1

!uly 18, 2014

kevln Shea, AdmlnlsLraLor
Anlmal and lanL PealLh lnspecLlon Servlce
u.S. ueparLmenL of AgrlculLure
!amle L. WhlLLen lederal 8ulldlng
1400 lndependence Avenue, SW, 8oom 312L
WashlngLon, uC 20230

8e: ?our !une 2014 LeLLer Lo SLakeholders

uear Mr. Shea:
We, Lhe underslgned groups, seek Lo open a broader dlalogue wlLh you regardlng
Wlldllfe Servlces' leLhal predaLor conLrol program and Lo flnd some common ground
where Lhe program could make changes Lo address Lhe concerns of our organlzaLlons,
Lhe publlc, and leaders ln Congress. ln response Lo speclflc polnLs LhaL you ralse ln your
sLakeholder !une 23, 2014 leLLer, we have provlded some lnformaLlon below LhaL we
wlsh you would conslder. We would very much llke Lo dlscuss Lhese lssues and ways LhaL
wlldllfe managemenL acLlvlLles could be conducLed more humanely.

1. W||d||fe Serv|ces |s fu||y transparent about |ts work and |t comp||es w|th the
Ireedom of Informat|on Act (ICIA) and other federa| |aws.

As a federal agency, Wlldllfe Servlces' acLlvlLles should be accounLable and LransparenL
Lo Lhe publlc. unforLunaLely, Lhls has noL been Lhe case. ln Lerms of accounLablllLy, ln
Aprll 2011, four members of Congress asked Wlldllfe Servlces for speclflc lnformaLlon on
budgeL allocaLlons.
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APlS' response Lo Lhe congresslonal lnqulry falled Lo provlde
slgnlflcanL parLs of Lhe lnformaLlon requesLed (arham 2011), clLlng, for example, LhaL of
Lhe $39 mllllon spenL on anlmal damage managemenL, Lhe porLlon spenL on leLhal
predaLor conLrol was unknown. 1he uSuA responded LhaL Lhe agency does noL capLure
flnanclal daLa accordlng Lo Lhe Lype of leLhal meLhod used.

Wlldllfe Servlces cannoL Lell Congress or Lhe publlc speclflcally whaL lL spends on whaL lL
does. 1he program has clalmed ln lClA responses and ln lLs llLlgaLlon wlLh our groups
LhaL Lhe program's moneLary daLa are malnLalned ln dlfferenL daLabases Lhan Lhe
servlces-rendered daLa maklng lL lmposslble Lo accounL for Lhe program's cosLs. 1hls
concluslon was echoed by an lnLernal audlL ln 2012.

1he rogram AssessmenL and AccounLablllLy (AA) unlL of APlS conducLed a revlew of
Lhe Wlldllfe Servlces program, noLlng ln Lhelr reporL LhaL Lhe auLonomy of sLaLe-level

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Campbell eL al. 2011: Clven LhaL Lhe cosLs of Lhese programs are borne ln parL by Amerlcan Laxpayers, lL
ls lmperaLlve LhaL Congress undersLand how federal Lax dollars are belng spenL."

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offlces meanL LhaL each used separaLe accounLlng, bllllng, and cosL recuperaLlon
pracLlces. 1hls lack of coheslon and overslghL made flnanclal daLa Lracklng unavallable
on a naLlonal level (uSuA APlS 2012).

AddlLlonally, whlle Lop Wlldllfe Servlces offlclals belleved LhaL sLaLes held $24 mllllon ln
program supporL accounLs, AA revlewers could only flnd $12 mllllon (uSuA APlS
2012). Wlldllfe Servlces' sLaLe offlces lnapproprlaLely co-mlngled federal approprlaLlons
wlLh oLher funds ln Lhese accounLs LhaL may have lacked leglLlmaLe purpose (uSuA
APlS 2012). AA found accounLlng pracLlces LhaL vlolaLed federal laws because Wlldllfe
Servlces' accounLlng was un-reconcllable and appeared Lo proflL from lLs cusLomers
(uSuA APlS 2012). 1he AA revlew furLher found LhaL ln some clrcumsLances, Wlldllfe
Servlces recouped only 20 percenL of cosLs, ln oLhers, more Lhan 100 percenL and some
sLaLe offlces collecLed more funds Lhan Lhey spenL on servlces.

