old
code appears to be absent in the new code.
Earthwork
Reports
3318.1(2) - Final Reports 1704.1.2 Report Requirement New code Appendix J does not specifically address reporting
requirements but refers to grading inspection requirements in Section
1704.7 which includes reporting requirements in 1704.1.2. No substantial
change in requirements for final soils report.
7/23/2014
2001 2007
CBC Sections
SECTION 1803 EXCAVATION
GRADING AND FILL
New section added to Chapter 18 in new code includes earthwork
requirements that address specific requirements described below.
1803.1 Excavations near footings
and foundations
Requires that excavations shall not remove lateral support from any
footing or foundation without underpinning or protecting from lateral
movement.
1803.2 Placement of fill Provides requirements for backfilling of excavations outside foundations
to exclude organic material, debris, cobbles, boulders CLSM. Requires
protection of waterproofing or dampproofing.
1803.3 Site Grading Specifies a ground surface shall be sloped away from building at a
minimum slope of 5% away for a minimum distance of 10 feet or to an
approved drainage method of lot lines of obstructions do not allow for 10.
Specifies 2% minimum longitudinal slope for swales within 10 of
foundations and 2% minimum slope for impernious surfaces.
1803.4 Grading and fill in flood
hazard areas
Provides criteria for acceptance of grading and/or fill placement in flood
hazard areas, including requirements for hydrologic/hydrailic analyses in
floodways, erosion resistance, and other factors.
1803.5 Compacted fill material Requires that specific recommendations regarding fill placemnent and
compaction be in approved geotechnical report to address subgrade
preparation, specification of fill material, maximum lift thickness, test
method to determine in-place density, and number/frequency of field
tests.
7/23/2014
1803.5 Compacted fill material Requires that specific recommendations regarding fill placemnent and
compaction be in approved geotechnical report to address subgrade
preparation, specification of fill material, maximum lift thickness, test
method to determine in-place density, and number/frequency of field
tests.
1803.6 Controlled low-strength
material
Requires that specific recommendations regarding CLSM be in approved
geotechnical report where footings will bear on CLSM.
Recommendations must address subgrade preparation, specification of
CLSM material, test method to determine strength or bearing capacity
and number/frequency of field tests.
7/23/2014

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