CuLslde enLlLles have also complalned abouL Wlldllfe Servlces flscal accounLablllLy
fallures. no cosL-beneflL analysls has ever been conducLed LhaL shows LhaL Lhe Wlldllfe
Servlces program ls beneflclal Lo anyone, lncludlng lLs own agrlbuslness consLlLuenLs. ln
facL, u.S. CovernmenLal AccounLablllLy Cfflce reporLs have conflrmed LhaL Lhe opposlLe
ls Lrue. 8ergsLrom eL al. (2013, p. 3) wrlLe:

Moreover, WS operaLlons have never been Lhe sub[ecL of an lndependenL
cosL-beneflL analysls, and Lhelr lnLernal economlc analyses do noL adhere
Lo guldellnes used by mosL federal agencles, nor do Lhey conslder losL
ecologlcal or economlc values of Lhe predaLors Lhemselves (Loomls 2012).

now LhaL uSuA-APlS ls lLself aware of Lhese serlous publlc accounLablllLy problems, we
recommend LhaL Lhe program modlfy lLs accounLlng pracLlces, lncludlng keeplng Lrack of
Lhe amounL of money spenL on each leLhal and nonleLhal meLhod and regularly provlde
Lhls lnformaLlon Lo Lhe publlc.

ln Lerms of Lransparency, lL ls essenLlal LhaL Wlldllfe Servlces fully comply wlLh Lhe
naLlonal LnvlronmenLal ollcy AcL (nLA), whlch requlres federal agencles Lo examlne
Lhe declslons Lhey propose on ma[or federal acLlons, so LhaL lL can make publlcly-
LransparenL and envlronmenLally-lnformed declslons. lmplemenLlng regulaLlons speclfy
how agencles musL comply wlLh nLA, lncludlng Lhe requlremenL for agencles Lo
examlne new and conLlnulng acLlons (20 C.l.8. 1308.18(a)). Wlldllfe Servlces' lasL llnal
rogrammaLlc LnvlronmenLal lmpacL SLaLemenL (LlS) was lssued ln Aprll 1994, buL was
based on acLlvlLles LhaL occurred ln Lhe 1988 flscal year. 1he sclenLlflc sLudles lL relled on
were compleLed ln Lhe 1970s and 1980s. 1he LlS was revlsed wlLh only modesL changes
ln CcLober 1997.

1he LlS would be ouLdaLed by any measure of Lhe llfeLlme of such documenLaLlon, buL
Lhls ls especlally Lhe case here glven ma[or changes ln Lhe orlenLaLlon and focus of
Wlldllfe Servlces' acLlvlLles. 1he Lypes of anlmals kllled have changed (Lhe number of

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specles has more Lhan Lrlpled), new and dlfferenL specles are belng kllled so LhaL
lmpacLs for many specles now belng kllled were noL analyzed, and Lhe relaLlve numbers
of anlmals of dlfferenL Lypes has changed.

1he naLure of Lhe Wlldllfe Servlces' program has also changed slgnlflcanLly slnce Lhe
1994 LlS. AL Lhe Llme of Lhe LlS, Wlldllfe Servlces devoLed 83 percenL of lLs resources
Lo agrlculLural damage, where mosL recenLly lL devoLed [usL 37 percenL. 1he slze of Lhe
program has lncreased slgnlflcanLly as well, wlLh overall expendlLures more Lhan 300
percenL greaLer now compared Lo Lhe program analyzed ln Lhe LlS.

1hese falllngs cannoL be compensaLed for by envlronmenLal assessmenLs (LAs) LhaL
Wlldllfe Servlces lssues for parLs of lLs program ln lndlvldual sLaLes. 1hese assessmenLs
do noL adequaLely address all of Lhe programs wlLhln Lhose sLaLes. Many of Lhese LAs
are a decade or more old.

ln order for Wlldllfe Servlces Lo make lnformed declslons abouL Lhe dlrecLlon and
lmpacLs of lLs program, we recommend LhaL Lhe agency prepare a new programmaLlc
LlS, lncludlng a cumulaLlve lmpacL analysls.

2. kepresentat|ve democracy has g|ven W||d||fe Serv|ces fund|ng for over one
hundred years because Congress trusts the program and f|nds that the
program |s we||-managed, env|ronmenta||y respons|b|e, and effect|ve.
Lvery U.S. natura| resource and profess|ona| w||d||fe management
organ|zat|on |n the country supports W||d||fe Serv|ces.

Congress has funded Lhe Wlldllfe Servlces program for over one hundred years, buL LhaL
does noL equaLe Lo Congress endorslng all Lhe acLlons Laken by Lhls program. ln facL,
Congressmen eLer uelazlo (u-C8) and !ohn Campbell (8-CA) have called for more
Lransparency for years.
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1hey have also asked for lnformaLlon concernlng Lhe
lnvesLlgaLlon of Lrapper !amle Clson who may have encouraged hls dogs Lo klll Lrapped
coyoLes,
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and called for Lhe uSuA lnspecLor general Lo lnvesLlgaLe Lhe program.
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?eL,
Wlldllfe Servlces has noL been responslve Lo Lhese Congressmen nor done anyLhlng Lo
make Lhls governmenLal program more LransparenL.

Congresslonal panels have aLLempLed sweeplng reform Lo Wlldllfe Servlce ln pasL
decades as well. ln 1964, SecreLary of Lhe lnLerlor SLewarL udall's Advlsory 8oard on
Wlldllfe and Came ManagemenL lssued Lhe !"#$#%& ("$#)* Lo Congress (named for lLs

2
!""#$%%&&&'()*+,,'*-.%/01/%02%/3%2240563%"!,789::9;<7)<,;*=7&9:>:9?,7(,@A9*,('!".:

3
!""#$%%&&&'?-B;,&('*-.%#-:9"9*(%/01C%05%1/%37.-;"!(7)?",@7?,>,@):7)<,;*=79;A,("9<)",(7);9.):7
*@D,:"=7ED,("9-;(7@,.)9;%

4
!""#$%%&&&';="9.,('*-.%/01C%06%13%-#9;9-;%)<@9*D:"D@,(7.9(;).,>7)<,;*='!".:FG@H0


4
chalrman, ur. A. SLarker Leopold, Lhe son of Lhe famous ecologlsL, Aldo Leopold). 1he
!"#$#%& ("$#)* documenLed LhaL Lhe federal wlldllfe-kllllng agency, Lhen known as
A8C" or Lhe redaLory Anlmal and 8odenL ConLrol (Leopold eL al. 1964). 1he reporL
noLed LhaL Amerlcan values Lowards wlldllfe had changed from Lhe fronLler era" when
anlmal llfe ls cheap and held ln low esLeem" Lo a culLure" LhaL became more
sophlsLlcaLed" and wlld anlmals" held slgnlflcance" Lo mllllons of recreaLlonlsLs Lo
whom anlmal llfe ls Lhe llvlng manlfesLaLlon" of wllderness" (Leopold eL al. 1964, p.
493). AlLhough Lhe !"#$#%& ("$#)* offered myrlad reform recommendaLlons Lo Congress,
none were underLaken.

ln 1971, SecreLary of lnLerlor C. 8. MorLon convened anoLher lnvesLlgaLlve commlLLee,
Lhls Llme, chalred by ur. SLanley A. Caln. 1he 207-page +,-. ("$#)* lamenLed LhaL Lhe
predaLor-conLrol program conLalns a hlgh degree of bullL-ln reslsLance Lo change . . .
[and LhaL] guldellnes and good lnLenLlons wlll no longer sufflce" and LhaL moneLary
conslderaLlons LhaL favored Lhe llvesLock lndusLry served Lo harm naLlve wlldllfe
populaLlons (Caln eL al. 1971, p. 2). 1he +,-. ("$#)* called for subsLanLlve changes Lo
wlldllfe managemenL reglmes by changlng personnel and conLrol meLhods, asserLlng
proLecLlons for naLlve wlldllfe and Lhe broader publlc (Caln eL al. 1971, 8oblnson 2003).
1he reporL noLed LhaL polsons resulLed ln Lhe overklll of abundanL wlldllfe, buL LhaL
kllllng falled Lo selecL anlmals LhaL preyed on llvesLock, and LhaL sLudles by blologlsLs
falled Lo subsLanLlaLe Lhe degree of llvesLock losses Lo predaLlon clalmed by sLockman"
(Caln eL al. 1971, p 2).

1oday, conservaLlon blologlsLs sLlll belleve LhaL Lhe program has myrlad problems.
8ergsLrom eL al. (2013, p. 4) wrlLe:

1he Amerlcan SocleLy of MammaloglsLs, repeaLedly from 1924 Lo 2012,
crlLlclzed federal wlldllfe conLrol programs as overly rellanL on leLhal
measures, drlven by speclal lnLeresLs raLher Lhan sclence, and causlng
excesslve morLallLy of nonLargeL specles. Cver many decades, promlnenL
conservaLlonlsLs, Lhree sLudy commlLLees appolnLed by uSul, and several
CovernmenL AccounLlng Cfflce (CAC) reporLs echoed Lhese concerns . . .
1he 1931 AuC AcL (7 u.S.C. / 426) remalns WS's prlmary enabllng
leglslaLlon (8oblnson 2003), lLs provlslon for prlvaLe cooperaLor fundlng
of federal wlldllfe conLrol programs creaLes a confllcL of lnLeresL ln seLLlng
WS managemenL pollcy (keLcham 2008).

ln sum, Congress and oLher wlldllfe professlonals are noL ln agreemenL LhaL Lhe Wlldllfe
Servlces' program ls efflcaclous or well managed. 1hus, we encourage Wlldllfe Servlces
Lo reexamlne Lhelr pracLlces ln llghL of Lhese concerns.


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3. W||d||fe Serv|ces ab|des by the pub||c trust doctr|ne, |t |oves and respects
w||d||fe, |t does not endanger any spec|es of nat|ve w||d||fe.

Wlldllfe Servlces has kllled Lhousands of gray wolves (+,.-0 %1$10) and several hlghly-
endangered Mexlcan gray wolves (+,.-0 %1$10 2,-%"3-), lncludlng a Mexlcan wolf who
was allegedly mlsLakenly kllled for a coyoLe ln !anuary 2013 by Lhe program's veLeran
Mexlcan wolf agenL. Wlldllfe Servlces has kllled federally-llsLed specles lncludlng lsland
gray fox, San !oaquln klL foxes, Loulslana black bears, grlzzly bears, Canada lynx,
wolverlnes, and Lhree of flve specles of pralrle dogs (black-Lalled, Cunnlson's, and whlLe-
Lalled) (8ergsLrom eL al. 2013). lL has kllled sLaLe-llsLed specles Loo: swlfL foxes, klL foxes,
and rlver oLLers (8ergsLrom eL al. 2013). Wlldllfe Servlces endeavors Lo klll ravens ln lLs
conLroverslal bld Lo proLecL sage grouse, even whlle blologlsLs dlsagree wlLh Lhe
program LhaL carnlvores are Lhe cause of grouse decllne (e.g., Pagen 2011).

MeLhods Lo prevenL confllcLs and Lo resolve confllcLs wlLhouL kllllng are whaL really
demonsLraLe love and respecL." Lxamples lnclude Wlldllfe Servlces' use of hablLaL
modlflcaLlon, efflgles, and harassmenL Lo humanely end confllcLs wlLh crows ln urban
and suburban nelghborhoods and wlLh vulLures on power sLrucLures. lLs work agalnsL
Lhe spread of rables ln wlldllfe and feral dogs provldes anoLher example.

?eL, Wlldllfe Servlces' pracLlces are Loo frequenLly lndlscrlmlnaLe and cruel. lor example,
resLralnlng wlld anlmals and peLs ln Lraps and snares resulLs ln sufferlng and paln Lo Lhe
anlmal. Some of Lhe polsons LhaL Wlldllfe Servlces uses are slow acLlng and palnful such
as Compound 1080 and u8C-1339. 8aLher Lhan relylng on cruelLy and kllllng Lo resolve
confllcLs, we suggesL LhaL Wlldllfe Servlces puL subsLanLlal resources lnLo employlng a
hosL of well-LesLed, non-leLhal measures such as pennlng llvesLock durlng Lhe Llmes
when Lhey are lamblng or calvlng, uslng elecLrlc fenclng around aplarles, and blrd
excluslon devlces aL conflned area feedlng operaLlons (CAlCs).

ln shorL, Lhe cruel and lndlscrlmlnaLe meLhods wldely used by Wlldllfe Servlces (l.e.,
sodlum cyanlde M-44s and aerlal gunnlng) fall Lo demonsLraLe love and respecL" for
wlld anlmals. lnsLead we flnd LhaL rare, LhreaLened and endangered wlldllfe are all Loo
ofLen kllled by Wlldllfe Servlces.

4. W||d||fe Serv|ces |s the wor|dw|de |eader |n the deve|opment and use of
non|etha| management methods, wh|ch contr|buted to more than 80
percent of the program's w||d||fe encounters be|ng d|spersed rather than
k|||ed.

We applaud Lhe naLlonal Wlldllfe 8esearch CenLer's (nW8C) developmenL of nonleLhal
damage managemenL meLhods and agree LhaL Lhey have conLrlbuLed slgnlflcanLly Lo
beLLerlng human and wlldllfe lnLeracLlons. 1he nonleLhal meLhods developed by nW8C,
however, are rarely lmplemenLed ln Lhe fleld. Wlldllfe Servlces reporLed no use of
nonleLhal flow devlces or culverL proLecLlon meLhods ln Lhe lasL Len years Lo abaLe

6
beaver-caused floodlng buL lL dld klll many beavers. nW8C researched and developed a
conLracepLlve drug for blrds, whlch was reglsLered wlLh Lhe LA, buL Wlldllfe Servlces
never used Lhls drug ln Lhe fleld buL lL dld klll mllllons of blrds lL could have beneflLed by
applylng a conLracepLlon.

Whlle Wlldllfe Servlces dlsperses many blrds, oLher specles are sub[ecLed Lo only leLhal
conLrol. lor example, Wlldllfe Servlces kllled more Lhan 99 percenL of Lhe coyoLes lL
conLrolled ln Lhe lasL decade. 8ergsLrom eL al. (2013, p. 3) conflrm many of our polnLs:

WS's naLlonal Wlldllfe 8esearch CenLer (nW8C) conducLs lmporLanL
research ln nonleLhal conLrol, buL Lhose meLhods nW8C concludes are
effecLlve rarely are adopLed by WS fleld operaLlons, parLlcularly on
llvesLock grazlng alloLmenLs ln Lhe WesL, whlch are heavlly blased Loward
leLhal conLrol (CAC 1993, nlemeyer 2010), WS clalms lL 4,..#*
deLermlne whaL proporLlon of lLs WuM expendlLures go Loward
nonleLhal meLhods (WS 2012b). WS conducLs llLLle or no populaLlon
monlLorlng of leLhally conLrolled mammals nor of Lhelr alLernaLe naLural
prey, no sLudles of wheLher WS conLrol ls addlLlve wlLh oLher causes of
morLallLy, and no sLudles of how conLrol affecLs populaLlons of nonLargeL
specles LhaL are unlnLenLlonally kllled.

We encourage Wlldllfe Servlces Lo develop ways Lo subsLanLlally lncorporaLe Lhe
nonleLhal meLhods developed for use ln Lhe fleld.

S. W||d||fe Serv|ces d|sc|oses fu|| and accurate reports of a|| of |ts k|||s, even
those an|ma|s that are m|staken|y k|||ed.

Wlldllfe Servlces employees are requlred Lo reporL all wlldllfe damage managemenL
acLlvlLles lncludlng meLhods employed and resources proLecLed (uSuA Wlldllfe Servlces
2013). 8uL once collecLed, Lhls lnformaLlon ls noL avallable aL Lhe naLlonal level Lo
Wlldllfe Servlces managers, Congress, or Lhe publlc.

lurLher, several former agenLs have clalmed LhaL noL all anlmals kllled are counLed.
Some former sLaff members have Lold us LhaL Wlldllfe Servlces scrubs lLs daLabases of
any records of LhreaLened or endangered specles LhaL are accldenLally kllled. lormer
Wlldllfe Servlces employees sLaLe LhaL Wlldllfe Servlces agenLs rouLlnely fall Lo lnclude
all non-LargeL anlmals kllled ln Lhelr reporLs, and especlally non-LargeL LhreaLened and
endangered specles. 8eporLedly, Lhls lack of documenLaLlon ls encouraged by
supervlsors (nlemeyer 2010, n8uC 2013, redaLor uefense 2014). We encourage
Wlldllfe Servlces Lo develop meLhods Lo encourage accuraLe reporLlng of non-LargeL
anlmals and prevenL reporLlng abuses.




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ln concluslon, as Wlldllfe Servlces sLakeholders, we hope you conslder our concerns and
recommendaLlons. We would llke Lo dlscuss Lhese lssues furLher and hope Lo meeL wlLh
you and Wlldllfe Servlces sLaff.

lease conLacL Laura Schlerhoff aL lschlerhoff[humanesocleLy.org or 202.933.3670
regardlng a meeLlng daLe and Llme.

Slncerely yours,

1racle LeLLerman, ulrecLor, 8egulaLory Affalrs
numane Soc|ety of the Un|ted States
2100 L SLreeL nW
WashlngLon, uC 20037
202.676.2303
LleLLerman[humanesocleLy.org

Chrls Peyde, uepuLy ulrecLor, CovernmenL and Legal Affalrs
An|ma| We|fare Inst|tute
900 ennsylvanla Ave., SL
WashlngLon, uC 20003
202.446.2142
chrls[awlonllne.org

Chrls Creen, ulrecLor of LeglslaLlve Affalrs
An|ma| Lega| Defense Iund
170 LasL CoLaLl Avenue
CoLaLl, CA 94931
707.793.2333, exL. 1042
cgreen[aldf.org

uavld karopkln, LxecuLlve ulrecLor
GooseWatch NC
C 8ox 21147
8rooklyn, n? 11202-1147
367.694.6673
dkaropkln[gmall.com

8oberL koons, LxecuLlve ulrecLor
numane Soc|ety W||d||fe Land 1rust
2100 L SLreeL, nW
WashlngLon, uC 20037
301-238-3003
8koons[hswlL.org


8

An[a PelsLer, ulrecLor, Wlld and lree-PablLaLs Campalgn
In Defense of An|ma|s
3010 kerner 8oulevard
San 8afael, CA 94901
406.344.3727
an[a[ldausa.org

Carson 8arylak, Campalgns Cfflcer
Internat|ona| Iund for An|ma| We|fare
1330 ConnecLlcuL Ave., nW, SulLe 1220
WashlngLon, uC 20036
202.336.1910
cbarylak[lfaw.org

8rooks lahy, LxecuLlve ulrecLor
redator Defense
.C. 8ox 3446
Lugene, C8 97403
341.937.4261
brooks[predaLordefense.org

Camllla P. lox, LxecuLlve ulrecLor
ro[ect Coyote
.C. 8ox 3007
Larkspur, CA 94977
413.943.3232
cfox[pro[ecLcoyoLe.org

kesources:

8ergsLrom, 8. !., L. C. Arlas, A. u. uavldson, A. W. lerguson, L. A. 8anda, and S. 8.
Sheffleld. 2013. Llcense Lo klll: reformlng federal wlldllfe conLrol Lo resLore
blodlverslLy and ecosysLem funcLlon. ConservaLlon LeLLers
hLLp://onllnellbrary.wlley.com/dol/10.1111/conl.12043/absLracL.
8ruskoLLer, !. 1., S. A. Lnzler, and A. 1reves. 2011. 8esculng Wolves from ollLlcs: Wlldllfe
as a ubllc 1rusL 8esource. Sclence 333:1828-1829.
Caln, S. A., Advlsory CommlLLee on redaLor ConLrol, Councll on LnvlronmenLal CuallLy,
and u.S. ueparLmenL of Lhe lnLerlor. 1971. redaLor conLrol--1971, reporL Lo Lhe
resldenL's Councll on LnvlronmenLal CuallLy by Lhe Advlsory CommlLLee on
redaLor ConLrol.

9
Campbell, !., eLers, C., !ones, W., & uelazlo, . 2011. LeLLer from 8eps. Campbell,
eLers, !ones, & uelazlo, u.S. Congress, Lo Wllllam Clay, uSuA Wlldllfe Servlces.
WashlngLon, uC, Aprll 18.
Pagen, C.A. 2011. redaLlon on CreaLer Sage-Crouse: lacLs, rocess, and LffecLs ln S.1.
knlck and !.W. Connelly (eds). CreaLer Sage-Crouse: Lcology and ConservaLlon of
a Landscape Specles and lL PablLaLs.
hLLp://grazlngforgrouse.com/slLes/defaulL/flles/Pagen202011.pdf
!acobson, C., !. l. Crgan, u. uecker, C. 8. 8aLcheller, and L. CarpenLer. 2010. A
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